CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-GB" class="no-js core o-typography--loading-sans o-typography--loading-sans-bold o-typography--loading-display o-typography--loading-display-bold" data-o-component="o-typography" style="overflow-x:hidden;background-color:#fff1e5;color:#33302e"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/><title>Subscribe to FT Digital Edition</title><meta name="robots" content="noindex"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="4-t8sFaPvpO5FH_Gnw1dkM28CQepjzo8UjjAkdDflTw"/><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"WebSite","name":"Financial Times","alternateName":"FT.com","url":"http://www.ft.com"}</script><meta property="fb:pages" content="8860325749"/><meta property="twitter:site" content="@FinancialTimes"/><link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/ftlogo-v1%3Abrand-ft-logo-square-coloured?source=update-logos&format=svg"/><link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" href="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/ftlogo-v1%3Abrand-ft-logo-square-coloured?source=update-logos&format=png&width=32&height=32" sizes="32x32"/><link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" href="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/ftlogo-v1%3Abrand-ft-logo-square-coloured?source=update-logos&format=png&width=194&height=194" sizes="194x194"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/ftlogo-v1%3Abrand-ft-logo-square-coloured?source=update-logos&format=png&width=180&height=180" sizes="180x180"/><link rel="manifest" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/creatives/manifest/manifest-v6.json"/><script src="https://cdn-pci.optimizely.com/js/18203511709.js"></script><script src="https://www.ft.com/__assets/creatives/third-party/ravelin/ravelin-1.0.0-rc1-core.min.js"></script><script>var ravelin = new Ravelin({key: 'publishable_key_live_euBTJcFnbpP67eNk6llgeSDPxdYZSY4Z'})</script><link rel="preconnect" href="https://spoor-api.ft.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://session-next.ft.com" crossorigin="use-credentials"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://ads-api.ft.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/webpack-runtime.e95fdf411b11.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/page-kit-components.66473e34a4d9.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-n-conversion-forms.482b5b143041.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-tracking.07957b144fb4.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-n-messaging-client.e04260594950.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/shared.stable.d5b545da8dc4.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-header.5fc70d491e29.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-n-pricing.44ca2634510d.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-forms.ee5d094a113c.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-viewport.36fb2d7f3561.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-expander.1284835aad36.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-footer.80a1922ff25b.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-message.2aff5f94ee93.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-toggle.02e52d783748.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-tooltip.39a3ac0f7b82.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-grid.8f97ebdb5cc2.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-utils.bd4a0e8b935e.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-banner.1f40bdc13c18.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-cookie-message.61b2497a161a.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-typography.175c5da7e8ac.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/privacy-components.b814d0838b93.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-n-live-chat.a5993b34104d.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-n-profile-ui.b44c1279cb47.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-n-tracking.d44bd0d80a74.