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2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1299</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: residual sodium chloride</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1299</span> Groundwater Quality and Its Suitability for Agricultural Use in the Jeloula Basin, Tunisia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Intissar%20Farid">Intissar Farid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Groundwater quality assessment is crucial for sustainable water use, especially in semi-arid regions like the Jeloula basin in Tunisia, where groundwater is essential for domestic and agricultural needs. The present research aims to characterize the suitability of groundwater for irrigational purposes by considering various parameters: total salt concentration as measured by Electrical Conductivity EC, relative proportions of Na⁺ as expressed by %Na and SAR, Kelly’s ratio, Permeability Index, Magnesium hazard and Residual Sodium chloride. Chemical data indicate that the percent sodium (%Na) in the study area ranged from 26.3 to 45.3%. According to the Wilcox diagram, the quality classification of irrigation water suggests that analyzed groundwaters are suitable for irrigation purposes. The SAR values vary between 2.1 and 5. Most of the groundwater samples plot in the Richards’C3S1 water class and indicate little danger from sodium content to soil and plant growth. The Kelly’s ratio of the analyzed samples ranged from 0.3 to 0.8. These values indicate that the waters are fit for agricultural purposes. Magnesium hazard (MH) values range from 27.5 to 52.6, with an average of 38.9 in the analyzed waters. Hence, the Mg²⁺ content of the groundwater from the shallow aquifer cannot cause any problem to the soil permeability. Permeability index (PI) values computed for the area ranged from 33.6 to 52.7%. The above result, therefore, suggests that most of the water samples fall within class I of the Doneen chart and can be categorized as good irrigation water. The groundwaters collected from the Jeloula shallow aquifer were found to be within the safe limits and thus suitable for irrigation purposes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kelly%27s%20ratio" title="Kelly's ratio">Kelly's ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnesium%20hazard" title=" magnesium hazard"> magnesium hazard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permeability%20index" title=" permeability index"> permeability index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20sodium%20chloride" title=" residual sodium chloride"> residual sodium chloride</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190237/groundwater-quality-and-its-suitability-for-agricultural-use-in-the-jeloula-basin-tunisia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190237.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">34</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1298</span> Effect of Salt Forms and Concentrations on the Alveograph and Extensigraph Parameters of Rye Flour</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P%C3%A9ter%20Sipos">Péter Sipos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gerda%20Di%C3%B3si"> Gerda Diósi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mariann%20M%C3%B3r%C3%A9"> Mariann Móré</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zs%C3%B3fia%20Szigeti"> Zsófia Szigeti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Several medical research found that the sodium is one of the main risk factor of high blood pressure and reason for different cardiovascular diseases, while sodium chloride is one of the most ancient food additives. As people consume much more sodium chloride as the recommended value several salt reduction programs started worldwide in the last years. The cereal products are the main source of sodium, and the bakery products are one of the main targets of these programs. In this paper we have evaluated the effects of different concentrations of sodium chloride on the alveo graphical and extensi graphical parameters of rye flours to determine whether it has the same strengthening effect on the dough texture as it was found in the case of wheat flours and these effects were compared to the effects of other salt forms. We found that while the strength of rye flours are similar to the ones of wheat flour, rye flours are much less extensible. The effects of salt concentrations are less significant on the rheological properties of rye flour than on the wheat flour and there is no significant difference between the effects of different salts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alveograph" title="alveograph">alveograph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extensigraph" title=" extensigraph"> extensigraph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rye%20flour" title=" rye flour"> rye flour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salt" title=" salt"> salt</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23490/effect-of-salt-forms-and-concentrations-on-the-alveograph-and-extensigraph-parameters-of-rye-flour" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23490.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">496</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1297</span> Preparation and Characterization of α–Alumina with Low Sodium Oxide</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gyung%20Soo%20Jeon">Gyung Soo Jeon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hong%20Bae%20Kim"> Hong Bae Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chi%20Jung%20Oh"> Chi Jung Oh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to prepare the α-alumina with low content of sodium oxide from aluminum trihydroxide as a reactant, three kinds of methods were employed as follows; the mixture of Chamotte (aggregate composed of silica and alumina), ammonium chloride and aluminum fluoride with aluminum trihydroxide under 1600°C, respectively. The sodium oxide in α-alumina produced above methods was analyzed by XRF and the particle size distribution was determined by particle size analyzer, and the specific surface area of α-alumina was measured by BET method, and phase of α-alumina produced was confirmed by XRD. Acknowledgement: This research was supported by Development Program of Technical Innovation funded by Korea Technology and Information Promotion Agency for SMEs (KTIP-2016-S2401821). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%B1-alumina" title="α-alumina">α-alumina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sodium%20oxide" title=" sodium oxide"> sodium oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aluminum%20trihydroxide" title=" aluminum trihydroxide"> aluminum trihydroxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chamotte" title=" Chamotte"> Chamotte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ammonium%20chloride" title=" ammonium chloride"> ammonium chloride</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aluminum%20fluoride" title=" aluminum fluoride"> aluminum fluoride</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66138/preparation-and-characterization-of-a-alumina-with-low-sodium-oxide" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66138.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">321</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1296</span> Optimum Design of Alkali Activated Slag Concretes for Low Chloride Ion Permeability and Water Absorption Capacity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M%C3%BCzeyyen%20Bal%C3%A7ikanli">Müzeyyen Balçikanli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erdo%C4%9Fan%20%C3%96zbay"> Erdoğan Özbay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hakan%20Tacettin%20T%C3%BCrker"> Hakan Tacettin Türker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Okan%20Karahan"> Okan Karahan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cengiz%20Duran%20Ati%C5%9F"> Cengiz Duran Atiş</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this research, effect of curing time (TC), curing temperature (CT), sodium concentration (SC) and silicate modules (SM) on the compressive strength, chloride ion permeability, and water absorption capacity of alkali activated slag (AAS) concretes were investigated. For maximization of compressive strength while for minimization of chloride ion permeability and water absorption capacity of AAS concretes, best possible combination of CT, CTime, SC and SM were determined. An experimental program was conducted by using the central composite design method. Alkali solution-slag ratio was kept constant at 0.53 in all mixture. The effects of the independent parameters were characterized and analyzed by using statistically significant quadratic regression models on the measured properties (dependent parameters). The proposed regression models are valid for AAS concretes with the SC from 0.1% to 7.5%, SM from 0.4 to 3.2, CT from 20 °C to 94 °C and TC from 1.2 hours to 25 hours. The results of test and analysis indicate that the most effective parameter for the compressive strength, chloride ion permeability and water absorption capacity is the sodium concentration. