CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="ar" dir="rtl"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>氐丕賱丨亘賳毓賱賷丕賱丨丕乇孬賷 - 賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )arwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[".\t,","佾\t佻"],"wgDigitTransformTable":[ "0\t1\t2\t3\t4\t5\t6\t7\t8\t9","贍\t佟\t佗\t伲\t伽\t佶\t佴\t侑\t侉\t侃"],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","賷賳丕賷乇","賮亘乇丕賷乇","賲丕乇爻","兀亘乇賷賱","賲丕賷賵","賷賵賳賷賵","賷賵賱賷賵","兀睾爻胤爻","爻亘鬲賲亘乇","兀賰鬲賵亘乇","賳賵賮賲亘乇","丿賷爻賲亘乇"],"wgRequestId":"9802b74d-4bfd-412b-8198-af3f6d713e3f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"氐丕賱丨_亘賳_毓賱賷_丕賱丨丕乇孬賷","wgTitle":"氐丕賱丨亘賳毓賱賷丕賱丨丕乇孬賷","wgCurRevisionId":66029753,"wgRevisionId":0,"wgArticleId":5475528,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the JsonConfig extension","氐賷丕賳丞丕賱丕爻鬲卮賴丕丿: 賲賰丕賳亘丿賵賳賳丕卮乇","兀禺胤丕亍丕賱丕爻鬲卮賴丕丿: 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺","賲賯丕賱丕鬲睾賷乇賲乇丕噩毓丞賲賳匕賲丕乇爻 2019","噩賲賷毓丕賱賲賯丕賱丕鬲睾賷乇丕賱賲乇丕噩毓丞", "噩賲賷毓丕賱賲賯丕賱丕鬲丕賱鬲賷亘丨丕噩丞賱氐賷丕賳丞","賲賯丕賱丕鬲睾賷乇賲乇丕噩毓丞賲賳匕 2019","賲賯丕賱丕鬲睾賷乇賲乇丕噩毓丞 (兀毓賱丕賲)","賲賯丕賱丕鬲鬲爻鬲毓賲賱賯賵丕賱亘賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲","亘賵丕亘丞兀毓賱丕賲/賲賯丕賱丕鬲賲鬲毓賱賯丞","亘賵丕亘丞爻賱胤賳丞毓賲丕賳/賲賯丕賱丕鬲賲鬲毓賱賯丞","廿亘丕囟賷賵賳","毓賱賲丕亍丿賷賳廿亘丕囟賷賵賳賲賳毓賲丕賳","賮賯賴丕亍"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"ar","wgPageContentLanguage":"ar","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"氐丕賱丨_亘賳_毓賱賷_丕賱丨丕乇孬賷","wgRelevantArticleId":5475528,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"accuracy":{"levels":2}}},"wgStableRevisionId":0,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"ar","pageLanguageDir":"rtl", "pageVariantFallbacks":"ar"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q63122781","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":true,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.73"};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.Font-Amiri":"ready","ext.gadget.palestineTheme":"ready","ext.gadget.WMP-icons":"ready","ext.gadget.Font-Arial":"ready","ext.gadget.HideExLinkIcon":"ready","ext.gadget.Urgent-fixes":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.events-loader","ext.gadget.ArabicAds","ext.gadget.Defaulteditnotices","ext.gadget.searchlang","ext.gadget.NoRefCopy","ext.gadget.exlinks","ext.gadget.content-support-loader", "ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.TemplateParamWizard","ext.gadget.decodesummary","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ar&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=ar&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ar&modules=ext.gadget.Font-Amiri%2CFont-Arial%2CHideExLinkIcon%2CUrgent-fixes%2CWMP-icons%2CpalestineTheme&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ar&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="氐丕賱丨亘賳毓賱賷丕賱丨丕乇孬賷 - 賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ar.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="毓丿賱" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕 (ar)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ar.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ar"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="鬲賱賯賷賲丞兀鬲賵賲賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki rtl sitedir-rtl mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-氐丕賱丨_亘賳_毓賱賷_丕賱丨丕乇孬賷 rootpage-氐丕賱丨_亘賳_毓賱賷_丕賱丨丕乇孬賷 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">丕賳鬲賯賱廿賱賶丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="丕賱賲賵賯毓"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="丕賱賯丕卅賲丞丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">丕賱賯丕卅賲丞丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">丕賱賯丕卅賲丞丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">丕賳賯賱賱賱卮乇賷胤丕賱噩丕賳亘賷</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">兀禺賮</button> </div> <div id="p-encyclopedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-encyclopedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 丕賱賲賵爻賵毓丞 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9" title="夭乇丕賱氐賮丨丞丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞 [z]" accesskey="z"><span>丕賱氐賮丨丞丕賱乇卅賷爻丞</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="賲胤丕賱毓丞爻乇賷毓丞賱兀賴賲丕賱兀丨丿丕孬丕賱噩丕乇賷丞"><span>丕賱兀丨丿丕孬丕賱噩丕乇賷丞</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="賯丕卅賲丞兀丨丿孬丕賱鬲睾賷賷乇丕鬲賮賷丕賱賵賷賰賷. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>兀丨丿孬丕賱鬲睾賷賷乇丕鬲</span></a></li><li id="n-wrecentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9"><span>兀丨丿孬丕賱鬲睾賷賷乇丕鬲丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 鬲氐賮丨 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-subjects" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD"><span>丕賱賲賵丕囟賷毓</span></a></li><li id="n-index" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9"><span>兀亘噩丿賷</span></a></li><li id="n-portals" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD"><span>亘賵丕亘丕鬲</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="丨賲賱氐賮丨丞毓卮賵丕卅賷丞 [x]" accesskey="x"><span>賲賯丕賱丞毓卮賵丕卅賷丞</span></a></li><li id="n-Kiwix" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3"><span>鬲氐賮丨賲賳睾賷乇廿賳鬲乇賳鬲</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-contributing" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-contributing" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 賲卮丕乇賰丞 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7"><span>鬲賵丕氐賱賲毓賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="丨賷孬鬲噩丿丕賱賲爻丕毓丿丞"><span>賲爻丕毓丿丞</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86"><span>丕賱賲賷丿丕賳</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ar.svg" style="width: 7em; height: 2.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ar.svg" width="105" height="22" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="丕亘丨孬賮賷賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕 [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>亘丨孬</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="丕亘丨孬賮賷賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕" aria-label="丕亘丨孬賮賷賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕" autocapitalize="sentences" title="丕亘丨孬賮賷賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕 [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="禺丕氐:亘丨孬"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">亘丨孬</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="兀丿賵丕鬲卮禺氐賷丞"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="丕賱賲馗賴乇"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="鬲睾賷賷乇賲馗賴乇丕賱氐賮丨丞貙丨噩賲丕賱禺胤貙丕賱毓乇囟賵丕賱賱賵賳" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="丕賱賲馗賴乇" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">丕賱賲馗賴乇</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ar.wikipedia.org&uselang=ar" class=""><span>鬲亘乇毓</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8&returnto=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A" title="賳卮噩毓賰毓賱賶毓賲賱丨爻丕亘賵鬲爻噩賷賱丿禺賵賱賰貨賱賰賳賴睾賷乇囟乇賵乇賷毓賱賶丕賷丨丕賱" class=""><span>廿賳卮丕亍丨爻丕亘</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85&returnto=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A" title="賷賮囟賱兀賳鬲爻噩賱丕賱丿禺賵賱貙賱賰賳賴賱賷爻廿賱夭丕賲賷丕. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>丿禺賵賱</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="丕賱賲夭賷丿賲賳丕賱禺賷丕乇丕鬲" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="兀丿賵丕鬲卮禺氐賷丞" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">兀丿賵丕鬲卮禺氐賷丞</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="賯丕卅賲丞丕賱賲爻鬲禺丿賲" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ar.wikipedia.org&uselang=ar"><span>鬲亘乇毓</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8&returnto=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A" title="賳卮噩毓賰毓賱賶毓賲賱丨爻丕亘賵鬲爻噩賷賱丿禺賵賱賰貨賱賰賳賴睾賷乇囟乇賵乇賷毓賱賶丕賷丨丕賱"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>廿賳卮丕亍丨爻丕亘</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85&returnto=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A" title="賷賮囟賱兀賳鬲爻噩賱丕賱丿禺賵賱貙賱賰賳賴賱賷爻廿賱夭丕賲賷丕. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>丿禺賵賱</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 氐賮丨丕鬲賱賱賲丨乇乇賷賳丕賱匕賷賳爻噩賻賾賱賵丕禺乇賵噩賴賲 <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9" aria-label="鬲毓賱賻賾賲丕賱賲夭賷丿亘禺氐賵氐丕賱鬲丨乇賷乇"><span>鬲毓賱賻賾賲丕賱賲夭賷丿</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="賯丕卅賲丞亘鬲毓丿賷賱丕鬲賯丕賲亘賴丕毓賳賵丕賳丕賱丌賷亘賷 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>賲爻丕賴賲丕鬲</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="賳賯丕卮丨賵賱丕賱鬲毓丿賷賱丕鬲賲賳毓賳賵丕賳丕賱兀賷亘賷賴匕丕 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>賳賯丕卮</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"ar\" dir=\"rtl\"\u003E\u003Ctable style=\"border: 1px solid #a40007; padding: 10px; width:100%; background-image: linear-gradient(#000000,#000000)\"\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\"width:10%\"\u003E\u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_(3).svg\" class=\"mw-file-description\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg/70px-Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"70\" height=\"99\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg/105px-Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg/140px-Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"241\" data-file-height=\"342\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\n\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\"width:80%; text-align:center ; color:white\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size:100%\"\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85\" title=\"賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕:兀賵賯賮賵丕丕賱丨乇亘賵丕賳卮乇賵丕丕賱爻賱丕賲\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:white\"\u003E鬲囟丕賲賳賸丕\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E 賲毓丨賯丕賱卮毓亘 \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86\" title=\"賮賱爻胤賷賳\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:white\"\u003E丕賱賮賱爻胤賷賳賷\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E賱丕 \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_2023\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"丕賱丨乇亘丕賱賮賱爻胤賷賳賷丞丕賱廿爻乇丕卅賷賱賷丞 2023\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:red\"\u003E賱賱廿亘丕丿丞丕賱噩賲丕毓賷丞賮賷睾夭丞\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E .... \u003Cb\u003E賱丕 \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_2023\" title=\"鬲氐賳賷賮:賲匕丕亘丨禺賱丕賱丕賱丨乇亘丕賱賮賱爻胤賷賳賷丞丕賱廿爻乇丕卅賷賱賷丞 2023\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:red\"\u003E賱賯鬲賱丕賱賲丿賳賷賷賳\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E \n\u003Cb\u003E賱丕 \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A\" title=\"賲噩夭乇丞賲爻鬲卮賮賶丕賱賲毓賲丿丕賳賷\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:red\"\u003E賱丕爻鬲賴丿丕賮丕賱賲爻鬲卮賮賷丕鬲賵丕賱賲丿丕乇爻\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E .... \u003Cb\u003E賱丕 \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%89#丕賱丿毓丕賷丞_丕賱廿爻乇丕卅賷賱賷丞\" title=\"毓賲賱賷丞胤賵賮丕賳丕賱兀賯氐賶\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:red\"\u003E賱賱鬲囟賱賷賱賵丕賱賰賷賱亘賲賰賷丕賱賷賳\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81_%D8%A5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9_2023\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"賵賯賮廿胤賱丕賯丕賱賳丕乇賮賷睾夭丞 2023\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:white\"\u003E兀賵賯賮賵丕丕賱丨乇亘\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E .... 