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/scripts.923c2fc5c3e8.bundle.js" type="application/javascript"/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/build/v3/font?font_format=woff2&font_name=MetricWeb-Regular&system_code=origami&version=1.12" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/build/v3/font?font_format=woff2&font_name=MetricWeb-Semibold&system_code=origami&version=1.12" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/build/v3/font?font_format=woff2&font_name=FinancierDisplayWeb-Regular&system_code=origami&version=1.12" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/build/v3/font?font_format=woff2&font_name=FinancierDisplayWeb-Bold&system_code=origami&version=1.12" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"/><script id="initial-props" type="application/json"></script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/vendors~page-kit-layout-styles.ebc579064459.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/styles.9da9e66036b9.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/access.6d6ae9d27876.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/googleSignUpButton.e455927fda16.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/appleSignUpButton.e5d16e746c10.css"/><script type="application/json" id="page-kit-bootstrap-config">{"trackErrors":true,"core":[],"enhanced":["https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/webpack-runtime.e95fdf411b11.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/page-kit-components.66473e34a4d9.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-n-conversion-forms.482b5b143041.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-tracking.07957b144fb4.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-n-messaging-client.e04260594950.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/shared.stable.d5b545da8dc4.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-header.5fc70d491e29.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-n-pricing.44ca2634510d.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-forms.ee5d094a113c.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-viewport.36fb2d7f3561.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-expander.1284835aad36.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-footer.80a1922ff25b.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-message.2aff5f94ee93.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-toggle.02e52d783748.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-tooltip.39a3ac0f7b82.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-grid.8f97ebdb5cc2.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-utils.bd4a0e8b935e.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-banner.1f40bdc13c18.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-cookie-message.61b2497a161a.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-o-typography.175c5da7e8ac.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/privacy-components.b814d0838b93.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-n-live-chat.a5993b34104d.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-n-profile-ui.b44c1279cb47.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/financial-times-n-tracking.d44bd0d80a74.bundle.js","https://www.ft.com/__assets/hashed/page-kit/scripts.923c2fc5c3e8.bundle.js"]}</script><script>;(function () { var doc = document.documentElement var isEnhanced = isEnhancedBrowser() var scriptsConfig = getScriptsConfig() var scriptsToLoad = [] var currentScript = document.scripts[document.scripts.length - 1] doc.className = doc.className.replace('no-js', 'js') if (isEnhanced) { doc.className = doc.className.replace('core', 'enhanced') Array.prototype.push.apply(scriptsToLoad, scriptsConfig.enhanced) } else { Array.prototype.push.apply(scriptsToLoad, scriptsConfig.core) } for (var i = 0, len = scriptsToLoad.length; i < len; i++) { loadScript(scriptsToLoad[i]) } function scriptLoadError(error) { var script = error.target ? error.target.src : null if (script) { console.error('The script ' + script + ' failed to load') // eslint-disable-line no-console } if (/enhanced/.test(doc.className)) { console.warn('Script loading failed, reverting