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<span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Settlement_of_the_Goths_within_the_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement_of_the_Goths_within_the_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Settlement of the Goths within the empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement_of_the_Goths_within_the_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usurpation_of_Eugenius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usurpation_of_Eugenius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Usurpation of Eugenius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usurpation_of_Eugenius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispute_over_Illyricum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispute_over_Illyricum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Dispute over Illyricum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispute_over_Illyricum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The revolt</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_revolt-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The revolt subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_rebel_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_rebel_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The rebel Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_rebel_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attack_on_Constantinople" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_on_Constantinople"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Attack on Constantinople</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attack_on_Constantinople-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_campaign_of_Stilicho_and_the_murder_of_Rufinus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_campaign_of_Stilicho_and_the_murder_of_Rufinus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>First campaign of Stilicho and the murder of Rufinus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_campaign_of_Stilicho_and_the_murder_of_Rufinus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Looting_of_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Looting_of_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Looting of Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Looting_of_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_campaign_of_Stilicho" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_campaign_of_Stilicho"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Second campaign of Stilicho</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_campaign_of_Stilicho-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military conflict between the Roman Empire and the rebel army of Alaric I.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Revolt of Alaric I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_Imperio_Romano_395_(administrativo).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mapa_Imperio_Romano_395_%28administrativo%29.svg/220px-Mapa_Imperio_Romano_395_%28administrativo%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mapa_Imperio_Romano_395_%28administrativo%29.svg/330px-Mapa_Imperio_Romano_395_%28administrativo%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mapa_Imperio_Romano_395_%28administrativo%29.svg/440px-Mapa_Imperio_Romano_395_%28administrativo%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2565" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span><br />The Roman Empire in 395</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>395–398</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">Status quo ante</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Alaric's rebels</td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric I</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Athaulf" title="Athaulf">Athaulf</a></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Stilicho" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Stilicho">Stilicho</a></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Rufinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Rufinus">Rufinus</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(consul_399)" title="Eutropius (consul 399)">Eutropius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gainas" title="Gainas">Gainas</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> ± 20,000</td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> ± 15,000</td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>revolt of Alaric I</b> was a military conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and a rebel army, probably composed mainly of <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>. This war consisted a number of armed conflicts in the period between 395 and 398, interspersed with periods of negotiations and sometimes even cooperation. During this war, the western and eastern parts of the Roman Empire did not always joint together because of conflicting interests. The protagonists in this conflict were the West-Roman commander-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Stilicho" title="Stilicho">Stilicho</a>, the Eastern-Roman <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_the_East" title="Praetorian prefecture of the East">prefect</a> <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Rufinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Rufinus">Rufinus</a>, his successor <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(consul_399)" title="Eutropius (consul 399)">Eutropius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric I</a>. The latter was an elected Gothic military leader and monarch, and later considered one of first <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigothic</a> kings. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_Alaric_I&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main contemporary sources in which this war is reported are the historian <a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a> and the poet <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Claudianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Claudianus">Claudianus</a>. Other early sources are <a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a>, a historian who probably lived about half a century after Alaric's death, and <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>, a Romanized Goth who wrote a history of his people around 550. These sources provide a lot of information, but are not always unambiguous and sometimes even contradictory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_Alaric_I&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement_of_the_Goths_within_the_empire">Settlement of the Goths within the empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_Alaric_I&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Settlement of the Goths within the empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/376" title="376">376</a> the Goths, who were fleeing for the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, were given permission from Emperor <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Julius_Valens" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Julius Valens">Valens</a> (364-378) to settle within the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Goths appeared in two large separate groups, the <a href="/wiki/Tervingi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tervingi">Tervingi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a>, each with their own leaders. These first two groups were soon followed by even more Gothic refugees. Emperor Valens who had a serious shortage of manpower for his armies saw in the newcomers a new source of soldiers and concluded treaties with the