賵丕賳卮乇賵丕丕賱爻賱丕賲丕賱毓丕丿賱賵丕賱卮丕賲賱\u003C/b\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\n\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="丕賱賲賵賯毓"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">丕賳賯賱賱賱卮乇賷胤丕賱噩丕賳亘賷</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">兀禺賮</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">丕賱賲賯丿賲丞</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-丕爻賲賴_賵賳爻亘賴" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#丕爻賲賴_賵賳爻亘賴"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>丕爻賲賴賵賳爻亘賴</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-丕爻賲賴_賵賳爻亘賴-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-賲賵賱丿賴_賵賳卮兀鬲賴" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#賲賵賱丿賴_賵賳卮兀鬲賴"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>賲賵賱丿賴賵賳卮兀鬲賴</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-賲賵賱丿賴_賵賳卮兀鬲賴-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-丨賷丕鬲賴_丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞_賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#丨賷丕鬲賴_丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞_賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>丨賷丕鬲賴丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-丨賷丕鬲賴_丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞_賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-廿賲丕乇丞_丕賱卮乇賯賷丞_(丕賱毓賲丕賳賷丞)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#廿賲丕乇丞_丕賱卮乇賯賷丞_(丕賱毓賲丕賳賷丞)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>廿賲丕乇丞丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 (丕賱毓賲丕賳賷丞)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-廿賲丕乇丞_丕賱卮乇賯賷丞_(丕賱毓賲丕賳賷丞)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-丌孬丕乇賴_丕賱毓賱賲賷丞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#丌孬丕乇賴_丕賱毓賱賲賷丞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>丌孬丕乇賴丕賱毓賱賲賷丞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-丌孬丕乇賴_丕賱毓賱賲賷丞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-賵賮丕鬲賴" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#賵賮丕鬲賴"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>賵賮丕鬲賴</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-賵賮丕鬲賴-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-乇爻丕卅賱_賵丿乇丕爻丕鬲_丨賵賱賴" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#乇爻丕卅賱_賵丿乇丕爻丕鬲_丨賵賱賴"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>乇爻丕卅賱賵丿乇丕爻丕鬲丨賵賱賴</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-乇爻丕卅賱_賵丿乇丕爻丕鬲_丨賵賱賴-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="鬲亘丿賷賱毓乇囟噩丿賵賱丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">鬲亘丿賷賱毓乇囟噩丿賵賱丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">氐丕賱丨亘賳毓賱賷丕賱丨丕乇孬賷</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="賴匕賴丕賱賲賯丕賱丞鬲鬲賵丕噩丿賮賯胤賮賷賴匕賴丕賱賱睾丞. 兀囟賮賴丕廿賱賶丕賱賱睾丕鬲丕賱兀禺乇賶." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">兀囟賮賱睾丕鬲</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q63122781#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="廿囟丕賮丞賵氐賱丕鬲亘賷賳丕賱賱睾丕鬲" class="wbc-editpage">兀囟賮賵氐賱丕鬲</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="賳胤丕賯丕鬲"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A" title="丕毓乇囟氐賮丨丞丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶 [c]" accesskey="c"><span>賲賯丕賱丞</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B4:%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A" rel="discussion" title="賳賯丕卮氐賮丨丞丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶 [t]" accesskey="t"><span>賳賯丕卮</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="睾賷賾乇賱賴噩丞丕賱賱睾丞" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">丕賱毓乇亘賷丞</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="賲毓丕賷賳丞"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A"><span>丕賯乇兀</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A&action=edit" title="毓丿賱丕賱賰賵丿丕賱賲氐丿乇賷賱賴匕賴丕賱氐賮丨丞 [e]" accesskey="e"><span>毓丿賾賱</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A&action=history" title="丕賱賳爻禺丕賱爻丕亘賯丞賱賴匕賴丕賱氐賮丨丞 [h]" accesskey="h"><span>鬲丕乇賷禺</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="兀丿賵丕鬲丕賱氐賮丨丞"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="兀丿賵丕鬲" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">兀丿賵丕鬲</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">兀丿賵丕鬲</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">丕賳賯賱賱賱卮乇賷胤丕賱噩丕賳亘賷</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">兀禺賮</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="丕賱賲夭賷丿賲賳丕賱禺賷丕乇丕鬲" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 廿噩乇丕亍丕鬲 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A"><span>丕賯乇兀</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A&action=edit" title="毓丿賱丕賱賰賵丿丕賱賲氐丿乇賷賱賴匕賴丕賱氐賮丨丞 [e]" accesskey="e"><span>毓丿賾賱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A&action=history"><span>鬲丕乇賷禺</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 毓丕賲 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7_%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%A7/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A" title="賯丕卅賲丞亘賰賱氐賮丨丕鬲丕賱賵賷賰賷丕賱鬲賷鬲氐賱賴賳丕 [j]" accesskey="j"><span>賲丕匕丕賷氐賱賴賳丕</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A" rel="nofollow" title="兀丨丿孬丕賱鬲睾賷賷乇丕鬲賮賷丕賱氐賮丨丕鬲丕賱賲賵氐賵賱丞賲賳賴匕賴丕賱氐賮丨丞 [k]" accesskey="k"><span>鬲睾賷賷乇丕鬲匕丕鬲毓賱丕賯丞</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕:乇賮毓" title="丕乇賮毓賲賱賮丕鬲 [u]" accesskey="u"><span>乇賮毓賲賱賮</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A9" title="賯丕卅賲丞亘賰賱丕賱氐賮丨丕鬲丕賱禺丕氐丞 [q]" accesskey="q"><span>丕賱氐賮丨丕鬲丕賱禺丕氐丞</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A&action=info" title="丕賱賲夭賷丿賲賳丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲毓賳賴匕賴丕賱氐賮丨丞"><span>賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲丕賱氐賮丨丞</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Far.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD_%25D8%25A8%25D9%2586_%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%258A_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AB%25D9%258A"><span>丕丨氐賱毓賱賶賲爻丕乇賲禺鬲氐乇</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Far.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD_%25D8%25A8%25D9%2586_%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%258A_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AB%25D9%258A"><span>鬲賳夭賷賱乇賲夭丕賱丕爻鬲噩丕亘丞丕賱爻乇賷毓丞</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 胤亘丕毓丞/鬲氐丿賷乇 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A"><span>廿賳卮丕亍賰鬲丕亘</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A&action=show-download-screen"><span>鬲丨賲賷賱 PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A&printable=yes" title="賳爻禺丞賱賱胤亘丕毓丞賱賴匕賴丕賱氐賮丨丞 [p]" accesskey="p"><span>賳爻禺丞賱賱胤亘丕毓丞</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 賮賷賲卮丕乇賷毓兀禺乇賶 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q63122781" title="賵氐賱丞廿賱賶丕賱賲丕丿丞丕賱賲乇鬲亘胤丞賮賷賲爻鬲賵丿毓丕賱亘賷丕賳丕鬲丕賱賲乇賰夭賷 [g]" accesskey="g"><span>毓賳氐乇賵賷賰賷亘賷丕賳丕鬲</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="兀丿賵丕鬲丕賱氐賮丨丞"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="丕賱賲馗賴乇"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">丕賱賲馗賴乇</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">丕賳賯賱賱賱卮乇賷胤丕賱噩丕賳亘賷</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">兀禺賮</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-indicator-fr-review-status" class="mw-indicator"><indicator name="fr-review-status" class="mw-fr-review-status-indicator" id="mw-fr-revision-toggle"><span class="cdx-fr-css-icon-review--status--unchecked"></span><b>睾賷乇賲賮丨賵氐丞</b></indicator></div> <div id="mw-indicator-unreviewed" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9" title="賷乇噩賶賲乇丕噩毓丞賴匕賴丕賱賲賯丕賱丞賵廿夭丕賱丞賵爻賲丕賱賲賯丕賱丕鬲睾賷乇丕賱賲乇丕噩毓丞貙賵賵爻賲賴丕亘賵爻賵賲丕賱氐賷丕賳丞丕賱賲賳丕爻亘丞."><img alt="賷乇噩賶賲乇丕噩毓丞賴匕賴丕賱賲賯丕賱丞賵廿夭丕賱丞賵爻賲丕賱賲賯丕賱丕鬲睾賷乇丕賱賲乇丕噩毓丞貙賵賵爻賲賴丕亘賵爻賵賲丕賱氐賷丕賳丞丕賱賲賳丕爻亘丞." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/N_write.svg/20px-N_write.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/N_write.svg/30px-N_write.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/N_write.svg/40px-N_write.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">賲賳賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕貙丕賱賲賵爻賵毓丞丕賱丨乇丞</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div id="mw-fr-revision-details" class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">丨丕賱丞賲乇丕噩毓丞丕賱氐賮丨丞</h2><p class="cdx-dialog__header__subtitle">丕賱氐賮丨丞賱賲鬲購賮丨氐</p></div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="兀睾賱賯" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">賱丕鬲賵噩丿賳爻禺 <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9" title="賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕:賲乇丕噩毓丕鬲賲毓賱賲丞">賲乇丕噩毓丞</a> 賲賳賴匕賴丕賱氐賮丨丞貙賱匕丕貙賯丿 <b>賱丕</b> 賷賰賵賳丕賱鬲夭丕賲賴丕亘丕賱賲毓丕賷賷乇賲鬲丨賯賯賸丕賲賳賴.