to core experience') // eslint-disable-line no-console doc.className = doc.className.replace('enhanced', 'core') } if (scriptsConfig.trackErrors) { addErrorTrackingPixel(script) } } function loadScript(src) { var script = document.createElement('script') script.onerror = scriptLoadError script.async = false script.src = src currentScript.parentNode.insertBefore(script, currentScript) } // "Cut the mustard" test // by Maggie Allen and Matt Hinchliffe November 2018 function isEnhancedBrowser() { var script = document.createElement('script') var input = document.createElement('input') return ( 'visibilityState' in document && // not supported by old Android (4.0-4.4) without a prefix 'indeterminate' in input && // not supported by BB 10 'flex' in doc.style && // not supported by old Safari (< 9) or IE 6-10 'async' in script // not supported by old Opera (Presto engine < 15) ) } function getScriptsConfig() { var scriptsConfigEl = document.getElementById('page-kit-bootstrap-config') var scriptsConfig = { core: [], enhanced: [], trackErrors: false } if (scriptsConfigEl) { try { scriptsConfig = JSON.parse(scriptsConfigEl.innerHTML) } catch (error) { console.error('Bootstrap configuration error', error) // eslint-disable-line no-console } } return scriptsConfig } function addErrorTrackingPixel(script) { var img = new Image() var data = JSON.stringify({ category: 'javascript', action: 'load-error', system: { source: 'page-kit' }, context: { script: script } }) img.src = 'https://spoor-api.ft.com/px.gif?data=' + encodeURIComponent(data) } })() </script><script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NWQJW68');</script><script>(function loadCustomFonts() { var rootElement = document.documentElement; if (/(^|\s)o-typography-fonts-loaded=1(;|$)/.test(document.cookie)) { var fontLabels = ['sans', 'sans-bold', 'display', 'display-bold']; for (var i = 0; i < fontLabels.length; i++) { rootElement.className = rootElement.className.replace('o-typography--loading-' + fontLabels[i], ''); } } }());</script></head><body><noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NWQJW68" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><div class="n-layout"><a data-trackable="a11y-skip-to-help" class="n-layout__skip-link" href="https://www.ft.com/accessibility">Accessibility help</a><a data-trackable="a11y-skip-to-content" class="n-layout__skip-link" href="#site-content">Skip to content</a><a data-trackable="a11y-skip-to-footer" class="n-layout__skip-link" href="#site-footer">Skip to footer</a><div class="n-layout__row n-layout__row--header"><header id="site-navigation" class="o-header o-header--logo-only" data-o-component="o-header" data-o-header--no-js="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="o-header__row o-header__top" data-trackable="header-top"><div class="o-header__container"><div class="o-header__top-wrapper"><div class="o-header__top-column o-header__top-column--center"><div class="o-header__top-logo" style="background-image:none"><svg viewBox="0 0 1054 86"><title>Financial Times</title><path d="M26.177 72.609c0 5.938 1.697 7.295 12.554 7.295v3.732H.9v-3.732c7.464 0 10.01-.679 10.01-7.125V12.215c0-6.447-2.546-7.126-10.01-7.126V1.357h63.448l.34 22.563h-3.054C59.937 6.956 55.696 5.43 39.919 5.43H26.008v33.59h11.196c10.688 0 11.367-1.697 12.215-10.179h3.054v24.599h-3.054c-.848-8.482-1.527-10.01-12.215-10.01H26.008v29.18h.17zm46.314 11.027v-3.732c7.465 0 10.01-.679 10.01-7.125V12.215c0-6.447-2.545-7.126-10.01-7.126V1.357h35.287V5.09c-7.465 0-10.01.679-10.01 7.126v60.564c0 6.446 2.545 7.125 10.01 7.125v3.732H72.49zm115.36 1.357l-56.323-69.725V72.44c0 6.617 4.58 7.634 12.385 7.634v3.733h-29.858v-3.733c7.803 0 12.045-1.017 12.045-7.634V8.991c-3.563-3.732-6.108-3.902-12.045-3.902V1.357h26.465l43.09 55.475V12.554c0-6.616-4.58-7.634-12.384-7.634V1.357h30.027V5.09c-7.803 0-12.045 1.018-12.045 7.635v72.27h-1.357zm40.207-1.357h-29.689v-3.732c7.804 0 11.367-1.018 13.911-7.804L239.085.509h7.464l28.84 72.1c2.545 6.447 3.732 7.125 9.67 7.125v3.732h-34.438v-3.732c10.518 0 11.536-.848 8.99-7.125l-8.481-21.884h-25.787L217.71 71.93c-2.375 6.447 1.357 7.804 