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alkali%20activation" title="alkali activation">alkali activation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slag" title=" slag"> slag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rapid%20chloride%20permeability" title=" rapid chloride permeability"> rapid chloride permeability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20absorption%20capacity" title=" water absorption capacity"> water absorption capacity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54620/optimum-design-of-alkali-activated-slag-concretes-for-low-chloride-ion-permeability-and-water-absorption-capacity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54620.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">316</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1295</span> Improving the Performance of Road Salt on Anti-Icing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsen%20Abotalebi%20Esfahani">Mohsen Abotalebi Esfahani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amin%20Rahimi"> Amin Rahimi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Maintenance and management of route and roads infrastructure is one of the most important and the most fundamental principles of the countries. Several methods have been under investigation as preventive proceedings for the maintenance of asphalt pavements for many years. Using a mixture of salt, sand and gravel is the most common method of deicing, which could have numerous harmful consequences. Icy or snow-covered road is one of the major reasons of accidents in rainy seasons, which causes substantial damages such as loss of time and energy, environmental pollution, destruction of buildings, traffic congestion and rising possibility of accidents. Regarding this, every year the government incurred enormous costs to secure traverses. In this study, asphalt pavements have been cured, in terms of compressive strength, tensile strength and resilient modulus of asphalt samples, under the influence of Magnesium Chloride, Calcium Chloride, Sodium Chloride, Urea and pure water; and showed that de-icing with the calcium chloride solution and urea have the minimum negative effect and de-icing with pure water has most negative effect on laboratory specimens. Hence some simple techniques and new equipment and less use of sand and salt, can reduce significantly the risks and harmful effects of excessive use of salt, sand and gravel and at the same time use the safer roads. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maintenance" title="maintenance">maintenance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sodium%20chloride" title=" sodium chloride"> sodium chloride</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=icyroad" title=" icyroad"> icyroad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcium%20chloride" title=" calcium chloride"> calcium chloride</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45434/improving-the-performance-of-road-salt-on-anti-icing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45434.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">289</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1294</span> The Interactive Effect of Sodium Chloride and Diatomaceous Earth (DE) on Bacillus aquimaris </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bassam%20O%20AlJohny">Bassam O AlJohny</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The growth of Bacillus aquimaris was inhibited from 6 - 20 % of NaCl but it showed some tolerance when Diatomaceous earth (DE) added from 2 - 12% NaCl. Concerning the effect of NaCl on polyol production, we can conclude that, the test bacterium showed some tolerance to NaCl by producing glycerol up to 8 % of NaCl. Then decreased sharply. The addition of DE decrease the amount of polyol and glycerol remarkably and this due to the productive effect of DE to the bacterial cells. The SEM figures represented the presence of electron dense bodies due to the accumulation of small particles of DE as protective molecules. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bacillus%20aquimaris" title="Bacillus aquimaris">Bacillus aquimaris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diatomaceous%20earth%20%28DE%29" title=" Diatomaceous earth (DE)"> Diatomaceous earth (DE)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=osmoticstress" title=" osmoticstress"> osmoticstress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sodium%20chloride" title=" sodium chloride "> sodium chloride </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32350/the-interactive-effect-of-sodium-chloride-and-diatomaceous-earth-de-on-bacillus-aquimaris" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32350.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">289</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1293</span> The Effect of Molybdate on Corrosion Behaviour of AISI 316Ti Stainless Steel in Chloride Environment </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Viera%20Zatkal%C3%ADkov%C3%A1">Viera Zatkalíková</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lenka%20Markovi%C4%8Dov%C3%A1"> Lenka Markovičová</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aneta%20Tor-Swiatek"> Aneta Tor-Swiatek</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effect of molybdate addition to chloride environment on resistance of AISI 316Ti stainless steel to pitting corrosion was studied. Potentiodynamic polarisation tests were performed in 1 M and 0.1 M chloride acidified solutions with various additions of sodium molybdate at room temperature. The presented results compare the effect of molybdate anions on quality of passive film (expressed by the pitting potential) in both chloride solutions. The pitting potential increases with the increase inhibitor concentration. The inhibitive effect of molybdate ions is stronger in chloride solution of lower aggressiveness (0.1M). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AISI%20316Ti%20steel" title="AISI 316Ti steel">AISI 316Ti steel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molybdate%20inhibitor" title=" molybdate inhibitor"> molybdate inhibitor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pitting%20corrosion" title=" pitting corrosion"> pitting corrosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pitting%20potential" title=" pitting potential"> pitting potential</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potentiodynamic%20polarisation" title=" potentiodynamic polarisation "> potentiodynamic polarisation </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31312/the-effect-of-molybdate-on-corrosion-behaviour-of-aisi-316ti-stainless-steel-in-chloride-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31312.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">394</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1292</span> Effect of Sodium Chloride Replacement with Potassium Chloride on Qualities of Longan Seasoning Powder</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Narin%20Charoenphun">Narin Charoenphun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Praopen%20Rattanadee"> Praopen Rattanadee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chaiporn%20Phaephiromrat"> Chaiporn Phaephiromrat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the most important intricacies of cooking is seasoning which is the process of adding salt, herbs, or spices to food to enhance the flavor. Sodium chloride (NaCl) was added in seasoning powder for taste-improving and shelf life of products. However, the raised blood pressure caused by eating too much NaCl may damage the arteries leading to the heart. Interestingly, NaCl replacement with other substance is essential for consumer. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of NaCl replacement with potassium chloride (KCl) on the sensory characteristics and physiochemical properties of longan seasoning powder. Five longan seasoning Powder were replaced sodium chloride with KCl at 0, 25, 50 75 and 100%. Mixture design with 2 replications was performed. Sensory characteristics on overall flavor, saltiness, sweetness, bitterness and overall liking were investigated using 12 descriptive trained panelists. Results revealed that NaCl and KCl had effects on saltiness, bitterness and overall liking. As the level of KCl substituted increased, the overall flavor and sweetness of powdered seasoning from longan were not significantly (p < 0.05). This resulted in the decrease of overall liking of the products. In addition, increasing the level of KCl substituted resulted in the drop of saltiness but out of bitterness of the products. Saltiness of powdered seasoning from longan with replacement levels of 50, 75 and 100% KCl different when compared to that of 0% KCl. Bitterness of powdered seasoning from longan with replacement levels of 50, 75 and 100% KCl different when compared to that of 0% KCl. Moreover, consumer acceptance test was conducted (n=100). In conclusion, the optimum formulation contained of 32.0% longan powder, 28.0% sugar, 15.0% NaCl, 5% KCl, 16.0% pork powder, 3.0% pepper powder, and 3.0% garlic powder that would meet acceptability scores of at least 7 or like moderately. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=longan" title="longan">longan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seasoning" title=" seasoning"> seasoning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NaCl" title=" NaCl"> NaCl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=KCl" title=" KCl"> KCl</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68520/effect-of-sodium-chloride-replacement-with-potassium-chloride-on-qualities-of-longan-seasoning-powder" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68520.