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ar" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68107301">.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-right:2px solid #36c;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-right{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border:1px solid #b32424;border-right:2px solid #b32424;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#fee7e6)}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border:1px solid #b32424;border-right:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border:1px solid #f28500;border-right:2px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border:1px solid #fc3;border-right:2px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc;border-right:2px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-current{border:1px solid #A5D6A7;border-right:2px solid #A5D6A7}.mw-parser-output .ambox-featured{border:1px solid #C0C0C0}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-right:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text .date-container{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageleft{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:42px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-right:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0}}.mw-parser-output .ambox th.mbox-text,.mw-parser-output .ambox td.mbox-text{padding:0.25em 0.5em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .ambox th.mbox-text .date-container,.mw-parser-output .ambox td.mbox-text .date-container{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output .ambox td.mbox-image{padding:2px 0.2em 2px 0}.mw-parser-output .ambox td.mbox-imageleft{padding:2px 0.2em 2px 0}.mw-parser-output .ambox-notice{border:1px solid #36c;border-right:2px solid #36c}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox table .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox table .mbox-imageleft,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox table .mbox-empty-cell{display:none}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox table.ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 1.6em 0 0!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox table.mbox-small-right{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox table .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox table .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:square}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-賲賯丕賱丞_睾賷乇_賲乇丕噩毓丞 plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unreviewed-article" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:N_write.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/N_write.svg/20px-N_write.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/N_write.svg/30px-N_write.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/N_write.svg/40px-N_write.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">賴匕賴 <b>賲賯丕賱丞睾賷乇賲乇丕噩毓丞</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> 賷賳亘睾賷兀賳賷夭丕賱賴匕丕丕賱賯丕賱亘亘毓丿兀賳 <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9" title="賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕:賲乇丕噩毓丕鬲賲毓賱賲丞">賷乇丕噩毓賴丕</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕:賲丨乇乇賵賳">賲丨乇乇</a>貨廿匕丕賱夭賲丕賱兀賲乇賮賷噩亘兀賳鬲賵爻賲丕賱賲賯丕賱丞 <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9" title="賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕:賯賵丕賱亘氐賷丕賳丞">亘賯賵丕賱亘丕賱氐賷丕賳丞</a> 丕賱賲賳丕爻亘丞. 賷賲賰賳兀賷囟丕賸鬲賯丿賷賲 <b><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕:胤賱亘丕鬲賲乇丕噩毓丞丕賱賲賯丕賱丕鬲">胤賱亘賱賲乇丕噩毓丞丕賱賲賯丕賱丞</a></b> 賮賷丕賱氐賮丨丞丕賱賲禺氐氐丞賱匕賱賰.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">賲丕乇爻 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i><span style="float:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:%D8%A5%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9" title="鬲毓乇賻賾賮毓賱賶胤乇賷賯丞丕賱鬲毓丕賲賱賲毓賴匕賴丕賱賲爻兀賱丞賲賳兀噩賱廿夭丕賱丞賴匕丕丕賱賯丕賱亘."><img alt="鬲毓乇賻賾賮毓賱賶胤乇賷賯丞丕賱鬲毓丕賲賱賲毓賴匕賴丕賱賲爻兀賱丞賲賳兀噩賱廿夭丕賱丞賴匕丕丕賱賯丕賱亘." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Breezeicons-actions-22-help-about.svg/20px-Breezeicons-actions-22-help-about.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Breezeicons-actions-22-help-about.svg/30px-Breezeicons-actions-22-help-about.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Breezeicons-actions-22-help-about.svg/40px-Breezeicons-actions-22-help-about.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span></i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r63051380">.mw-parser-output .entete.aerostat{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Picto_infobox_aerostat.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.aikido{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Aikido_pictogram.svg/40px-Aikido_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.alpinisme{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Picto_infobox_alpinisme.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.arbitre{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Referee_football_pictogram.svg/35px-Referee_football_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.arc{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Archery_pictogram.svg/35px-Archery_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.archives2{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Picto_infobox_archives.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.arduino,.mw-parser-output .entete.electro{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.artiste{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Picto_infobox_artiste.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.artsmartiauxjap{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Picto_infobox_samourai.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.association{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Collaboration_logo_infobox.svg/50px-Collaboration_logo_infobox.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.athletisme{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Athletics_pictogram.svg/40px-Athletics_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.audio{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gnome-speakernotes.png/35px-Gnome-speakernotes.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.auteur{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Picto_infobox_auteur.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.autogire{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Picto_Autogyro.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.automobile{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Picto_infobox_automobil.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.avion{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Airplane_silhouette_white.svg/40px-Airplane_silhouette_white.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.aviron{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rowing_pictogram.svg/35px-Rowing_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.badminton{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Badminton_pictogram.svg/35px-Badminton_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.baseball{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Baseball_pictogram.svg/35px-Baseball_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.basket-ball{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Picto_Infobox_Basketball.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.bd{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Picto_infobox_comicballoon.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.biathlon{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Biathlon_pictogram.svg/40px-Biathlon_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.biere{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Picto_infobox_beer.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.book,.mw-parser-output .entete.universite{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Picto_infobox_book.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.boxe{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Boxing_pictogram.svg/35px-Boxing_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.calendrier{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Almanacco.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.camera{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Camera-photo.svg/120px-Camera-photo.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.canada{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Picto_infobox_Canada.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.cardinal{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Picto_infobox_cardinal.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.catch{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Picto_infobox_catch.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.chateau{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Picto_infobox_chateau.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.chimie{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Picto_infobox_chemistry_HUN.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.cinema{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Picto_infobox_cinema.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.commonwealth{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Picto_infobox_Commonwealth.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.communication{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Picto_infobox_antenna.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.cyclisme{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cycling_%28road%29_pictogram.svg/45px-Cycling_%28road%29_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.deportation{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Picto_Infobox_deportation.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.diplomatie{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Picto_infobox_ambassade.