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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Russian Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish–Soviet_War_and_prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish–Soviet_War_and_prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Polish–Soviet War and prelude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish–Soviet_War_and_prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reorganization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reorganization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Reorganization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reorganization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctrinal_development_in_the_1920s_and_1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrinal_development_in_the_1920s_and_1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Doctrinal development in the 1920s and 1930s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctrinal_development_in_the_1920s_and_1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese–Soviet_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese–Soviet_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Chinese–Soviet conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese–Soviet_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet–Japanese_border_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet–Japanese_border_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet–Japanese_border_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winter_War_with_Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winter_War_with_Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Winter War with Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winter_War_with_Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War_("The_Great_Patriotic_War")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War_("The_Great_Patriotic_War")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Second World War ("The Great Patriotic War")</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War_("The_Great_Patriotic_War")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shortcomings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shortcomings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Shortcomings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shortcomings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lend-Lease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lend-Lease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.2</span> <span>Lend-Lease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lend-Lease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wartime_rape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartime_rape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.3</span> <span>Wartime rape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wartime_rape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet–Japanese_War_(1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet–Japanese_War_(1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Soviet–Japanese War (1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet–Japanese_War_(1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mechanization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wartime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Wartime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wartime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personnel</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personnel subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ranks_and_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranks_and_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ranks and titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranks_and_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Military education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Purges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons_and_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons_and_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Weapons and equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons_and_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Citations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Citations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Red Army</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooi_Le%C3%ABr" title="Rooi Leër – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rooi Leër" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote_Armee" title="Rote Armee – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rote Armee" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1" title="الجيش الأحمر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجيش الأحمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcitu_color%C3%A1u" title="Exércitu coloráu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Exércitu coloráu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_Ordu" title="Qızıl Ordu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qızıl Ordu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%9C" title="লাল ফৌজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাল ফৌজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%88%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%9A%D1%80%D3%99%D2%AB%D1%82%D0%B8%D3%99%D0%BD_%D2%A0%D1%8B%D2%99%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Эшсе-Крәҫтиән Ҡыҙыл Армияһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эшсе-Крәҫтиән Ҡыҙыл Армияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0-%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Рабоча-сялянская Чырвоная армія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рабоча-сялянская Чырвоная армія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Рабоча-Сялянская Чырвоная Армія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рабоча-Сялянская Чырвоная Армія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Червена армия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Червена армия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote_Armee" title="Rote Armee – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Rote Armee" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crvena_armija" title="Crvena armija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crvena armija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Ruz" title="Lu Ruz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lu Ruz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Улаан арми – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Улаан арми" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A8rcit_Roig" title="Exèrcit Roig – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Exèrcit Roig" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rud%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da" title="Rudá armáda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rudá armáda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Fyddin_Goch" title="Y Fyddin Goch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Fyddin Goch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_R%C3%B8de_H%C3%A6r" title="Den Røde Hær – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den Røde Hær" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote_Armee" title="Rote Armee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rote Armee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punaarmee" title="Punaarmee – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Punaarmee" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Κόκκινος Στρατός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόκκινος Στρατός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Rojo" title="Ejército Rojo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ejército Rojo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C4%9Da_Armeo" title="Ruĝa Armeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ruĝa Armeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armada_Gorria" title="Armada Gorria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Armada Gorria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE" title="ارتش سرخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتش سرخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_rouge" title="Armée rouge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Armée rouge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reade_Leger" title="Reade Leger – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Reade Leger" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tArm_Dearg" title="An tArm Dearg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tArm Dearg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcito_Vermello" title="Exército Vermello – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Exército Vermello" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%89%EC%9D%80_%EA%B5%B0%EB%8C%80" title="붉은 군대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="붉은 군대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1-%D5%A3%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Բանվորա-գյուղացիական Կարմիր բանակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բանվորա-գյուղացիական Կարմիր բանակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="लाल सेना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लाल सेना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crvena_armija" title="Crvena armija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crvena armija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-Armeo" title="Red-Armeo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Red-Armeo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentara_Merah" title="Tentara Merah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tentara Merah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rau%C3%B0i_herinn" title="Rauði herinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rauði herinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armata_Rossa" title="Armata Rossa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Armata Rossa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9D" title="הצבא האדום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הצבא האדום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentara_Abang" title="Tentara Abang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tentara Abang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="წითელი არმია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წითელი არმია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%B1%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D1%8B-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Жұмысшы-шаруа қызыл әскері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жұмысшы-шаруа қызыл әскері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeshi_Jekundu" title="Jeshi Jekundu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jeshi Jekundu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C3%AA%C5%9Fa_Sor" title="Artêşa Sor – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Artêşa Sor" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%88%D1%87%D1%83-%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Жумушчу-дыйкан кызыл аскери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жумушчу-дыйкан кызыл аскери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercitus_Ruber" title="Exercitus Ruber – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Exercitus Ruber" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkan%C4%81_armija" title="Sarkanā armija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sarkanā armija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudonoji_armija" title="Raudonoji armija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raudonoji armija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armada_Rossa" title="Armada Rossa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Armada Rossa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munk%C3%A1s-paraszt_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_Hadsereg" title="Munkás-paraszt Vörös Hadsereg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Munkás-paraszt Vörös Hadsereg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Црвена армија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црвена армија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafika_Mena" title="Tafika Mena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tafika Mena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="लाल सैन्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लाल सैन्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჭითა არმია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭითა არმია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="سرخ ارتش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سرخ ارتش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentera_Merah" title="Tentera Merah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tentera Merah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantara_Merah" title="Tantara Merah – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Tantara Merah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Улаан Арми – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Улаан Арми" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rode_Leger_(Sovjet-Unie)" title="Rode Leger (Sovjet-Unie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rode Leger (Sovjet-Unie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roude_Leager" title="Roude Leager – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Roude Leager" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E8%BB%8D" title="赤軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="赤軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_r%C3%B8de_arm%C3%A9" title="Den røde armé – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den røde armé" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_raude_h%C3%A6ren" title="Den raude hæren – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den raude hæren" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armada_Roja" title="Armada Roja – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Armada Roja" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizil_armiya" title="Qizil armiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qizil armiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%9C" title="ਲਾਲ ਫ਼ੌਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਾਲ ਫ਼ੌਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC" title="رتی فوج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رتی فوج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Czerwona" title="Armia Czerwona – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Armia Czerwona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcito_Vermelho" title="Exército Vermelho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Exército Vermelho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armata_Ro%C8%99ie" title="Armata Roșie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Armata Roșie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5-%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%B0" title="Кыһыл Аармыйа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кыһыл Аармыйа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Airmy" title="Reid Airmy – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Reid Airmy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roode_Armee" title="Roode Armee – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Roode Armee" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushtria_e_Kuqe" title="Ushtria e Kuqe – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ushtria e Kuqe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armata_russa" title="Armata russa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Armata russa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Red Army" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da" title="Červená armáda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Červená armáda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rde%C4%8Da_armada" title="Rdeča armada – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rdeča armada" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سوپای سوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سوپای سوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Црвена армија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црвена армија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crvena_armija" title="Crvena armija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crvena armija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentara_Beureum" title="Tentara Beureum – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tentara Beureum" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puna-armeija" title="Puna-armeija – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puna-armeija" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6da_arm%C3%A9n" title="Röda armén – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Röda armén" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukbong_Pula" title="Hukbong Pula – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hukbong Pula" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="செஞ்சேனை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செஞ்சேனை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B5-%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Эшче-крестьян Кызыл Армиясе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эшче-крестьян Кызыл Армиясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87" title="กองทัพแดง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กองทัพแดง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85" title="Артиши Сурх – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Артиши Сурх" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_Ordu" title="Kızıl Ordu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kızıl Ordu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Червона армія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Червона армія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC" title="سرخ فوج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سرخ فوج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armada_Rosa" title="Armada Rosa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Armada Rosa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_qu%C3%A2n" title="Hồng quân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hồng quân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrev_v%C3%A4gi" title="Verrev vägi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Verrev vägi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B" title="苏联红军 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏联红军" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99" title="רויטע ארמיי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רויטע ארמיי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Soviet Army prior to 1946. For Soviet Army between 1946 and 1991, see <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Red Army (disambiguation)">Red Army (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Workers' and Peasants' Red Army<br />Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Army_Badge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Red_Army_Badge.svg/125px-Red_Army_Badge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Red_Army_Badge.svg/188px-Red_Army_Badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Red_Army_Badge.svg/250px-Red_Army_Badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="245" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Red Army headgear insignia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">28 January 1918 – 25 February 1946<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1918-01-28</span> – <span class="dtend">1946-02-25</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span data-sort-value="Russian SFSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></span> (1918–1922)</li><li><span data-sort-value="Soviet Union"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> (1922–1946)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a></li><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Labor_and_Defense" title="Council of Labor and Defense">Council of Labor and Defense</a></li><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union</a></li><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium of the Supreme Soviet</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Army and <a href="/wiki/Air_army" title="Air army">Air force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ground_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground warfare">Land warfare</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>6,437,755 (Russian Civil War)</li><li>34,476,700 (World War II)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">World War I</a> (Feb–Mar 1918)</li><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–23)</li><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1918–21)</li><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Mongolia intervention</a> (1921–24)</li><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a> (1924)</li><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)</a></li><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)</a></li><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict</a> (1929)</li><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1930)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)</a></li><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Xinjiang invasion</a> (1934)</li><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">First Japanese War</a> (1932–39)</li><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> (1939-1940)</li><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a> (1941–1944)</li><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–45)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces#Red_Army_(1918–1946)" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces">Chief of the General Staff</a></th><td class="infobox-data">See list</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Army_Badge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Red_Army_Badge.svg/170px-Red_Army_Badge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Red_Army_Badge.svg/255px-Red_Army_Badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Red_Army_Badge.svg/340px-Red_Army_Badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="245" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#798050; color:white"> Components</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Rocket_Forces" title="Strategic Rocket Forces">Strategic Rocket Forces</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red Army</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces" title="Soviet Air Defence Forces">Air Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Air Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#798050; color:white"> Ranks of the Soviet Military</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military ranks of the Soviet Union">Military ranks of the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#798050; color:white"> History of the Soviet Military</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_military_ranks" title="History of Russian military ranks">History of Russian military ranks</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics of the Soviet Union</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">  </td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Leadership</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of the Soviet Union">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Council of the Soviet