10.518 7.804v3.902h-.17zm-1.188-37.153h22.393l-11.705-29.518-10.688 29.518zm135.548 38.51l-56.153-69.725V72.44c0 6.617 4.58 7.634 12.384 7.634v3.733h-29.18v-3.733c7.126 0 11.367-1.017 11.367-7.634V9.161c-4.071-3.732-7.125-4.072-13.91-4.072V1.357h28.16l43.09 55.475V12.554c0-6.616-4.58-7.634-12.383-7.634V1.357h29.858V5.09c-7.804 0-12.045 1.018-12.045 7.635v72.27h-1.188zm83.297-83.805h2.036l1.187 24.598-3.053.17c-2.036-14.08-9.5-21.545-23.242-21.545-15.268 0-26.804 13.063-26.804 33.081 0 25.617 16.116 40.206 33.08 40.206 7.296 0 13.912-2.035 20.358-8.99l2.376 2.374c-5.26 7.465-15.608 13.742-29.52 13.742-20.696 0-41.732-15.608-41.732-41.734C380.4 17.813 399.57 0 422.813 0c11.027 0 16.795 4.75 19.848 4.75 1.357 0 2.375-1.187 3.054-3.562zm12.723 82.448v-3.732c7.465 0 10.01-.679 10.01-7.125V12.215c0-6.447-2.545-7.126-10.01-7.126V1.357h35.287V5.09c-7.464 0-10.01.679-10.01 7.126v60.564c0 6.446 2.546 7.125 10.01 7.125v3.732h-35.287zm68.538 0h-27.653v-3.732c6.108 0 9.331-1.018 11.876-7.804L538.003.509h7.464l28.84 72.1c2.545 6.447 3.733 7.125 9.67 7.125v3.732H549.54v-3.732c10.518 0 11.536-.848 8.991-7.125l-8.482-21.884h-25.786l-7.635 21.205c-2.375 6.447 1.358 7.804 10.519 7.804v3.902h-.17zm-1.188-37.153h22.394l-11.536-29.518-10.858 29.518zm63.957 37.153v-3.732c7.465 0 10.01-.679 10.01-7.125V12.215c0-6.447-2.545-7.126-10.01-7.126V1.357h35.117V5.09c-7.464 0-9.84.679-9.84 7.126v61.073c0 5.428 2.715 6.107 7.126 6.107h4.241c15.947 0 21.036-2.375 25.447-20.527l3.054.339-2.545 24.26h-62.6v.17zM760.75 1.357l.339 23.92h-3.054C756.34 7.634 752.098 5.43 736.32 5.43h-5.089v67.18c0 6.447 2.375 7.295 12.554 7.295v3.732h-40.376v-3.732c10.179 0 12.723-1.018 12.723-7.295V5.429h-5.089c-15.777 0-20.018 2.205-21.715 19.848h-3.053l.339-23.92h74.136zm7.973 82.28v-3.733c7.465 0 10.01-.679 10.01-7.125V12.215c0-6.447-2.545-7.126-10.01-7.126V1.357h35.287V5.09c-7.465 0-10.01.679-10.01 7.126v60.564c0 6.446 2.545 7.125 10.01 7.125v3.732h-35.287zM910.21 1.356V5.09c-7.465 0-10.688.34-10.01 6.956l6.447 61.073c.679 6.277 3.054 6.955 10.518 6.955v3.733h-35.117v-3.733c7.295 0 9.84-.678 9.331-6.955L884.762 8.99l-25.956 76.172h-1.018L832.34 8.822l-6.108 64.126c-.678 6.447 3.733 7.125 11.197 7.125v3.733h-27.483v-3.733c7.465 0 10.01-1.187 10.518-7.125l6.447-61.073c.679-6.446-2.545-6.955-10.01-6.955V1.357h28.84l17.305 56.153 18.661-56.153h28.5zm65.653 52.082h-3.053c-.849-8.482-1.527-10.01-12.215-10.01H948.04v29.859c0 5.428 2.715 6.107 7.125 6.107h6.786c15.947 0 21.036-2.375 25.447-20.527l3.054.339-2.884 24.26h-64.805v-3.733c7.464 0 10.009-.678 10.009-7.125V12.215c0-6.447-2.545-7.126-10.01-7.126V1.357h62.261l.34 20.527h-3.054c-1.866-14.59-5.598-16.286-21.885-16.286H948.21v33.42h12.554c10.687 0 11.366-1.696 12.214-10.178h3.054v24.599h-.17zm65.484 13.232c0-7.464-4.75-11.196-12.893-15.777l-13.063-6.786c-9.84-5.259-15.607-11.027-15.607-21.375C999.783 9.84 1010.81 0 1025.23 0c9.84 0 14.929 4.75 17.813 4.75 1.866 0 2.714-1.187 3.562-3.562h2.375l1.188 23.072-3.054.17c-1.696-11.198-9.67-19.85-20.866-19.85-8.483 0-14.081 5.09-14.081 12.215 0 7.804 5.937 11.027 12.554 14.59l11.196 5.937c10.519 5.768 17.983 11.536 17.983 22.563 0 14.59-12.554 24.939-28.161 24.939-11.028 0-16.456-5.26-19.34-5.26-1.866 0-2.884 1.697-3.732 4.242h-2.376l-1.696-24.43 3.054-.339c2.375 15.268 12.893 21.545 23.411 21.545 8.822-.17 16.286-4.071 16.286-13.91z" fill="#231F20" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></div></div></div></div></header></div><div class="n-layout__row n-layout__row--content"><div><!DOCTYPE html><main id="enhanced"><div class="ns__wheat"><div class="o-grid-container o-grid-container--bleed"><div class="o-grid-row"><div data-o-grid-colspan="12 S10 M8 L6 center"><div class="ncf__package-change"><div class="ncf__package-change__package"><div class="ncf__package-change__content"><p>You have chosen <span class="ncf__strong">FT Digital Edition</span></p></div><div class="ncf__package-change__actions"><a href="/products" class="ncf__button ncf__button--mono ncf__button--baseline" data-trackable="change">Change</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ns__padding--top o-grid-container o-grid-container--bleed"><div