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.disney{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Picto_infobox_Disney.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.droit{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/40px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.drone-civil{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Picto_infobox_civil_drone.png")no-repeat top right;background-size:45px 45px}.mw-parser-output .entete.egypte-antique{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Picto_infobox_ancient_Egypt.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.entreprise{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Factory_black.png/40px-Factory_black.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.entreprise-blanc{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Factory_white.png/40px-Factory_white.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.equitation{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Equestrian_pictogram.svg/35px-Equestrian_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.escalade{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Picto_infobox_escalade.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.escalade{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Picto_infobox_alpinisme-escalade.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.escrime{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Fencing_pictogram.svg/35px-Fencing_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.espagne{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Picto_Infobox_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.eveque{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Picto_infobox_bishop.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.factory{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Picto_infobox_enterprise.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.floorball{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Floorball_pictogram.svg/35px-Floorball_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.fondeur{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Cross_country_skiing_pictogram.svg/40px-Cross_country_skiing_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.football{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Infobox_Football_pictogram.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.footballblack{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Picto_infobox_fotbal_2.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.footUS{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Picto_Foot_US.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.futsal{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Futsal_pictogram.svg/35px-Futsal_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.golf{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Golf_pictogram.svg/35px-Golf_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.grappe{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Icone_oenobox.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.gymnastique{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gymnastics_%28artistic%29_pictogram.svg/35px-Gymnastics_%28artistic%29_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.handball{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Handball_pictogram_white.svg/35px-Handball_pictogram_white.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.handballblack{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Handball_pictogram.svg/35px-Handball_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.helicoptere{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Picto_infobox_helicopter.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.hockey{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Picto_Infobox_Ice_hockey.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.hockey-sur-gazon{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Field_hockey_pictogram.svg/35px-Field_hockey_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.hospitaliers{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Picto_infobox_Hospitaliers.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.humain{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Picto_infobox_manwoman.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.informatique{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Picto-infoboxinfo.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.internet{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Web-browser-openclipart.svg/45px-Web-browser-openclipart.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.israel-judaisme{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Picto_infobox_israel-judaisme.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.jeu{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Picto_infobox_Game.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.jeu-role{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Picto_infobox_Jeu_de_r么le.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.jeuvideo,.mw-parser-output .entete.jeuvideov3{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Kontrollikon_1.0d_-_Grey.svg/35px-Kontrollikon_1.0d_-_Grey.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.judo{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Judo_pictogram.svg/40px-Judo_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.karate{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Karate_pictogram.svg/40px-Karate_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.kayak{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Canoeing_%28flatwater%29_pictogram.svg/35px-Canoeing_%28flatwater%29_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.kickboxing{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kickboxing_pictogram.svg/40px-Kickboxing_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.lutte{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Wrestling_pictogram.svg/40px-Wrestling_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.macintosh{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Picto_infobox_Macintosh.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.malte{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Picto_infobox_Malte.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.map{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Picto_infobox_map.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.medecine{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Picto_infobox_med.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.mets{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Picto_infobox_mets.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.militaire{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Picto_infobox_military.png")no-repeat top right;background-size:45px 45px}.mw-parser-output .entete.money,.mw-parser-output .entete.money_coin{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Money_Coin_Icon.svg/40px-Money_Coin_Icon.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.montreal-metro,.mw-parser-output .entete.metro{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Picto_infobox_Mtl_metro.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.montreal-train{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Picto_infobox_Mtl_train.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.moteur-avion{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Picto_Infobox_moteur_d%27avion.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.mosque{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Picto_infobox_Mosque.svg/35px-Picto_infobox_Mosque.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.musee,.mw-parser-output .entete.museum,.mw-parser-output .entete.papyrus{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Picto_infobox_papyrus.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.musique,.mw-parser-output .entete.music{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Picto_infobox_music.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.natation{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Swimming_pictogram_white.png/35px-Swimming_pictogram_white.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.nations-unies{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Picto_infobox_UN.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.omnisports{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Sport3_icone.svg/35px-Sport3_icone.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.palace{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Pictogram_infobox_palace.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.paralympique{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Picto_infobox_Paralympics.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.persofiction{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Picto_infobox_masks.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.petrole{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Picto_Infobox_Oil.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.planeur{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Picto_infobox_planeur.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.plateforme{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Picto_Infobox_Oil_Platform.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.poker{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Crystal_Clear_app_Cardgame-3.svg/50px-Crystal_Clear_app_Cardgame-3.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.presse{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Picto_infobox_journal-ar.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.pretendant{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Picto_infobox_pr%C3%A9tendant_%C3%A0_un_tr%C3%B4ne.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.projet,.mw-parser-output .entete.project{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Picto_infobox_tools.