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">261</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1291</span> Biomechanical Analysis on Skin and Jejunum of Chemically Prepared Cat Cadavers Used in Surgery Training</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raphael%20C.%20Zero">Raphael C. Zero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thiago%20A.%20S.%20S.%20Rocha"> Thiago A. S. S. Rocha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marita%20%20V.%20Cardozo"> Marita V. Cardozo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Caio%20C.%20C.%20Santos"> Caio C. C. Santos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alisson%20D.%20S.%20Fechis"> Alisson D. S. Fechis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antonio%20C.%20Shimano"> Antonio C. Shimano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fabr%C3%ADCio%20S.%20Oliveira"> FabríCio S. Oliveira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Biomechanical analysis is an important factor in tissue studies. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of a new anatomical technique and quantify the changes in skin and the jejunum resistance of cats’ corpses throughout the process. Eight adult cat cadavers were used. For every kilogram of weight, 120ml of fixative solution (95% 96GL ethyl alcohol and 5% pure glycerin) was applied via the external common carotid artery. Next, the carcasses were placed in a container with 96 GL ethyl alcohol for 60 days. After fixing, all carcasses were preserved in a 30% sodium chloride solution for 60 days. Before fixation, control samples were collected from fresh cadavers and after fixation, three skin and jejunum fragments from each cadaver were tested monthly for strength and displacement until complete rupture in a universal testing machine. All results were analyzed by F-test (P <0.05). In the jejunum, the force required to rupture the fresh samples and the samples fixed in alcohol for 60 days was 31.27±19.14N and 29.25±11.69N, respectively. For the samples preserved in the sodium chloride solution for 30 and 60 days, the strength was 26.17±16.18N and 30.57±13.77N, respectively. In relation to the displacement required for the rupture of the samples, the values of fresh specimens and those fixed in alcohol for 60 days was 2.79±0.73mm and 2.80±1.13mm, respectively. For the samples preserved for 30 and 60 days with sodium chloride solution, the displacement was 2.53±1.03mm and 2.83±1.27mm, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the samples (P=0.68 with respect to strength, and P=0.75 with respect to displacement). In the skin, the force needed to rupture the fresh samples and the samples fixed for 60 days in alcohol was 223.86±131.5N and 211.86±137.53N respectively. For the samples preserved in sodium chloride solution for 30 and 60 days, the force was 227.73±129.06 and 224.78±143.83N, respectively. In relation to the displacement required for the rupture of the samples, the values of fresh specimens and those fixed in alcohol for 60 days were 3.67±1.03mm and 4.11±0.87mm, respectively. For the samples preserved for 30 and 60 days with sodium chloride solution, the displacement was 4.21±0.93mm and 3.93±0.71mm, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the samples (P=0.65 with respect to strength, and P=0.98 with respect to displacement). The resistance of the skin and intestines of the cat carcasses suffered little change when subjected to alcohol fixation and preservation in sodium chloride solution, each for 60 days, which is promising for use in surgery training. All experimental procedures were approved by the Municipal Legal Department (protocol 02.2014.000027-1). The project was funded by FAPESP (protocol 2015-08259-9). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anatomy" title="anatomy">anatomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conservation" title=" conservation"> conservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixation" title=" fixation"> fixation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=small%20animal" title=" small animal"> small animal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59570/biomechanical-analysis-on-skin-and-jejunum-of-chemically-prepared-cat-cadavers-used-in-surgery-training" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59570.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">299</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1290</span> Effect of Sodium Chloride in the Recovery of Acetic Acid from Aqueous Solutions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aidaoui%20Ahleme">Aidaoui Ahleme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hasseine%20Abdelmalek"> Hasseine Abdelmalek</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Acetic acid is one of the simplest and most widely used carboxylic acids having many important chemical and industrial applications. Total worldwide production of acetic acid is about 6.5 million tonnes per year. A great deal of efforts has been made in developing feasible and economic method for recovery of carboxylic acids. Among them, Liquid-liquid extraction using aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) has been demonstrated to be a highly efficient separation technique. The study of efﬁciently separating and recovering Acetic acid from aqueous solutions is an important significance on industry and environmentally sustainable development. Many research groups in different countries are working in this ﬁeld and some methods are proposed in the literature. In this work, effect of sodium chloride with different content (5%, 10% and 20%) on the liquid-liquid equilibrium data of (water+ acetic acid+ DCM) system is investigated. The addition of the salt in an aqueous solution introduces ionic forces which affect liquid-liquid equilibrium and which influence directly the distribution coefficient of the solute. From the experimental results, it can be concluded that when the percentage of salt increases in the aqueous solution, the equilibrium between phases is modified in favor of the extracted phase. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acetic%20acid%20recovery" title="acetic acid recovery">acetic acid recovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aqueous%20solution" title=" aqueous solution"> aqueous solution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salting-effect" title=" salting-effect"> salting-effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sodium%20chloride" title=" sodium chloride"> sodium chloride</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43967/effect-of-sodium-chloride-in-the-recovery-of-acetic-acid-from-aqueous-solutions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43967.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">274</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1289</span> Surface Sterilization of Aquatic Plant, Cryptopcoryne affinis by Using Clorox and Mercury Chloride</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sridevi%20Devadas">Sridevi Devadas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was aimed to examine the combination efficiency of Clorox (5.25% Sodium Hypochlorite) and mercury chloride (HgCl2) as reagent for surface sterilization process of aquatic plant, Cryptocoryne affinis (C. affinis). The treatment applied 10% of the Clorox and 0.1 ppm of mercury chloride. The maximum exposure time for Clorox and mercury chloride was 10 min and 60 sec respectively. After exposed to the treatments protocols (T1-T15) the explants were transferred to culture room under control temperature at 25°C ± 2°C and subjected to 16 hours fluorescence light (2000 lumens) for 30 days. The both sterilizing agents were not applied on control specimens. Upon analysis, the result indicates all of the treatments protocols produced sterile explants at range of minimum 1.5 ± 0.7 (30%) to maximum 5.0 ± 0.0 (100%). Meanwhile, maximum 1.0 ± 0.7 numbers of leaves and 1.4 ± 0.6 numbers of roots have been produced. The optimized exposure time was 0 to 15 min for Clorox and 30 sec for HgCl2 whereby 90% to 100% sterilization was archived at this condition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cryptocoryne%20affinis" title="Cryptocoryne affinis">Cryptocoryne affinis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20sterilization" title=" surface sterilization"> surface sterilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tissue%20culture" title=" tissue culture"> tissue culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clorox" title=" clorox"> clorox</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mercury%20chloride" title=" mercury chloride "> mercury chloride </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1961/surface-sterilization-of-aquatic-plant-cryptopcoryne-affinis-by-using-clorox-and-mercury-chloride" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1961.