class="o-grid-row"><div data-o-grid-colspan="12 S10 M8 L6 center"><div class="ncf__stepped-progress o-stepped-progress" data-o-component="o-stepped-progress"><ol class="o-stepped-progress__steps"><li><div class="o-stepped-progress__step o-stepped-progress__step--current"><span class="o-stepped-progress__label">Access <span class="o-stepped-progress__status">(current step)</span></span></div></li><li><div class="o-stepped-progress__step"><span class="o-stepped-progress__label">Account </span></div></li><li><div class="o-stepped-progress__step"><span class="o-stepped-progress__label">Payment </span></div></li><li><div class="o-stepped-progress__step"><span class="o-stepped-progress__label">Preferences </span></div></li></ol></div></div></div></div><div id="site-content" data-controller="access" data-controller-route="offer" class="ns__padding--top o-grid-container o-grid-container--bleed"><div class="o-grid-row"><div data-o-grid-colspan="12 S10 M8 L6 center"><article class="access"><div class="ncf__wrapper"><form class="ncf" action="/buy/offer/357d9533-a479-eaaf-721f-23ed61ac253b/access?ft-content-uuid=f2a37821-a373-4ee8-8491-1cb49460f17a" method="POST" novalidate=""><h1 class="o-typography-heading-level-1 access_header">Join over 1 million subscribers</h1><input type="hidden" id="csrfToken" name="_csrf" value="AqaxYiHt-zjMI4ZDKANHDNQNgsgt6OO0HVKQ"/><input type="hidden" id="submitActionType" name="submitActionType"/><input type="hidden" id="verificationFlow" name="verificationFlow" value="email-code"/><div id="acceptTermsField" class="o-forms-field o-layout-typography ncf__validation-error" data-validate="required,checked"><div class="privacy-policy-terms"><label class="o-forms-input o-forms-input--checkbox" for="termsAcceptance"><input type="checkbox" id="termsAcceptance" name="termsAcceptance" value="true" data-trackable="field-terms" aria-required="true" required=""/><span class="o-forms-input__label">I confirm that I am 16 years or older and agree to the full <a class="ncf__link--external" href="http://help.ft.com/help/legal-privacy/terms-conditions/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-trackable="terms-and-conditions">Terms & Conditions</a>.</span><p class="o-forms-input__error">Please accept our terms & conditions</p></label><div class="children-container"><button id="email-sign-up-button" type="submit" class="margin-bottom-x4 o-buttons o-buttons--primary o-buttons--big sign-up-button" data-trackable="signup-with-email"><span class="icon"></span><span>Sign up with email</span></button><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto" rel="stylesheet"/><base target="_parent"/><button class="o-buttons o-buttons--big google-sign-up-button" id="google-sign-up-button" type="submit" data-trackable="sign-up-with-google"><span class="google-sign-up-button-logo"></span><div class="google-sign-up-button-title">Sign up with Google</div></button></div><span class="consent-text--bottom">For more information about how we use your data, please refer to our <a class="ncf__link--external" href="https://help.ft.com/legal-privacy/privacy-policy/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-trackable="privacy-policy-info">privacy</a> and <a class="ncf__link--external" href="https://help.ft.com/legal-privacy/cookies/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-trackable="cookies-info">cookie</a> policies.</span></div></div><p><span>Have an account already? </span><a class="o-typography-link" href="/login?ft-content-uuid=f2a37821-a373-4ee8-8491-1cb49460f17a" data-trackable="register-access-sign-in"><strong class="o-typography-bold">Sign in</strong></a></p></form></div></article></div></div></div></main><script> window.FT = window.FT || {}; window.FT.environment = { isTest: false, isProduction: true }; window.FT.country = 'HKG'; window.FT.offer = { id: '357d9533-a479-eaaf-721f-23ed61ac253b', name: 'FT ePaper', availableCountries: 