CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9133c4cd2c41ce2b',cH: 'XMhbuVA_Rbs8B2ImhO7ozShKZGatkLcXGCVKWqE2a1M-1739774245-1.2.1.1-QTmSv8BW_.iP4GnXXs850N3m.NR4cFP8Gh94EIG.HJJ9TK4EtYuz06Hv9KSypkfC',cUPMDTk: "\/search?q=waste%20plastics.&__cf_chl_tk=2qKcavV6IqQ893MSodlCHHV.Wh81SMAydGRz.D3rVxY-1739774245-1.0.1.1-rAsRHaEL5YU8lUK16rybRNaHoKi5CIaiAR4i8COqX1g",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739774245',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/search?q=waste%20plastics.&__cf_chl_f_tk=2qKcavV6IqQ893MSodlCHHV.Wh81SMAydGRz.D3rVxY-1739774245-1.0.1.1-rAsRHaEL5YU8lUK16rybRNaHoKi5CIaiAR4i8COqX1g",md: "lgXNfl9ZTZCmyvmCKBtkHj5BpKMo9uFSwLhQlF8m6rQ-1739774245-1.2.1.1-Fl40wFydFv7GzjcFeNnJcqOkasYS3J7cosW3Vjau6tdRU5CxUdgd8NtkwAYNEHsiwnBPZno_LoVdzq0il9ttnd4G84i6PvPIwIBFkpOVbes.zSu2HGv_yl_wcoJ7MjhtDTHBc75pzCi4RR5bujuzvdv2xH2zqgLV38JU59FkzzY0KoHx6C7PsYrvhPnXptDtukI3TcOqCE3PvbO0hUjNQaTpiMn6vMps5N9W559lMrYyjCbf2mU2TS5UjGA5IP5k2sdt0gxzUxsujftls1OlDEB0cQuTX3_xSGQB70ZKuausQzDOMau9s6rwxv8Bl1pJMoyNDnK8TZoTWy4Sr5rPvZAnz3i15RnfqOu501nS4alKC9j1_sc3a4K5lD7.MFP7THfciaSZ_XGLPU.40E4DJShCfxF_ov24gANyJIiXiERQ1_30kBCkq_PGOkWRmJwNpmyUyFUKCxoRiuFyE3zOKYMQsbalrFedniQACMbE3.rb0_ar7k33OIlTJuS6rbR0ETxJzL9kOjqfC0TVDisJRz0GVRIZl6JTYGmCE7lul9NYMgDaBq_vo7P4hjhACS54i3QpF1NG_nwWFm.aUW9Sx1E4GEFCFVqMZL4HXysZhzX_JjPMFyPhOVrvYbrddjg8TinVD9vK0tInFX9g.oDjyvcG.4PF0F2BoNoQVe_QAlrxhWBk80ikclsfkTKGqO0VjP1DiuMEAGlYqpmINyG7LWTXQ5X.WwyXGdt2xiSN2XJNmNmkZoHeDdhmgcHTeWICo8x1ISgn_gfZJICgXPlXwIM7v3vXbs2ZZsFWW2E2ro.1AhbMQnCzoV0et7RTpjbi_dZ5GU158XNqBrOT487qLoLBa7xuxutDGsHOcTsFtgHUUX8D1QES_dAMyo75Tw213RFPK7L_cBEs6bDjn5QxBoq4SLq_9FG3MFLMHe9gZKA0KEPcbYSfV8FdMFDHqhcTspchNVYr8DXOIyJSqoJsmssdiby3J01dhGJJD9XPxInAj4HAu8b.F1bhrfg.hvY2R53BWRzKyihtCmzQsUNXDOWQAEjts9rWFiK5STf.PiHacJod2UGZSHrq88xBrTyHONfZPA0Md9IlVKbVFgHoHqEVTHvqy4hLKLbC6_7Yp2Ucu_I9pvH2n68SGO4m4SmPOKrYm_.vsRkZZVkxor_.20dOjt5iAUMJyGqB0j5HnrAG7Eue83DwPDOeoQmk1rTOCGaN4kxt1Dvml8.i21cwT.LtutARpUley5q_DQ8GbaoSG3JyEg51hPdMdTPmdQbP7NtENI_yXnHXOqquk7KchkwZZEsE2HYuFjz_E5WVCAV4VCBojiNgwgvnj8qM8JiVB.q344oo9jl_vb0ElmP0hFpC9HYazB1rnnRIlHd2typjPh3WJ2to5LSqhmpSYpZglh.CZNmmGtlsH.YzD1_QA59BYyUdz.HvtOlZ4JUkELGPeQUVQhQI1OSAIC3mpD_yqu9tOmzoqAQGEs.mT65pB7Amu64xAjtnOXGDp9eV.jFq1ggfs5U9Fq7urE849cTWih2EPC0a0M6sMS9x6k.N0TDOpHEd.s8V7UDT93ZZG7q981UMbPd46RmGg5bF9qPjaE5atX8pmNskT4_I9dSlTltU_SjslKJsdCpzDfAiGzGDy2uxUA9jlb12YXDr9_YK7bRBl6UIjaOt_ttLWh5qv4Usb8IYIMTp26URPvkYpviqG.PrjBPXttTjswNu0_77D6XrB0gCNjJvsZsJlOjM6A7PcLKgdnTZviirZ8O.TlAGEWPLZDeLS64Qgq7eqv6flPzwcKJlKTpWEuN9kn1HK.XdZCOLxutQ2GvKQaUu5z.meMED3jwwl1r_Ms4cDFFDEE5TwLmf2rwNmD6ZsWD8iR97aB0BHQZ3E52CgvqIMoTv6MiVlEBmGP5OhonDMBGO.1DJUR3C0hzGMwDrznvxGQ",mdrd: "8ZiEAbH7EAe9XI10e5tChgAH4lfNUkMxe0PxbTVJrLI-1739774245-1.2.1.1-FgTXp9WeasuhW32LRrigcfu9hsyAjq.J7cgpzBJG_em8BnEuetR5kOIpVEtIahDMV1weekRN8WIaQK7s5fRAqZG0A3O4_E2qZb7qfFwMSRoj0nAsBqphlZiSiUeEtDdo77Xky3oJ9buhoAOMFScZaZGL4P.04Cb.7dFUPZn9KXRp5uY.kfn1IX76Rzjaq8IjxvfMgyj1PFuxDJPXfbET6ZEz2xwsWArpUceSzbSVkIuyYeW54H.QzaTJ8ZLH236hp6xcG7sgqpkrLXQATCyMpbWtgBO.4sW6DCFL7pXIcJiksoDDNugW63yYC8r.La9uGK29agewWIkn5bgpgQlczt8Uo2E.WP38oBPPoTPpQ.89f4b7wlZ4c7OlMs5mhhIjRFNrhGBKNQRjmZqXW8EPSDMrUk.6d0JvpuaoXJO22HEEqEf_kTX5pXAbIKbFOnbp0jmTFnOB5iFPo3xdgnYH8vfXN5.mw3nv_PY_9WPnsniK5j2j1bkR7G8wDP9hrukMKeEuSaNLng.pe52Q2YY5PDHD_i5mVYQC79dxTMKqJGfG2q_5e8eS9IZ3mHA96P6yp053b.1qify0cftzSoZ.eCV_PK1p0th3UAFFYjW5_6ztyJM8HqKgM4mPJH46UvaX0DsdXJndMa8FZ7woIehtKNnT8Fm4gQleGXDQ1PmzAYPdp3_JwDL8SyAJHx_fuCHcbJHtgEz_eVTuW8Zthjbb85WD9hJCXAAUQ51SAxBVYMg75wV9IYYlCDJHnIxbRtu2Mw0s0SloUSwdIOaTszSHR0O7CHmy08LojwTGLqld022bRaWhtJMnQu1CjIdmLx4Luuts8xRKRsuaXKrVRSanxWxfMpF1LVz8oaV1UvRZXFxhlmC9YDbRTT1YMzPZbeCR0CYCiFhLKzif16DDk_lz9BbF8AzXz20Zbt4bMuX03ZTXS_oV._AHVoh_89R6rFdSdOjfFSkOBLfaa7QEUNIK4sZZB7X2deW6g9u8sZKyqlpz6zCLP7laoUzqZ1.0e9Bk4MEcQeNWRlp6Ddq2wVuwCuD6l_tgeJes7og1BtplPfHKPa.STcO05FLNpNeURZaF3nmCWmiL3LiZDOq2lodU7QyOxQ__pujRjmpqeiOgLsL2R7JjzrzJpWjx3_cNW4lJ2h9rCmuMM54blqYtIt4DxOCcLp16wdRUpORC0hqC4zeIt6MP2Pg2Adp70wYrFrZ6xO.C_WZo4.V7gT2LvB6pSbxpuEjgN_rCjnTx.k.OVlUZ3HJKWK8oLRncj3W_NaaCuRnMCrDmw5J2xQZBpHjtBSckvVV62A_rB1k889mZKn3WvAmsTYV2fWV0f6_cQX8lCQd7boZ5XJQ8FqElk2Fgflhk2r7PyLcaWmeISTNw2W43E09aNQ1iH.N13itsiWlVgAfIMKfQVjpRc1ssC6u90qyA5y8RR3Anl5WRjX3fPerMOY.rxFkaEy82WtyNU67mewWMkaLqtUq7SD5btBeu1iqyTkhH4Qevxb9486NFXao4GTV__I2LNQeQh2ttb9Vm8jL3FeuzCpPyAO5VBeQ5WiXJTW95aeESuilWLr9NcuQ3fpLAiOxbzLSFFyMOnH8nyImm3b1vh1XWNlt8jnlwopa6PoDuPxJkib6GtYQ8iu.E1O_4NZbqAhA0xe_y94SiIb7x5pj8Th7SrwCmd7qRjbpa3b3cj5SEUUrTggAL4HHUmV3oiai37mOECLEoeN7Mun.lwKT1l4jOg0KW3_FDQ1dHssAR6tCJ1MdaYndlxJMacwiDuyrrlyjyK_.oDah4k0IjDfs5CNykvKRkKM.rINh_XjeRsCgpPPqVzy0cwbqdxFcqxdirtImjzn0d6jCKUUcwKp9IOueQg5DEopM.3lwhzymec1xo53ngYOV.blQ_Q6.RmDPtihd8SYM7GotQ1ExOPiT9d0ncPPUIFkOb.WAGKjhp15YnQ.YPAtrSEnOZ9akjzgYusXknwQwBMKDc32.sdnEJnpCyR8x6raon8Q"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9133c4cd2c41ce2b';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/search?q=waste%20plastics.&__cf_chl_rt_tk=2qKcavV6IqQ893MSodlCHHV.Wh81SMAydGRz.D3rVxY-1739774245-1.0.1.1-rAsRHaEL5YU8lUK16rybRNaHoKi5CIaiAR4i8COqX1g" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>