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.psychologie{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Picto_infobox_psycho.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.quebec{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Picto_infobox_Quebec.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.recherche{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Picto_infobox_detective.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.rinkhockey{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Roller_hockey_pictogram.svg/35px-Roller_hockey_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.rome-antique{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Picto_infobox_Roman_military_banner.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.route{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Infobox_road_pictogram.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.rugby{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Picto_Infobox_Rugby.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.rugbyblack{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Rugby_union_pictogram.svg/35px-Rugby_union_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.satellite{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Picto_infobox_satellite.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.sautski{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ski_jumping_pictogram.svg/40px-Ski_jumping_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.science-fiction{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Picto_infobox_fliyingsaucer.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.serie-video{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Logo_television_blanc.png")no-repeat top right;background-size:45px 45px}.mw-parser-output .entete.ski-alpin{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Alpine_skiing_pictogram.svg/40px-Alpine_skiing_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.snooker{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cue_sports_pictogram.svg/40px-Cue_sports_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.software{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Picto_infobox_software.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.sport{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Picto_infobox_Olympic.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.sport-automobile{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Picto_infobox_sport_auto.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.squash{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Squash_pictogram.svg/35px-Squash_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.stadium{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Stadium.svg/40px-Stadium.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.starwars{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Star_Wars_Infobox_Pictogram.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.surf{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Surfing_pictogram.svg/35px-Surfing_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.taekwondo{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Taekwondo_pictogram.svg/40px-Taekwondo_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.television{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Picto_infobox_TV-T%26PC.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.templiers{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Picto_infobox_Templiers.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.tennis{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tennis_pictogram_white.svg/35px-Tennis_pictogram_white.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.tennis-de-table{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Table_tennis_pictogram_white.svg/40px-Table_tennis_pictogram_white.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.tennis-de-tableblack{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Table_tennis_pictogram.svg/35px-Table_tennis_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.timbre{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Picto_infobox_Stamps.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.train{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Infobox_train.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.triathlon{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Triathlon_pictogram.svg/40px-Triathlon_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.ultimate{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ultimate_pictogram.svg/70px-Ultimate_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.union-europeenne{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Picto_Infobox_Europe.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.video{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tango-video-x-generic.png/35px-Tango-video-x-generic.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.voile{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sailing_pictogram.svg/40px-Sailing_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.volleyball{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Volleyball_%28indoor%29_pictogram.svg/35px-Volleyball_%28indoor%29_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.water-polo{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Water_polo_pictogram.svg/40px-Water_polo_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67892660">@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sm_th{background-color:#27292d!important;color:#fff}}</style> <table class="infobox infobox_v2" cellspacing="3px"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" class="entete auteur" style="line-height:1.5em; background-color:#BDCF95;color:#000000">氐丕賱丨亘賳毓賱賷丕賱丨丕乇孬賷 </th></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#E1E1E1;color:#000000"> 賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲卮禺氐賷丞 </th> </tr><tr> <th class="sm_th" style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">丕賱賲賷賱丕丿</th> <td class="sm_td" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=1250%D9%87%D9%80-1834%D9%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1250賴賭-1834賲 (丕賱氐賮丨丞睾賷乇賲賵噩賵丿丞)">1250賴賭-1834賲</a><br />丕賱賯丕亘賱貙毓購賲丕賳</td> </tr><tr> <th class="sm_th" style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">丕賱賵賮丕丞</th> <td class="sm_td" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=1314_%D9%87%D9%80-1896%D9%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1314 賴賭-1896賲 (丕賱氐賮丨丞睾賷乇賲賵噩賵丿丞)">1314 賴賭-1896賲</a><br />爻賲丕卅賱貙毓購賲丕賳</td> </tr><tr> <th class="sm_th" style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">爻亘亘丕賱賵賮丕丞</th> <td class="sm_td" style="">廿氐丕亘丞賮賷賲毓乇賰丞</td> </tr><tr> <th class="sm_th" style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">賲賰丕賳丕賱丿賮賳</th> <td class="sm_td" style="">爻賲丕卅賱</td> </tr><tr> <th class="sm_th" style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="噩賳爻賷丞">丕賱噩賳爻賷丞</a></th> <td class="sm_td" style="">毓賲丕賳賷</td> </tr><tr> <th class="sm_th" style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">丕賱賱賯亘</th> <td class="sm_td" style="">丕賱賲丨鬲爻亘</td> </tr><tr> <th class="sm_th" style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF)" title="丿賷賳 (賲毓鬲賯丿)">丕賱丿賷丕賳丞</a></th> <td class="sm_td" style="">賲爻賱賲</td> </tr><tr> <th class="sm_th" style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8_(%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87)" title="賲匕賴亘 (賮賯賴)">丕賱賲匕賴亘丕賱賮賯賴賷</a></th> <td class="sm_td" style=""><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="丕賱廿亘丕囟賷丞">兀亘丕囟賷</a></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#E1E1E1;color:#000000"> 丕賱丨賷丕丞丕賱毓賲賱賷丞 </th> </tr><tr> <th class="sm_th" style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%A9" title="賲賴賳丞">丕賱賲賴賳丞</a></th> <td class="sm_td" style="">賮賯賷賴毓丕賱賲貙兀賲賷乇賲丨鬲爻亘</td> </tr><tr> <th class="sm_th" style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">賲噩丕賱丕賱毓賲賱</th> <td class="sm_td" style="">賮賯賷賴</td> </tr><tr> <th class="sm_th" style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">爻亘亘丕賱卮賴乇丞</th> <td class="sm_td" style="">賮賯賷賴貙賲氐賱丨貙爻賷丕爻賷</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F9F9F9;color:#000000;"></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right;background-color:#F9F9F9;color:#000000;"></td> </tr><tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #BDCF95 dotted; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: left;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:right;"><a class="external text" href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A&action=edit&section=0"><span style="color:var(--color-base--hover, #555);">鬲毓丿賷賱賲氐丿乇賷</span></a> - <a class="external text" href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A&veaction=edit"><span style="color:var(--color-base--hover, #555);">鬲毓丿賷賱</span></a> </span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85" title="胤丕賱毓鬲賵孬賷賯丕賱賯丕賱亘"><img alt="胤丕賱毓鬲賵孬賷賯丕賱賯丕賱亘" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>丕賱卮賷禺 <b>氐丕賱丨亘賳毓賱賷丕賱丨丕乇孬賷</b>貙丕賱賲丨鬲爻亘貙兀賲賷乇丕賱卮乇賯賷丞賮賷毓賲丕賳 (<a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="爻賱胤賳丞毓賲丕賳">爻賱胤賳丞毓賲丕賳</a>) 毓丕賱賲賲爻賱賲賮賯賷賴賷賳鬲賲賷賱賱賲丿乇爻丞丕賱<a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="丕賱廿亘丕囟賷丞">廿亘丕囟賷丞</a> 賵賲氐賱丨丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷賵爻賷丕爻賷毓賲丕賳賷賲賳兀毓賷丕賳丕賱賯乇賳丕賱孬丕賱孬毓卮乇丕賱賴噩乇賷丕賱鬲丕爻毓毓卮乇丕賱賲賷賱丕丿賷.