Union">State Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Council_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidential Council of the Soviet Union">Presidential Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">History</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union">Central Executive Committee</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_the_Union" title="Soviet of the Union">Soviet of the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_Nationalities" title="Soviet of Nationalities">Soviet of Nationalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union#Chairmen_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1989–1990)" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1989 Soviet Union legislative election">1989 Legislative election</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Governance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_names_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Official names of the Soviet Union">Official names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1924 Soviet Constitution">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Soviet Constitution">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Soviet Constitution">1977</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ministries of the Soviet Union">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Committee of the Soviet Union">State Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">Cabinets</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premiership</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_Affairs_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Administrator of Affairs of the Soviet Union">Administrator of Affairs</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Court_(Soviet_Union)" title="People's Court (Soviet Union)">People's Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procurator_General_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Procurator General of the Soviet Union">Procurator General</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Ideology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_goods_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Consumer goods in the Soviet Union">Consumer goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_for_the_national_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union">Five-Year Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">Kosygin reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_balance_planning" title="Material balance planning">Material balance planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Education in the Soviet Union">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i>Repression</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">Soviet Empire</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Politics of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:Politics of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Workers' and Peasants' Red Army</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often shortened to the <b>Red Army</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the army and air force of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Soviet Republic">Russian Soviet Republic</a> and, from 1922, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The army was established in January 1918 by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to oppose the military forces of the new nation's adversaries during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, especially the various groups collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a>. In February 1946, the Red Army (which embodied the main component of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> alongside the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a>) was renamed the "<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>" – which in turn became the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Army">Russian Army</a> on 7 May 1992, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. </p><p>The Red Army provided the largest <a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">land force</a> in the Allied victory in the <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theatre of World War II</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">invasion of Manchuria</a> assisted the unconditional surrender of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japan</a>. During its operations on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>, it accounted for 75–80% of the casualties that the <i><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></i> suffered during the war, and ultimately captured the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> capital, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Up to 34 million soldiers served in the Red Army during World War II, 8 million of which were non-Slavic minorities. Officially, the Red Army lost 6,329,600 <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed in action</a> (KIA), 555,400 deaths by disease and 4,559,000 <a href="/wiki/Missing_in_action" title="Missing in action">missing in action</a> (MIA) (<a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">mostly captured</a>). The majority of the losses, excluding POWs, were ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> (5,756,000), followed by ethnic <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> (1,377,400).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 4.5 million missing, 939,700 rejoined the ranks in liberated Soviet territory, and a further 1,836,000 returned from German captivity. The official grand total of losses amounted to 8,668,400.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">official total dead</a>, but other estimates give the number of total dead up to almost 11 million.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officials at the Russian <a href="/wiki/Central_Archives_of_the_Russian_Ministry_of_Defence" title="Central Archives of the Russian Ministry of Defence">Central Defense Ministry Archive</a> (CDMA) maintain that their database lists the names of roughly 14 million dead and missing service personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-Il'Enkov_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Il'Enkov-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1917, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> wrote: "There is only one way to prevent the restoration of the police, and that is to create a people's militia and to fuse it with the army (the standing army to be replaced by the arming of the entire people)."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> had started to collapse. Approximately 23% (about 19 million) of the male population of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> were mobilized; however, most of them were not equipped with any weapons and had support roles such as maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_communication" title="Line of communication">lines of communication</a> and the base areas. The Tsarist general <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Dukhonin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Dukhonin">Nikolay Dukhonin</a> estimated that there had been 2 million deserters, 1.8 million dead, 5 million wounded and 2 million prisoners. He estimated the remaining troops as numbering 10 million.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Guard_Vulkan_factory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Red_Guard_Vulkan_factory.jpg/220px-Red_Guard_Vulkan_factory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Red_Guard_Vulkan_factory.jpg/330px-Red_Guard_Vulkan_factory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Red_Guard_Vulkan_factory.jpg/440px-Red_Guard_Vulkan_factory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Russia)" title="Red Guards (Russia)">Red Guards</a> unit of the Vulkan factory, <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While the Imperial Russian Army was being taken apart, "it became apparent that the rag-tag Red Guard units and elements of the imperial army who had gone over the side of the Bolsheviks were quite inadequate to the task of defending the new government against external foes." Therefore, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People's Commissars">Council of People's Commissars</a> decided to form the Red Army on 28 January 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They envisioned a body "formed from the class-conscious and best elements of the working classes." All citizens of the Russian republic aged 18 or older were eligible. Its role being the defense "of the Soviet authority, the creation of a basis for the transformation of the standing army into a force deriving its strength from a nation in arms, and, furthermore, the creation of a basis for the support of the coming Socialist Revolution in Europe." Enlistment was conditional upon "guarantees being given by a military or civil committee functioning within the territory of the Soviet Power, or by party or trade union committees or, in extreme cases, by two persons belonging to one of the above organizations." In the event of an entire unit wanting to join the Red Army, a "collective guarantee and the affirmative vote of all its members would be necessary."<sup id="cite_ref-marxistsfr.org_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marxistsfr.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seventeen_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seventeen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the Red Army was composed mainly of peasants, the families of those who served were guaranteed rations and assistance with farm work.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some peasants who remained at home yearned to join the Army; men, along with some women, flooded the recruitment centres. If they were turned away, they would collect scrap metal and prepare care-packages. In some cases, the money they earned would go towards tanks for the Army.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Council of People's Commissars appointed itself the supreme head of the Red Army, delegating command and administration of the army to the Commissariat for Military Affairs and the Special All-Russian College within this commissariat.<sup id="cite_ref-marxistsfr.org_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marxistsfr.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Krylenko" title="Nikolai Krylenko">Nikolai Krylenko</a> was the supreme commander-in-chief, with <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Myasnikyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Myasnikyan">Aleksandr Myasnikyan</a> as deputy.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podvoisky" title="Nikolai Podvoisky">Nikolai Podvoisky</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Commissar" title="Commissar">commissar</a> for war, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Dybenko" title="Pavel Dybenko">Pavel Dybenko</a>, commissar for the fleet. Proshyan, Samoisky, Steinberg were also specified as people's commissars as well as <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bonch-Bruyevich" title="Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich">Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich</a> from the Bureau of Commissars. At a joint meeting of <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left Socialist-Revolutionaries</a>, held on 22 February 1918, Krylenko remarked: "We have no army. The demoralized soldiers are fleeing, panic-stricken, as soon as they see a <a href="/wiki/Stahlhelm" title="Stahlhelm">German helmet</a> appear on the horizon, abandoning their artillery, convoys and all war material to the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">triumphantly advancing</a> enemy. The Red Guard units are brushed aside like flies. We have no power to stay the enemy; only an immediate signing of the peace treaty will save us from destruction."<sup id="cite_ref-marxistsfr.org_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marxistsfr.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Civil_War">Russian Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Russian Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Plough.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Plough.svg/170px-Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Plough.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Plough.svg/255px-Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Plough.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Plough.svg/340px-Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Plough.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption>Hammer and plough cockade used by the Red Army from 1918 to 1922, when it was replaced by the hammer and sickle.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Russian Civil War (1917–1923) can be divided into three periods: </p> <ol><li>October 1917 – November 1918, from the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with Germany">World War I armistice</a>. The Bolshevik government's <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of traditional <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossack</a> lands in November 1917 provoked the insurrection of General <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Kaledin" title="Alexey Kaledin">Alexey Maximovich Kaledin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Army" title="Volunteer Army">Volunteer Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Don_River,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River, Russia">River Don</a> region. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> of March 1918 aggravated Russian internal politics. The overall situation encouraged direct <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a>, in which twelve foreign countries supported anti-Bolshevik militias. A series of engagements resulted, involving, amongst others, the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Legion" title="Czechoslovak Legion">Czechoslovak Legion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_5th_Rifle_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 5th Rifle Division">Polish 5th Rifle Division</a>, and the pro-Bolshevik Red <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Riflemen" title="Latvian Riflemen">Latvian Riflemen</a>.</li> <li>January 1919 – November 1919, the advance and retreat of the White armies. Initially the White armies advanced successfully: from the south, under General <a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikin</a>; from the east, under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Vasilevich_Kolchak" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak">Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak</a>; and from the northwest, under General <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Nikolaevich_Yudenich" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich">Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich</a>. The Whites beat back the Red Army on each front. <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> reformed and counterattacked – the Red Army repelled Admiral Kolchak's army in June, and the armies of General Denikin and General Yudenich in October.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By mid-November the White armies were all almost completely exhausted. In January 1920 <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Budyonny" title="Semyon Budyonny">Budenny</a>'s First Cavalry Army entered <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>.</li> <li>1919 to 1923, residual conflicts. Some peripheral theatres continued to see conflict for two more years, and remnants of the White forces remained in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a> into 1923.</li></ol> <p>At the start of the civil war, the Red Army consisted of 299 <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The civil war intensified after Lenin dissolved the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Russian Constituent Assembly</a> (5–6 January 1918) and the Soviet government signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> (3 March 1918), removing Russia from the First World War. Freed from international obligations, the Red Army confronted an internecine war against a variety of opposing anti-Bolshevik forces, including the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a>, the anti-White and anti-Red <a href="/wiki/Green_armies" title="Green armies">Green armies</a>, efforts to restore the defeated Provisional Government, monarchists, but mainly the <a href="/wiki/White_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="White Movement">White Movement</a> of several different <a href="/wiki/Anti-socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-socialist">anti-socialist</a> military confederations. "Red Army Day", 23 February 1918, has a two-fold historical significance: it was the first day of conscription (in <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> and Moscow), and the first day of combat against the occupying <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Red Army controlled by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic also against independence movements, invading and annexing <a href="/wiki/Pro-independence_movements_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War">newly independent states</a> of the former Russian Empire. This included <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet–Ukrainian War">three military campaigns</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Army" title="Ukrainian People's Army">army</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a>, in January–February 1918, January–February 1919, and May–October 1920. Conquered nations were subsequently incorporated into the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1918, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> abolished <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">workers' control</a> over the Red Army, replacing the election of <a href="/wiki/Officer_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer (military)">officers</a> with traditional army hierarchies and criminalizing dissent with the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a>. Simultaneously, Trotsky carried out a mass recruitment of officers from the old <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a>, who were employed as <a href="/wiki/Military_advisor" title="Military advisor">military advisors</a> (<i>voenspetsy</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery2004446_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2004446-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson196231–34_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson196231–34-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bolsheviks occasionally enforced the loyalty of such recruits by holding their families as hostages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1987_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1987-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As a result of this initiative, in 1918 75% of the officers were <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_officers_in_the_Red_Army" title="Tsarist officers in the Red Army">former tsarists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1987_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1987-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By mid-August 1920 the Red Army's former tsarist personnel included 48,000 officers, 10,300 administrators, and 214,000 <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">non-commissioned officers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the civil war ended in 1922, ex-tsarists constituted 83% of the Red Army's divisional and corps commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1987_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1987-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery2004446_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2004446-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1919, 612 "hardcore" deserters of the total 837,000 draft dodgers and deserters were executed following Trotsky's draconian measures.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Figes, "a majority of deserters (most registered as "weak-willed") were handed back to the military authorities, and formed into units for transfer to one of the rear armies or directly to the front". Even those registered as "malicious" deserters were returned to the ranks when the demand for reinforcements became desperate". Forges also noted that the Red Army instituted <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> weeks to prohibit punitive measures against desertion which encouraged the voluntary return of 98,000–132,000 deserters to the army.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demyan_Bedny_and_Leon_Trotsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Demyan_Bedny_and_Leon_Trotsky.jpg/220px-Demyan_Bedny_and_Leon_Trotsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Demyan_Bedny_and_Leon_Trotsky.jpg/330px-Demyan_Bedny_and_Leon_Trotsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Demyan_Bedny_and_Leon_Trotsky.jpg/440px-Demyan_Bedny_and_Leon_Trotsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demyan_Bedny" title="Demyan Bedny">Demyan Bedny</a> in 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1918, the Bolshevik militias consolidated under the supreme command of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Military_Council" title="Revolutionary Military Council">Revolutionary Military Council</a> of the Republic (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Революционный Военный Совет</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Revolyutsionny Voyenny Sovyet (Revvoyensoviet)</i></span>). The first chairman was Trotsky, and the first commander-in-chief was <a href="/wiki/Jukums_V%C4%81cietis" title="Jukums Vācietis">Jukums Vācietis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Riflemen" title="Latvian Riflemen">Latvian Riflemen</a>; in July 1919 he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kamenev" title="Sergey Kamenev">Sergey Kamenev</a>. Soon afterwards Trotsky established the <a href="/wiki/Glavnoye_Razvedyvatel%27noye_Upravleniye" class="mw-redirect" title="Glavnoye Razvedyvatel'noye Upravleniye">GRU</a> (military intelligence) to provide political and military intelligence to Red Army commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-Suvorov,_Viktor_1984_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suvorov,_Viktor_1984-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trotsky founded the Red Army with an initial Red Guard organization and a core soldiery of Red Guard militiamen and the <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a> secret police.