'NOR,NOR,NOR,CHE,CHE,CHE,SGP,SGP,SGP,IND,IND,IND,TUR,TUR,TUR,PNG,COD,MYS,MTQ,WSM,PCN,DOM,FRO,LBN,SYR,BHR,NGA,TUV,MLI,KNA,DJI,GUM,SUR,VCT,TCD,PLW,TON,BRN,OMN,ISR,CYM,GLP,ATA,BLM,GHA,AFG,ARG,ATG,BLR,CUW,PAN,UZB,ESH,GMB,CAF,KGZ,BGD,COG,VGB,CHL,NRU,BFA,MRT,PER,ISL,ZAF,CPV,TGO,GEO,SJM,SAU,PSE,STP,MUS,NCL,LBR,CIV,TKM,KIR,BIH,VNM,ABW,GRL,NIU,GIN,VUT,BDI,CHN,VIR,QAT,SXM,NZL,JOR,RUS,TTO,COM,MDG,HND,COL,SEN,PRY,MNP,TUN,MMR,YEM,MHL,MAF,KWT,TWN,CXR,GTM,NER,IRN,HTI,MKD,ASM,SYC,LCA,BWA,NIC,CUB,ARM,ATF,ZWE,TKL,SDN,SGS,MNG,HMD,WLF,IRQ,LAO,BES,RWA,BHS,SLB,MWI,THA,AGO,GAB,LKA,BLZ,BEN,UKR,PRK,SLE,LBY,AIA,MAC,KEN,ECU,FJI,EGY,GNQ,MSR,TCA,KHM,MAR,TLS,UGA,REU,SOM,ALA,FSM,SWZ,ERI,MOZ,ETH,COK,KAZ,VEN,BOL,PAK,SHN,AZE,UMI,CRI,DMA,TZA,CCK,TJK,SPM,JAM,IDN,IOT,NFK,PRI,BRB,PHL,SLV,URY,GNB,GUY,GRD,BTN,NPL,DZA,LSO,BVT,NAM,CMR,MDV,ZMB,MYT,USA,PNG,COD,MYS,MTQ,WSM,PCN,DOM,FRO,LBN,SYR,BHR,NGA,TUV,MLI,KNA,DJI,GUM,SUR,VCT,TCD,PLW,TON,BRN,OMN,ISR,CYM,GLP,ATA,BLM,GHA,AFG,ARG,ATG,BLR,CUW,PAN,UZB,ESH,GMB,CAF,KGZ,BGD,COG,VGB,CHL,NRU,BFA,MRT,PER,ISL,ZAF,CPV,TGO,GEO,SJM,SAU,PSE,STP,MUS,NCL,LBR,CIV,TKM,KIR,BIH,VNM,ABW,GRL,NIU,GIN,VUT,BDI,CHN,VIR,QAT,SXM,NZL,JOR,RUS,TTO,COM,MDG,HND,COL,SEN,PRY,MNP,TUN,MMR,YEM,MHL,MAF,KWT,TWN,CXR,GTM,NER,IRN,HTI,MKD,ASM,SYC,LCA,BWA,NIC,CUB,ARM,ATF,ZWE,TKL,SDN,SGS,MNG,HMD,WLF,IRQ,LAO,BES,RWA,BHS,SLB,MWI,THA,AGO,GAB,LKA,BLZ,BEN,UKR,PRK,SLE,LBY,AIA,MAC,KEN,ECU,FJI,EGY,GNQ,MSR,TCA,KHM,MAR,TLS,UGA,REU,SOM,ALA,FSM,SWZ,ERI,MOZ,ETH,COK,KAZ,VEN,BOL,PAK,SHN,AZE,UMI,CRI,DMA,TZA,CCK,TJK,SPM,JAM,IDN,IOT,NFK,PRI,BRB,PHL,SLV,URY,GNB,GUY,GRD,BTN,NPL,DZA,LSO,BVT,NAM,CMR,MDV,ZMB,MYT,PNG,COD,MYS,MTQ,WSM,PCN,DOM,FRO,LBN,SYR,BHR,NGA,TUV,MLI,KNA,DJI,GUM,SUR,VCT,TCD,PLW,TON,BRN,OMN,ISR,CYM,GLP,ATA,BLM,GHA,AFG,ARG,ATG,BLR,CUW,PAN,UZB,ESH,GMB,CAF,KGZ,BGD,COG,VGB,CHL,NRU,BFA,MRT,PER,ISL,ZAF,CPV,TGO,GEO,SJM,SAU,PSE,STP,MUS,NCL,LBR,CIV,TKM,KIR,BIH,VNM,ABW,GRL,NIU,GIN,VUT,BDI,CHN,VIR,QAT,SXM,NZL,JOR,RUS,TTO,COM,MDG,HND,COL,SEN,PRY,MNP,TUN,MMR,YEM,MHL,MAF,KWT,TWN,CXR,GTM,NER,IRN,HTI,MKD,ASM,SYC,LCA,BWA,NIC,CUB,ARM,ATF,ZWE,TKL,SDN,SGS,MNG,HMD,WLF,IRQ,LAO,BES,RWA,BHS,SLB,MWI,THA,AGO,GAB,LKA,BLZ,BEN,UKR,PRK,SLE,LBY,AIA,MAC,KEN,ECU,FJI,EGY,GNQ,MSR,TCA,KHM,MAR,TLS,UGA,REU,SOM,ALA,FSM,SWZ,ERI,MOZ,ETH,COK,KAZ,VEN,BOL,PAK,SHN,AZE,UMI,CRI,DMA,TZA,CCK,TJK,SPM,JAM,IDN,IOT,NFK,PRI,BRB,PHL,SLV,URY,GNB,GUY,GRD,BTN,NPL,DZA,LSO,BVT,NAM,CMR,MDV,ZMB,MYT,USA,USA,GBR,XKX,FLK,BMU,SSD,GIB,GGY,JEY,IMN,GBR,XKX,FLK,BMU,SSD,GIB,GGY,JEY,IMN,GBR,XKX,FLK,BMU,SSD,GIB,GGY,JEY,IMN,ARE,ARE,ARE,CAN,CAN,CAN,KOR,KOR,KOR,JPN,JPN,JPN,BRA,BRA,BRA,SWE,SWE,SWE,HKG,HKG,HKG,DNK,DNK,DNK,AUS,AUS,AUS,MEX,MEX,MEX,VAT,MCO,EST,GUF,HRV,IRL,CYP,CZE,LTU,ALB,ROU,LIE,LVA,SVN,SMR,GRC,MNE,AUT,ITA,BEL,MDA,FIN,NLD,SVK,HUN,PRT,ESP,SRB,PYF,FRA,DEU,POL,AND,LUX,MLT,BGR,VAT,MCO,EST,GUF,HRV,IRL,CYP,CZE,LTU,ALB,ROU,LIE,LVA,SVN,SMR,GRC,MNE,AUT,ITA,BEL,MDA,FIN,NLD,SVK,HUN,PRT,ESP,SRB,PYF,FRA,DEU,POL,AND,LUX,MLT,BGR,VAT,MCO,EST,GUF,HRV,IRL,CYP,CZE,LTU,ALB,ROU,LIE,LVA,SVN,SMR,GRC,MNE,AUT,ITA,BEL,MDA,FIN,NLD,SVK,HUN,PRT,ESP,SRB,PYF,FRA,DEU,POL,AND,LUX,MLT,BGR', productCode: 'EP', printProductCode: '', isDigital: false, isDigitalEdition: true, isPrint: false, isPrintOrBundle: false, isTrial: false, }; window.FT.trackingCategory = 'signup'; const optimizelyConversionDetailsJSON = undefined; if (optimizelyConversionDetailsJSON) { window.FT.optimizelyAdditionalDetails = window.optimizelyAdditionalDetails || {}; window.FT.optimizelyAdditionalDetails.conversionDetails = optimizelyConversionDetailsJSON; } window.FT.trackingContext = { // Environment formType: 'next.subscribe', pageName: 'access', referrer: '', production: window.FT.isProduction, testApis: window.FT.isTest, // Offer information offerId: window.FT.offer.id, productName: window.FT.offer.name, isTrial: window.FT.offer.isTrial, purchaseCurrency: 'undefined', purchasePrice: 'undefined', paymentTerm: 'undefined', paymentType: 'undefined', // Form values country: 'HKG', deliveryOption: 'undefined', deliveryStartDate: 'undefined' }; </script><div id="liveAgent" data-live-chat-project-felix="true" data-organisation-id="00D20000000LryV" data-script-url="https://financialtimes.my.site.com/ESWWebChat1728985714571/assets/js/bootstrap.min.js" data-embedded-deployment-service="Web_Chat" data-embedded-service-url="https://financialtimes.my.site.com/ESWWebChat1728985714571" data-scrt2-url="https://financialtimes.my.salesforce-scrt.com" data-chat-origin="CRG Acquisition pages"><div id="liveAgentPopup" class="n-sliding-popup n-live-agent__popup" data-n-component="n-sliding-popup" data-n-sliding-popup-position="bottom right" aria-hidden="false"><div class="n-live-agent__popup-cta">Need help?