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">607</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1288</span> Surface Sterilization Of Aquatic Plant, Cryptocoryne affinis by Using Clorox and Mercury Chloride</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sridevi%20Devadas">Sridevi Devadas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was aimed to examine the combination efficiency of Clorox (5.25% Sodium Hypochlorite) and mercury chloride (HgCl2) as a reagent for surface sterilization process of aquatic plant and cryptocoryne affinis (C. affinis). The treatment applied 10% of the Clorox and 0.1ppm of mercury chloride. The maximum exposure time for clorox and mercury chloride was 10min and 60sec respectively. After exposed to the treatments protocols (T1-T15) the explants were transferred to culture room under control temperature at 25°C ± 2°C and subjected to 16 hours fluorescence light (2000 lumens) for 30 days. The both sterilizing agents were not applied on control specimens. Upon analysis, The result indicates all of the treatments protocols produced sterile explants at range of minimum 1.5 ± 0.7 (30%) to maximum 5.0 ± 0.0 (100%). Meanwhile, maximum 1.0 ± 0.7 numbers of leaves and 1.4 ± 0.6 numbers of roots have been produced. The optimized exposure time was 0 to 15 min for Clorox and 30 sec for HgCl2 whereby 90% to 100% sterilization was archived at this condition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cryptocoryne%20affinis" title="Cryptocoryne affinis">Cryptocoryne affinis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20sterilization" title=" surface sterilization"> surface sterilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tissue%20culture" title=" tissue culture"> tissue culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clorox" title=" clorox"> clorox</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mercury%20chloride" title=" mercury chloride "> mercury chloride </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1962/surface-sterilization-of-aquatic-plant-cryptocoryne-affinis-by-using-clorox-and-mercury-chloride" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1962.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">393</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1287</span> Effect of the Hardness of Spacer Agent on Structural Properties of Metallic Scaffolds</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20%20Khodaei">Mohammad Khodaei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmood%20%20Meratien"> Mahmood Meratien</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alireza%20Valanezhad"> Alireza Valanezhad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Serdar%20Pazarlioglu"> Serdar Pazarlioglu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Serdar%20Salman"> Serdar Salman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ikuya%20Watanabe"> Ikuya Watanabe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pore size and morphology plays a crucial role on mechanical properties of porous scaffolds. In this research, titanium scaffold was prepared using space holder technique. Sodium chloride and ammonium bicarbonate were utilized as spacer agent separately. The effect of the hardness of spacer on the cell morphology was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical stereo microscopy. Image analyzing software was used to interpret the microscopic images quantitatively. It was shown that sodium chloride, due to its higher hardness, maintain its morphology during cold compaction, and cause better replication in porous scaffolds. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Spacer" title="Spacer">Spacer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Titanium%20Scaffold" title=" Titanium Scaffold"> Titanium Scaffold</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pore%20Morphology" title=" Pore Morphology"> Pore Morphology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Space%20Holder%20Technique" title=" Space Holder Technique"> Space Holder Technique</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66028/effect-of-the-hardness-of-spacer-agent-on-structural-properties-of-metallic-scaffolds" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66028.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1286</span> Axial, Bending Interaction Diagrams of Reinforced Concrete Columns Exposed to Chloride Attack</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rita%20Greco">Rita Greco</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giuseppe%20Carlo%20Marano"> Giuseppe Carlo Marano</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Chloride induced reinforcement corrosion is widely accepted to be the most frequent mechanism causing premature degradation of reinforced concrete members, whose economic and social consequences are growing up continuously. Prevention of these phenomena has a great importance in structural design, and modern Codes and Standard impose prescriptions concerning design details and concrete mix proportion for structures exposed to different external aggressive conditions, grouped in environmental classes. This paper focuses on reinforced concrete columns load carrying capacity degradation over time due to chloride induced steel pitting corrosion. The structural element is considered to be exposed to marine environment and the effects of corrosion are described by the time degradation of the axial-bending interaction diagram. Because chlorides ingress and consequent pitting corrosion propagation are both time-dependent mechanisms, the study adopts a time-variant predictive approach to evaluate the residual strength of corroded reinforced concrete columns at different lifetimes. Corrosion initiation and propagation process is modelled by taking into account all the parameters, such as external environmental conditions, concrete mix proportion, concrete cover and so on, which influence the time evolution of the corrosion phenomenon and its effects on the residual strength of RC columns. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pitting%20corrosion" title="pitting corrosion">pitting corrosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strength%20deterioration" title=" strength deterioration"> strength deterioration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diffusion%20coefficient" title=" diffusion coefficient"> diffusion coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20chloride%20concentration" title=" surface chloride concentration"> surface chloride concentration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20structures" title=" concrete structures"> concrete structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marine%20environment" title=" marine environment"> marine environment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24929/axial-bending-interaction-diagrams-of-reinforced-concrete-columns-exposed-to-chloride-attack" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24929.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">328</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1285</span> A Finite Memory Residual Generation Filter for Fault Detection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pyung%20Soo%20Kim">Pyung Soo Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eung%20Hyuk%20Lee"> Eung Hyuk Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mun%20Suck%20Jang"> Mun Suck Jang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the current paper, a residual generation filter with finite memory structure is proposed for fault detection. The proposed finite memory residual generation filter provides the residual by real-time filtering of fault vector using only the most recent finite observations and inputs on the window. It is shown that the residual given by the proposed residual generation filter provides the exact fault for noise-free systems. Finally, to illustrate the capability of the proposed residual generation filter, numerical examples are performed for the discretized DC motor system having the multiple sensor faults. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20generation%20filter" title="residual generation filter">residual generation filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20memory%20structure" title=" finite memory structure"> finite memory structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kalman%20filter" title=" kalman filter"> kalman filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fast%20detection" title=" fast detection"> fast detection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35140/a-finite-memory-residual-generation-filter-for-fault-detection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35140.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">704</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1284</span> Innovative Preparation Techniques: Boosting Oral Bioavailability of Phenylbutyric Acid Through Choline Salt-Based API-Ionic Liquids and Therapeutic Deep Eutectic Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lin%20Po-Hsi">Lin Po-Hsi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sheu%20Ming-Thau"> Sheu Ming-Thau</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Urea cycle disorders (UCD) are rare genetic metabolic disorders that compromise the body's urea cycle. Sodium phenylbutyrate (SPB) is a medication commonly administered in tablet or powder form to lower ammonia levels. Nonetheless, its high sodium content poses risks to sodium-sensitive UCD patients. This necessitates the creation of an alternative drug formulation to mitigate sodium load and optimize drug delivery for UCD patients. This study focused on crafting a novel oral drug formulation for UCD, leveraging choline bicarbonate and phenylbutyric acid. The active pharmaceutical ingredient-ionic liquids (API-ILs) and therapeutic deep eutectic systems (THEDES) were formed by combining these with choline chloride. These systems display characteristics like maintaining a liquid state at room temperature and exhibiting enhanced solubility. This in turn amplifies drug dissolution rate, permeability, and ultimately oral bioavailability. Incorporating choline-based phenylbutyric acid as a substitute for traditional SPB can effectively curtail the sodium load in UCD patients. Our in vitro dissolution experiments revealed that the ILs and DESs, synthesized using choline bicarbonate and choline chloride with phenylbutyric acid, surpassed commercial tablets in dissolution speed. Pharmacokinetic evaluations in SD rats indicated a notable uptick in the oral bioavailability of phenylbutyric acid, underscoring the efficacy of choline salt ILs in augmenting its bioavailability. Additional in vitro intestinal permeability tests on SD rats authenticated that the ILs, formulated with choline bicarbonate and phenylbutyric acid, demonstrate superior permeability compared to their sodium and acid counterparts. To conclude, choline salt ILs developed from choline bicarbonate and phenylbutyric acid present a promising avenue for UCD treatment, with the added benefit of reduced sodium load. They also hold merit in formulation engineering. The sustained-release capabilities of DESs position them favorably for drug delivery, while the low toxicity and cost-effectiveness of choline chloride signal potential in formulation engineering. Overall, this drug formulation heralds a prospective therapeutic avenue for UCD patients. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phenylbutyric%20acid" title="phenylbutyric acid">phenylbutyric acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sodium%20phenylbutyrate" title=" sodium phenylbutyrate"> sodium phenylbutyrate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=choline%20salt" title=" choline salt"> choline salt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionic%20liquids" title=" ionic liquids"> ionic liquids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20eutectic%20systems" title=" deep eutectic systems"> deep eutectic systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oral%20bioavailability" title=" oral bioavailability"> oral bioavailability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172061/innovative-preparation-techniques-boosting-oral-bioavailability-of-phenylbutyric-acid-through-choline-salt-based-api-ionic-liquids-and-therapeutic-deep-eutectic-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172061.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1283</span> The Influence of Residual Stress on Hardness and Microstructure in Railway Rails</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammet%20Emre%20Turan">Muhammet Emre Turan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sait%20%C3%96z%C3%A7elik"> Sait Özçelik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yavuz%20Sun"> Yavuz Sun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In railway rails, residual stress was measured and the values of residual stress were associated with hardness and micro structure in this study. At first, three rails as one meter long were taken and residual stresses were measured by cutting method according to the EN 13674-1 standardization. In this study, strain gauge that is an electrical apparatus was used. During the cutting, change in resistance in rail gave us residual stress value via computer program. After residual stress measurement, Brinell hardness distribution were performed for head parts of rails. Thus, the relationship between residual stress and hardness were established. In addition to that, micro structure analysis was carried out by optical microscope. The results show that, the micro structure and hardness value was changed with residual stress. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20stress" title="residual stress">residual stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hardness" title=" hardness"> hardness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro%20structure" title=" micro structure"> micro structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rail" title=" rail"> rail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strain%20gauge" title=" strain gauge "> strain gauge </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15651/the-influence-of-residual-stress-on-hardness-and-microstructure-in-railway-rails" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15651.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">607</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1282</span> Corrosion Fatigue of Al-Mg Alloy 5052 in Sodium Chloride Solution Contains Some Inhibitors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khalid%20Ahmed%20Eldwaib">Khalid Ahmed Eldwaib</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, Al-Mg alloy 5052 was used as the testing material. Corrosion fatigue life was studied for the alloy in 3.5% NaCl (pH=1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11), and 3.5% NaCl (pH=1) with inhibitors. The compound inhibitors were composed mainly of phosphate (PO4³-), adding a certain proportion of other nontoxic inhibitors so as to select alternatives to environmentally hazardous chromate (Cr2O7²-). The inhibitors were sodium dichromate Na2Cr2O7, sodium phosphate Na3PO4, sodium molybdate Na2MoO4, and sodium citrate Na3C6H5O7. The total amount of inhibiting pigments was at different concentrations (250,500,750, and 1000 ppm) in the solutions. Corrosion fatigue behavior was studied by using plane-bending corrosion fatigue machine with stress ratio R=0.5 and under the constant frequency of 13.3 Hz. Results show that in 3.5% NaCl the highest fatigue life (number of cycles to failure Nf) is obtained at pH=5 where the oxide film on aluminum has very low solubility, and the lowest number of cycles is obtained at pH=1, where the media is too aggressive (extremely acidic). When the concentration of inhibitor increases the cycles to failure increase. The surface morphology and fracture section of the specimens had been characterized through scanning electron microscope (SEM). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Al-Mg%20alloy%205052" title="Al-Mg alloy 5052">Al-Mg alloy 5052</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrosion" title=" corrosion"> corrosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue" title=" fatigue"> fatigue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inhibitors" title=" inhibitors"> inhibitors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71775/corrosion-fatigue-of-al-mg-alloy-5052-in-sodium-chloride-solution-contains-some-inhibitors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71775.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">462</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1281</span> Chloride Transport in Ultra High Performance Concrete</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Radka%20Pernicova">Radka Pernicova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Chloride resistance in Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) is determined in this paper. This work deals with the one dimension chloride transport, which can be potentially dangerous particularly for the durability of concrete structures. Risk of reinforcement corrosion due to exposure to the concrete surface to direct the action of chloride ions (mainly in the form de-icing salts or groundwater) is dangerously increases. The measured data are investigated depending on the depth of penetration of chloride ions into the concrete structure. Comparative measurements with normal strength concrete are done as well. The experimental results showed that UHCP have improved resistance of chlorides penetration than NSC and also chloride diffusion depth is significantly lower in UHCP. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chloride" title="chloride">chloride</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=one%20dimensional%20diffusion" title=" one dimensional diffusion"> one dimensional diffusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transport" title=" transport"> transport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salinity" title=" salinity"> salinity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UHPC" title=" UHPC"> UHPC</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17704/chloride-transport-in-ultra-high-performance-concrete" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17704.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">439</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1280</span> The Effects of NaF Concentration on the Zinc Coating Electroplated in Supercritical CO2 Mixed Zinc Chloride Bath</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chun-Ying%20Lee">Chun-Ying Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mei-Wen%20Wu"> Mei-Wen Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li-Yi%20Cheng"> Li-Yi Cheng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chiang-Ho%20Cheng"> Chiang-Ho Cheng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research studies the electroplating of zinc coating in the zinc chloride bath mixed with supercritical CO2. The sodium fluoride (NaF) was used as the bath additive to change the structure and property of the coating, and therefore the roughness and corrosion resistance of the zinc coating was investigated. The surface characterization was performed using optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and α-step profilometer. Moreover, the potentiodynamic polarization measurement in 3% NaCl solution was employed in the corrosion resistance evaluation. Because of the emulsification of the electrolyte mixed in Sc-CO2, the electroplated zinc produced the coating with smoother surface, smaller grain, better throwing power and higher corrosion resistance. The main role played by the NaF was to reduce the coating’s roughness and grain size. In other words, the CO2 mixed with the electrolyte under the supercritical condition performed the similar function as brighter and leveler in zinc electroplating to enhance the throwing power and corrosion resistance of the coating. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supercritical%20CO2" title="supercritical CO2">supercritical CO2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zinc-electroplating" title=" zinc-electroplating"> zinc-electroplating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sodium%20fluoride" title=" sodium fluoride"> sodium fluoride</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electroplating" title=" electroplating"> electroplating</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7415/the-effects-of-naf-concentration-on-the-zinc-coating-electroplated-in-supercritical-co2-mixed-zinc-chloride-bath" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7415.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">569</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1279</span> Orthophthalic Polyester Composite Reinforced with Sodium Alginate-Treated Anahaw (Saribus rotundifolius) Fibers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Terence%20Tumolva">Terence Tumolva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Johannes%20Kristoff%20Vito"> Johannes Kristoff Vito</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joanna%20Crystelle%20Ragasa"> Joanna Crystelle Ragasa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Renz%20Marion%20Dela%20Cruz"> Renz Marion Dela Cruz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Natural fiber reinforced polymer (NFRP) composites have been the focus of various research projects due to their advantages over synthetic fiber-reinforced composites. For this study, ana haw is used as the fiber source due to its abundance throughout the Philippines. A problem addressed in this study is the need for an environment-friendly method of fiber treatment. The use of sodium alginate to treat fibers was thus investigated. The fibers were immersed in a sodium alginate solution and then in a calcium chloride solution afterwards. The treated fibers were used to reinforce orthophthalic unsaturated polyester (ortho-UP) resin. The mechanical properties were tested using a universal testing machine (UTM), and the fracture surfaces were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results showed that the sodium alginate treatment had increased the tensile and flexural strength of the composite. The increase in fiber load had also been found to increase the stiffness of the composite. However, sodium alginate treatment did not provide any significant improvement in the wet mechanical properties of the NFRP. The composite is comparable to some commercially available polymeric materials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NFRP" title="NFRP">NFRP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite" title=" composite"> composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alginate" title=" alginate"> alginate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anahaw" title=" anahaw"> anahaw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer" title=" polymer"> polymer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52227/orthophthalic-polyester-composite-reinforced-with-sodium-alginate-treated-anahaw-saribus-rotundifolius-fibers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52227.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">343</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1278</span> Sustainable Separation of Nicotine from Its Aqueous Solutions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zoran%20Visak">Zoran Visak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joana%20Lopes"> Joana Lopes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vesna%20Najdanovic-Visak"> Vesna Najdanovic-Visak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Within this study, the separation of nicotine from its aqueous solutions, using inorganic salt sodium chloride or ionic liquid (molten salt) ECOENG212® as salting-out media, was carried out. Thus, liquid-liquid equilibria of the ternary solutions (nicotine+water+NaCl) and (nicotine+water+ECOENG212®) were determined at ambient pressure, 0.1 MPa, at three temperatures. The related phase diagrams were constructed in two manners: by adding the determined cloud-points and by the chemical analysis of phases in equilibrium (tie-line data). The latter were used to calculate two important separation parameters - partition coefficients of nicotine and separation factors. The impacts of the initial compositions of the mother solutions and of temperature on the liquid-liquid phase separation and partition coefficients were analyzed and discussed. The results obtained clearly showed that both investigated salts are good salting-out media for the efficient and sustainable separation of nicotine from its solutions with water. However, when compared, sodium chloride exhibited much better separation performance than the ionic liquid. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nicotine" title="nicotine">nicotine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid-liquid%20separation" title=" liquid-liquid separation"> liquid-liquid separation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inorganic%20salt" title=" inorganic salt"> inorganic salt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionic%20liquid" title=" ionic liquid"> ionic liquid</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58412/sustainable-separation-of-nicotine-from-its-aqueous-solutions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58412.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">318</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1277</span> The Oxidative Damage Marker for Sodium Formate Exposure on Lymphocytes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malinee%20Pongsavee">Malinee Pongsavee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sodium formate is the chemical substance used for food additive. Catalase is the important antioxidative enzyme in protecting the cell from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The resultant level of oxidative stress in sodium formatetreated lymphocytes was investigated. The sodium formate concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/mL were treated in human lymphocytes for 12 hours. After 12 treated hours, catalase activity change was measured in sodium formate-treated lymphocytes. The results showed that the sodium formate concentrations of 0.4 and 0.6 mg/mL significantly decreased catalase activities in lymphocytes (P < 0.05). The change of catalase activity in sodium formate-treated lymphocytes may be the oxidative damage marker for detect sodium formate exposure in human. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sodium%20formate" title="sodium formate">sodium formate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalase%20activity" title=" catalase activity"> catalase activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidative%20damage%20marker" title=" oxidative damage marker"> oxidative damage marker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toxicity" title=" toxicity"> toxicity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31219/the-oxidative-damage-marker-for-sodium-formate-exposure-on-lymphocytes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31219.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">484</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1276</span> A Mathematical Investigation of the Turkevich Organizer Theory in the Citrate Method for the Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emmanuel%20Agunloye">Emmanuel Agunloye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asterios%20Gavriilidis"> Asterios Gavriilidis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luca%20Mazzei"> Luca Mazzei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gold nanoparticles are commonly synthesized by reducing chloroauric acid with sodium citrate. This method, referred to as the citrate method, can produce spherical gold nanoparticles (NPs) in the size range 10-150 nm. Gold NPs of this size are useful in many applications. However, the NPs are usually polydisperse and irreproducible. A better understanding of the synthesis mechanisms is thus required. This work thoroughly investigated the only model that describes the synthesis. This model combines mass and population balance equations, describing the NPs synthesis through a sequence of chemical reactions. Chloroauric acid reacts with sodium citrate to form aurous chloride and dicarboxy acetone. The latter organizes aurous chloride in a nucleation step and concurrently degrades into acetone. The unconsumed precursor then grows the formed nuclei. However, depending on the pH, both the precursor and the reducing agent react differently thus affecting the synthesis. In this work, we investigated the model for different conditions of pH, temperature and initial reactant concentrations. To solve the model, we used Parsival, a commercial numerical code, whilst to test it, we considered various conditions studied experimentally by different researchers, for which results are available in the literature. The model poorly predicted the experimental data. We believe that this is because the model does not account for the acid-base properties of both chloroauric acid and sodium citrate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citrate%20method" title="citrate method">citrate method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gold%20nanoparticles" title=" gold nanoparticles"> gold nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parsival" title=" Parsival"> Parsival</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=population%20balance%20equations" title=" population balance equations"> population balance equations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Turkevich%20organizer%20theory" title=" Turkevich organizer theory"> Turkevich organizer theory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56126/a-mathematical-investigation-of-the-turkevich-organizer-theory-in-the-citrate-method-for-the-synthesis-of-gold-nanoparticles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56126.