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott19798_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott19798-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Conscription in the Soviet Union">Conscription</a> began in June 1918,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and opposition to it was violently suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> To control the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural Red Army soldiery, the Cheka operated special punitive brigades which suppressed <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">deserters</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_state" title="Enemy of the state">enemies of the state</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Suvorov,_Viktor_1984_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suvorov,_Viktor_1984-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlain1957131_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlain1957131-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenin,_Trotsky_and_Voroshilov_with_Delegates_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lenin%2C_Trotsky_and_Voroshilov_with_Delegates_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg/220px-Lenin%2C_Trotsky_and_Voroshilov_with_Delegates_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lenin%2C_Trotsky_and_Voroshilov_with_Delegates_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg/330px-Lenin%2C_Trotsky_and_Voroshilov_with_Delegates_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lenin%2C_Trotsky_and_Voroshilov_with_Delegates_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg/440px-Lenin%2C_Trotsky_and_Voroshilov_with_Delegates_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> and soldiers, <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a>, 1921</figcaption></figure> <p>The Red Army used special regiments for ethnic minorities, such as the Dungan Cavalry Regiment commanded by the <a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungan</a> <a href="/wiki/Magaza_Masanchi" title="Magaza Masanchi">Magaza Masanchi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also co-operated with armed Bolshevik Party-oriented volunteer units, the <a href="/wiki/Forces_of_Special_Purpose" title="Forces of Special Purpose">Forces of Special Purpose</a> from 1919 to 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The slogan "exhortation, organization, and reprisals" expressed the discipline and motivation which helped ensure the Red Army's tactical and strategic success. On campaign, the attached Cheka special punitive brigades conducted summary field <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a> and executions of deserters and slackers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlain1957131_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlain1957131-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Commissar <a href="/wiki/Yan_Karlovich_Berzin" title="Yan Karlovich Berzin">Yan Karlovich Berzin</a>, the brigades took hostages from the villages of deserters to compel their surrender; one in ten of those returning was executed. The same tactic also suppressed peasant rebellions in areas controlled by the Red Army, the biggest of these being the <a href="/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion" title="Tambov Rebellion">Tambov Rebellion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviets enforced the loyalty of the various political, ethnic, and national groups in the Red Army through <a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">political commissars</a> attached at the <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a> and regimental levels. The commissars also had the task of spying on commanders for <a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">political incorrectness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson196238–39_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson196238–39-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1918, Trotsky authorized General <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tukhachevsky" title="Mikhail Tukhachevsky">Mikhail Tukhachevsky</a> to place <a href="/wiki/Barrier_troops" title="Barrier troops">blocking units</a> behind politically unreliable Red Army units, to shoot anyone who retreated without permission.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942, during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Patriotic War">Great Patriotic War</a> (1941–1945) <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> reintroduced the blocking policy and <a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit" title="Penal military unit">penal battalions</a> with <a href="/wiki/Order_No._227" title="Order No. 227">Order 227</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish–Soviet_War_and_prelude"><span id="Polish.E2.80.93Soviet_War_and_prelude"></span>Polish–Soviet War and prelude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Polish–Soviet War and prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish-soviet_propaganda_poster_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Polish-soviet_propaganda_poster_1920.jpg/220px-Polish-soviet_propaganda_poster_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Polish-soviet_propaganda_poster_1920.jpg/330px-Polish-soviet_propaganda_poster_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Polish-soviet_propaganda_poster_1920.jpg/440px-Polish-soviet_propaganda_poster_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3952" data-file-height="2960" /></a><figcaption>Anti-Polish Soviet propaganda poster, 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919</a> occurred at the same time as the general Soviet move into the areas abandoned by the <a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a> garrisons that were being withdrawn to Germany in the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">aftermath of World War I</a>. This merged into the 1919–1921 <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a>, in which the Red Army invaded Poland, reaching the central part of the country in 1920, but then suffered a resounding <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1920)">defeat in Warsaw</a>, which put an end to the war. During the Polish Campaign the Red Army numbered some 6.5 million men, many of whom the Army had difficulty supporting, around 581,000 in the two operational fronts, western and southwestern. Around 2.5 million men and women were mobilized in the interior as part of reserve armies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson1962101_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson1962101-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reorganization">Reorganization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reorganization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The XI Congress of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a> (RCP (b)) adopted a resolution on the strengthening of the Red Army. It decided to establish strictly organized military, educational and economic conditions in the army. However, it was recognized that an army of 1,600,000 would be burdensome. By the end of 1922, after the Congress, the Party Central Committee decided to reduce the Red Army to 800,000. This reduction necessitated the reorganization of the Red Army's structure. The supreme military unit became corps of two or three divisions. Divisions consisted of three regiments. Brigades as independent units were abolished. The formation of departments' <a href="/wiki/Rifle_corps_(Soviet_Union)" title="Rifle corps (Soviet Union)">rifle corps</a> began. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doctrinal_development_in_the_1920s_and_1930s">Doctrinal development in the 1920s and 1930s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Doctrinal development in the 1920s and 1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blagoveshchensky,_Rytov,_Rychagov,_Polynin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Blagoveshchensky%2C_Rytov%2C_Rychagov%2C_Polynin.jpg/220px-Blagoveshchensky%2C_Rytov%2C_Rychagov%2C_Polynin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Blagoveshchensky%2C_Rytov%2C_Rychagov%2C_Polynin.jpg/330px-Blagoveshchensky%2C_Rytov%2C_Rychagov%2C_Polynin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Blagoveshchensky%2C_Rytov%2C_Rychagov%2C_Polynin.jpg/440px-Blagoveshchensky%2C_Rytov%2C_Rychagov%2C_Polynin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption>Soviet officers, 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>After four years of warfare, the Red Army's defeat of <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel" title="Pyotr Wrangel">Pyotr Wrangel</a> in the south<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson1962102–107_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson1962102–107-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1920<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowed the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</a> in December 1922. Historian <a href="/wiki/John_Erickson_(historian)" title="John Erickson (historian)">John Erickson</a> sees 1 February 1924, when <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a> became head of the Red Army staff, as marking the ascent of the <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation">general staff</a>, which came to dominate Soviet military planning and operations. By 1 October 1924 the Red Army's strength had diminished to 530,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson1962167_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson1962167-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_divisions_1917%E2%80%931945" title="List of Soviet divisions 1917–1945">list of Soviet divisions 1917–1945</a> details the formations of the Red Army in that time. </p><p>In the late 1920s and throughout the 1930s, Soviet military theoreticians – led by Marshal <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tukhachevsky" title="Mikhail Tukhachevsky">Mikhail Tukhachevsky</a> – developed the <a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">deep operation</a> doctrine,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a direct consequence of their experiences in the Polish–Soviet War and in the Russian Civil War. To achieve victory, deep operations envisage simultaneous <a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">corps</a>- and army-size unit maneuvers of simultaneous parallel attacks throughout the depth of the enemy's ground forces, inducing catastrophic defensive failure. The deep-battle doctrine relies upon aviation and armor advances with the expectation that <a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">maneuver warfare</a> offers quick, efficient, and decisive victory. Marshal Tukhachevsky said that <a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">aerial warfare</a> must be "employed against targets beyond the range of <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, and other arms. For maximum tactical effect aircraft should be employed <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en_masse" class="extiw" title="wikt:en masse">en masse</a>, concentrated in time and space, against targets of the highest tactical importance."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"To the Red army, Stalin has dealt a fearful blow. As a result of the latest judicial frameup, it has fallen several cubits in stature. The interests of the Soviet defense have been sacrificed in the interests of the self-preservation of the ruling clique." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Trotsky on the Red Army purges of 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Red Army deep operations found their first formal expression in the 1929 Field Regulations and became codified in the 1936 Provisional Field Regulations (PU-36). The <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> of 1937–1939 and the <a href="/wiki/1941_Red_Army_Purge" title="1941 Red Army Purge">1941 Red Army Purge</a> removed many leading officers from the Red Army, including Tukhachevsky himself and many of his followers, and the doctrine was abandoned. Thus, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan" title="Battle of Lake Khasan">Battle of Lake Khasan</a> in 1938 and in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khalkhin_Gol" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khalkhin Gol">Battle of Khalkhin Gol</a> in 1939 (<a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">major border conflicts</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>), the doctrine was not used. Only in the Second World War did deep operations come into play. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese–Soviet_conflicts"><span id="Chinese.E2.80.93Soviet_conflicts"></span>Chinese–Soviet conflicts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chinese–Soviet conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Red Army was involved in armed conflicts in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a> (1934), when it was assisted by White Russian forces, and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern China</a>. The Red Army achieved its objectives; it maintained effective control over the Manchurian <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway" title="Chinese Eastern Railway">Chinese Eastern Railway</a>, and successfully installed a <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_clique" title="Xinjiang clique">pro-Soviet regime</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet–Japanese_border_conflicts"><span id="Soviet.E2.80.93Japanese_border_conflicts"></span>Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Soviet–Japanese border conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalkhin_Gol_Soviet_tanks_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Khalkhin_Gol_Soviet_tanks_1939.jpg/220px-Khalkhin_Gol_Soviet_tanks_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Khalkhin_Gol_Soviet_tanks_1939.jpg/330px-Khalkhin_Gol_Soviet_tanks_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Khalkhin_Gol_Soviet_tanks_1939.jpg/440px-Khalkhin_Gol_Soviet_tanks_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>Soviet tanks during the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a>, August 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a>, also known as the "Soviet–Japanese Border War" or the first "Soviet–Japanese War", was a series of minor and major conflicts fought between the Soviet Union and the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> from 1932 to 1939. Japan's expansion into <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a> created a common border between Japanese controlled areas and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Far_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Far East">Soviet Far East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. The Soviets and Japanese, including their respective <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, disputed the boundaries and accused the other side of border violations. This resulted in a series of escalating border skirmishes and <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expeditions</a>, including the 1938 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan" title="Battle of Lake Khasan">Battle of Lake Khasan</a>, and culminated in the Red Army finally achieving a Soviet-Mongolian victory over Japan and Manchukuo at the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a> in September 1939. The Soviet Union and Japan agreed to a ceasefire. Later the two sides signed the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a> on 13 April 1941, which resolved the dispute and returned the borders to <i><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">status quo ante bellum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winter_War_with_Finland">Winter War with Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Winter War with Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Army_Finnish_flag_Winter_War.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Red_Army_Finnish_flag_Winter_War.png/220px-Red_Army_Finnish_flag_Winter_War.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Red_Army_Finnish_flag_Winter_War.png/330px-Red_Army_Finnish_flag_Winter_War.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Red_Army_Finnish_flag_Winter_War.png/440px-Red_Army_Finnish_flag_Winter_War.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Red Army soldiers display a captured Finnish banner, March 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>The Winter War (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i lang="fi">talvisota</i>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">finska vinterkriget</i>, Russian: <i lang="ru">Зи́мняя война́</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a war between the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>. It began with a Soviet offensive on 30 November 1939 – three months after the start of World War II and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> deemed the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union on 14 December 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet forces led by <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Timoshenko" title="Semyon Timoshenko">Semyon Timoshenko</a> had three times as many soldiers as the Finns, thirty times as many aircraft, and a hundred times as many <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a>. The Red Army, however, had been hindered by Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> of 1937, reducing the army's morale and efficiency shortly before the outbreak of the fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With over 30,000 of its army officers executed or imprisoned, most of whom were from the highest ranks, the Red Army in 1939 had many inexperienced senior officers.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ries1988_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ries1988-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56">: 56 </span></sup> Because of these factors, and high commitment and morale in the Finnish forces, Finland was able to resist the Soviet invasion for much longer than the Soviets expected. Finnish forces inflicted stunning losses on the Red Army for the first three months of the war while suffering very few losses themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Ries1988_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ries1988-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 79–80">: 79–80 </span></sup> </p><p>Hostilities ceased in March 1940 with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Peace_Treaty" title="Moscow Peace Treaty">Moscow Peace Treaty</a>. Finland ceded 9% of its pre-war territory and 30% of its economic assets to the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards200618_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards200618-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet losses on the front were heavy, and the country's international reputation suffered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2006272–273_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2006272–273-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet forces did not accomplish their objective of the total conquest of Finland but did receive territory in <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pechengsky_District" title="Pechengsky District">Petsamo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salla" title="Salla">Salla</a>. The Finns retained their <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> and improved their international reputation, which bolstered their morale in the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a> (also known as the "Second Soviet-Finnish War") which was a conflict fought by Finland and Germany against the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1944. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War_("The_Great_Patriotic_War")"><span id="Second_World_War_.28.22The_Great_Patriotic_War.22.29"></span>Second World War ("The Great Patriotic War")</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Second World War ("The Great Patriotic War")"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on Great Patriotic War (term): <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War (term)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on Eastern Front (World War II): <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odessa_Soviet_artillery,_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Odessa_Soviet_artillery%2C_1941.jpg/220px-Odessa_Soviet_artillery%2C_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Odessa_Soviet_artillery%2C_1941.jpg/330px-Odessa_Soviet_artillery%2C_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Odessa_Soviet_artillery%2C_1941.jpg/440px-Odessa_Soviet_artillery%2C_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1267" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>Soviet gun crew in action during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odessa" title="Siege of Odessa">siege of Odessa</a>, July 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>In accordance with the Soviet-Nazi <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> of 23 August 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Red Army invaded Poland</a> on 17 September 1939, after the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Nazi invasion</a> on 1 September 1939. On 30 November, the Red Army also attacked Finland, in the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> of 1939–1940. By autumn 1940, after conquering its portion of Poland, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> shared an extensive border with the USSR, with whom it remained neutrally bound by their <a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_pact" title="Non-aggression pact">non-aggression pact</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade_agreement" title="Trade agreement">trade agreements</a>. Another consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a>, carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Front_(Soviet_Union)" title="Southern Front (Soviet Union)">Southern Front</a> in June–July 1940 and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation of the Baltic states</a>. These conquests also added to the border the Soviet Union shared with Nazi-controlled areas. For <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, the circumstance was no dilemma, because<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></i> ("Drive towards the East") policy secretly remained in force, culminating on 18 December 1940 with <i>Directive No. 21, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a></i>, approved on 3 February 1941, and scheduled for mid-May 1941. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salute_To_the_Red_Army,_Royal_Albert_Hall,_London,_21_February_1943_TR687.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Salute_To_the_Red_Army%2C_Royal_Albert_Hall%2C_London%2C_21_February_1943_TR687.jpg/220px-Salute_To_the_Red_Army%2C_Royal_Albert_Hall%2C_London%2C_21_February_1943_TR687.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Salute_To_the_Red_Army%2C_Royal_Albert_Hall%2C_London%2C_21_February_1943_TR687.jpg/330px-Salute_To_the_Red_Army%2C_Royal_Albert_Hall%2C_London%2C_21_February_1943_TR687.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Salute_To_the_Red_Army%2C_Royal_Albert_Hall%2C_London%2C_21_February_1943_TR687.jpg/440px-Salute_To_the_Red_Army%2C_Royal_Albert_Hall%2C_London%2C_21_February_1943_TR687.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Salute to the Red Army at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a>, London in February 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, in Operation Barbarossa, the Red Army's ground forces had 303 divisions and 22 separate brigades (5.5 million soldiers) including 166 divisions and brigades (2.6 million) garrisoned in the western military districts.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Axis forces deployed on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> consisted of 181 divisions and 18 brigades (3 million soldiers). Three Fronts, the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Front" title="Northwestern Front">Northwestern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(Soviet_Union)" title="Western Front (Soviet Union)">Western</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Front_(Soviet_Union)" title="Southwestern Front (Soviet Union)">Southwestern</a> conducted the defense of the western borders of the USSR. In the first weeks of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War</a> (as it is known in Russia), the <i>Wehrmacht</i> defeated many Red Army units. The Red Army lost millions of men as prisoners and lost much of its pre-war matériel. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> increased mobilization, and by 1 August 1941, despite 46 divisions lost in combat, the Red Army's strength was 401 divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz199815_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz199815-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet forces were apparently unprepared despite numerous warnings from a variety of sources.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They suffered much damage in the field because of mediocre officers, partial mobilization, and an incomplete reorganization.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hasty pre-war forces expansion and the over-promotion of inexperienced officers (owing to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">purging</a> of experienced officers) favored the <i>Wehrmacht</i> in combat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Axis's numeric superiority rendered the combatants' divisional strength approximately equal.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A generation of Soviet commanders (notably <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a>) learned from the defeats,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz200561–62_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz200561–62-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Soviet victories in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Kursk</a> and later in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Operation Bagration</a> proved decisive. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prague_liberation_1945_konev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Prague_liberation_1945_konev.jpg/220px-Prague_liberation_1945_konev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Prague_liberation_1945_konev.jpg/330px-Prague_liberation_1945_konev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Prague_liberation_1945_konev.jpg/440px-Prague_liberation_1945_konev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Konev" title="Ivan Konev">Ivan Konev</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">capture of Prague</a> by the Red Army in May 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1941, the Soviet government raised the bloodied Red Army's <i>esprit de corps</i> with propaganda stressing the defense of Motherland and nation, employing historic exemplars of Russian courage and bravery against foreign aggressors. The anti-Nazi <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War</a> was conflated with the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_War_of_1812" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriotic War of 1812">Patriotic War of 1812</a> against <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, and historical Russian military heroes, such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Alexander Nevsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a>, appeared. Repression of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> temporarily ceased, and priests revived the tradition of blessing arms before battle. </p><p>To encourage the initiative of Red Army commanders, the CPSU temporarily abolished <a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">political commissars</a>, reintroduced formal military ranks and decorations, and introduced the <a href="/wiki/Guards_unit_(Soviet_Union)" title="Guards unit (Soviet Union)">Guards unit</a> concept. Exceptionally heroic or high-performing units earned the Guards title (for example <a href="/wiki/1st_Guards_Special_Rifle_Corps" title="1st Guards Special Rifle Corps">1st Guards Special Rifle Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/6th_Guards_Tank_Army" title="6th Guards Tank Army">6th Guards Tank Army</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005181_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005181-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an elite designation denoting superior training, materiel, and pay. Punishment also was used; slackers, malingerers, those avoiding combat with self-inflicted wounds<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale2007157_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale2007157-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cowards, thieves, and deserters were disciplined with beatings, demotions, undesirable/dangerous duties, and <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary execution</a> by <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> punitive detachments. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allies_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate,_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Allies_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate%2C_1945.jpg/220px-Allies_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate%2C_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Allies_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate%2C_1945.jpg/330px-Allies_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate%2C_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Allies_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate%2C_1945.jpg/440px-Allies_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate%2C_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1690" /></a><figcaption>Marshals <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Zhukov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rokossovsky" title="Konstantin Rokossovsky">Rokossovsky</a> with General <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Sokolovsky" title="Vasily Sokolovsky">Sokolovsky</a> leave the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a> after being decorated by <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal (UK)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Montgomery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the same time, the <i><a href="/wiki/Military_counterintelligence_of_the_Soviet_Army" title="Military counterintelligence of the Soviet Army">osobist</a></i> (NKVD military counter-intelligence officers) became a key Red Army figure with the power to condemn to death and to spare the life of any soldier and (almost any) officer of the unit to which he was attached. In 1942, Stalin established the <a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit" title="Penal military unit">penal battalions</a> composed of <i><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">gulag</a></i> inmates, Soviet PoWs, disgraced soldiers, and deserters, for hazardous front-line duty as <i>tramplers</i> clearing Nazi minefields, et cetera.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy1981_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy1981-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the dangers, the maximum sentence was three months. Likewise, the Soviet treatment of Red Army personnel captured by the <i>Wehrmacht</i> was especially harsh. Per a <a href="/wiki/Order_No._270" title="Order No. 270">1941 Stalin directive</a>, Red Army officers and soldiers were to "fight to the last" rather than surrender; Stalin stated: "There are no Soviet prisoners of war, only traitors".<sup id="cite_ref-Tolstoy_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolstoy-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During and after World War II <a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_against_former_prisoners_of_war" title="Soviet repressions against former prisoners of war">freed POWs</a> went to special "<a href="/wiki/NKVD_filtration_camps" title="NKVD filtration camps">filtration camps</a>". Of these, by 1944, more than 90% were cleared, and about 8% were arrested or condemned to serve in <a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit#Soviet_Union" title="Penal military unit">penal battalions</a>. In 1944, they were sent directly to reserve military formations to be cleared by the NKVD. Further, in 1945, about 100 filtration camps were set for repatriated POWs, and other <a href="/wiki/Displaced_Persons_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced Persons camp">displaced persons</a>, which processed more than 4,000,000 people. By 1946, 80% civilians and 20% of POWs were freed, 5% of civilians, and 43% of POWs were re-drafted, 10% of civilians and 22% of POWs were sent to labor battalions, and 2% of civilians and 15% of the POWs (226,127 out of 1,539,475 total) were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolstoy_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolstoy-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Znamya_Pobedy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Soviet_Znamya_Pobedy.svg/220px-Soviet_Znamya_Pobedy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Soviet_Znamya_Pobedy.svg/330px-Soviet_Znamya_Pobedy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Soviet_Znamya_Pobedy.svg/440px-Soviet_Znamya_Pobedy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Red Army <a href="/wiki/Victory_banner" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory banner">victory banner</a>, raised above the German Reichstag in May 1945</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sowj_Ehrenmal_Tiergarten_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sowj_Ehrenmal_Tiergarten_Statue.jpg/170px-Sowj_Ehrenmal_Tiergarten_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sowj_Ehrenmal_Tiergarten_Statue.jpg/255px-Sowj_Ehrenmal_Tiergarten_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sowj_Ehrenmal_Tiergarten_Statue.jpg/340px-Sowj_Ehrenmal_Tiergarten_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soviet_War_Memorial_(Tiergarten)" title="Soviet War Memorial (Tiergarten)">Monument to the Red Army</a>, Berlin</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Great Patriotic War, the Red Army <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscripted</a> 29,574,900 men in addition to the 4,826,907 in service at the beginning of the war. Of this total of 34,401,807 it lost 6,329,600 <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed in action</a> (KIA), 555,400 deaths by disease and 4,559,000 <a href="/wiki/Missing_in_action" title="Missing in action">missing in action</a> (MIA) (most captured). Of the 4.5 million missing, 939,700 rejoined the ranks in the subsequently liberated Soviet territory, and a further 1,836,000 returned from German captivity. Thus the grand total of losses amounted to 8,668,400.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">official total dead</a>, but other estimates give the number of total dead up to almost 11 million men, including 7.7 million killed or missing in action and 2.6 million <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> (POW) dead (out of 5.2 million total POWs), plus 400,000 paramilitary and Soviet partisan losses.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officials at the Russian <a href="/wiki/Central_Archives_of_the_Russian_Ministry_of_Defence" title="Central Archives of the Russian Ministry of Defence">Central Defense Ministry Archive</a> (CDMA) maintain that their database lists the names of roughly 14 million dead and missing service personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-Il'Enkov_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Il'Enkov-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the losses, excluding POWs, were ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> (5,756,000), followed by ethnic <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> (1,377,400).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many as 8 million of the 34 million mobilized were non-Slavic minority soldiers, and around 45 divisions formed from national minorities served from 1941 to 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005600–602_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005600–602-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German losses on the Eastern Front consisted of an estimated 3,604,800 KIA/MIA within the 1937 borders plus 900,000 ethnic Germans and Austrians outside the 1937 border (included in these numbers are men listed as missing in action or unaccounted for after the war)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvermans2000_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvermans2000-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and 3,576,300 men reported captured (total 8,081,100); the losses of the German satellites on the Eastern Front approximated 668,163 KIA/MIA and 799,982 captured (total 1,468,145). Of these 9,549,245, the Soviets released 3,572,600 from captivity after the war, thus the grand total of the Axis losses came to an estimated 5,976,645.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvermans2000_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvermans2000-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Regarding POWs, both sides captured large numbers and had many die in captivity – one recent British<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> figure says 3.6 of 6 million Soviet POWs died in German camps, while 300,000 of 3 million German POWs died in Soviet hands.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shortcomings">Shortcomings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Shortcomings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1941, the rapid progress of the initial German air and land attacks into the Soviet Union made Red Army logistical support difficult because many depots (and most of the USSR's industrial manufacturing base) lay in the country's invaded western areas, obliging their re-establishment east of the Ural Mountains. <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> trucks and jeeps from the United States began appearing in large numbers in 1942. Until then, the Red Army was often required to improvise or go without weapons, vehicles, and other equipment. The 1941 decision to physically move their manufacturing capacity east of the Ural Mountains kept the main Soviet support system out of German reach.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the later stages of the war, the Red Army fielded some excellent weaponry, especially artillery and tanks. The Red Army's heavy <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov_tank" title="Kliment Voroshilov tank">KV-1</a> and medium <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a> tanks outclassed most <i>Wehrmacht</i> armor,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in 1941 most Soviet tank units used older and inferior models.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lend-Lease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Red Army was financially and materially assisted in its wartime effort by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. In total, the U.S. deliveries to the USSR through Lend-Lease amounted to $11 <a href="/wiki/1,000,000,000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1,000,000,000 (number)">billion</a> in materials ($180 billion in the 2020 money value):<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over 400,000 <a href="/wiki/Jeep" title="Jeep">jeeps</a> and trucks; 12,000 <a href="/wiki/Armored_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored vehicle">armored vehicles</a> (including 7,000 tanks, about 1,386<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which were <a href="/wiki/M3_Lee" title="M3 Lee">M3 Lees</a> and 4,102 <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease_Sherman_tanks" title="Lend-Lease Sherman tanks">M4 Shermans</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 14,015 aircraft (of which 4,719 were <a href="/wiki/Bell_P-39_Airacobra" title="Bell P-39 Airacobra">Bell P-39 Airacobras</a>, 2,908 were <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc">Douglas A-20 Havocs</a> and 2,400 were <a href="/wiki/Bell_P-63_Kingcobra" title="Bell P-63 Kingcobra">Bell P-63 Kingcobras</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1.75 million tons of food.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wartime_rape">Wartime rape</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Wartime rape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></div> <p>Soviet soldiers committed mass rapes in occupied territories, especially in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation zone of Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">wartime rapes</a> were followed by decades of silence.<sup id="cite_ref-sander_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sander-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Independent_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Independent-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Susanne_Beyer_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susanne_Beyer-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Antony Beevor</a>, whose books were banned in 2015 from some Russian schools and colleges, <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> (Soviet secret police) files have revealed that the leadership knew what was happening, but did little to stop it.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was often <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rear_echelon" class="extiw" title="wikt:rear echelon">rear echelon</a> units who committed the rapes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to professor Oleg Rzheshevsky, "4,148 Red Army officers and many privates were punished for committing atrocities".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact number of German women and girls raped by Soviet troops during the war and occupation is uncertain, but historians estimate their numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands, and possibly as many as two million.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet–Japanese_War_(1945)"><span id="Soviet.E2.80.93Japanese_War_.281945.29"></span>Soviet–Japanese War (1945)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Soviet–Japanese War (1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></div> <p>While the Soviets considered the surrender of Germany to be the end of the "Great Patriotic War", at the earlier <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> the Soviet Union agreed to enter the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific Theater</a> portion of World War II within three months of the <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">end of the war in Europe</a>. This promise was reaffirmed at the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> held in July 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Red Army began the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Soviet invasion of Manchuria</a> on 9 August 1945 (three days after the first <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings#Hiroshima" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bombings">atomic bombing of Hiroshima</a> and the same day the second <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings#Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bombings">atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki</a>, while also being exact three months after the surrender of Germany). It was the largest campaign of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a>, which resumed hostilities between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> after almost six years of peace following the 1932–1939 <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a>. The Red Army, with support from <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolian</a> forces, overwhelmed the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Army" title="Kwantung Army">Kwantung Army</a> and local Chinese forces supporting them. The Soviets advanced on the continent into the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a> (the northeast section of present-day <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> which was part of another puppet state) and via an <a href="/wiki/Seishin_Operation" title="Seishin Operation">amphibious operation</a> the northern portion of <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Red Army operations included the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin</a>, which was the Japanese portion of <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakhalin Island">Sakhalin Island</a> (and Russia had lost to Japan in 1905 in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">invasion of the Kuril Islands</a>. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> announced the surrender of Japan on 15 August. The commanding general of the Kwantung Army ordered a surrender the following day although some Japanese units continued to fight for several more days. A <a href="/wiki/Proposed_Soviet_invasion_of_Hokkaido" title="Proposed Soviet invasion of Hokkaido">proposed Soviet invasion of Hokkaido</a>, the second largest Japanese island, was originally planned to be part of the territory to be taken but it was cancelled.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Military_Council" title="Revolutionary Military Council">Revolutionary Military Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Labor_and_Defense" title="Council of Labor and Defense">Council of Labor and Defense</a></div> <p>Military administration after the October Revolution was taken over by the People's Commissariat of War and Marine affairs headed by a collective committee of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Antonov-Ovseyenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko">Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Dybenko" title="Pavel Dybenko">Pavel Dybenko</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Krylenko" title="Nikolai Krylenko">Nikolai Krylenko</a>. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Dukhonin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Dukhonin">Nikolay Dukhonin</a> was acting as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief after <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a> fled from Russia. On 12 November 1917 the Soviet government appointed Krylenko as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and because of an "accident" during the forceful displacement of the commander-in-chief, Dukhonin was killed on 20 November 1917. <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podvoisky" title="Nikolai Podvoisky">Nikolai Podvoisky</a> was appointed as the Narkom of War Affairs, leaving Dybenko in charge of the Narkom of Marine Affairs and Ovseyenko – the expeditionary forces to the Southern Russia on 28 November 1917. The Bolsheviks also sent out their own representatives to replace front commanders of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Imperial Army">Russian Imperial Army</a>. </p><p>After the signing of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Russia%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> on 3 March 1918, a major reshuffling took place in the Soviet military administration. On 13 March 1918, the Soviet government accepted the official resignation of Krylenko and the post of Supreme Commander-in-Chief was liquidated. On 14 March 1918, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> replaced Podvoisky as the Narkom of War Affairs. On 16 March 1918, Pavel Dybenko was relieved from the office of Narkom of Marine Affairs. On 8 May 1918, the All-Russian Chief Headquarters was created, headed by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Stogov" title="Nikolai Stogov">Nikolai Stogov</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andreyevich_Svechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Andreyevich Svechin">Alexander Svechin</a>. </p><p>On 2 September 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Military_Council" title="Revolutionary Military Council">Revolutionary Military Council</a> (RMC) was established as the main military administration under Leon Trotsky, the Narkom of War Affairs. On 6 September 1918 alongside the chief headquarters, the Field Headquarters of RMC was created, initially headed by <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Rattel" title="Nikolay Rattel">Nikolai Rattel</a>. On the same day the office of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces was created, and initially assigned to <a href="/wiki/Jukums_V%C4%81cietis" title="Jukums Vācietis">Jukums Vācietis</a> (and from July 1919 to <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kamenev" title="Sergey Kamenev">Sergey Kamenev</a>). The Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces existed until April 1924, the end of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. </p><p>In November 1923, after the establishment of the Soviet Union, the Russian Narkom of War Affairs was transformed into the Soviet Narkom of War and Marine Affairs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Formations_of_the_Soviet_Army" title="Formations of the Soviet Army">Formations of the Soviet Army</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Main_Political_Directorate_of_the_Soviet_Army_and_Soviet_Navy" title="Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy">Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/170px-%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/255px-%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/340px-%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roza_Shanina" title="Roza Shanina">Roza Shanina</a> was a graduate of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Women%27s_Sniper_Training_School" title="Central Women's Sniper Training School">Central Women's Sniper Training School</a> credited with 59 confirmed kills.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of its existence, the Red Army functioned as a voluntary formation, without ranks or insignia. Democratic elections selected the officers. However, a decree on 29 May 1918 imposed obligatory military service for men of ages 18 to 40.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott19795_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott19795-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To service the massive draft, the Bolsheviks formed regional military commissariats (<i>voyennyy komissariat</i>, abbr. <i>voyenkomat</i>), which as of 2023 still exist in Russia in this function and under this name. Military commissariats, however, should not be confused with the institution of military <a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">political commissars</a>. </p><p>In the mid-1920s, the territorial principle of manning the Red Army was introduced. In each region, able-bodied men were called up for a limited period of active duty in territorial units, which constituted about half the army's strength, each year, for five years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott197912_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott197912-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first call-up period was for three months, with one month a year thereafter. A regular cadre provided a stable nucleus. By 1925, this system provided 46 of the 77 infantry divisions and one of the eleven cavalry divisions. The remainder consisted of regular officers and enlisted personnel serving two-year terms. The territorial system was finally abolished, with all remaining formations converted to the other cadre divisions, in 1937–1938.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005717_note_5_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005717_note_5-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanization">Mechanization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mechanization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Soviet military received ample funding and was innovative in its technology. An American journalist wrote in 1941:<sup id="cite_ref-knickerbocker1941_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knickerbocker1941-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Even in American terms the Soviet defence budget was large. In 1940 it was the equivalent of $11,000,000,000, and represented one-third of the national expenditure. Measure this against the fact that the infinitely richer United States will approximate the expenditure of that much yearly only in 1942 after two years of its greatest defence effort. </p><p>Most of the money spent on the Red Army and Air Force went for machines of war. Twenty-three years ago when the Bolshevik Revolution took place there were few machines in Russia. Marx said Communism must come in a highly industrialized society. The Bolsheviks identified their dreams of socialist happiness with machines which would multiply production and reduce hours of labour until everyone would have everything he needed and would work only as much as he wished. Somehow this has not come about, but the Russians still worship machines, and this helped make the Red Army the most highly mechanized in the world, except perhaps the German Army now. </p><p> Like Americans, the Russians admire size, bigness, large numbers. They took pride in building a vast army of tanks, some of them the largest in the world, armored cars, airplanes, motorized guns, and every variety of mechanical weapons.</p></blockquote> <p>Under Stalin's campaign for mechanization, the army formed its first mechanized unit in 1930. The 1st Mechanized Brigade consisted of a tank regiment, a motorized infantry regiment, as well as reconnaissance and artillery battalions.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this humble beginning, the Soviets would go on to create the first operational-level armored formations in history, the <a href="/wiki/11th_Mechanized_Corps_(Soviet_Union)" title="11th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)">11th</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=45th_Mechanized_Corps_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="45th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">45th Mechanized Corps</a>, in 1932. These were tank-heavy formations with combat support forces included so they could survive while operating in enemy rear areas without support from a parent <a href="/wiki/Front_(Soviet_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Front (Soviet Army)">front</a>. </p><p>Impressed by the German campaign of 1940 against France, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_of_Defense_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union">People's Commissariat of Defence</a> (Defence Ministry, Russian abbreviation NKO) ordered the creation of nine mechanized corps on 6 July 1940. Between February and March 1941, the NKO ordered another twenty to be created. All of these formations were larger than those theorized by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tukhachevsky" title="Mikhail Tukhachevsky">Tukhachevsky</a>. Even though the Red Army's 29 mechanized corps had an authorized strength of no less than 29,899 tanks by 1941, they proved to be a paper tiger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouse198496_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouse198496-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were actually only 17,000 tanks available at the time, meaning several of the new mechanized corps were badly under strength. The pressure placed on factories and military planners to show production numbers also led to a situation where the majority of armored vehicles were obsolescent models, critically lacking in spare parts and support equipment, and nearly three-quarters were overdue for major maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZalogaGrandsen1984126_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZalogaGrandsen1984126-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 22 June 1941, there were only 1,475 of the modern T-34s and KV series tanks available to the Red Army, and these were too dispersed along the front to provide enough mass for even local success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouse198496_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouse198496-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To illustrate this, the <a href="/wiki/20th_Guards_Motor_Rifle_Division" title="20th Guards Motor Rifle Division">3rd Mechanized Corps</a> in Lithuania was formed up of a total of 460 tanks; 109 of these were newer KV-1s and T-34s. This corps would prove to be one of the lucky few with a substantial number of newer tanks. However, the <a href="/wiki/4th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="4th Army (Soviet Union)">4th Army</a> was composed of 518 tanks, all of which were the obsolete T-26, as opposed to the authorized strength of 1,031 newer medium tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2011220_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2011220-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This problem was universal throughout the Red Army and would play a crucial role in the initial defeats of the Red Army in 1941 at the hands of the German armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998117_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998117-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wartime">Wartime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Wartime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_tactics_in_World_War_II" title="Red Army tactics in World War II">Red Army tactics in World War II</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/310px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/465px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/620px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2163" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> is considered by many historians as a decisive turning point of World War II.</figcaption></figure> <p>War experience prompted changes to the way frontline forces were organized. Following six months of combat against the Germans, the <a href="/wiki/Stavka" title="Stavka">Stavka</a> abolished the rifle corps which was intermediate between the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_armies" title="List of Soviet armies">army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">division</a> level because, while useful in theory, in the state of the Red Army in 1941, they proved ineffective in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005179_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005179-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the decisive victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a> in January 1942, the high command began to reintroduce rifle corps into its more experienced formations. The total number of rifle corps started at 62 on 22 June 1941, dropped to six by 1 January 1942, but then increased to 34 by February 1943, and 161 by New Year's Day 1944. Actual strengths of front-line rifle divisions, authorized to contain 11,000 men in July 1941, were mostly no more than 50% of establishment strengths during 1941,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005189_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005189-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and divisions were often worn down, because of continuous operations, to hundreds of men or even less. </p><p>On the outbreak of war, the Red Army deployed mechanized corps and tank divisions whose development has been described above. The initial German attack destroyed many and, in the course of 1941, virtually all of them, (barring two in the <a href="/wiki/Transbaikal_Military_District" title="Transbaikal Military District">Transbaikal Military District</a>). The remnants were disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005217–230_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005217–230-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was much easier to coordinate smaller forces, and separate tank brigades and battalions were substituted. It was late 1942 and early 1943 before larger <a href="/wiki/Tank_corps_(Soviet_Union)" title="Tank corps (Soviet Union)">tank formations of corps size</a> were fielded to employ armor in mass again. By mid-1943, these corps were being grouped together into tank armies whose strength by the end of the war could be up to 700 tanks and 50,000 men. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnel">Personnel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Immortal_Regiment_in_Saint_Petersburg_(097).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2016_Immortal_Regiment_in_Saint_Petersburg_%28097%29.jpg/220px-2016_Immortal_Regiment_in_Saint_Petersburg_%28097%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2016_Immortal_Regiment_in_Saint_Petersburg_%28097%29.jpg/330px-2016_Immortal_Regiment_in_Saint_Petersburg_%28097%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2016_Immortal_Regiment_in_Saint_Petersburg_%28097%29.jpg/440px-2016_Immortal_Regiment_in_Saint_Petersburg_%28097%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>People in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> at "<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Бессмертный полк">Immortal regiment</a>", carrying portraits of their ancestors who fought in World War II.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Dunford_visit_to_Israel,_May_2017_DSC_3508_(33798189093).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Joseph_Dunford_visit_to_Israel%2C_May_2017_DSC_3508_%2833798189093%29.jpg/220px-Joseph_Dunford_visit_to_Israel%2C_May_2017_DSC_3508_%2833798189093%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Joseph_Dunford_visit_to_Israel%2C_May_2017_DSC_3508_%2833798189093%29.jpg/330px-Joseph_Dunford_visit_to_Israel%2C_May_2017_DSC_3508_%2833798189093%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Joseph_Dunford_visit_to_Israel%2C_May_2017_DSC_3508_%2833798189093%29.jpg/440px-Joseph_Dunford_visit_to_Israel%2C_May_2017_DSC_3508_%2833798189093%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> and Red Army's Jewish veterans, <a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Victory Day</a> in Jerusalem, 9 May 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bolshevik authorities assigned to every unit of the Red Army a <a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">political commissar</a>, or <i>politruk</i>, who had the authority to override unit commanders' decisions if they ran counter to the principles of the Communist Party. The Party leadership considered political control over the military absolutely necessary, as the army <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_officers_in_the_Red_Army" title="Tsarist officers in the Red Army">relied more and more on officers from the pre-revolutionary Imperial period</a> and understandably feared a military coup. This system was abolished in 1925, as there were by that time enough trained Communist officers to render the counter-signing unnecessary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott197913_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott197913-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ranks_and_titles">Ranks and titles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ranks and titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military ranks of the Soviet Union">Military ranks of the Soviet Union</a></div> <p>The early Red Army abandoned the institution of a professional <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officer corps</a> as a "heritage of tsarism" in the course of the Revolution. In particular, the Bolsheviks condemned the use of the word <i>officer</i> and used the word <i>commander</i> instead. The Red Army abandoned <a href="/wiki/Epaulette" title="Epaulette">epaulettes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">ranks</a>, using purely functional titles such as "Division Commander", "Corps Commander" and similar titles.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insignia for these functional titles existed, consisting of triangles, squares and rhombuses (so-called "diamonds"). </p><p>In 1924 (2 October) "personal" or "service" categories were introduced, from K1 (section leader, assistant squad leader, senior rifleman, etc.) to K14 (field commander, army commander, military district commander, army commissar and equivalent). Service category insignia again consisted of triangles, squares and rhombuses, but also rectangles (1 – 3, for categories from K7 to K9). </p><p>On 22 September 1935 the Red Army abandoned service categories<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2010)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and introduced personal ranks. These ranks, however, used a unique mix of functional titles and traditional ranks. For example, the ranks included "Lieutenant" and "<a href="/wiki/Comdiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Comdiv">Comdiv</a>" (Комдив, Division Commander). Further complications ensued from the functional and categorical ranks for political officers (e.g., "brigade commissar", "army commissar 2nd rank"), for technical corps (e.g., "engineer 3rd rank", "division engineer"), and for administrative, medical and other non-combatant branches. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshal of the Soviet Union</a> (Маршал Советского Союза) rank was introduced on 22 September 1935. On 7 May 1940 further modifications to rationalise the system of ranks were made on the proposal by Marshal <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Voroshilov</a>: the ranks of "General" and "<a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a>" replaced the senior functional ranks of <a href="/wiki/Combrig" class="mw-redirect" title="Combrig">Combrig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comdiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Comdiv">Comdiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comcor" class="mw-redirect" title="Comcor">Comcor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comandarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Comandarm">Comandarm</a> in the Red Army and Flagman 1st rank etc. in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Navy">Red Navy</a>; the other senior functional ranks ("division commissar", "division engineer", etc.) remained unaffected. The arm or service distinctions remained (e.g., <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_cavalry" title="General of the cavalry">general of the cavalry</a>, marshal of armoured troops).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson1962_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson1962-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For the most part the new system restored that used by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> at the conclusion of its participation in World War I. </p><p>In early 1943 a unification of the system saw the abolition of all the remaining functional ranks. The word "officer" became officially endorsed, together with the use of <a href="/wiki/Epaulette" title="Epaulette">epaulettes</a>, which superseded the previous rank insignia. The ranks and insignia of 1943 did not change much until the last days of the USSR; the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Russian Army</a> uses largely the same system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_education">Military education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Military education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_education_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military education in the Soviet Union">Military education in the Soviet Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RedArmy_kursants1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/RedArmy_kursants1933.jpg/220px-RedArmy_kursants1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/RedArmy_kursants1933.jpg/330px-RedArmy_kursants1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/RedArmy_kursants1933.jpg/440px-RedArmy_kursants1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption><i>Kursants</i> (cadets) of the Red Army Artillery School in <a href="/wiki/Chuhuyiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuhuyiv">Chuhuyiv</a>, Ukraine, 1933</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a> the commander cadres were trained at the <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_Academy_(Russian_Empire)" title="General Staff Academy (Russian Empire)">Nicholas General Staff Academy</a> of the Russian Empire, which became the <a href="/wiki/Frunze_Military_Academy" title="Frunze Military Academy">Frunze Military Academy</a> in the 1920s. Senior and supreme commanders were trained at the Higher Military Academic Courses, renamed the Advanced Courses for Supreme Command in 1925. The 1931 establishment of an Operations Faculty at the Frunze Military Academy supplemented these courses. The <a href="/wiki/Military_Academy_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Russia" title="Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia">General staff Academy</a> was reinstated on 2 April 1936, and became the principal military school for the senior and supreme commanders of the Red Army.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purges">Purges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Purges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Case_of_the_Trotskyist_Anti-Soviet_Military_Organization" title="Case of the Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization">Case of the Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuchaczewski_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Tuchaczewski_1920.jpg/120px-Tuchaczewski_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Tuchaczewski_1920.jpg/180px-Tuchaczewski_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Tuchaczewski_1920.jpg/240px-Tuchaczewski_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Red Army Marshal <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tukhachevsky" title="Mikhail Tukhachevsky">Mikhail Tukhachevsky</a>, who was executed during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> in June 1937. Here in 1920 wearing the <a href="/wiki/Budenovka" title="Budenovka">budenovka</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the new data that emerged on the break of the 21st century,<sup id="cite_ref-zs-vesna_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zs-vesna-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Vesna_Case" title="Vesna Case">Vesna Case</a> (also known as "Operation Vesna") of 1930–1931 was massive <a href="/wiki/Soviet_political_repressions" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet political repressions">Soviet repressions</a> targeting <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_officers_in_the_Red_Army" title="Tsarist officers in the Red Army">former officers and generals of the Russian Imperial Army</a> who had served in the Red Army and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a>, a major purge of the Red Army preceding the Great Purge. According to over 3,000 group cases in Moscow, Leningrad and Ukraine, over 10,000 persons were convicted. In particular, in May 1931, in Leningrad alone over 1,000 persons were executed according to the so-called "Guards Case" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Гвардейское дело</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-encspb_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encspb-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The late 1930s saw purges of the Red Army leadership which occurred concurrently with Stalin's <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> of Soviet society. In 1936 and 1937, at the orders of Stalin, thousands of Red Army senior officers were dismissed from their commands. The purges had the objective of cleansing the Red Army of the "politically unreliable elements," mainly among higher-ranking officers. This inevitably provided a convenient pretext for the settling of personal vendettas or to eliminate competition by officers seeking the same command. Many army, corps, and divisional commanders were sacked: most were imprisoned or sent to labor camps; others were executed. Among the victims was the Red Army's primary military theorist, Marshal <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tukhachevsky" title="Mikhail Tukhachevsky">Mikhail Tukhachevsky</a>, who was perceived by Stalin as a potential political rival.