<button id="liveAgentButton" class="n-live-agent__popup-button" data-trackable="livechat-openChatWindow">Start chat</button></div><button id="liveAgentButtonClose" class="n-live-agent__popup-button--close" data-n-component="n-sliding-popup-close" data-trackable="livechat-triggerClose"><span class="n-sliding-popup-close-label">Close help popup</span></button></div><div id="liveAgentOnlineIndicator"></div><div id="liveAgentOfflineIndicator"></div></div></div></div><div class="n-layout__row n-layout__row--footer"><footer id="site-footer" class="o-footer o-footer--theme-light" data-o-component="o-footer"><div class="o-footer__container"><div><ul class="o-footer__legal-links"><li><a href="https://help.ft.com/help/legal-privacy/terms-conditions/" data-trackable="Terms & Conditions"><span class="o-footer__matrix-link__copy">Terms & Conditions</span></a></li><li><a href="https://help.ft.com/help/legal-privacy/privacy/" data-trackable="Privacy Policy"><span class="o-footer__matrix-link__copy">Privacy Policy</span></a></li><li><a href="https://help.ft.com/help/legal-privacy/cookies/" data-trackable="Cookie Policy"><span class="o-footer__matrix-link__copy">Cookie Policy</span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.ft.com/preferences/manage-cookies" data-trackable="Manage Cookies"><span class="o-footer__matrix-link__copy">Manage Cookies</span></a></li><li><a href="https://help.ft.com/help/legal-privacy/copyright/copyright-policy/" data-trackable="Copyright"><span class="o-footer__matrix-link__copy">Copyright</span></a></li><li><a href="https://help.ft.com/help/legal/slavery-statement/" data-trackable="Slavery Statement & Policies"><span class="o-footer__matrix-link__copy">Slavery Statement & Policies</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="o-footer__copyright"><small>© THE FINANCIAL TIMES LTD 2024. <abbr title="Financial Times" aria-label="F T">FT</abbr> and ‘Financial Times’ are trademarks of The Financial Times Ltd.<br/>The Financial Times and its journalism are subject to a self-regulation regime under the <a href="https://aboutus.ft.com/en-gb/ft-editorial-code/" aria-label="F T Editorial Code of Practice">FT Editorial Code of Practice</a>.</small></div></div><div class="o-footer__brand"><div class="o-footer__container"><div class="o-footer__brand-logo"></div></div></div></footer><div class="n-layout__footer-after"><script data-pixel-src="https://spoor-api.ft.com/px.gif?data=%7B%22category%22%3A%22page%22%2C%22action%22%3A%22view%22%2C%22system%22%3A%7B%22source%22%3A%22non-ctm%22%7D%2C%22context%22%3A%7B%22name%22%3A%22subscribe%22%2C%22product%22%3A%22next%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22source%22%3A%22%5BSOURCE%5D%22%7D%7D%7D">(function coreExperience() { if (/\bcore\b/.test(document.documentElement.className)) { // eslint-disable-next-line no-var var currentScript = document.scripts[document.scripts.length - 1]; // eslint-disable-next-line no-var var img = new Image(); img.alt = ''; img.src = currentScript.getAttribute('data-pixel-src'); } })();</script><noscript><img src="https://spoor-api.ft.com/px.gif?data=%7B%22category%22%3A%22page%22%2C%22action%22%3A%22view%22%2C%22system%22%3A%7B%22source%22%3A%22non-ctm%22%7D%2C%22context%22%3A%7B%22name%22%3A%22subscribe%22%2C%22product%22%3A%22next%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22source%22%3A%22%5BSOURCE%5D%22%7D%7D%7D" alt=""/></noscript></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="page-kit-app-context">{"appName":"subscribe","product":"next","edition":"international","appVersion":"944d36ba4fb62f1b23e12eace932f5df735f05a8","abTestState":"messageSlotBottom:cookieConsentC,zuora3DsOptIn:control,articlecommunitypromoevent:variant2,appleSignUpForBuyFlowTest:variant,showuseronboardingroute:treatment","isProduction":true,"isUserLoggedIn":false,"pageKitVersion":"10.3.2"}</script><script