Goths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005158_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005158-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In exchange for military assistance, the Goths were assigned territory within the empire. This was an extraordinary circumstance, because for the first time in the history of the empire barbaric people were settled within its borders and not direct subjected to imperial laws. In the reception and integration of these groups, a lot went wrong due to mismanagement and miscommunication of the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram200149–54_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram200149–54-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next decades, more Gothic groups crossed the Roman borders; these generally tried to enlist with the Roman military or gain lands to settle. Many newcomers tried to integrate into Roman society, but other Gothic groups attempted to maintain cohesion as well as gain greater power in negotiations by practicing distinct customs including an elected kingship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram200154–57_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram200154–57-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arrival of the Goths and the inability of the Romans to overcome the threat that the newcomers made for the empire after some time, eventually led to a serious weakening of the military strength of the empire, and worked as a catalyst for the fall of the Western Roman empire in 476-480. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usurpation_of_Eugenius">Usurpation of Eugenius</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_Alaric_I&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Usurpation of Eugenius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An important occasion in which the Goths had to provide the empire with soldiers, arose during the usurpation of <a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a> in the year <a href="/wiki/392" title="392">392</a>. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius</a> (379-395) brought an army together in <a href="/wiki/393" title="393">393</a> that a significant contingent includes of Gothic auxiliary troops. These Goths were under the command of their own captains, of which Alaric was the most important. The supremacy over the empire was decided in 394 in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frigidus" title="Battle of the Frigidus">Battle of the Frigidus</a> in favor of Theodosius. His Goths played an important role during the battles but also suffered major losses. The contemporary Roman historian Orosius stated that, since the Goths suffered most of the victims, Theodosius won two battles with Frigidus, one against Eugenius the other against the Goths.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispute_over_Illyricum">Dispute over Illyricum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_Alaric_I&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dispute over Illyricum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theodosius I died the year after the battle. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923106_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923106-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His death on January 17, 395 caused the division of the empire among his two sons: the ten-year-old <a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a> ruled over the western half and <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a>, eighteen, over the eastern half. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923107_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923107-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the young age and low predisposition of both brothers, they were under the influence of prominent personalities. In the case of Honorius, the <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">magister militum</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Stilicho" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Stilicho">Stilicho</a> and in that of Arcadius the <i><a href="/wiki/Praefectus_praetorio" class="mw-redirect" title="Praefectus praetorio">Praefectus praetorio</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Rufinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Rufinus">Rufinus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923107_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923107-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a dispute between the two parts of the empire over the ownership of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">prefecture of Illyricum</a>. This prefecture was assigned to the west when the empire in <a href="/wiki/364" title="364">364</a> was divided between the brothers <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Julius_Valens" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Julius Valens">Valens</a>. Later at the time of the war against the Goths in 379-382, the then emperor <a href="/wiki/Gratianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gratianus">Gratianus</a> handed it to Theodosius to facilitate his fight against the Goths. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923110–111_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923110–111-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of Theodosius, the western half demanded it back, something the eastern half rejected. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923110–111_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923110–111-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The background of this dispute went beyond mere territorial importance, as the region was the empire's main recruitment area for soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923110–111_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923110–111-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_revolt">The revolt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_Alaric_I&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_rebel_Army">The rebel Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_Alaric_I&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The rebel Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The great losses suffered in the battle of the Frigidus fed the Goths' mistrust of the Romans. As Emperor Theodosius died in early 395, the Goths were ripe to revolt. The Goths had had enough of their semi-autonomous status within the empire and the Tervingi and Greuthungi sought rapprochement with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005153–160_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005153–160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now that the empire was divided between the two sons of the emperor, the Goths, who were settled as <i><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederati</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a> in the eastern part of the empire, were loyal to Arcadius. They demanded more security from him and chose Alaric, who had made a name for himself in an earlier, smaller uprising after the <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Maximus</a> campaign - who also aspired to an important position within the Roman army - as their king. Though Alaric was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Balt_dynasty" title="Balt dynasty">Balt dynasty</a>, a Gothic royal family, his relation to previous Gothic leaders like <a href="/wiki/Athanaric" title="Athanaric">Athanaric</a> remains unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram200154–55_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram200154–55-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, he had distinguished himself as leader and gained the appointment as a Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Comes_rei_militaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Comes