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officers who remained soon found all of their decisions being closely examined by political officers, even in mundane matters such as record-keeping and field training exercises.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An atmosphere of fear and unwillingness to take the initiative soon pervaded the Red Army; suicide rates among junior officers rose to record levels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purges significantly impaired the combat capabilities of the Red Army. Hoyt concludes "the Soviet defense system was damaged to the point of incompetence" and stresses "the fear in which high officers lived."<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clark says, "Stalin not only cut the heart out of the army, he also gave it brain damage."<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewin identifies three serious results: the loss of experienced and well-trained senior officers; the distrust it caused among potential allies especially France; and the encouragement it gave Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently declassified data indicated that in 1937, at the height of the Purges, the Red Army had 114,300 officers, of whom 11,034 were dismissed. In 1938, the Red Army had 179,000 officers, 56% more than in 1937, of whom a further 6,742 were dismissed. In the highest echelons of the Red Army the Purges removed 3 of 5 marshals, 13 of 15 army generals, 8 of 9 admirals, 50 of 57 army corps generals, 154 out of 186 division generals, all 16 army commissars, and 25 of 28 army corps commissars.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The result was that the Red Army officer corps in 1941 had many inexperienced senior officers. While 60% of regimental commanders had two years or more of command experience in June 1941, and almost 80% of rifle division commanders, only 20% of corps commanders, and 5% or fewer army and military district commanders, had the same level of experience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz199858_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz199858-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The significant growth of the Red Army during the high point of the purges may have worsened matters. In 1937, the Red Army numbered around 1.3 million, increasing to almost three times that number by June 1941. The rapid growth of the army necessitated in turn the rapid promotion of officers regardless of experience or training.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_119-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Junior officers were appointed to fill the ranks of the senior leadership, many of whom lacked broad experience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_119-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This action in turn resulted in many openings at the lower level of the officer corps, which were filled by new graduates from the service academies. In 1937, the entire junior class of one academy was graduated a year early to fill vacancies in the Red Army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_119-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamstrung by inexperience and fear of reprisals, many of these new officers failed to impress the large numbers of incoming draftees to the ranks; complaints of insubordination rose to the top of offenses punished in 1941,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_119-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may have exacerbated instances of Red Army soldiers deserting their units during the initial phases of the German offensive of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_119-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1940, Stalin began to relent, restoring approximately one-third of previously dismissed officers to duty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_119-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the effect of the purges would soon manifest itself in the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> of 1940, where Red Army forces generally performed poorly against the much smaller Finnish Army, and later during the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">German invasion</a> of 1941, in which the Germans were able to rout the Soviet defenders partially due to inexperience amongst the Soviet officers.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weapons_and_equipment">Weapons and equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Weapons and equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Soviet Union military equipment of World War II">List of Soviet Union military equipment of World War II</a></div> <p>The Soviet Union expanded its indigenous arms industry as part of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%9353)#Industrialization_in_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–53)">Stalin's industrialisation program</a> in the 1920s and 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_mistreatment_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war">German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_of_Polish_citizens_(1939%E2%80%931946)" title="Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)">Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_School" title="M School">M School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Signals_Troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Signals Troops">Soviet Signals Troops</a></li> <li>Units <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Soviet_Union_by_size" title="Category:Military units and formations of the Soviet Union by size">Military units and formations of the Soviet Union by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Category:Military units and formations of the Soviet Union in World War II">Military units and formations of the Soviet Union in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_districts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Military districts of the Soviet Union">Military districts of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_fronts" title="Category:Soviet fronts">Soviet fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Field_armies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Field armies of the Soviet Union">Field armies of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Army_corps_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Army corps of the Soviet Union">Army corps of the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_and_insignia_of_the_Red_Army_(1917-1924)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniforms and insignia of the Red Army (1917-1924)">Uniforms and insignia of the Red Army (1917-1924)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия (РККА)</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Raboche-krest'yanskaya Krasnaya armiya (RKKA)</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Красная армия</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Krasnaya armiya</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈkrasnəjə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈarmʲɪjə]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 15 January 1918 (<a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Adoption_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">Old Style</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 8 February became "Soviet Army Day", a national holiday in the USSR.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The names "Soviet–Finnish War 1939–1940" (Russian: <span lang="ru">Сове́тско-финская война́ 1939–1940</span>) and "Soviet–Finland War 1939–1940" (Russian: <span lang="ru">Сове́тско-финляндская война́ 1939–1940</span>) are often used in Russian historiography.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The Axis forces possessed a 1:1.7 superiority in personnel, despite the Red Army's 174 divisions against the Axis's 164 divisions, a 1.1:1 ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998292–295_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998292–295-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRenton2004" class="citation book cs1">Renton, Dave (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3BhN1V7lWb0C&q=leon+trotsky+founded+of+the+red+army"><i>Trotsky</i></a>. Haus Publishing. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904341-62-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904341-62-8"><bdi>978-1-904341-62-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Haus+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-904341-62-8&rft.aulast=Renton&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3BhN1V7lWb0C%26q%3Dleon%2Btrotsky%2Bfounded%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bred%2Barmy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_2006-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2006_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2006" class="citation cs2">Davies, Norman (5 November 2006), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/how-we-didnt-win-the-war-but-the-russians-did-dkzspjfmzg5">"How we didn't win the war ... but the Russians did"</a></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Times">Sunday Times</a></i>, London, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725010803/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/how-we-didnt-win-the-war-but-the-russians-did-dkzspjfmzg5">archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>, <q>Since 75%–80% of all German losses were inflicted on the Eastern Front it follows that the efforts of the western Allies accounted for only 20%–25%</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=How+we+didn%27t+win+the+war+...+but+the+Russians+did&rft.date=2006-11-05&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fhow-we-didnt-win-the-war-but-the-russians-did-dkzspjfmzg5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКривошеев" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Кривошеев, ГФ [Krivosheev, GF], <i>Россия и СССР в войнах XX века: потери вооруженных сил. Статистическое исследование</i> [<i>Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study</i>] (in Russian)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%B2+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85+XX+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%3A+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB.+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%93%D0%A4+%5BKrivosheev%2C+GF%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.mil.ru/encyclopedia/history/more.htm?id=11359251@cmsArticle">"soviet casualties"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.mil.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229060118/http://encyclopedia.mil.ru/encyclopedia/history/more.htm?id=11359251@cmsArticle">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.mil.ru&rft.atitle=soviet+casualties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.mil.ru%2Fencyclopedia%2Fhistory%2Fmore.htm%3Fid%3D11359251%40cmsArticle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlikman2004" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Erlikman, Vadim (2004), <i>Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik</i> (in Russian), Moscow, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-93165-107-1" title="Special:BookSources/5-93165-107-1"><bdi>5-93165-107-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poteri+narodonaseleniia+v+XX+veke%3A+spravochnik&rft.place=Moscow&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=5-93165-107-1&rft.aulast=Erlikman&rft.aufirst=Vadim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Il'Enkov-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Il'Enkov_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Il'Enkov_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIl'Enkov2001" class="citation book cs1">Il'Enkov, S. A. (2001). <i>Pamyat O Millionach Pavshik Zaschitnikov Otechestva Nelzya Predavat Zabveniu Voennno-Istoricheskii Arkhiv No. 7(22) The Memory of those who Fell Defending the Fatherland Cannot be Condemned to Oblivion</i>. Central Military Archives of the Russian Federation. pp. 73–80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pamyat+O+Millionach+Pavshik+Zaschitnikov+Otechestva+Nelzya+Predavat+Zabveniu+Voennno-Istoricheskii+Arkhiv+No.+7%2822%29+The+Memory+of+those+who+Fell+Defending+the+Fatherland+Cannot+be+Condemned+to+Oblivion&rft.pages=73-80&rft.pub=Central+Military+Archives+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Il%27Enkov&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenin" class="citation cs2">Lenin, Vladmir Ilich, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marx2mao.com/Lenin/TPOR17.html">"Tasks of the Proletariat in our Revolution"</a>, <i>Collected Works</i>, vol. 24, Marx 2 Mao, pp. 55–91, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326191539/http://www.marx2mao.com/Lenin/TPOR17.html">archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tasks+of+the+Proletariat+in+our+Revolution&rft.btitle=Collected+Works&rft.pages=55-91&rft.pub=Marx+2+Mao&rft.aulast=Lenin&rft.aufirst=Vladmir+Ilich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marx2mao.com%2FLenin%2FTPOR17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWollenberg" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Wollenberg" title="Erich Wollenberg">Wollenberg, Erich</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308182138/http://www.marxistsfr.org/history/ussr/government/red-army/1937/wollenberg-red-army/ch01.htm"><i>The Red Army</i></a>, Marxists FR, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxistsfr.org/history/ussr/government/red-army/1937/wollenberg-red-army/ch01.htm">the original</a> on 8 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Army&rft.pub=Marxists+FR&rft.aulast=Wollenberg&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxistsfr.org%2Fhistory%2Fussr%2Fgovernment%2Fred-army%2F1937%2Fwollenberg-red-army%2Fch01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marxistsfr.org-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marxistsfr.org_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marxistsfr.org_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marxistsfr.org_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180213/http://www.marxistsfr.org/history/ussr/government/red-army/1937/wollenberg-red-army/append01.htm">"Appendix 1 – The Scheme for a Socialist Army"</a>, <i>The Red Army</i> (decree), The Council of People's Commissars, 15 January 1918, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxistsfr.org/history/ussr/government/red-army/1937/wollenberg-red-army/append01.htm">the original</a> on 21 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917army&Year=1917">the original</a> on 27 December 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seventeen+Moments&rft.pub=Soviet+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soviethistory.org%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dsubject%26SubjectID%3D1917army%26Year%3D1917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegelbaum" class="citation web cs1">Siegelbaum, Lewis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227183235/http://www.soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917army&Year=1917">"1917: Red Guard into Army"</a>. <i>Seventeen Moments in Soviet History</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917army&Year=1917">the original</a> on 27 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2014</span>. <q>The Red Army's soldiers, overwhelmingly peasant in origin, received pay but more importantly, their families were guaranteed rations and assistance with farm work.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seventeen+Moments+in+Soviet+History&rft.atitle=1917%3A+Red+Guard+into+Army&rft.aulast=Siegelbaum&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soviethistory.org%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dsubject%26SubjectID%3D1917army%26Year%3D1917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaw1979">Shaw 1979</a>, pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonch-Bruyevich1966" class="citation cs2">Bonch-Bruyevich, Mikhail (1966), <i>From Tsarist General to Red Army Commander</i>, Vezey, Vladimir transl, <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a>, p. 232</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Tsarist+General+to+Red+Army+Commander&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Bonch-Bruyevich&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussian_Center_of_Vexillology_and_Heraldry" class="citation web cs1">Russian Center of Vexillology and Heraldry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vexillographia.ru/russia/RSFSRarm.htm">"символы Красной Армии"</a>. <i>www.vexillographia.ru</i>. Vexillographia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190618062017/http://www.vexillographia.ru/russia/RSFSRarm.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vexillographia.ru&rft.atitle=%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.au=Russian+Center+of+Vexillology+and+Heraldry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vexillographia.ru%2Frussia%2FRSFSRarm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson1962">Erickson 1962</a>, pp. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080604130022/http://fstanitsa.ru/2/41_11.shtml"><i>Krasnov</i></a> (in Russian), <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">RU</a>: FST Anitsa, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fstanitsa.ru/2/41_11.shtml">the original</a> on 4 June 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krasnov&rft.place=RU&rft.pub=FST+Anitsa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffstanitsa.ru%2F2%2F41_11.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLototskiy1971" class="citation cs2">Lototskiy, SS (1971), <i>The Soviet Army</i>, Moscow: Progress Publishers, p. 25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Army&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Lototskiy&rft.aufirst=SS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span> cited in <a href="#CITEREFScottScott1979">Scott & Scott 1979</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Pipes, <i>The Formation of the Soviet Union, Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923</i>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2004446-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery2004446_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery2004446_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOvery2004">Overy 2004</a>, p. 446: 'at the end of the civil war, one-third of Red Army officers were ex-Tsarist <i>voenspetsy</i>.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson196231–34-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson196231–34_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson1962">Erickson 1962</a>, pp. 31–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1987-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1987_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1987_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1987_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1987">Williams 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEfimovc._1928" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Efimov, N (c. 1928), <i>Grazhdanskaya Voina 1918–21</i> [<i>The Civil War 1918–21</i>] (in Russian), vol. Second, Moscow, p. 95</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grazhdanskaya+Voina+1918%E2%80%9321&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=95&rft.aulast=Efimov&rft.aufirst=N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>, cited in <a href="#CITEREFErickson1962">Erickson 1962</a>, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReese2023" class="citation book cs1">Reese, Roger R. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hWS2EAAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+desertion+612&pg=PA109"><i>Russia's Army: A History from the Napoleonic Wars to the War in Ukraine</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-9356-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-9356-4"><bdi>978-0-8061-9356-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240422142207/https://books.google.com/books?id=hWS2EAAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky%20desertion%20612&pg=PA109">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Army%3A+A+History+from+the+Napoleonic+Wars+to+the+War+in+Ukraine&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-9356-4&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=Roger+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhWS2EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bdesertion%2B612%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges1990" class="citation journal cs1">Figes, Orlando (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/650938">"The Red Army and Mass Mobilization during the Russian Civil War 1918–1920"</a>. <i>Past & Present</i> (129): 168–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F129.1.168">10.1093/past/129.1.168</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-2746">0031-2746</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/650938">650938</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231003024839/https://www.jstor.org/stable/650938">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=The+Red+Army+and+Mass+Mobilization+during+the+Russian+Civil+War+1918%E2%80%931920&rft.issue=129&rft.pages=168-211&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0031-2746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F650938%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F129.1.168&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F650938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suvorov,_Viktor_1984-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suvorov,_Viktor_1984_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suvorov,_Viktor_1984_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuvorov1984" class="citation cs2">Suvorov, Viktor (1984), <i>Inside Soviet Military Intelligence</i>, New York: Macmillan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Soviet+Military+Intelligence&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Suvorov&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott19798-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott19798_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScottScott1979">Scott & Scott 1979</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRead1996" class="citation cs2">Read, Christopher (1996), <i>From Tsar to Soviets</i>, Oxford University Press, p. 137, <q>By 1920, 77 per cent the enlisted ranks were peasants.