type="application/json" id="page-kit-flags-embed">{"articleRelatedContent":true,"ads":true,"javascript":true,"oTracking":true,"articleComments":true,"myFtApi":true,"articleShareButtons":true,"myFtApiWrite":true,"adTargetingUserApi":true,"videoPlayerAdvertising":true,"streamMostRead":true,"openGraph":true,"nativeAds":true,"regionalNews":true,"syndication":true,"myFTEmailDisableABAlloc":true,"streamRecommendedStoriesList":true,"refererCohort":true,"newsletterSignupOnArticle":true,"myFTInstantNotifications":true,"myftPrioritiseTopics":true,"myftIndustryRecs":true,"showEventPromo":true,"myftConsentSwitch":true,"manageCookiesWhiteLabel":true,"myftIndustryRecsFeed":true,"AdsPermutive":true,"syndication_promo":true,"messageSlotBottom":"cookieConsentC","enableGTM":true,"myftNewNewLabel":true,"myftBoldNewArticles":true,"myftPageAppNotificationsToggle":true,"realUserMonitoringForPerformance":true,"textCopyTracking":true,"enableBrandmetricsSurveyScript":true,"managePremiumCancellationJourney":true,"articleInstantAlertsPromo":true,"manageStepUpCancellationJourney":true,"manageStandardCancellationJourney":true,"manageStepUpTransitionJourney":true,"manageDirectCancellationJourney":true,"privShowCCPALinkOnFooter":true,"optimizely":true,"graphicSyndication":true,"adsNativeLazyload":true,"enableRavelinOnProd":true,"enableMarketingAnalyticsTags":true,"streamPageGraphicsList":true,"useFlourish":true,"adsHighImpact":true,"monthlyTermForPremiumCovidCohort":true,"enableNonUKDeliveryAddress":true,"homePageHeaderMarketsData":true,"enableGoogleExtendedMeter":true,"inArticleContentSignUp":true,"frontPageCommunitySection":true,"newBuyFlow":true,"bizzaboRegistrationEnabled":true,"enableSingleTermSubscriptions":true,"newsletterAutoEnrolment":true,"eventsInMyFtPage":true,"eventsInDigestEmails":true,"eventsInStreamPage":true,"ftGlobetrotterBanner":true,"scrollytellingImages":true,"emailVerificationOnSignupForms":true,"AdsExtraMobileSlot":true,"dotcomPages":true,"fomoPage":true,"exponeaOnsiteMessaging":true,"homepageInteractivesEmbeds":true,"bankTransferFeature":true,"articlecommunitypromoevent":"variant2","purgeableLongTailArticleCaching":true,"myAccountLanding":true,"chatterboxChat":true,"liveChat":true,"billingDetailsConfirmationPage":true,"AdsCompaniesTypeaheadDemo":true,"reverseCancellation":true,"adsPGHomePage":true,"saveMeDisplayEdit":true,"adsCommentsRHR":true,"adsPGSearchPage":true,"stripeForIndia":true,"showNoOffersPageInRetention":true,"adsDisableInternalCMP":true,"myFTInstantAlertsOnboarding":true,"proCentralBanking":true,"magnetOnArticle":true,"myftFollowButton":true,"customCodeComponent":true,"extensibleFrontends":true,"adsAppDisableInternalCMP":true,"experimentalAccountEntryTest":true,"enableSubX":true,"homepageClips":true,"enableAppleSignUpForRegFlow":true,"enableAppleSignUpForBuyFlow":true,"workspaceTeaserContextMenu":true,"appleSignUpForBuyFlowTest":"variant","personalFinanceCourseOfferSubscriberRenewalJourney":true,"retentionDirectToSeperateCancelCompareController":true,"enableCorporateBarrier":true,"nextBestOfferRelaunch":true,"onboardingCsatSurveyEnabled":true,"adsInsertTexasDNSLink":true,"pro-signup-welcome-page-v2-enabled":true,"inArticleContentSignUpUSElectionNewsletter":true,"enableFTEditRegisterFlow":true,"backToTopButton":true,"adsEnableGpp":true,"enableStepUpNBO":true,"amplitudeExperiment":true,"pro-signup-onboarding-enabled":true,"useFlourishIFrame":true,"commentsOnlySubscriber":true,"pro-workspace-recommendation-cards-enabled":true,"articleToolsBox":true,"adsEnableFullBleedResponsive":true,"accountSettingsBillingDetailsPaypal":true,"adsVideoPageConsent":true,"clipsEnhancedPlayer":true,"adsEnableMiniBillboard":true,"ads-refresh-pc":true,"enableProfessionalSubscriptionCheck":true,"ads-validate-traffic-ias":true,"adsEnableMiniBillboardWeb":true,"adsMarketsDataWidget":true,"adsArticlePcStyling":true,"ads-adblock-recovery":true,"mprHomePageSlice":true,"liveChatProjectFelix":true,"liveBlogPagination":true,"enableWhiteHouseWatchNewsletterSignup":true,"articleBulletPointSummary":true,"showuseronboardingroute":"treatment"}</script></body></html>