rei militaris">comes rei militaris</a></i>, though he was evidently dissatisfied with this position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201077_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201077-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alaric's personal grievance only grew when the emperor put him under the command of <a href="/wiki/Gainas" title="Gainas">Gainas</a>. The latter was also a Goth, but of lesser social origin than Alaric in the eyes of many Goths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram200154–55_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram200154–55-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the course of 395, a revolt of the Goths broke out in Moesia. As ancient sources remain vague as to the exact composition of the emerging rebel army, historians continue to dispute whether it was mainly recruited from Gothic settlers or composed of a mixed force of disgruntled veterans of the Frigidus campaign. Proponents of an ethnically mixed uprising point out that many armed, disgruntled groups were known to operate in the Balkans at the time, several of whom were either Roman or non-Gothic Barbarians. It would have made sense of these groups to unite due to their shared interest in land and compensation. Critics of this theory point out that, if the Goths were a minority in the rebellion, the rebels would have probably lost their Gothic identity over time; however, this was not the case.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201077–78_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201077–78-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians such as Ian Hughes and <a href="/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram" title="Herwig Wolfram">Herwig Wolfram</a> have instead argued that most of the insurgents were probably Goths, though ones of various backgrounds. As the rebel army then marched across the Roman Empire, it absorbed a great number of volunteers and stragglers of non-Gothic origin. However, these remained a minority, thus maintaining the self-identification of the rebels as "Goths".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201078_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201078-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram200156–57_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram200156–57-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hughes further posited that Jordanes' description of "<i>Gothi Minores</i> ('Lesser Goths')" in the Balkans suggests a division of the Goths in 395: A large number of Goths in Moesia revolted under Alaric, while the rest refused to join the uprising and thus became the <i>Gothi Minores</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201078_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201078-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walls_of_Constantinople.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Walls_of_Constantinople.JPG/300px-Walls_of_Constantinople.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Walls_of_Constantinople.JPG/450px-Walls_of_Constantinople.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Walls_of_Constantinople.JPG/600px-Walls_of_Constantinople.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Theodosian Walls at the Selymbria Gate in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attack_on_Constantinople">Attack on Constantinople</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_Alaric_I&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Attack on Constantinople"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once the rebels had gathered under the leadership of Alaric, they set off for the imperial capital <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. In their wake they caused great damage, but encountering no significant opposition from the Roman army. The eastern field army was at a distance in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> where it was engaged in fighting groups of plundering Huns and many eastern troops who had not yet returned after the campaign against Eutropius stayed in Italy. Nevertheless, at that time it was an impossible task for the Goths to take the capital of the East Roman Empire. The emperor stayed safely in his palace behind the strong walls. Alaric contacted Rufinus with whom he negotiated. After commitments from <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Rufinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Rufinus">Rufinus</a>, the Pretorian prefect of the East, and chief adviser to Arcadius, the siege of Constantinople was lifted and the Goths moved further west. </p><p>According to historian Thomas Burns, the negotiations with Rufinus meant that Alaric and his men were recruited by the Eastern regime of Rufinus in Constantinople and sent to <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> to ward off the imminent threat of Western General <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Stilicho" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Stilicho">Stilicho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1994159_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1994159-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This general set out, with an army from Italy, to defeat the Gothic uprising in Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005153–160_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005153–160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alaric's march in <a href="/wiki/395" title="395">395</a> included passing the mountain pass <a href="/wiki/Thermopylae" title="Thermopylae">Thermopylae</a>. His troops went to Athens and along the coast. Stilicho's propagandist Claudianus accuses Alaric's army of looting carried out far south of the mountainous peninsula <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, reporting that only Stilicho's surprise attack with his western field army (that he had sailed from Italy) put an end to the looting when he forces drives Alaric's troops northward in <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus (province)">Epirus</a>. Zosimus adds that Stilicho's troops also destroyed and looted, and that he allowed Alaric's men to escape with their loot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_campaign_of_Stilicho_and_the_murder_of_Rufinus">First campaign of Stilicho and the murder of Rufinus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_Alaric_I&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: First campaign of Stilicho and the murder of Rufinus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the arrival of Stilicho in the fall of 395, the issue regarding the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Illyrian prefecture</a> became relevant. Rufinus, the strong man of the east, feared losing this area to the west with a victory of Stilicho over the Goths. He persuaded the emperor to cancel Stilicho's campaign. Emperor Arcadius forbade Stilicho to attack Alaric and demanded that Stilicho's army leave the territory of the Eastern Empire, because the emperor had not asked the Western Roman commander to intervene.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber1979118_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber1979118-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the emperor demanded that Stilicho dismiss any Eastern Roman troops who were serving under his command at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1994154_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1994154-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The imperial mandate arrived at the Roman camp when they were preparing an attack on the Goths in the valley of <a href="/wiki/Pinios_River_(Thessaly)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinios River (Thessaly)">Pinios</a>, an attack that had good prospects to suppress the Gothic uprising. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923112_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923112-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stilicho - whose wife and son were in Constantinople at the time - responded to this order, but not before he ordered Gainas (captain of the eastern troops) to kill Rufinus. Following the emperor's command, the western army left without even carrying out a combat action against the Goths and the eastern troops returned under the command of Gainas. Upon arrival in Constantinople on <a href="/wiki/27_November" class="mw-redirect" title="27 November">27 November</a> <a href="/wiki/395" title="395">395</a>, Rufinus was assassinated when he and the emperor inspected the returned troops. His successor was <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(consul_399)" title="Eutropius (consul 399)">Eutropius</a>, who also had a major influence on the emperor. Zosimus claimed that Arcadius also checked Eutropius 'as if he were a sheep'. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923112_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923112-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Roger Collins points out that although the rivalry created by the two halves of the empire, that fought for power, worked in the favor of Alaric and that of his people. However, this did not solve the problems of the Gothic people experienced in their food supply. Alaric needed access to Roman authority to be supplied by Roman cities. When he didn't get it, he gave himself access to this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins199954–55_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199954–55-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Looting_of_Greece">Looting of Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_Alaric_I&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Looting of Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaric_entering_Athens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Alaric_entering_Athens.jpg/200px-Alaric_entering_Athens.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Alaric_entering_Athens.jpg/300px-Alaric_entering_Athens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Alaric_entering_Athens.jpg/400px-Alaric_entering_Athens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>1920s artistic depiction of Alaric parading through <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> after conquering the city in 396</figcaption></figure> <p>Alaric's army, now without the threat of Stilicho's army, stayed in southern Greece the following year (in 396) without the Eastern Roman government even doing anything against his raids. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923119_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923119-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the pass of <a href="/wiki/Thermopylae" title="Thermopylae">Thermopylae</a>, the Roman troops who were stationed here let the Goths pass without resistance. After this they entered the province <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923119_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923119-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They plundered the cities of <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a> and continued to <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> surrendered and allowed Alaric to move into the city with his army. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923119_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923119-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then they continued with the fire treasures of <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Korinthian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923119_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923119-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>In the end, the new mentor of Emperor Arcadius, Eutropius turned to the west with a request for help.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber1979121_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber1979121-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stilicho seized this opportunity to intervene in the Eastern Empire with both hands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_campaign_of_Stilicho">Second campaign of Stilicho</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_Alaric_I&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Second campaign of Stilicho"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stilicho made his army ready, saved himself a difficult trip over land, and in the spring of <a href="/wiki/397" title="397">397</a> he put his troops by boat across the Adriatic Sea and landed in Corinth where the Gothic army of Alaric was located.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923120_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923120-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a first victorious confrontation, the Romans managed to circle the Gothic army camp, where they were at the mercy of their grace. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923120_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923120-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, Stilicho waited to hand out the final blow. He kept his power over Alaric as a trump card in the political slit-off between the two parts of the empire that arose when Stilicho decided to pressure the emperor to send Eutropius away and accept him as counsel. Arcadius (i.e. Eutropius) rejected this proposal and ordered Stilicho again to withdraw. This time he refused to follow up on this. The Roman general then was declared as 'public enemy' and all his belongings in the east were taken off of him. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber1979122_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber1979122-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faced with this rejection, Stilicho now chose the defeated Alaric as his new ally. Meanwhile, tensions between the two parts of the empire run up while Stilicho was informed that an uprising had broken out in the western part. In the province <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a> the <a href="/wiki/Gildonic_War" title="Gildonic War">Gildonian uprising</a> had broken out by the <i>Comes Africae</i> <a href="/wiki/Gildo" title="Gildo">Gildo</a> at the instigation of Eutropius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWijnendaele2017395_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijnendaele2017395-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grain supply of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> was in danger and at the end of 397 the Roman general decided to return with his army. </p><p>Back in Italy, in 398, Stilicho sent an army of 5,000 veterans to Africa to suppress Gildo's uprising. Again he extracts a number of troops from the Rhine border and continued to campaign indecisively against the Eastern Empire. In doing so, he encountered opposition from the Gothic troops of Alaric. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_Alaric_I&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Stilicho let the Goths go, the Goths stayed in Epirus. Because the Eastern Empire did not have enough manpower to face them alone, the eastern half made a peace agreement with the Goths in 398. In doing so, the Eastern Empire made all kinds of commitments to the Goths and granted them better conditions and additional guarantees of local products. Alaric obtained the title of <i>magister militum per Illyricum</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2019126_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2019126-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which meant that he held the highest military rank in this province. They also agreed to the settlement of the Goths in the Illyricum prefecture which was disputed with Western Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockley1998115_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockley1998115-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the prefecture under his control, Alaric was able to impose the cities his will and plunder their arsenals so that he could deliver and improve the weapons of his troops. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockley1998115_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockley1998115-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This peace agreement was very negative for the western half, as they got the Goths as neighbors in the adjacent Illyricum. The Goths thus obtained a base from which they could easily invade the west. What actually happened from the year <a href="/wiki/401" title="401">401</a> and was the prelude to the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(401-403)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic War (401-403)">Gothic War</a> of 402-403. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_Alaric_I&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus</a> 31.4.3, Heather 2005, p. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005158-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005158_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram200149–54-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram200149–54_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram2001">Wolfram 2001</a>, pp. 49–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram200154–57-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram200154–57_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram2001">Wolfram 2001</a>, pp. 54–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orosius 7. 35. 19, Heather 2010, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923106-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923106_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1923">Bury 1923</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923107-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923107_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923107_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1923">Bury 1923</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923110–111-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923110–111_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923110–111_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923110–111_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1923">Bury 1923</a>, pp. 110–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005153–160-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005153–160_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005153–160_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, pp. 153–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram200154–55-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram200154–55_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram200154–55_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram2001">Wolfram 2001</a>, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201077-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201077_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2010">Hughes 2010</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201077–78-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201077–78_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2010">Hughes 2010</a>, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201078-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201078_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201078_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2010">Hughes 2010</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram200156–57-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram200156–57_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram2001">Wolfram 2001</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1994159-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1994159_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns1994">Burns 1994</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber1979118-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber1979118_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchreiber1979">Schreiber 1979</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1994154-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1994154_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns1994">Burns 1994</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923112-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923112_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923112_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1923">Bury 1923</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199954–55-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins199954–55_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1999">Collins 1999</a>, p. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923119-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923119_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923119_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923119_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923119_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1923">Bury 1923</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber1979121-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber1979121_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchreiber1979">Schreiber 1979</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923120-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923120_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923120_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1923">Bury 1923</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber1979122-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber1979122_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchreiber1979">Schreiber 1979</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijnendaele2017395-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWijnendaele2017395_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWijnendaele2017">Wijnendaele 2017</a>, p. 395.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2019126-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2019126_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2019">Kulikowski 2019</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockley1998115-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockley1998115_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockley1998115_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlockley1998">Blockley 1998</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_Alaric_I&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Primary sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Claudianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Claudianus">Claudianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a>, <i>Historiae adversum Paganos</i>, 7.29; 7.42.10–12</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a>, <i>Historia Nova</i>, 5.37; 6.7–11</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060424044148/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html"><i>The Origins and Deeds of the Goths</i> (On the Origin and Deeds of the Goths)</a>, translated by Charles C. Mierow.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Secondary sources</dt></dl> <ul><li>Bury, J.B. (1889), <i>A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene</i>, Vol. I</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBury1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">Bury, J.B.