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Tsar+to+Soviets&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1987">Williams 1987</a>. 'Conscription-age (17–40) villagers hid from Red Army draft units; summary hostage executions brought the men out of hiding.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlain1957131-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlain1957131_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlain1957131_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChamberlain1957">Chamberlain 1957</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=drhBAAAAYAAJ&q=of+the+Dungan+Cavalry+Regiment+including+its+commander+Magaza+Masanchin"><i>Situating Central Asian review</i></a>. Vol. 16. London; Oxford: The Central Asian Research Centre in association with the Soviet Affairs Study Group, St. Antony's College. 1968. p. 250<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Situating+Central+Asian+review&rft.place=London%3B+Oxford&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=The+Central+Asian+Research+Centre+in+association+with+the+Soviet+Affairs+Study+Group%2C+St.+Antony%27s+College&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdrhBAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dof%2Bthe%2BDungan%2BCavalry%2BRegiment%2Bincluding%2Bits%2Bcommander%2BMagaza%2BMasanchin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhvostov1995" class="citation book cs1">Khvostov, Mikhail (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UBbSGEaFZkIC"><i>The Russian Civil War (1): The Red Army</i></a>. Men-at-arms series. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. pp. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1855326088" title="Special:BookSources/978-1855326088"><bdi>978-1855326088</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2014</span>. <q>Only volunteers could join, they had to be aged between 14 and 55 and of fanatic loyalty – communists, idealistic workers and peasants, trade union members and members of the Young Comm[...]unist League (<i>Komsomol</i>). <i>Chasti osobogo naznacheniya</i> units fought in close co-operation with the Cheka and played an important part in the establishment of Soviet rule and the defeat of counter-revolution. They were always present at the most dangerous points on the battlefield, and were usually the last to withdraw. When retreat was the only option, many <i>chonovtsi</i> stayed behind in occupied areas to form clandestine networks and partisan detachments.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Civil+War+%281%29%3A+The+Red+Army&rft.series=Men-at-arms+series&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1855326088&rft.aulast=Khvostov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUBbSGEaFZkIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Compare <a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz" title="Spetsnaz">spetsnaz</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels1993" class="citation cs2">Daniels, Robert V (1993), <i>A Documentary History of Communism in Russia: From Lenin to Gorbachev</i>, UPNE, p. 70, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-616-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-616-6"><bdi>978-0-87451-616-6</bdi></a>, <q>The Cheka Special Punitive Brigades also were charged with detecting sabotage and counter-revolution among Red Army soldiers and commanders.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Documentary+History+of+Communism+in+Russia%3A+From+Lenin+to+Gorbachev&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=UPNE&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87451-616-6&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Robert+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrovkin1990" class="citation cs2">Brovkin, Vladimire (Autumn 1990), "Workers' Unrest and the Bolsheviks' Response in 1919", <i>Slavic Review</i>, <b>49</b> (3): 350–373, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2499983">10.2307/2499983</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2499983">2499983</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163240797">163240797</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=Workers%27+Unrest+and+the+Bolsheviks%27+Response+in+1919&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=350-373&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163240797%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2499983%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2499983&rft.aulast=Brovkin&rft.aufirst=Vladimire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson196238–39-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson196238–39_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson1962">Erickson 1962</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkogonov1996" class="citation cs2">Volkogonov, Dmitri (1996), Shukman, Harold (ed.), <i>Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary</i>, London: HarperCollins, p. 180</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%3A+The+Eternal+Revolutionary&rft.place=London&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Volkogonov&rft.aufirst=Dmitri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson1962101-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson1962101_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson1962">Erickson 1962</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson1962102–107-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson1962102–107_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson1962">Erickson 1962</a>, pp. 102–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Russian Civil War". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ea-bAAAAQBAJ"><i>Britannica Concise Encyclopedia</i></a>. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2008. p. 1655. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1593394929" title="Special:BookSources/978-1593394929"><bdi>978-1593394929</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2018</span>. <q>The last White stronghold in the Crimea under Pyotr Wrangel, Denikin's successor, was defeated in November 1920 [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russian+Civil+War&rft.btitle=Britannica+Concise+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=1655&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1593394929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dea-bAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson1962167-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson1962167_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson1962">Erickson 1962</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabeck2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mary_R._Habeck" title="Mary R. Habeck">Habeck, Mary R</a> (2003), <i>Storm of Steel: The Development of Armor Doctrine in Germany and the Soviet Union, 1919–1939</i>, Cornell University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-4074-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-4074-2"><bdi>0-8014-4074-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storm+of+Steel%3A+The+Development+of+Armor+Doctrine+in+Germany+and+the+Soviet+Union%2C+1919%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8014-4074-2&rft.aulast=Habeck&rft.aufirst=Mary+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauchbaum2015" class="citation book cs1">Lauchbaum, R. Kent (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zj1wCwAAQBAJ"><i>Synchronizing Airpower And Firepower in the Deep Battle</i></a>. Pickle Partners Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786256034" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786256034"><bdi>978-1786256034</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2018</span>. <q>Marshal Mikhail N. Tukhachevski stated that aerial warfare should be 'employed against targets beyond the range of infantry, artillery, and other arms. For maximum tactical effect aircraft should be employed in mass, concentrated in time and space, against targets of the highest tactical importance.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synchronizing+Airpower+And+Firepower+in+the+Deep+Battle&rft.pub=Pickle+Partners+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1786256034&rft.aulast=Lauchbaum&rft.aufirst=R.+Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZj1wCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/themilitant/1941/v05n40/trotsky.html">"Leon Trotsky: How Stalin's Purge Beheaded the Red Army (1937)"</a>. <i>www.marxists.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240405161734/https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/themilitant/1941/v05n40/trotsky.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky%3A+How+Stalin%27s+Purge+Beheaded+the+Red+Army+%281937%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fetol%2Fnewspape%2Fthemilitant%2F1941%2Fv05n40%2Ftrotsky.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Lin_Hsiao-ting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lin Hsiao-ting">Lin, Hsiao-ting</a> (2010), <i>Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West</i>, p. 58</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+China%27s+Ethnic+Frontiers%3A+A+Journey+to+the+West&rft.pages=58&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Hsiao-ting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/s2.asp">"Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact April 13, 1941: Declaration Regarding Mongolia"</a>. Yale Law School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819141330/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/s2.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>In conformity with the spirit of the Pact on neutrality concluded on April 13, 1941, between the U.S.S.R. and Japan, the Government of the U.S.S.R. and the Government of Japan, in the interest of insuring peaceful and friendly relations between the two countries, solemnly declare that the U.S.S.R. pledges to respect the territorial integrity and inviolability of Manchoukuo and Japan pledges to respect the territorial integrity and inviolability of the Mongolian People's Republic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese+Neutrality+Pact+April+13%2C+1941%3A+Declaration+Regarding+Mongolia&rft.pub=Yale+Law+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2Fwwii%2Fs2.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFБарышниковСаломаа2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Барышников, ВН; Саломаа, Э (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081106001029/http://militera.lib.ru/h/sb_crusade_in_rossia/02.html"><bdi lang="ru">Вовлечение Финляндии во Вторую Мировую войну: Крестовый поход на Россию</bdi></a> (in Russian). Военная Литература. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/h/sb_crusade_in_rossia/02.html">the original</a> on 6 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%83%3A+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8E&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%92%D0%9D&rft.au=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B0%2C+%D0%AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitera.lib.ru%2Fh%2Fsb_crusade_in_rossia%2F02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКовалев2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ковалев, Эрик (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/h/kovalev_ea2/07.html"><bdi lang="ru">Зимняя война балтийских подводных лодок (1939–1940 гг.): Короли подплава в море червонных валетов</bdi></a> (in Russian). Военная Литература. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101075218/http://militera.lib.ru/h/kovalev_ea2/07.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA+%281939%E2%80%931940+%D0%B3%D0%B3.%29%3A+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5+%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitera.lib.ru%2Fh%2Fkovalev_ea2%2F07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFМ._Коломиец2001" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">М. Коломиец (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120720090022/http://otvaga2004.narod.ru/photo/winterwar/wwar1.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Танки в Зимней войне 1939–1940</bdi></a> [Фронтовая иллюстрация] (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.otvaga2004.narod.ru/photo/winterwar/wwar1.htm">the original</a> on 20 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5+1939%E2%80%931940&rft.date=2001&rft.au=%D0%9C.+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.otvaga2004.narod.ru%2Fphoto%2Fwinterwar%2Fwwar1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАлександр_Широкорад2001" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Александр Широкорад (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/h/shirokorad1/9_01.html"><bdi lang="ru">Зимняя война 1939–1940 гг.</bdi></a> [Предыстория Зимней войны] (in Russian). Военная Литература. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207011754/http://militera.lib.ru/h/shirokorad1/9_01.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0+1939%E2%80%931940+%D0%B3%D0%B3.&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.date=2001&rft.au=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitera.lib.ru%2Fh%2Fshirokorad1%2F9_01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1939/391214a.html">"Expulsion of the U.S.S.R."</a> League of Nations. 14 December 1939. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150624231802/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1939/391214a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Expulsion+of+the+U.S.S.R.&rft.pub=League+of+Nations&rft.date=1939-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fpolicy%2F1939%2F391214a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBullock1993">Bullock (1993)</a>. p. 489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Glanz1998">Glanz (1998)</a>. p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ries1988-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ries1988_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ries1988_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ries1988">Ries (1988)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards200618-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards200618_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2006">Edwards 2006</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2006272–273-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2006272–273_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2006">Edwards 2006</a>, pp. 272–273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitler1943" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler, Adolf</a> (1943), <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf"><i>Mein Kampf</i></a>, Boston, p. 654</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mein+Kampf&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=654&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Hitler&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>, cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1962" class="citation cs2">Shirer, William L (1962), <i>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich</i>, London: The Reprint Society, p. 796</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=London&rft.pages=796&rft.pub=The+Reprint+Society&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2016/07/was-the-russian-military-a-steamroller-from-world-war-ii-to-today/">"Was the Russian Military a Steamroller? From World War II to Today"</a>. <i>War on the Rocks</i>. 6 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410205034/https://warontherocks.com/2016/07/was-the-russian-military-a-steamroller-from-world-war-ii-to-today/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+on+the+Rocks&rft.atitle=Was+the+Russian+Military+a+Steamroller%3F+From+World+War+II+to+Today&rft.date=2016-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarontherocks.com%2F2016%2F07%2Fwas-the-russian-military-a-steamroller-from-world-war-ii-to-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantzHouse1995" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whentitansclashe00glan_0/page/301"><i>When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler</i></a>. University Press of Kansas. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whentitansclashe00glan_0/page/301">301 Table C. Comparative Strengths of Combat Forces, Eastern Front, 1941–1945</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700608990" title="Special:BookSources/0700608990"><bdi>0700608990</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Titans+Clashed%3A+How+the+Red+Army+Stopped+Hitler&rft.pages=301+Table+C.+Comparative+Strengths+of+Combat+Forces%2C+Eastern+Front%2C+1941-1945&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0700608990&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=House%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhentitansclashe00glan_0%2Fpage%2F301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz199815-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz199815_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz1998">Glantz 1998</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2011" class="citation news cs1">Jackson, Patrick (21 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13862135">"Barbarossa Hitler Stalin: War warnings Stalin ignored"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Barbarossa+Hitler+Stalin%3A+War+warnings+Stalin+ignored&rft.date=2011-06-21&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-13862135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Hughes-Wilson2012" class="citation book cs1">John Hughes-Wilson (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZfABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT31"><i>Military Intelligence Blunders and Cover-Ups</i></a> (2nd ed.). Little, Brown. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472103840" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472103840"><bdi>978-1472103840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Intelligence+Blunders+and+Cover-Ups&rft.pages=31&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1472103840&rft.au=John+Hughes-Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ZfABAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz1998">Glantz 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998292–295-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998292–295_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz1998">Glantz 1998</a>, pp. 292–295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz200561–62-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz200561–62_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz2005">Glantz 2005</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005181-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005181_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz2005">Glantz 2005</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale2007157-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale2007157_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerridale2007">Merridale 2007</a>, p. 157: 'Red Army soldiers who shot or injured themselves to avoid combat usually were summarily executed, to save the time and money of medical treatment and a court martial'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToppe1998" class="citation cs2">Toppe, Alfred (1998), <i>Night Combat</i>, Diane, p. 28, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-7080-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-7080-5"><bdi>978-0-7881-7080-5</bdi></a>, <q>The Wehrmacht and the Soviet Army documented penal battalions <i>tramplers</i> clearing minefields; on 28 December 1942, Wehrmacht forces on the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Kerch" class="mw-redirect" title="Strait of Kerch">Kerch</a> peninsula observed a Soviet penal battalion running through a minefield, detonating the mines and clearing a path for the Red Army.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Night+Combat&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Diane&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-7080-5&rft.aulast=Toppe&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy1981-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy1981_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolstoy1981">Tolstoy 1981</a>: 'Stalin's Directive 227, about the Nazi use of the death penalty and penal units as punishment, ordered Soviet penal battalions established.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tolstoy-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tolstoy_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tolstoy_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolstoy1981">Tolstoy 1981</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939–1953</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005600–602-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005600–602_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz2005">Glantz 2005</a>, pp. 600–602.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvermans2000-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvermans2000_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvermans2000_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOvermans2000">Overmans 2000</a>: 'It seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one half of the missing were killed in action, the other half however in fact died in Soviet custody.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvery" class="citation cs2">Overy, Richard, <i>Stalin's Russia, Hitlers Germany</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Russia%2C+Hitlers+Germany&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"German-Russian Berlin-Karlhorst museum", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091011120611/http://newsfromrussia.com/science/2003/06/13/48180.html"><i>Science</i></a>, News from Russia, 13 June 2003, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsfromrussia.com/science/2003/06/13/48180.html">the original</a> on 11 October 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=German-Russian+Berlin-Karlhorst+museum&rft.btitle=Science&rft.pub=News+from+Russia&rft.date=2003-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsfromrussia.com%2Fscience%2F2003%2F06%2F13%2F48180.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2010" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, G. Don (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqpZDNc5_Y4C&pg=SA1-PA6"><i>Introduction to Logistics Engineering</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. 1–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1420088571" title="Special:BookSources/978-1420088571"><bdi>978-1420088571</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Logistics+Engineering&rft.pages=1-6&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1420088571&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=G.+Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgqpZDNc5_Y4C%26pg%3DSA1-PA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaloga2011" class="citation book cs1">Zaloga, Steven (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qwDI7B_DnlIC&pg=PA3"><i>IS-2 Heavy Tank 1944–73</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. pp. 3–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780961392" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780961392"><bdi>978-1780961392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IS-2+Heavy+Tank+1944%E2%80%9373&rft.pages=3-12&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1780961392&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqwDI7B_DnlIC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolfi1993" class="citation book cs1">Stolfi, Russel HS (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GlVoAnV5u-0C&pg=PA161"><i>Hitler's Panzers East: World War II Reinterpreted</i></a>. U. of Oklahoma Press. pp. 161–162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806125817" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806125817"><bdi>978-0806125817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Panzers+East%3A+World+War+II+Reinterpreted&rft.pages=161-162&rft.pub=U.