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 賯丕賲亘丿賵乇賲賴賲賮賷丕賱兀丨丿丕孬丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞賮賷毓氐乇賴丨賷孬卮丕乇賰賮賷孬賵乇丞 <a href="/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="毓夭丕賳亘賳賯賷爻亘賳毓夭丕賳">丕賱廿賲丕賲毓夭丕賳亘賳賯賷爻丕賱亘賵爻毓丿賷</a> 囟丿爻賱丕胤賷賳賲爻賯胤賵丨賱賮丕卅賴賲丕賱廿賳噩賱賷夭貙賰賲丕爻丕賴賲賮賷丕賱賳賴囟丞丕賱毓賱賲賷丞賮賷毓賲丕賳賮賷鬲賱賰丕賱賮鬲乇丞丨賷孬兀賳卮兀賲丿乇爻丞賱賱毓賱賵賲丕賱卮乇毓賷丞賮賷丕賱賯丕亘賱 (丕賱賲賳胤賯丞丕賱卮乇賯賷丞賲賳毓購賲丕賳) 賵丕賱鬲賷兀禺乇噩鬲丕賱賰孬賷乇賲賳丕賱毓賱賲丕亍兀亘乇夭賴賲 <a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A" title="賳賵乇丕賱丿賷賳丕賱爻丕賱賲賷">賳賵乇丕賱丿賷賳丕賱爻丕賱賲賷</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="丕爻賲賴_賵賳爻亘賴"><span id=".D8.A7.D8.B3.D9.85.D9.87_.D9.88.D9.86.D8.B3.D8.A8.D9.87"></span>丕爻賲賴賵賳爻亘賴</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A&action=edit&section=1" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 丕爻賲賴賵賳爻亘賴"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>氐丕賱丨亘賳毓賱賷亘賳賳丕氐乇亘賳毓賷爻賶亘賳氐丕賱丨亘賳毓賷爻賶亘賳乇丕卮丿亘賳爻毓賷丿亘賳乇噩亘丕賱爻賲乇賷丕賱丨丕乇孬賷</b> <sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 賷賳鬲賲賷賴匕丕丕賱卮賷禺賱賯亘賷賱丞丕賱丨乇孬匕丕鬲丕賱氐賷鬲賵丕賱卮兀賳賮賷丕賱賲賳胤賯丞丕賱卮乇賯賷丞賲賳丕賱賯胤乇丕賱毓賲丕賳賷賵賷賳丨丿乇賲賳兀爻乇丞賲毓乇賵賮丞賮賷賴丕丨丕夭鬲丕賱鬲氐丿乇賵丕賱賲卮賷禺丞賮賷賴丕貙賰賲丕賰丕賳賵丕兀賴賱毓賱賲賵賰丕賳賱賴賲丿賵乇亘丕乇夭賮賷丕賱丨賷丕丞丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞貙賮氐丕乇鬲賱賴賲賯賵丞亘丨賷孬氐丕乇鬲兀噩夭丕亍賰亘賷乇丞賲賳卮乇賯賷丞毓賲丕賳鬲丨鬲賳賮賵匕賴賲丕賱賮毓賱賷丕賱鬲賯賱賷丿賷賮賷賲丕毓乇賮亘廿賲丕乇丞丕賱卮乇賯賷丞兀賵廿賲丕乇丞丕賱丨乇孬丕賱鬲賷鬲兀爻爻鬲亘夭毓丕賲丞毓賷爻賶亘賳乇丕卮丿亘賳爻毓賷丿亘賳乇噩亘噩丿丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨孬賲鬲爻賱爻賱鬲賮賷匕乇賷鬲賴<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>賵賲賳丕賱兀毓賱丕賲賲賳兀噩丿丕丿丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨: </p><p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="毓賷爻賶亘賳乇丕卮丿亘賳爻毓賷丿亘賳乇噩亘 (丕賱氐賮丨丞睾賷乇賲賵噩賵丿丞)">毓賷爻賶亘賳乇丕卮丿亘賳爻毓賷丿亘賳乇噩亘</a></b> 丕賱匕賷鬲兀爻爻鬲廿賲丕乇丞丕賱丨乇孬毓賱賶賷丿賷賴 </p><p><b>乇丕卮丿亘賳爻毓賷丿亘賳乇噩亘</b> 毓丕賱賲賮賯賷賴貙毓丕氐乇丕賱廿賲丕賲賷賳 <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="爻賱胤丕賳亘賳爻賷賮丕賱賷毓乇亘賷">爻賱胤丕賳亘賳爻賷賮亘賳賲丕賱賰丕賱賷毓乇亘賷</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="亘賱毓乇亘亘賳爻賱胤丕賳丕賱賷毓乇亘賷">賵亘賱毓乇亘亘賳爻賱胤丕賳亘賳爻賷賮丕賱賷毓乇亘賷</a> 賵鬲賵賱賶賱賴賲丕丕賱賯囟丕亍賮賷賵賱丕賷丞 <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="賵賱丕賷丞廿亘乇丕亍">廿亘乇丕亍</a> 賵賱賴賰鬲丕亘 (噩丕賲毓丕亘賳乇噩亘). </p><p><b>氐丕賱丨亘賳毓賷爻賶丕賱兀賵賱:</b> 丕賱噩丿丕賱孬丕賱孬貙兀賳卮兀賲丿賷賳丞 <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84" title="賵賱丕賷丞丕賱賯丕亘賱">丕賱賯丕亘賱</a> 賵丕賳鬲賯賱廿賱賷賴丕. </p><p><b>毓賷爻賶亘賳氐丕賱丨丕賱兀賵賱:</b> 噩丿丕賱賲鬲乇噩賲賱賴丕賱孬丕賳賷貙賰丕賳賯丕卅丿丕賸賱賱爻賷丿爻毓賷丿亘賳爻賱胤丕賳卮丕乇賰賮賷丨乇賵亘賴賮賷兀賲丕賰賳賲鬲毓丿丿丞 <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="賲賵賱丿賴_賵賳卮兀鬲賴"><span id=".D9.85.D9.88.D9.84.D8.AF.D9.87_.D9.88.D9.86.D8.B4.D8.A3.D8.AA.D9.87"></span>賲賵賱丿賴賵賳卮兀鬲賴</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A&action=edit&section=2" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 賲賵賱丿賴賵賳卮兀鬲賴"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>賵賱丿乇丨賲賴丕賱賱賴賮賷丕賱賯丕亘賱賮賷毓丕賲 1250 賱賱賴噩乇丞貙賵賯丿鬲賵賮賷兀亘賵賴賮賷匕丕鬲丕賱爻賳丞 (賯亘賱兀賳賷賵賱丿兀賵亘毓丿賵賱丕丿鬲賴亘賯賱賷賱) 賵賰匕賱賰噩丿賴賳丕氐乇亘賳毓賷爻賶兀賷囟丕鬲賵賮賷賮賷賳賮爻丕賱毓丕賲賯鬲賷賱丕賸賮賷丨賲賱丞 <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="爻毓賷丿亘賳爻賱胤丕賳丕賱亘賵爻毓賷丿賷">丕賱爻賷丿爻毓賷丿亘賳爻賱胤丕賳</a> 毓賱賶丕賱賲夭丕乇賷毓賮賷卮乇賯兀賮乇賷賯賷丕. </p><p>賳卮兀賮賷賰賳賮賵丕賱丿鬲賴賵噩丿兀亘賷賴毓賷爻賶亘賳氐丕賱丨貙賵胤賱亘丕賱毓賱賲賱丿賶賲毓賱賲賷丕賱賯乇丌賳賮賷亘賱丿鬲賴 <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84" title="賵賱丕賷丞丕賱賯丕亘賱">丕賱賯丕亘賱</a> 賵亘賱丿丞兀毓賲丕賲賴 (<a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="丕賱賲囟賷乇亘">丕賱賲囟賷乇亘</a>) 丕賱賯乇賷亘丞賲賳賴丕貙孬賲賱賲丕賯丕乇亘丕賱丨賱賲乇丨賱賱胤賱亘丕賱毓賱賲丕賱卮乇毓賷毓賳丿兀賰亘乇毓賱賲丕亍毓賲丕賳賮賷夭賲丕賳賴賵賴賵丕賱卮賷禺丕賱賲丨賯賯爻毓賷丿亘賳禺賱賮丕賳丕賱禺賱賷賱賷賮賷亘賵卮乇丨賷孬鬲鬲賱賲匕毓賱賶賷丿賷賴賱爻賳鬲賷賳賲賳賮氐賱鬲賷賳.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="丨賷丕鬲賴_丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞_賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞"><span id=".D8.AD.D9.8A.D8.A7.D8.AA.D9.87_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A7.D8.AC.D8.AA.D9.85.D8.A7.D8.B9.D9.8A.D8.A9_.D9.88.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B3.D9.8A.D8.A7.D8.B3.D9.8A.D8.A9"></span>丨賷丕鬲賴丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A&action=edit&section=3" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 丨賷丕鬲賴丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>鬲賲賷夭鬲卮禺氐賷丞丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨亘賲賲賷夭丕鬲噩毓賱鬲賴兀賴賱丕賸賱賱賯賷丕丿丞賵丕噩鬲賲毓鬲賮賷賴氐賮丕鬲賯賱賲丕鬲噩鬲賲毓賱兀丨丿貙賮賯丿噩賲毓丕賱毓賱賲丕賱卮乇毓賷賲毓丕賱賵噩丕賴丞丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞貙賵賱匕賱賰爻賲賷 <b>亘匕賷丕賱噩賳丕丨賷賳</b>貙賰賲丕賰丕賳毓氐丕賲賷丕賸兀亘賷丕賱賳賮爻丨丕夭賲丕賸卮噩丕毓丕賸賲賯丿丕賲丕賸賵賲毓匕賰卮丿賷丿丕賱毓胤賮毓賱賶丕賱囟毓賮丕亍賵賲鬲賵丕囟毓丕賸賱毓丕賲丞丕賱賳丕爻. 亘賵噩賵丿賴匕賴丕賱禺氐丕卅氐丕噩鬲賲毓丕賱賳丕爻丨賵賱賴賵鬲賳丕賲鬲爻賱胤丞乇卅丕爻鬲賴丨鬲賶睾丿丕賲賳兀賴賲丕賱卮禺氐賷丕鬲丕賱賲丐孬乇丞賮賷夭賲丕賳賴.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>- 賴丕噩乇丕賱卮賷禺賮賷賲賯鬲亘賱卮亘丕亘賴廿賱賶夭賳噩亘丕乇</b> 胤賱亘丕賸賱爻毓丞丕賱乇夭賯貙賵賴賳丕賰賰丕賳鬲兀賵賱丕賱賲賵丕賯賮丕賱鬲賷兀馗賴乇鬲卮禺氐賷鬲賴丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞丨賷孬賵賯賮賲丐賷丿丕賸 <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="亘乇睾卮亘賳爻毓賷丿">賱賱爻賷丿亘乇睾卮亘賳爻毓賷丿</a> 賮賷賲丨丕賵賱鬲賴丕賱丕賳賯賱丕亘賷丞毓賱賶兀禺賷賴 <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="賲丕噩丿亘賳爻毓賷丿">賲丕噩丿亘賳爻毓賷丿</a> 賵丕賱鬲賷賮卮賱鬲賵兀丿鬲亘丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨賱賱賮乇丕乇廿賱賶丕賱氐賵賲丕賱貙丨賷孬賲賰孬爻賳鬲賷賳丕爻鬲夭丕丿賮賷賴丕賲賳丕賱毓賱賵賲禺氐賵氐丕毓賱賵賲丕賱毓乇亘賷丞孬賲乇噩毓賱<a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="夭賳噩亘丕乇">夭賳噩亘丕乇</a>丨賷孬胤賱亘丕賱毓賮賵賲賳丕賱爻賱胤丕賳賲丕噩丿丕賱匕賷毓賮丕毓賳賴賮毓賱丕賸. </p><p><b>- 噩賴賵丿賴賱胤乇丿丕賱爻毓賵丿賷賷賳賲賳丕賱卮乇賯賷丞:</b> 毓丕丿丕賱卮賷禺賲賳夭賳噩亘丕乇廿賱賶亘賱丕丿賴丨賷孬賵噩丿丕賱爻毓賵丿賷賷賳賯丿丕丨鬲賱賵丕氐賵乇亘鬲卮噩賷毓賲賳亘毓囟兀毓賷丕賳賴丕貙賮匕賴亘廿賱賶賲爻賯胤賵卮噩毓 <a href="/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="孬賵賷賳賷亘賳爻毓賷丿亘賳爻賱胤丕賳">丕賱爻賱胤丕賳孬賵賷賳賷</a> 賱賱毓賲賱毓賱賶胤乇丿賴賲賲賳賴丕賲亘丿賷丕賸丕爻鬲毓丿丕丿賴賱賱鬲毓丕賵賳賮賵丕賮賯孬賵賷賳賷毓賱賶匕賱賰賵乇噩毓丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨廿賱賶丕賱賯丕亘賱賵兀禺匕賷噩賲毓丕賱乇噩丕賱賵丕賱毓丿丞賱賲丨丕乇亘丞丕賱爻毓賵丿賷賷賳貙賵賱賰賳賴丐賱丕亍賱賲丕乇兀賵丕丕爻鬲毓丿丕丿丕鬲丕賱毓賲丕賳賷賷賳賱丨乇亘賴賲禺乇噩賵丕賲賳賴丕廿賱賶丕賱亘乇賷賲賷.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>- 鬲賳氐賷亘賴卮賷禺丕賸毓賱賶賯亘賷賱丞丕賱丨乇孬:</b> 丕賱兀丨丿丕孬丕賱爻丕亘賯丞乇賮毓鬲賲賳夭賱丞丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨毓賳丿賯賵賲賴貙賮胤賱亘賵丕賲賳賴兀賳賷賰賵賳卮賷禺丕賸亘丿賷賱丕賸毓賳兀禺賷賴丕賱兀賰亘乇賳丕氐乇亘賳毓賱賷貙賮賯丕賲丕賱卮賷禺丨賲賷丿亘賳毓亘丿丕賱賱賴丕賱丨丕乇孬賷 (賵賴賵丕賱匕賷賰丕賳賲乇噩毓丕賸賱賱丨乇孬毓賳丿賲丕賰丕賳賳丕氐乇賵氐丕賱丨氐睾丕乇丕賸) 賮毓夭賱賳丕氐乇丕賸毓賳丕賱賲卮賷禺丞賵兀毓賱賳丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨卮賷禺丕賸賱賱丨乇孬貙賵匕賱賰賮賷丨賵丕賱賷爻賳丞 1282賴賭 /1866賲<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>- 孬賵乇丞 <a href="/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="毓夭丕賳亘賳賯賷爻亘賳毓夭丕賳">丕賱廿賲丕賲毓夭丕賳亘賳賯賷爻</a>:</b> 賯丕賲 <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="爻丕賱賲亘賳孬賵賷賳賷亘賳爻毓賷丿">爻丕賱賲亘賳孬賵賷賳賷</a> 亘丕睾鬲賷丕賱賵丕賱丿賴孬賵賷賳賷爻賳丞 1866賲賵兀毓賱賳賳賮爻賴爻賱胤丕賳丕賸毓賱賶賲爻賯胤賵丕爻鬲亘丕賯丕賸賱乇丿丞丕賱賮毓賱丕賱賲鬲賵賯毓丞賲賳兀毓賷丕賳丕賱亘賱丕丿賯丕賲爻丕賱賲賴匕丕亘賲乇丕爻賱丞丕賱毓賱賲丕亍賵丕賱兀毓賷丕賳賵丕毓丿丕賸廿賷丕賴賲亘廿氐賱丕丨丕賱亘賱丕丿賵賯丕賲亘亘毓囟丕賱丕氐賱丕丨丕鬲賮賷賲胤乇丨賵賲爻賯胤賵賱賰賳賴賱賲賷鬲爻賲乇賵禺賵賮丕賸賲賳鬲丨乇賰丕鬲丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨丕賱賲賳丕賵卅丞賱賴丨丕賵賱兀賳賷鬲禺賱氐賲賳賴貙賵賱賰賳賴賮卮賱賮賷丕賱賯亘囟毓賱賷賴. </p><p>毓賳丿卅匕丕噩鬲賲毓丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="爻毓賷丿亘賳禺賱賮丕賳丕賱禺賱賷賱賷 (丕賱氐賮丨丞睾賷乇賲賵噩賵丿丞)">賵丕賱卮賷禺爻毓賷丿亘賳禺賱賮丕賳丕賱禺賱賷賱賷</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="賲丨賲丿亘賳乇丕卮丿丕賱睾丕乇亘賷 (丕賱氐賮丨丞睾賷乇賲賵噩賵丿丞)">賵丕賱卮賷禺賲丨賲丿亘賳乇丕卮丿丕賱睾丕乇亘賷</a>貙賵兀毓賱賳賵丕孬賵乇丞毓賱賶 <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="爻丕賱賲亘賳孬賵賷賳賷亘賳爻毓賷丿">爻丕賱賲亘賳孬賵賷賳賷</a>貙賵鬲賳氐賷亘丕賱廿賲丕賲毓夭丕賳亘賳賯賷爻廿賲丕賲丕賸毓賱賶毓賲賵賲毓購賲丕賳爻賳丞 1285賴賭 /1868賲貙賵賳噩丨賵丕賮賷丿禺賵賱賲爻賯胤賵胤乇丿爻丕賱賲賲賳賴丕貙賵鬲賵丨丿鬲丕賱亘賱丕丿亘毓丿賮鬲乇丞賲賳丕賱鬲卮鬲鬲賵丕爻鬲賲乇鬲廿賲丕賲丞毓夭丕賳兀賰孬乇賲賳爻賳鬲賷賳丨鬲賶賯丕賲丕賱廿賳噩賱賷夭亘賲爻丕毓丿丞 <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="鬲乇賰賷亘賳爻毓賷丿亘賳爻賱胤丕賳">鬲乇賰賷亘賳爻毓賷丿亘賳爻賱胤丕賳</a> 賱賱廿胤丕丨丞亘賴丕爻賳丞 1871賲貙賵丕爻鬲卮賴丿賮賷兀孬賳丕亍匕賱賰丕賱廿賲丕賲毓夭丕賳賵丕賱卮賷禺爻毓賷丿丕賱禺賱賷賱賷賵丕賱卮賷禺丕賱睾丕乇亘賷貙賵亘賯賷丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨亘毓丿賴賲丨賷孬賱賲鬲鬲賲賰賳賯賵丕鬲丕賱爻賷丿鬲乇賰賷賲賳丕禺鬲乇丕賯賲賯丕賵賲鬲賴賮賷丕賱卮乇賯賷丞.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>- 賲丨丕賵賱丕鬲廿爻賯丕胤丨賰賵賲丞賲爻賯胤</b>: 兀孬乇爻賯賵胤廿賲丕賲丞毓夭丕賳亘賳賯賷爻亘卮丿丞毓賱賶丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨貙賮賯丿丨夭賳賱匕賱賰亘卮丿丞賰賲丕賷馗賴乇匕賱賰賮賷賲丕丿賵賳賲賳賮鬲丕賵賷賴貙賵賷亘丿賵兀賳賴賯丿毓丕賴丿賳賮爻賴毓賱賶廿鬲賲丕賲賲卮乇賵毓丕賱賯囟丕亍毓賱賶丨賰賵賲丞賲爻賯胤貙賮賯丿卮賳毓賱賶賲爻賯胤禺賲爻丨賲賱丕鬲賮賷丕賱賮鬲乇丞亘賷賳 1290賴賭/ 1873賲丨鬲賶賵賮丕鬲賴毓丕賲 1314賴賭/ 1896賲貙賵賱賰賳賱賲鬲賳噩丨兀賷賲賳賴丕賮賷丕賱賯囟丕亍毓賱賶丨賰賵賲丞賲爻賯胤貙賵賱毓賱兀賴賲賴丕丕賱丨賲賱丞丕賱鬲賷賯丕賲亘賴丕賮賷匕賷丕賱賯毓丿丞 1290賴賭 / 賷賳丕賷乇1874賲貙賵丕賱鬲賷兀丿鬲賱鬲賵賯賷毓丕鬲賮丕賯賷丞爻賱丕賲亘賷賳丕賱胤乇賮賷賳賲丕賱亘孬丕賱爻賱胤丕賳兀賳鬲乇丕禺賶毓賳鬲賳賮賷匕亘賳賵丿賴丕賲賲丕兀丿賶亘丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨賱卮賳丨賲賱丕鬲兀禺乇賶毓賱賶爻賱胤賳丞賲爻賯胤賰丕賳丌禺乇賴丕亘賯賷丕丿丞丕亘賳賴毓亘丿丕賱賱賴賮賷 1413賴賭 <sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="廿賲丕乇丞_丕賱卮乇賯賷丞_(丕賱毓賲丕賳賷丞)"><span id=".D8.A5.D9.85.D8.A7.D8.B1.D8.A9_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B4.D8.B1.D9.82.D9.8A.D8.A9_.28.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B9.D9.85.D8.A7.D9.86.D9.8A.D8.A9.29"></span>廿賲丕乇丞丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 (丕賱毓賲丕賳賷丞)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A&action=edit&section=4" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 廿賲丕乇丞丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 (丕賱毓賲丕賳賷丞)"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7.jpg/220px-%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7.jpg/330px-%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>丕賱丨丿賵丿丕賱鬲賯乇賷亘賷丞賱廿賲丕乇丞丕賱丨乇孬賮賷兀賵丕禺乇丨賷丕丞丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨亘賳毓賱賷丕賱丨丕乇孬賷</figcaption></figure> <p>兀氐亘丨賱賯亘賷賱丞亘賳賷丨丕乇孬卮兀賳賮賷丕賱賲賳胤賯丞丕賱卮乇賯賷丞賲賳毓賲丕賳丨鬲賶兀氐亘丨賵丕亘賲孬丕亘丞兀賲乇丕亍賱賴丕貙賵亘丿兀鬲丕賱賲卮賷禺丞賮賷丕賱鬲亘賱賵乇賮賷丨賵丕賱賷毓丕賲 1100賴賭亘夭毓丕賲丞丕賱卮賷禺毓賷爻賶亘賳乇丕卮丿亘賳爻毓賷丿丕賱丨丕乇孬賷賵鬲爻賱爻賱鬲賮賷毓賯亘賴.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>賯丕賲氐丕賱丨亘賳毓賷爻賶丕賱兀賵賱亘鬲兀爻賷爻賲丿賷賳丞 <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84" title="賵賱丕賷丞丕賱賯丕亘賱">丕賱賯丕亘賱</a> 丨賷孬卮賯 <a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%AC" title="賮賱噩">賮賱噩丕賸</a> 賮賷賴丕貙賵丕賳鬲賯賱亘兀爻乇鬲賴廿賱賷賴丕貙賵氐丕乇鬲丨丕囟乇丞丕賱丨乇孬亘毓丿匕賱賰賵亘賲孬丕亘丞丕賱毓丕氐賲丞丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞. 賰丕賳鬲丕賱廿賲丕乇丞鬲丨鬲丕賱爻賷胤乇丞丕賱鬲丕賲丞賱卮賷賵禺丕賱丨乇孬貙賵鬲鬲毓丕賲賱賲毓丕賱賰賷丕賳丕鬲丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞丕賱乇爻賲賷丞賮賷丕賱賯胤乇丕賱毓賲丕賳賷賲孬賱爻賱丕胤賷賳賲爻賯胤兀賵 <a href="/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="廿賲丕賲丞毓賲丕賳">丕賱兀卅賲丞</a> 賮賷賳夭賵賶亘丕爻鬲賯賱丕賱卮亘賴鬲丕賲貙賵賱賰賳賴賱賷爻賲毓賱賳丕賸賵賱賲賷賰賳賱賴丕毓賱賲賲毓乇賵賮貙賵賱賲鬲氐丿乇賵孬丕卅賯乇爻賲賷丞賱賱賲賳囟賵賷賳賮賷馗賱賴丕. </p><p>卮賲賱鬲賴匕賴丕賱廿賲丕乇丞賮賷兀賵噩賴丕賰賱賲賳亘賱丿丕賳 (賵賱丕賷丕鬲) 丕賱賯丕亘賱賵廿亘乇丕亍賵亘丿賷丞賵賵丕丿賷亘賳賷禺丕賱丿賵賵賵丕丿賷丿賲丕賵賵丕丿賷丕賱胤丕賷賷賳賵丕賱賲囟賷乇亘賵兀噩夭丕亍賲賳噩毓賱丕賳賵賯乇賶丕賱乇丨亘賷賷賳賮賷爻賲丕卅賱<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 賵匕賱賰賮賷毓賴丿丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨亘賳毓賱賷丕賱丨丕乇孬賷. </p><p>丕賲鬲丕夭卮賷賵禺丕賱丨乇孬亘丕賱丨賳賰丞丕賱廿丿乇丕賷丞賵丨亘丕賱毓賱賲賵丕賱丨乇氐毓賱賶賲氐賱丨丞乇毓丕賷丕賴賲. 賰丕賳鬲丕賱廿賲丕乇丞鬲丿丕乇亘丕賱鬲賯丕賱賷丿丕賱賯亘賱賷丞丕賱賲鬲毓丕乇賮毓賱賷賴丕毓賳丿丕賱毓賲丕賳賷賷賳賮賷匕賱賰丕賱夭賲丕賳貙賵丨乇氐丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨毓賱賶鬲胤亘賷賯賲丕兀賲賰賳賲賳丕賱兀丨賰丕賲丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞賵丨賲賱丕賱賳丕爻毓賱賶丕鬲亘丕毓賴丕賵賱匕賱賰爻賲賷亘丕賱賲丨鬲爻亘. </p><p>賲毓亘爻胤丕賱爻賱胤丕賳 <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1" title="爻毓賷丿亘賳鬲賷賲賵乇">爻毓賷丿亘賳鬲賷賲賵乇</a> 毓賱賶賰丕賲賱毓賲丕賳毓賱賶廿孬乇 <a href="/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1" title="丨乇亘丕賱噩亘賱丕賱兀禺囟乇">丨乇亘丕賱噩亘賱丕賱丕禺囟乇</a>丕賱鬲賷丨爻賲鬲賮賷毓丕賲 1959賲亘丿兀鬲丕賱爻賷胤乇丞丕賱賮毓賱賷丞賱卮賷賵禺丕賱丨乇孬鬲鬲囟丕亍賱鬲丿乇賷噩賷丕毓賱賶丕賱賲賳胤賯丞賵鬲匕賵亘賮賷丕賱廿丿丕乇丞丕賱乇爻賲賷丞賱賱丿賵賱丞貙賵賷賲賰賳丕毓鬲亘丕乇毓丕賲 1970賲賳賴丕賷丞賴匕賴丕賱廿賲丕乇丞丕賱賯亘賱賷丞丕賱鬲賯賱賷丿賷丞賵亘匕賱賰鬲賰賵賳賯丿丕賲鬲丿鬲夭賴丕亍孬賱丕孬丞賯乇賵賳. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="丌孬丕乇賴_丕賱毓賱賲賷丞"><span id=".D8.A2.D8.AB.D8.A7.D8.B1.D9.87_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B9.D9.84.D9.85.D9.8A.D8.A9"></span>丌孬丕乇賴丕賱毓賱賲賷丞</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A&action=edit&section=5" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 丌孬丕乇賴丕賱毓賱賲賷丞"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>賱賲賷賰賳丕賱卮賷禺賲鬲賮乇睾丕賸賱賱毓賱賲賵丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲貙亘賱賰丕賳賰孬賷乇丕賸賲丕賷卮賰賵卮丿丞丕卮鬲睾丕賱賴亘兀賲賵乇丕賱賳丕爻丕賱毓丕賲丞貙丨賷孬毓丕卮賮賷賮鬲乇丞夭賲賳賷丞賰孬乇鬲賮賷賴丕丕賱賳夭丕毓丕鬲丕賱賯亘賱賷丞賲毓毓丿賲賵噩賵丿爻賱胤丞爻賷丕爻賷丞賯丕丿乇丞毓賱賶囟亘胤卮丐賵賳丕賱賳丕爻丕賱毓丕賲丞貙賮爻賱丕胤賷賳賲爻賯胤賱賲賷賰賳賱丿賷賴賲丕賴鬲賲丕賲亘鬲賱賰丕賱賳賵丕丨賷賱賰賵賳賴丕賱賷爻鬲匕丕鬲賯賷賲丞亘丕賱賳爻亘丞賱賴賲丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丕賸兀賵噩睾乇丕賮賷丕賸貙賴匕丕丕賱賵囟毓噩毓賱丕賱卮賷禺賷鬲禺匕丿賵乇丕賱賲丨鬲爻亘賮賷鬲賱賰丕賱賳賵丕丨賷貙賵丕賱匕賷噩毓賱賴丕賱卮賷禺賳賵乇丕賱丿賷賳丕賱爻丕賱賲賷 (鬲賱賲賷匕丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨丕賱兀亘乇夭) 亘賲孬丕亘丞廿賲丕賲卮乇毓賷睾賷乇賲毓賱賳貙賲毓賴匕丕賰賱賴鬲乇賰丕賱卮賷禺廿賳鬲丕噩賷賳毓賱賲賷賷賳賲賴賲賷賳賵賴賲丕: </p><p><b>1- 毓賷賳丕賱賲氐丕賱丨賮賷兀噩賵亘丞丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨</b>: 賵賴賵賲噩賲賵毓丞賰亘賷乇丞賲賳賮鬲丕賵賶丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨鬲賳丕賵賱鬲賲毓馗賲丕賱兀亘賵丕亘丕賱卮乇毓賷丞亘丿亍丕賸賲賳丕賱毓賯賷丿丞賵丕賳鬲賴丕亍亘丕賱爻賷丕爻丞丕賱卮乇毓賷丞. 噩賲毓賴匕賴丕賱賮鬲丕賵賶丕賱卮賷禺兀亘賵丕賱賵賱賷丿 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="爻毓賵丿亘賳丨賲賷丿丌賱禺賱賷賮賷賳 (丕賱氐賮丨丞睾賷乇賲賵噩賵丿丞)">爻毓賵丿亘賳丨賲賷丿丌賱禺賱賷賮賷賳</a> (1309賴賭/1891賲 - 1373賴賭/ 1953賲)貙賵賯丿胤亘毓丕賱賰鬲丕亘賲賳賯亘賱賲賰鬲亘丞丕賱噩賷賱丕賱賵丕毓丿.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>2- 毓賷賳丕賱乇卮丕丿賮賷鬲賮氐賷賱丕賱噩賴丕丿</b>: 賵賴匕賴乇爻丕賱丞賮賷兀丨賰丕賲丕賱噩賴丕丿貙賵賯丿兀賲賱丕賴丕丕賱卮賷禺亘賳賮爻賴賮賷賲丕賷亘丿賵貙賵賯丿胤亘毓鬲賲賱丨賯丞賮賷丌禺乇賰鬲丕亘毓賷賳丕賱賲氐丕賱丨丕賱賲匕賰賵乇丌賳賮丕賸.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="賵賮丕鬲賴"><span id=".D9.88.D9.81.D8.A7.D8.AA.D9.87"></span>賵賮丕鬲賴</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A&action=edit&section=6" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 賵賮丕鬲賴"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>賰丕賳丕賱卮賷禺賯丿兀丿禺賱賯亘賷賱鬲賷丕賱賳丿丕亘賷賷賳賵丕賱乇丨亘賷賷賳賲賳爻賰丕賳 <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84" title="賵賱丕賷丞爻賲丕卅賱">爻賲丕卅賱</a> 賮賷丨賲丕賷鬲賴亘毓丿兀賳胤賱亘賵丕賲賳賴匕賱賰貙賮匕賴亘廿賱賶亘賱丿丕賳賴賲賵兀毓賱賳賴丕 (賯胤毓丞賲賳亘賱丕丿丕賱丨乇孬貙賮賲賳鬲毓丿毓賱賷賴丕兀賵毓賱賶兀丨丿賲賳兀賴賱賴丕賮賰兀賳賲丕鬲毓丿賶毓賱賷賳丕). 賵賮賷乇亘賷毓丕賱兀賵賱賲賳毓丕賲 1314賴賭禺乇噩賲賳丕氐乇丕賸賱賴賲亘爻亘亘丕毓鬲丿丕亍賵賯毓毓賱賷賴賲賲賳亘賳賷噩丕亘乇賮賷賯乇賷丞丕賱噩賷賱丞賲賳爻賲丕卅賱賵賮賷賷賵賲丕賱爻丕丿爻賲賳匕賱賰丕賱卮賴乇賯丕賲亘丨賲賱丞囟丿賴賲兀氐賷亘賮賷賴丕亘胤賱賯丞亘賳丿賯賷丞賮賷賮禺匕賴賱亘孬亘賴丕爻丕毓丕鬲賵鬲賵賮賷毓氐乇匕賱賰丕賱賷賵賲貙賵丿賮賳賮賷賯乇賷丞丕賱廿亘乇丕賴賷賲賷丞賲賳賵丕丿賷爻賲丕卅賱<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>貙賷賵丕賮賯匕賱賰 21 賲賳卮賴乇兀睾爻胤爻 1896賲. </p><p>鬲乇賰丕賱卮賷禺賲賳丕賱匕乇賷丞孬賱丕孬丞兀亘賳丕亍匕賰賵乇貙賵賴賲: </p><p>1- 丕賱卮賷禺 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="毓賷爻賶亘賳氐丕賱丨丕賱丨丕乇孬賷 (丕賱氐賮丨丞睾賷乇賲賵噩賵丿丞)">毓賷爻賶亘賳氐丕賱丨丕賱丨丕乇孬賷</a>貙賵賴賵兀賰亘乇兀亘賳丕卅賴賵鬲夭毓賲丕賱賯亘賷賱丞亘毓丿賴 </p><p>2- 兀丨賲丿亘賳氐丕賱丨丕賱丨丕乇孬賷 </p><p>3- 毓賱賷亘賳氐丕賱丨丕賱丨丕乇孬賷 </p><p>亘丕賱廿囟丕賮丞廿賱賶丕賱孬丕賳賷賲賳兀亘賳丕卅賴毓亘丿丕賱賱賴亘賳氐丕賱丨丕賱匕賷鬲賵賮賷賮賷丨賷丕丞賵丕賱丿賴爻賳丞 1312賴賭 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="乇爻丕卅賱_賵丿乇丕爻丕鬲_丨賵賱賴"><span id=".D8.B1.D8.B3.D8.A7.D8.A6.D9.84_.D9.88.D8.AF.D8.B1.D8.A7.D8.B3.D8.A7.D8.AA_.D8.AD.D9.88.D9.84.D9.87"></span>乇爻丕卅賱賵丿乇丕爻丕鬲丨賵賱賴</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A&action=edit&section=7" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 乇爻丕卅賱賵丿乇丕爻丕鬲丨賵賱賴"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>- 丕賱丨賯丕賱噩賱賷賲賳爻賷乇丞丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨亘賳毓賱賷 (賳賵乇丕賱丨賯丕賱噩賱賷賲賳爻賷乇丞卮賷禺賳丕丕賱賵賱賷氐丕賱丨亘賳毓賱賷)貙賵賴賵乇爻丕賱丞賰鬲亘賴丕丕賱廿賲丕賲 <a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A" title="賳賵乇丕賱丿賷賳丕賱爻丕賱賲賷">賳賵乇丕賱丿賷賳丕賱爻丕賱賲賷</a> (賵賴賵兀亘乇夭鬲賱丕賲匕丞丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨)貙賵賮賷賴丕賷乇丿毓賱賶丕賱丕賳鬲賯丕丿丕鬲丕賱鬲賷賵噩賴鬲廿賱賶丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨賮賷鬲毓丕賲賱賴賲毓亘毓囟丕賱兀丨丿丕孬丕賱鬲賷賵賯毓鬲賮賷毓賴丿賴貙賰賲丕賷亘賷賳賲賰丕賳丞丕賱卮賷禺丕賱毓賱賲賷丞賵丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞賵賷丨孬丕賱賳丕爻毓賱賶鬲兀賷賷丿賴賵丕賱丕賱鬲賮丕賮丨賵賱賴. 胤亘毓鬲賴匕賴丕賱乇爻丕賱丞亘賵丕爻胤丞賲賰鬲亘丞丕賱囟丕賲乇賷囟賲賳賰鬲丕亘芦毓賷賳丕賱賲氐丕賱丨禄丕賱賲匕賰賵乇兀毓賱兀賴賮賷兀賵賱賴賮賷丕賱氐賮丨丕鬲丕賱兀乇亘毓賷賳丕賱兀賵賱賶賲賳賴. (賷匕賰乇兀賳賲賰鬲亘丞丕賱囟丕賲乇賷賯丿鬲賵賯賮鬲毓賳胤亘丕毓丞丕賱賰鬲丕亘貙賵丕賱胤亘毓丞丕賱賲鬲賵賮乇丞丨丕賱賷丕賴賷丕賱孬丕賳賷丞貙賵鬲丕乇賷禺賴丕毓丕賲 1993賲貙孬賲賯丕賲鬲賲賰鬲亘丞丕賱噩賷賱丕賱賵丕毓丿亘胤亘丕毓丞丕賱兀噩賵亘丞賮賯胤賲毓乇爻丕賱丞毓賷賳丕賱乇卮丕丿亘胤亘毓丞賲賳賯丨丞賲丨賯賯丞賵賱賲鬲丿乇噩乇爻丕賱丞丕賱丨賯丕賱噩賱賷賮賷賴丕) <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> - 丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨亘賳毓賱賷丕賱丨丕乇孬賷 (1250賴賭 /1834賲 - 1314賴賭/1896賲) 賵丿賵乇賴丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷: 亘丨孬賯氐賷乇賱賱丿賰鬲賵乇爻毓賷丿亘賳賲丨賲丿丕賱賴丕卮賲賷貙賳卮乇賮賷賲噩賱丞丿乇丕爻丕鬲丕賱禺賱賷噩賵丕賱噩夭賷乇丞丕賱毓乇亘賷丞賮賷丕賱毓丿丿 125. 丕爻鬲毓乇囟賮賷賴丕丨賷丕鬲賴賵兀丿賵丕乇賴丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞賵丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞亘卮賷亍賲賳丕賱丕禺鬲氐丕乇. 賴匕丕丕賱亘丨孬賲鬲丕丨賮賷兀乇卮賷賮噩丕賲毓丞丕賱爻賱胤丕賳賯丕亘賵爻賵賲賵賯毓芦丿丕乇丕賱賲賳馗賵賲丞禄<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64185426">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal;overflow-y:auto;max-height:300px}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}@media print{.mw-parser-output .reflist{overflow-y:visible!important;max-height:none!important}}</style></p><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67739214">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")left 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")left 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")left 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")left 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328220016/http://www.taddart.org/?p=6890,%20http://www.taddart.org/?p=6890">"...:::鬲丕丿賾丕乇鬲:::..."</a> 賲丐乇卮賮賲賳 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taddart.org/?p=6890,%20http://www.taddart.org/?p=6890">丕賱兀氐賱</a> 賮賷 2019-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 丕胤賱毓毓賱賷賴亘鬲丕乇賷禺 <span class="nowrap">2019-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=...%3A%3A%3A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%3A%3A%3A...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taddart.org%2F%3Fp%3D6890%2C%2520http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taddart.org%2F%3Fp%3D6890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>丕</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>亘</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREF丕賱丨丕乇孬賷爻丕賱賲1994" class="citation book cs1">丕賱丨丕乇孬賷貙毓亘丿丕賱賱賴貨爻丕賱賲 (1994). <i>兀囟賵丕亍毓賱賶亘毓囟兀毓賱丕賲毓購賲丕賳賯丿賷賲丕賵丨丿賷孬丕賸</i>. 賲爻賯胤.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A3%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%B6+%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%B9%D9%8F%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7+%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%8B&rft.place=%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A&rft.aufirst=%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87&rft.au=%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="賯丕賱亘:丕爻鬲卮賴丕丿亘賰鬲丕亘">丕爻鬲卮賴丕丿亘賰鬲丕亘</a>}}</code>: 氐賷丕賳丞丕賱丕爻鬲卮賴丕丿: 賲賰丕賳亘丿賵賳賳丕卮乇 (<a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF:_%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="鬲氐賳賷賮:氐賷丕賳丞丕賱丕爻鬲卮賴丕丿: 賲賰丕賳亘丿賵賳賳丕卮乇">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>丕</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>亘</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>噩</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>丿</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>賴</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-5"><sup><i><b>賵</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-6"><sup><i><b>夭</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREF丕賱賴丕卮賲賷2007" class="citation web cs1">丕賱賴丕卮賲賷貙爻毓賷丿 (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328215329/https://search.mandumah.com/Record/54200">"丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨亘賳毓賱賷丕賱丨丕乇孬賷賵丿賵乇賴丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷"</a>. 噩丕賲毓丞丕賱賰賵賷鬲. 賲丐乇卮賮賲賳 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.mandumah.com/Record/54200">丕賱兀氐賱</a> 賮賷 28 賲丕乇爻 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 丕胤賱毓毓賱賷賴亘鬲丕乇賷禺 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A+%D9%88+%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A&rft.pub=%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%8A&rft.aufirst=%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.mandumah.com%2FRecord%2F54200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="賯丕賱亘:丕爻鬲卮賴丕丿賵賷亘">丕爻鬲卮賴丕丿賵賷亘</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">鬲丨賯賯賲賳丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賮賷: <code class="cs1-code">|鬲丕乇賷禺丕賱賵氐賵賱=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF#bad_date" title="賲爻丕毓丿丞:兀禺胤丕亍丕賱丕爻鬲卮賴丕丿">賲爻丕毓丿丞</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREF丕亘賳_夭乇賷賯1983" class="citation book cs1">丕亘賳夭乇賷賯貙丨賲賷丿亘賳賲丨賲丿 (1983). <i>丕賱賮鬲丨丕賱賲亘賷賳賮賷爻賷乇丞丕賱爻丕丿丞丕賱亘賵爻毓賷丿爻賳</i>. 賲爻賯胤貙爻賱胤賳丞毓賲丕賳: 賵夭丕丞丕賱鬲乇丕孬賵丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 ( 爻賱胤賳丞毓賲丕賳 ).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%86&rft.place=%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7+%D8%8C+%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.pub=%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9+%28+%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%29&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82&rft.aufirst=%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREF丕賱爻丕賱賲賷亘賳_丨賲賷丿1928" class="citation book cs1">丕賱爻丕賱賲賷貙毓亘丿丕賱賱賴貨亘賳丨賲賷丿 (1928). <i>鬲丨賮丞丕賱兀毓賷丕賳亘鬲丕乇賷禺兀賴賱毓賲丕賳</i>. 丕賱賯丕賴乇丞貙賲氐乇: 丕賱賲賰鬲亘丞丕賱爻賱賮賷丞貙丕賱賯丕賴乇丞.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84+%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.place=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%8C+%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1&rft.pub=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%8C+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A&rft.aufirst=%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87&rft.au=%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209202451/https://www.qdl.qa/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9/archive/81055/vdc_100044276353.0x00003c">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"賲賳丕胤賯賳賮賵匕丕賱卮賷禺毓賷爻賶亘賳氐丕賱丨" [賵伲贍] (佗/佟)"</a>. <i>賲賰鬲亘丞賯胤乇丕賱乇賯賲賷丞</i>. 