</a> (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw4fAAAAMAAJ"><i>The History of the Later Roman Empire: from the death of Theodosius I to the death of Justinian (A.D. 395 to A.D. 565)</i></a>. Vol. 1. London: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire%3A+from+the+death+of+Theodosius+I+to+the+death+of+Justinian+%28A.D.+395+to+A.D.+565%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXw4fAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+Alaric+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Burns" title="Thomas S. Burns">Burns, Thomas</a> (1994). <i>Barbarians within the Gates of Rome: A Study of Roman Military Policy and the Barbarians, CA. 375–425 A.D</i>. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-25331-288-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-25331-288-4"><bdi>978-0-25331-288-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarians+within+the+Gates+of+Rome%3A+A+Study+of+Roman+Military+Policy+and+the+Barbarians%2C+CA.+375%E2%80%93425+A.D.&rft.place=Bloomington+and+Indianapolis&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-25331-288-4&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+Alaric+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Collins" title="Roger Collins">Collins, Roger</a> (1999). <i>Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-31221-885-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-31221-885-0"><bdi>978-0-31221-885-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Medieval+Europe%2C+300%E2%80%931000&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-31221-885-0&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+Alaric+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram" title="Herwig Wolfram">Wolfram, Herwig</a> (2001). <i>Die Goten und ihre Geschichte</i> [<i>The Goths and their history</i>] (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3406447791" title="Special:BookSources/3406447791"><bdi>3406447791</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Goten+und+ihre+Geschichte&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3406447791&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+Alaric+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2010" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Ian (2010). <i>Stilicho. The Vandal who saved Rome</i>. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-969-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-969-7"><bdi>978-1-84415-969-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stilicho.+The+Vandal+who+saved+Rome&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-969-7&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+Alaric+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlockley1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Blockley, R.C. (1998). "The dynasty of Theodosius". <i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>. Vol. XIII: the Late Empire AD 337–425. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+dynasty+of+Theodosius&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=111-137&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Blockley&rft.aufirst=R.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+Alaric+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Heather" title="Peter Heather">Heather, Peter</a> (2005). <i>The Fall of the Roman Empire</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515954-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515954-7"><bdi>978-0-19-515954-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515954-7&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+Alaric+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFWijnendaele2017"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">J.W.P. Wijnendaele</span> (2017), <i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33457454/2017_The_Career_and_Revolt_of_Gildo_comes_et_magister_utriusque_militiae_per_Africam_Latomus_76_2_">The Career and 'Revolt' of Gildo, comes et magister utriusque militiae per Africam</a></i></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulikowski2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kulikowski" title="Michael Kulikowski">Kulikowski, Michael</a> (2019). <i>The Tragedy of Empire: From Constantine to the Destruction of Roman Italy</i>. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+of+Empire%3A+From+Constantine+to+the+Destruction+of+Roman+Italy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Kulikowski&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+Alaric+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreiber1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schreiber" title="Hermann Schreiber">Schreiber, Hermann</a> (1979). <i>De Goten, vorsten en vazalen</i>. Amsterdam-Brussel: H. Meulenhof.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Goten%2C+vorsten+en+vazalen&rft.place=Amsterdam-Brussel&rft.pub=H.+Meulenhof&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Schreiber&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+Alaric+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_Alaric_I&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Heather" title="Peter Heather">Heather, Peter</a> (2010). <i>Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199735600" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199735600"><bdi>978-0199735600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+and+Barbarians%3A+The+Fall+of+Rome+and+the+Birth+of+Europe&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0199735600&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+Alaric+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollway2010" class="citation book cs1">Hollway, Don (2010). <i>At the Gates of Rome: The Battle for a Dying Empire</i>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472849977" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472849977"><bdi>978-1472849977</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+the+Gates+of+Rome%3A+The+Battle+for+a+Dying+Empire&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1472849977&rft.aulast=Hollway&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+Alaric+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulikowski2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kulikowski" title="Michael Kulikowski">Kulikowski, Michael</a> (2008). <i>Rome's Gothic Wars: From The Third Century To Alaric</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521608688" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521608688"><bdi>978-0521608688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%27s+Gothic+Wars%3A+From+The+Third+Century+To+Alaric&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0521608688&rft.aulast=Kulikowski&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+Alaric+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_Alaric_I&oldid=1249334907">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_Alaric_I&oldid=1249334907</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Roman_Empire" title="Category:Wars involving the Roman Empire">Wars involving the Roman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Goths" title="Category:Wars involving the Goths">Wars involving the Goths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:390s_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Category:390s in the Roman Empire">390s in the Roman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:4th-century_military_history" title="Category:4th-century military history">4th-century military history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:395_beginnings" title="Category:395 beginnings">395 beginnings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:398_endings" title="Category:398 endings">398 endings</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 October 2024, at 11:35<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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