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">209</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1275</span> Study of Corrosion in Structures due to Chloride Infiltration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sukrit%20Ghorai">Sukrit Ghorai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akku%20Aby%20Mathews"> Akku Aby Mathews</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Corrosion in reinforcing steel is the leading cause for deterioration in concrete structures. It is an electrochemical process which leads to volumetric change in concrete and causes cracking, delamination and spalling. The objective of the study is to provide a rational method to estimate the probable chloride concentration at the reinforcement level for a known surface chloride concentration. The paper derives the formulation of design charts to aid engineers for quick calculation of the chloride concentration. Furthermore, the paper focuses on comparison of durability design against corrosion with American, European and Indian design standards. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chloride%20infiltration" title="chloride infiltration">chloride infiltration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete" title=" concrete"> concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrosion" title=" corrosion"> corrosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design%20charts" title=" design charts"> design charts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61630/study-of-corrosion-in-structures-due-to-chloride-infiltration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61630.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">417</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1274</span> Performance Study of Geopolymer Concrete by Partial Replacement of Fly Ash with Cement and Full Replacement of River Sand by Crushed Sand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asis%20Kumar%20Khan">Asis Kumar Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajeev%20Kumar%20Goel"> Rajeev Kumar Goel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recent infrastructure growth all around the world lead to increase in demand for concrete day by day. Cement being binding material for concrete the usage of cement also gone up significantly. Cement manufacturing utilizes abundant natural resources and causes environment pollution by releasing a huge quantity of CO₂ into the atmosphere. So, it is high time to look for alternates to reduce the cement consumption in concrete. Geopolymer concrete is one such material which utilizes the industrial waste such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag and low-cost alkaline liquids such as sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate to produce the concrete. On the other side, river sand is becoming very expensive due to its large-scale depletion at source and the high cost of transportation. In this view, river sand is replaced by crushed sand in this study. In this work, an attempt has been made to understand the durability parameters of geopolymer concrete by partially replacing fly ash with cement. Fly ash is replaced by cement at various levels e.g., from 0 to 50%. Concrete cubes of 100x100x100mm were used for investigating different durability parameters. The various parameters studied includes compressive strength, split tensile strength, drying shrinkage, sodium sulphate attack resistance, sulphuric acid attack resistance and chloride permeability. Highest compressive strength & highest split tensile strength is observed in 30% replacement level. Least drying is observed with 30% replacement level. Very good resistance for sulphuric acid & sodium sulphate is found with 30% replacement. However, it was not possible to find out the chloride permeability due to the high conductivity of geopolymer samples of all replacement levels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crushed%20sand" title="crushed sand">crushed sand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title=" compressive strength"> compressive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drying%20shrinkage" title=" drying shrinkage"> drying shrinkage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geopolymer%20concrete" title=" geopolymer concrete"> geopolymer concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=split%20tensile%20strength" title=" split tensile strength"> split tensile strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sodium%20sulphate%20attack%20resistance" title=" sodium sulphate attack resistance"> sodium sulphate attack resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sulphuric%20acid%20attack%20resistance" title=" sulphuric acid attack resistance"> sulphuric acid attack resistance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90702/performance-study-of-geopolymer-concrete-by-partial-replacement-of-fly-ash-with-cement-and-full-replacement-of-river-sand-by-crushed-sand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90702.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">299</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1273</span> Microbiological Analysis on Anatomical Specimens of Cats for Use in Veterinary Surgery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raphael%20C.%20Zero">Raphael C. Zero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marita%20%20V.%20Cardozo"> Marita V. Cardozo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thiago%20A.%20S.%20S.%20Rocha"> Thiago A. S. S. Rocha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mariana%20T.%20Kihara"> Mariana T. Kihara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fernando%20A.%20%C3%81vila"> Fernando A. Ávila</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fabr%C3%ADcio%20%20S.%20Oliveira"> Fabrício S. Oliveira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There are several fixative and preservative solutions for use on cadavers, many of them using formaldehyde as the fixative or anatomical part preservative. In some countries, such as Brazil, this toxic agent has been increasingly restricted. The objective of this study was to microbiologically identify and quantify the key agents in tanks containing 96GL ethanol or sodium chloride solutions, used respectively as fixatives and preservatives of cat cadavers. Eight adult cat corpses, three females and five males, with an average weight of 4.3 kg, were used. After injection via the external common carotid artery (120 ml/kg, 95% 96GL ethyl alcohol and 5% pure glycerin), the cadavers were fixed in a plastic tank with 96GL ethanol for 60 days. After fixing, they were stored in a 30% sodium chloride aqueous solution for 120 days in a similar tank. Samples were collected at the start of the experiment - before the animals were placed in the ethanol tanks, and monthly thereafter. The bacterial count was performed by Pour Plate Method in BHI agar (Brain Heart Infusion) and the plates were incubated aerobically and anaerobically for 24h at 37ºC. MacConkey agar, SPS agar (Sulfite Polymyxin Sulfadizine) and MYP Agar Base were used to isolate the microorganisms. There was no microbial growth in the samples prior to alcohol fixation. After 30 days of fixation in the alcohol solution, total aerobic and anaerobic (<1.0 x 10 CFU/ml) were found and Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococcus sp., Clostridium sp. were the identified agents. After 60 days in the alcohol fixation solution, total aerobes (<1.0 x 10 CFU/ml) and total anaerobes (<2.2 x 10 CFU/mL) were found, and the identified agents were the same. After 30 days of storage in the aqueous solution of 30% sodium chloride, total aerobic (<5.2 x 10 CFU/ml) and total anaerobes (<3.7 x 10 CFU/mL) were found and the agents identified were Staphylococcus sp., Clostridium sp., and fungi. After 60 days of sodium chloride storage, total aerobic (<3.0 x 10 CFU / ml) and total anaerobes (<7.0 x 10 CFU/mL) were found and the identified agents remained the same: Staphylococcus sp., Clostridium sp., and fungi. The microbiological count was low and visual inspection did not reveal signs of contamination in the tanks. There was no strong odor or purification, which proved the technique to be microbiologically effective in fixing and preserving the cat cadavers for the four-month period in which they are provided to undergraduate students of University of Veterinary Medicine for surgery practice. All experimental procedures were approved by the Municipal Legal Department (protocol 02.2014.000027-1). The project was funded by FAPESP (protocol 2015-08259-9). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anatomy" title="anatomy">anatomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixation" title=" fixation"> fixation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbiology" title=" microbiology"> microbiology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=small%20animal" title=" small animal"> small animal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surgery" title=" surgery"> surgery</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59574/microbiological-analysis-on-anatomical-specimens-of-cats-for-use-in-veterinary-surgery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59574.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1272</span> Microencapsulation for Enhancing the Survival of S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus during Spray Drying of Sweetened Yoghurt</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dibyakanta%20Seth">Dibyakanta Seth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hari%20Niwas%20Mishra"> Hari Niwas Mishra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sankar%20Chandra%20Deka"> Sankar Chandra Deka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Microencapsulation is an established method of protecting bacteria from the adverse conditions. An improved extrusion spraying technique was used to encapsulate mixed bacteria culture of S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus using sodium alginate as the coating material. The effect of nozzle air pressure (200, 300, 400 and 500 kPa), sodium alginate concentration (1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3% w/v), different concentration of calcium chloride (0.1, 0.2, 1 M) and initial cell loads (10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹ cfu/ml) on the viability of encapsulated bacteria were investigated. With the increase in air pressure the size of microcapsules decreased, however the effect was non-significant. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the viability of encapsulated cells when the concentration of calcium chloride was increased. Increased level of sodium alginate significantly increased the survival ratio of encapsulated bacteria (P < 0.01). Encapsulation with 3% alginate was treated as optimum since a higher concentration of alginate increased the gel strength of the solution and thus was difficult to spray. Under optimal conditions 3% alginate, 10⁹ cfu/ml cell load, 20 min hardening time in 0.1 M CaCl2 and 400 kPa nozzle air pressure, the viability of bacteria cells was maximum compared to the free cells. The microcapsules made at the optimal condition when mixed with yoghurt and subjected to spray drying at 148°C, the survival ratio was 2.48×10⁻¹ for S. thermophilus and 7.26×10⁻¹ for L. bulgaricus. In contrast, the survival ratio of free cells of S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus were 2.36×10⁻³ and 8.27×10⁻³, respectively. This study showed a decline in viable cells count of about 0.5 log over a period of 7 weeks while there was a decline of about 1 log in cultures which were incorporated as free cells in yoghurt. Microencapsulation provided better protection at higher acidity compared to free cells. This study demonstrated that microencapsulation of yoghurt culture in sodium alginate is an effective technique of protection against extreme drying conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extrusion" title="extrusion">extrusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microencapsulation" title=" microencapsulation"> microencapsulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spray%20drying" title=" spray drying"> spray drying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sweetened%20yoghurt" title=" sweetened yoghurt"> sweetened yoghurt</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60735/microencapsulation-for-enhancing-the-survival-of-s-thermophilus-and-l-bulgaricus-during-spray-drying-of-sweetened-yoghurt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60735.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">260</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1271</span> Catalytic Synthesis and Characterization of N-(4-(Tert-Butyl) Benzyl)-1-(4-Tert-Butyl) Phenyl)-N-Methyl Methanaminium Chloride from Tert-Butyl Benzyl Derivatives</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20A.%20Muhammad">Muhammad A. Muhammad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Butenafine (N-4-tert-butyl benzyl-N-methyl-1-naphthylene methylamine hydrochloride) is a benzylamine antimycotic (antifungal) agent that has a broad spectrum of action. The quest for improved antimycotic action brought about many research on the structure-activity properties of butenafine in relation to other antifungal agents. Of all those research, only little or no effort was recorded on the substituents attached to the aromatic systems in butenafine. In this research, N-(4-(tert-butyl) benzyl)-1-(4-tert-butyl) phenyl)-N-methyl methanaminium chloride, which is a butenafine analogue was synthesised from tert-butyl benzyl derivatives, by reductive amination using various solvents through a direct approach, where 1,2-dichloroethane gave the best solvent action at 40 °C (Yield: 75%) and of all the reducing agents used, sodium borohydride was found to give the best reducing action in the presence of silica chloride at room temperature (Yield: 50%). Characterization of the compound by 1H NMR showed a singlet peak of 18 hydrogen atoms with a chemical shift at 1.3-1.5 ppm for the presence of 6 methyl groups in the two tert-butyl substituents, the 13C NMR also indicated the presence of the two tert-butyl substituents by the peak with a chemical shift at 31-32 ppm for the six methyl carbon atoms, the IR indicated the presence of a tertiary ammonium ion by a strong band at 2460 cm-1 and finally the EIS-MS confirmed the molar mass of the compound by a mass to charge ratio of 324.2693. These results suggested that the target molecule was actually synthesised and therefore, 1,2-dichloroethane is a good solvent for this synthesis, and the most suitable reducing agent is sodium borohydride. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial%20agents" title="antimicrobial agents">antimicrobial agents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimycotic%20agents" title=" antimycotic agents"> antimycotic agents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=butenafine" title=" butenafine"> butenafine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemotherapeutic%20agents" title=" chemotherapeutic agents"> chemotherapeutic agents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semisynthetic%20agents" title=" semisynthetic agents"> semisynthetic agents</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51364/catalytic-synthesis-and-characterization-of-n-4-tert-butyl-benzyl-1-4-tert-butyl-phenyl-n-methyl-methanaminium-chloride-from-tert-butyl-benzyl-derivatives" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51364.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">296</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1270</span> Effectiveness of Crystallization Coating Materials on Chloride Ions Ingress in Concrete</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mona%20Elsalamawy">Mona Elsalamawy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashraf%20Ragab%20Mohamed"> Ashraf Ragab Mohamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdellatif%20Elsayed%20Abosen"> Abdellatif Elsayed Abosen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of different crystalline coating materials concerning of chloride ions penetration. The concrete ages at the coating installation and its moisture conditions were addressed; where, these two factors may play a dominant role for the effectiveness of the used materials. Rapid chloride ions penetration test (RCPT) was conducted at different ages and moisture conditions according to the relevant standard. In addition, the contaminated area and the penetration depth of the chloride ions were investigated immediately after the RCPT test using chemical identifier, 0.1 M silver nitrate AgNO<sub>3</sub> solution. Results have shown that, the very low chloride ions penetrability, for the studied crystallization materials, were investigated only with the old age concrete (G1). The significant reduction in chloride ions’ penetrability was illustrated after 7 days of installing the crystalline coating layers. Using imageJ is more reliable to describe the contaminated area of chloride ions, where the distribution of aggregate and heterogeneous of cement mortar was considered in the images analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chloride%20permeability" title="chloride permeability">chloride permeability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contaminated%20area" title=" contaminated area"> contaminated area</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crystalline%20waterproofing%20materials" title=" crystalline waterproofing materials"> crystalline waterproofing materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RCPT" title=" RCPT"> RCPT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XRD" title=" XRD"> XRD</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79848/effectiveness-of-crystallization-coating-materials-on-chloride-ions-ingress-in-concrete" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79848.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">258</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20sodium%20chloride&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20sodium%20chloride&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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