23 賲丕賷賵 2017. 賲丐乇卮賮賲賳 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9/archive/81055/vdc_100044276353.0x00003c">丕賱兀氐賱</a> 賮賷 2019-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. 丕胤賱毓毓賱賷賴亘鬲丕乇賷禺 <span class="nowrap">2019-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.atitle=%22%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82+%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B0+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%89+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%22+%5B%D9%88%D9%A3%D9%A0%5D+%28%D9%A2%2F%D9%A1%29&rft.date=2017-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qdl.qa%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%2Farchive%2F81055%2Fvdc_100044276353.0x00003c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>丕</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>亘</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-2"><sup><i><b>噩</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREF丌賱_禺賱賷賮賷賳亘賳_丨賲賷丿2017" class="citation book cs1">丌賱禺賱賷賮賷賳貙賷毓賵丿貨亘賳丨賲賷丿 (2017). <i>毓賷賳丕賱賲氐丕賱丨賮賷兀噩賵亘丞丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨</i>. 賲賰鬲亘丞丕賱噩賷賱丕賱賵丕毓丿.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD&rft.pub=%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=%D8%A2%D9%84+%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.aufirst=%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF&rft.au=%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREF丌賱_禺賱賷賮賷賳亘賳_丨賲賷丿1993" class="citation book cs1">丌賱禺賱賷賮賷賳貙爻毓賵丿貨亘賳丨賲賷丿 (1993). <i>毓賷賳丕賱賲氐丕賱丨賲賳兀噩賵亘丞丕賱卮賷禺氐丕賱丨</i> (胤. 丕賱胤亘毓丞丕賱孬丕賳賷丞). 爻賱胤賳丞毓賲丕賳貙賲爻賯胤: 賲賰鬲亘丞丕賱囟丕賲乇賷. 氐. 1- 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD&rft.place=%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%8C+%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7&rft.pages=1-+40&rft.edition=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.pub=%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=%D8%A2%D9%84+%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.aufirst=%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF&rft.au=%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190227185330/http://www.mandumah.com:80/">"丿丕乇丕賱賲賳馗賵賲丞"</a>. 賲丐乇卮賮賲賳 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mandumah.com/">丕賱兀氐賱</a> 賮賷 2019-02-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmandumah.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68268331">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:20ch;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}.mw-parser-output #bandeau-portail{clear:both;line-height:1.9em;padding:3px;margin:2px 0;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output #liste-portail{padding:3px;text-align:center;margin-right:0;clear:both}.mw-parser-output #liste-portail li,.mw-parser-output #bandeau-portail li{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .bandeau-portail-element{white-space:nowrap;margin:auto 1.5em}.mw-parser-output .bandeau-portail-icone{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .bandeau-portail-texte>a:nth-child(1){font-weight:700}.mw-parser-output .ns-14 #bandeau-portail{width:242px;float:left;font-size:96%;text-align:right;margin:0;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .ns-14 #bandeau-portail li{margin-right:-17px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .portalbox{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .pane{background:transparent}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint bandeau-portail" id="bandeau-portail"> <li class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:P_vip.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></span><span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="亘賵丕亘丞:兀毓賱丕賲">亘賵丕亘丞兀毓賱丕賲</a></span></li> <li class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Nuvola_Oman_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Nuvola_Oman_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_Oman_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Nuvola_Oman_flag.svg/42px-Nuvola_Oman_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Nuvola_Oman_flag.svg/56px-Nuvola_Oman_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span><span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="亘賵丕亘丞:爻賱胤賳丞毓賲丕賳">亘賵丕亘丞爻賱胤賳丞毓賲丕賳</a></span></li></ul></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">賲噩賱賵亘丞賲賳芦<a dir="ltr" href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/氐丕賱丨_亘賳_毓賱賷_丕賱丨丕乇孬賷">https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/氐丕賱丨_亘賳_毓賱賷_丕賱丨丕乇孬賷</a>禄</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD" title="賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕:鬲氐賮丨">鬲氐賳賷賮丕鬲</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="鬲氐賳賷賮:廿亘丕囟賷賵賳">廿亘丕囟賷賵賳</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="鬲氐賳賷賮:毓賱賲丕亍丿賷賳廿亘丕囟賷賵賳賲賳毓賲丕賳">毓賱賲丕亍丿賷賳廿亘丕囟賷賵賳賲賳毓賲丕賳</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="鬲氐賳賷賮:賮賯賴丕亍">賮賯賴丕亍</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">鬲氐賳賷賮丕鬲賲禺賮賷丞: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="鬲氐賳賷賮:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF:_%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="鬲氐賳賷賮:氐賷丕賳丞丕賱丕爻鬲卮賴丕丿: 賲賰丕賳亘丿賵賳賳丕卮乇">氐賷丕賳丞丕賱丕爻鬲卮賴丕丿: 賲賰丕賳亘丿賵賳賳丕卮乇</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF:_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="鬲氐賳賷賮:兀禺胤丕亍丕賱丕爻鬲卮賴丕丿: 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺">兀禺胤丕亍丕賱丕爻鬲卮賴丕丿: 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B0_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_2019" title="鬲氐賳賷賮:賲賯丕賱丕鬲睾賷乇賲乇丕噩毓丞賲賳匕賲丕乇爻 2019">賲賯丕賱丕鬲睾賷乇賲乇丕噩毓丞賲賳匕賲丕乇爻 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="鬲氐賳賷賮:噩賲賷毓丕賱賲賯丕賱丕鬲睾賷乇丕賱賲乇丕噩毓丞">噩賲賷毓丕賱賲賯丕賱丕鬲睾賷乇丕賱賲乇丕噩毓丞</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9" title="鬲氐賳賷賮:噩賲賷毓丕賱賲賯丕賱丕鬲丕賱鬲賷亘丨丕噩丞賱氐賷丕賳丞">噩賲賷毓丕賱賲賯丕賱丕鬲丕賱鬲賷亘丨丕噩丞賱氐賷丕賳丞</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B0_2019" title="鬲氐賳賷賮:賲賯丕賱丕鬲睾賷乇賲乇丕噩毓丞賲賳匕 2019">賲賯丕賱丕鬲睾賷乇賲乇丕噩毓丞賲賳匕 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9%D8%A9_(%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="鬲氐賳賷賮:賲賯丕賱丕鬲睾賷乇賲乇丕噩毓丞 (兀毓賱丕賲)">賲賯丕賱丕鬲睾賷乇賲乇丕噩毓丞 (兀毓賱丕賲)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="鬲氐賳賷賮:賲賯丕賱丕鬲鬲爻鬲毓賲賱賯賵丕賱亘賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲">賲賯丕賱丕鬲鬲爻鬲毓賲賱賯賵丕賱亘賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9" title="鬲氐賳賷賮:亘賵丕亘丞兀毓賱丕賲/賲賯丕賱丕鬲賲鬲毓賱賯丞">亘賵丕亘丞兀毓賱丕賲/賲賯丕賱丕鬲賲鬲毓賱賯丞</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9" title="鬲氐賳賷賮:亘賵丕亘丞爻賱胤賳丞毓賲丕賳/賲賯丕賱丕鬲賲鬲毓賱賯丞">亘賵丕亘丞爻賱胤賳丞毓賲丕賳/賲賯丕賱丕鬲賲鬲毓賱賯丞</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-copyright">丕賱賳氐賵氐賲鬲丕丨丞鬲丨鬲 <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%86%D8%B5_%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A:_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B5_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84_4.0" title="賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕:賳氐乇禺氐丞丕賱賲卮丕毓丕賱廿亘丿丕毓賷: 丕賱賳爻亘丞-丕賱鬲乇禺賷氐亘丕賱賲孬賱 4.0">乇禺氐丞丕賱賲卮丕毓丕賱廿亘丿丕毓賷丕賱賲賱夭賲丞亘賳爻亘丞丕賱毓賲賱賱賲丐賱賮賴賵亘鬲乇禺賷氐丕賱兀毓賲丕賱丕賱賲卮鬲賯丞亘丕賱賲孬賱 4.0</a>貨賯丿鬲購胤亘賾賯卮乇賵胤廿囟丕賮賷丞. 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲購賰賴匕丕丕賱賲賵賯毓賴賵賲賵丕賮賯丞賹毓賱賶 <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">卮乇賵胤丕賱丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲</a> <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">賵爻賷丕爻丞丕賱禺氐賵氐賷丞</a>. 賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕庐賴賷毓賱丕賲丞鬲噩丕乇賷丞賲爻噩賱丞 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">賱賲丐爻爻丞賵賷賰賷賲賷丿賷丕</a>貙賵賴賷賲賳馗賲丞睾賷乇乇亘丨賷丞.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/ar">爻賷丕爻丞丕賱禺氐賵氐賷丞</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B9%D9%86">丨賵賱賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85">廿禺賱丕亍賲爻丐賵賱賷丞</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">丕賱賯賵丕毓丿丕賱爻賱賵賰賷丞</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">丕賱賲胤賵乇賵賳</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ar.wikipedia.org">廿丨氐丕卅賷丕鬲</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">亘賷丕賳鬲毓乇賷賮丕賱丕乇鬲亘丕胤丕鬲</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//ar.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">賳爻禺丞賱賱兀噩賴夭丞丕賱賲丨賲賵賱丞</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-wghh4","wgBackendResponseTime":153,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.777","walltime":"0.910","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18032,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":51444,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10011,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":24,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":64897,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 860.439 1 -total"," 55.92% 481.168 1 賯丕賱亘:賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲_毓丕賱賲_賲爻賱賲"," 54.90% 472.386 1 賯丕賱亘:氐賳丿賵賯_賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲_卮禺氐"," 23.81% 204.890 1 賯丕賱亘:氐.賲/賮鬲丨"," 19.54% 168.149 1 賯丕賱亘:賲乇丕噩毓"," 17.40% 149.708 1 賯丕賱亘:賲賯丕賱丞_睾賷乇_賲乇丕噩毓丞"," 15.37% 132.246 122 賯丕賱亘:氐.賲/爻胤乇_賲禺鬲賱胤_丕禺鬲賷丕乇賷"," 14.43% 124.132 4 賯丕賱亘:丕爻鬲卮賴丕丿_賵賷亘"," 11.94% 102.734 43 賯丕賱亘:氐.賲/爻胤乇_賲禺鬲賱胤_丕禺鬲賷丕乇賷_賵賷賰賷_亘賷丕賳丕鬲2"," 11.73% 100.937 54 賯丕賱亘:賯賷賲丞_賵賷賰賷_亘賷丕賳丕鬲"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.268","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6353953,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-d465dfd78-66q4w","timestamp":"20241126133250","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a","url":"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q63122781","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q63122781","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2019-03-28T20:33:42Z"}</script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

氐丕賱丨 亘賳 毓賱賷 丕賱丨丕乇孬賷 - 賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕

氐丕賱丨亘賳毓賱賷丕賱丨丕乇孬賷 - 賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