+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0806125817&rft.aulast=Stolfi&rft.aufirst=Russel+HS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGlVoAnV5u-0C%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ru.usembassy.gov/world-war-ii-allies-u-s-lend-lease-to-the-soviet-union-1941-1945/">"World War II Allies: U.S. Lend-Lease to the Soviet Union, 1941–1945"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Moscow" title="Embassy of the United States, Moscow">United States Embassy in Russia</a></i>. 10 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408124944/https://ru.usembassy.gov/world-war-ii-allies-u-s-lend-lease-to-the-soviet-union-1941-1945/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Embassy+in+Russia&rft.atitle=World+War+II+Allies%3A+U.S.+Lend-Lease+to+the+Soviet+Union%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2020-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fru.usembassy.gov%2Fworld-war-ii-allies-u-s-lend-lease-to-the-soviet-union-1941-1945%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) pp. 28, 30, 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lend-Lease Shipments: World <span class="nowrap">War II</span></i>, Section IIIB, Published by Office, Chief of Finance, War Department, December 31, 1946, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardesty1991">Hardesty 1991</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redphoenixriseof0000hard_d8o6/page/253/mode/1up">253</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/AMH-V2/PDF/Chapter05.pdf"><i>World <span class="nowrap">War II</span> The War Against Germany And Italy</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170506174749/http://www.history.army.mil/books/AMH-V2/PDF/Chapter05.pdf">Archived</a> 6 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, US Army Center of Military History, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lyZYS_GxglIC&pg=PA480"><i>Women and War</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. 2006. pp. 480–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-770-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-770-8"><bdi>978-1-85109-770-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240504072253/https://books.google.com/books?id=lyZYS_GxglIC&pg=PA480">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+War&rft.pages=480-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-770-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlyZYS_GxglIC%26pg%3DPA480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sander-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sander_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helke Sander/Barbara Johr: <i>Befreier und Befreite</i>, Fischer, Frankfurt 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan_Hall_in_Berlin2008" class="citation web cs1">Allan Hall in Berlin (24 October 2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/3255081/German-women-break-their-silence-on-horrors-of-Red-Army-rapes.html">"German women break their silence on horrors of Red Army rapes"</a></span>. <i>Telegraph.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/3255081/German-women-break-their-silence-on-horrors-of-Red-Army-rapes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=German+women+break+their+silence+on+horrors+of+Red+Army+rapes&rft.date=2008-10-24&rft.au=Allan+Hall+in+Berlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fgermany%2F3255081%2FGerman-women-break-their-silence-on-horrors-of-Red-Army-rapes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Independent-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Independent_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/raped-by-the-red-army-two-million-german-women-speak-out-1669074.html">"Raped by the Red Army: Two million German women speak out"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 15 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417003039/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/raped-by-the-red-army-two-million-german-women-speak-out-1669074.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Raped+by+the+Red+Army%3A+Two+million+German+women+speak+out&rft.date=2009-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fraped-by-the-red-army-two-million-german-women-speak-out-1669074.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Susanne_Beyer-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Susanne_Beyer_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusanne_Beyer2010" class="citation news cs1">Susanne Beyer (26 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,680354,00.html">"Harrowing Memoir: German Woman Writes Ground-Breaking Account of WW2 Rape"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i>. Spiegel.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100301052729/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,680354,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Harrowing+Memoir%3A+German+Woman+Writes+Ground-Breaking+Account+of+WW2+Rape&rft.date=2010-02-26&rft.au=Susanne+Beyer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2F0%2C1518%2C680354%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bird-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bird_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bird, Nicky (October 2002). "Berlin: The Downfall 1945 by Antony Beevor". <i>International Affairs</i>. <b>78</b> (4). Royal Institute of International Affairs: 914–916.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Berlin%3A+The+Downfall+1945+by+Antony+Beevor&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=914-916&rft.date=2002-10&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Nicky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_M.1995" class="citation book cs1">Norman M., Naimark, Norman M. (1995). <i>The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949</i>. Cambridge: Belknap Press. p. 70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russians+in+Germany%3A+A+History+of+the+Soviet+Zone+of+Occupation%2C+1945%E2%80%931949&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Cambridge%3A+Belknap+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Norman+M.&rft.aufirst=Naimark%2C+Norman+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Cecil, "Potsdam and its Legends." <i>International Affairs</i> 46.3 (1970): 455–465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Butow" title="Robert Butow">Robert Butow</a>, <i>Japan's Decision to Surrender</i>, Stanford University Press, 1954 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0460-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0460-1">978-0-8047-0460-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Frank" title="Richard B. Frank">Richard B. Frank</a>, <i>Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire</i>, Penguin, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100146-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100146-3">978-0-14-100146-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/hasegawa.htm">Tsuyoshi Hasegawa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030458/http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/hasegawa.htm">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan</i>, Belknap Press, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01693-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01693-9">0-674-01693-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archive, Wilson Center Digital. Wilson Center Digital Archive, digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/122335. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/122335">http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/122335</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111193316/https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/122335">Archived</a> 11 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott19795-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott19795_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScottScott1979">Scott & Scott 1979</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott197912-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott197912_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScottScott1979">Scott & Scott 1979</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005717_note_5-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005717_note_5_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz2005">Glantz 2005</a>, p. 717 note 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-knickerbocker1941-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-knickerbocker1941_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnickerbocker1941" class="citation book cs1">Knickerbocker, HR (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RwGwpIBHhgcC&pg=PA93"><i>Is Tomorrow Hitler's? 200 Questions on the Battle of Mankind</i></a>. Reynal & Hitchcock. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1417992775" title="Special:BookSources/978-1417992775"><bdi>978-1417992775</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+Tomorrow+Hitler%27s%3F+200+Questions+on+the+Battle+of+Mankind&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Reynal+%26+Hitchcock&rft.date=1941&rft.isbn=978-1417992775&rft.aulast=Knickerbocker&rft.aufirst=HR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRwGwpIBHhgcC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp1995" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sharp, Charles (1995), "Soviet Tank, Mechanized, Motorized Divisions and Tank Brigades of 1940–1942", <i>Soviet Order of Battle World War II</i>, vol. I: The Deadly Beginning, <a href="/wiki/George_Nafziger" title="George Nafziger">George Nafziger</a>, pp. 2–3</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soviet+Tank%2C+Mechanized%2C+Motorized+Divisions+and+Tank+Brigades+of+1940%E2%80%931942&rft.btitle=Soviet+Order+of+Battle+World+War+II&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=George+Nafziger&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>, cited at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041015092534/http://www.redarmystudies.net/0411030.htm"><i>Red army studies</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redarmystudies.net/0411030.htm">the original</a> on 15 October 2004</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+army+studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redarmystudies.net%2F0411030.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouse198496-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouse198496_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouse198496_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHouse1984">House 1984</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZalogaGrandsen1984126-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZalogaGrandsen1984126_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZalogaGrandsen1984">Zaloga & Grandsen 1984</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2011220-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2011220_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz2011">Glantz 2011</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998117-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998117_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz1998">Glantz 1998</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005179-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005179_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz2005">Glantz 2005</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005189-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005189_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz2005">Glantz 2005</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005217–230-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005217–230_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz2005">Glantz 2005</a>, pp. 217–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott197913-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott197913_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScottScott1979">Scott & Scott 1979</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson1962-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson1962_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson1962">Erickson 1962</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1991">Schofield 1991</a>, pp. 67–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zs-vesna-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zs-vesna_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200818/http://www.znanie-sila.ru/online/issue2print_2471.html">Операция «Весна»</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Znanie_%E2%80%94_Sila" class="mw-redirect" title="Znanie — Sila">Zanie–Sila</a></i> magazine, no. 11, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encspb-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encspb_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encspb.ru/object/2804021801">"Энциклопедия Санкт-Петербурга"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703001800/http://encspb.ru/object/2804021801">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencspb.ru%2Fobject%2F2804021801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitewood, Peter (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ray.yorksj.ac.uk/id/eprint/1585/">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240705181809/https://ray.yorksj.ac.uk/id/eprint/1585/ Archived</a> 5 July 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Subversion in the Red Army and the Military Purge of 1937–1938<i>. </i>Europe-Asia Studies<i>, 67 (1). pp. 102–122.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRappaport1999" class="citation book cs1">Rappaport, Helen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lsKClpnX8qwC"><i>Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576070840" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576070840"><bdi>978-1576070840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Stalin%3A+A+Biographical+Companion&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1576070840&rft.aulast=Rappaport&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlsKClpnX8qwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_119-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_119-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_119-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_119-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_119-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_119-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerridale2007">Merridale 2007</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin P. Hoyt. <i>199 Days: The Battle for Stalingrad</i> (1999) p 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd_Clark2011" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd Clark (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z97QrFfY3vAC&pg=PA55"><i>The Battle of the Tanks: Kursk, 1943</i></a>. Grove/Atlantic, Incorporated. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802195104" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802195104"><bdi>978-0802195104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+the+Tanks%3A+Kursk%2C+1943&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Grove%2FAtlantic%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0802195104&rft.au=Lloyd+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ97QrFfY3vAC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyal_Lewin2012" class="citation book cs1">Eyal Lewin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z7QRbP_BLFMC&pg=PA259"><i>National Resilience During War: Refining the Decision-making Model</i></a>. Lexington Books. pp. 259–260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739174586" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739174586"><bdi>978-0739174586</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Resilience+During+War%3A+Refining+the+Decision-making+Model&rft.pages=259-260&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0739174586&rft.au=Eyal+Lewin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz7QRbP_BLFMC%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlai_Z._Saltzman2012" class="citation book cs1">Ilai Z. Saltzman (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LovlchEFqxIC&pg=PA85"><i>Securitizing Balance of Power Theory: A Polymorphic Reconceptualization</i></a>. Lexington Books. pp. 85–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739170717" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739170717"><bdi>978-0739170717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Securitizing+Balance+of+Power+Theory%3A+A+Polymorphic+Reconceptualization&rft.pages=85-86&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0739170717&rft.au=Ilai+Z.+Saltzman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLovlchEFqxIC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullock1993" class="citation cs2">Bullock, Alan (1993), <i>Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives</i>, New York: Vintage Books, p. 489</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+and+Stalin%3A+Parallel+Lives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=489&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz199858-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz199858_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz1998">Glantz 1998</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton1981" class="citation journal cs1">Middleton, Drew (21 June 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/21/magazine/hitler-s-russian-blunder.html">"Hitler's Russian Blunder"</a>. <i>New York Times Magazine</i>: 6006031. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180125213454/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/21/magazine/hitler-s-russian-blunder.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=Hitler%27s+Russian+Blunder&rft.pages=6006031&rft.date=1981-06-21&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=Drew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F06%2F21%2Fmagazine%2Fhitler-s-russian-blunder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Soviet-Union/Into-the-war-1940-45">"Into the war: 1940–45"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Into+the+war%3A+1940%E2%80%9345&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSoviet-Union%2FInto-the-war-1940-45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlain1957" class="citation cs2">Chamberlain, William Henry (1957), <i>The Russian Revolution: 1917–1921</i>, New York: Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6910-0814-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6910-0814-1"><bdi>978-0-6910-0814-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution%3A+1917%E2%80%931921&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-6910-0814-1&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2006" class="citation cs2">Edwards, Robert (2006), <i>White Death: Russia's War on Finland, 1939–40</i>, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84630-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84630-7"><bdi>978-0-297-84630-7</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65203037">65203037</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Death%3A+Russia%27s+War+on+Finland%2C+1939%E2%80%9340&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65203037&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84630-7&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson1962" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Erickson_(historian)" title="John Erickson (historian)">Erickson, John</a> (1962), <i>The Soviet High Command 1918–41 – A Military-Political History</i>, London: MacMillan, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/569056">569056</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+High+Command+1918%E2%80%9341+%E2%80%93+A+Military-Political+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F569056&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz1998" class="citation cs2">Glantz, David M. (1998), <i>Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War</i>, University Press of Kansas, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0879-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0879-9"><bdi>978-0-7006-0879-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stumbling+Colossus%3A+The+Red+Army+on+the+Eve+of+World+War&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0879-9&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz2005" class="citation cs2">——— (2005), <i>Colossus Reborn</i>, University Press of Kansas, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1353-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1353-3"><bdi>978-0-7006-1353-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colossus+Reborn&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1353-3&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz2011" class="citation cs2">Glantz, David M. (2011) [2001], <i>Operation Barbarossa : Hitler's invasion of Russia, 1941</i>, The History Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6070-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6070-3"><bdi>978-0-7524-6070-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Barbarossa+%3A+Hitler%27s+invasion+of+Russia%2C+1941&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-6070-3&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardesty1991" class="citation book cs1">Hardesty, Von (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redphoenixriseof0000hard_d8o6/page/252/mode/2up">"Appendix 10: Lend-Lease Aircraft to USSR June 22, 1941–September 20, 1945"</a></span>. <i>Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power, 1941–1945</i>. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-071-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-071-1"><bdi>978-1-56098-071-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1319584971">1319584971</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+10%3A+Lend-Lease+Aircraft+to+USSR+June+22%2C+1941%E2%80%93September+20%2C+1945&rft.btitle=Red+Phoenix%3A+The+Rise+of+Soviet+Air+Power%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1319584971&rft.isbn=978-1-56098-071-1&rft.aulast=Hardesty&rft.aufirst=Von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fredphoenixriseof0000hard_d8o6%2Fpage%2F252%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse1984" class="citation cs2">House, Jonathan M. (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070101013612/http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/house.pdf"><i>Toward Combined Arms Warfare: A Survey of 20th Century Tactics, Doctrine, and Organization</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Fort Leavenworth, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">KS</a>: US Army Command and General Staff College, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11650157">11650157</a>, 66027–6900, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/house.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 January 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+Combined+Arms+Warfare%3A+A+Survey+of+20th+Century+Tactics%2C+Doctrine%2C+and+Organization&rft.place=Fort+Leavenworth%2C+KS&rft.pub=US+Army+Command+and+General+Staff+College&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11650157&rft.aulast=House&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcgsc.leavenworth.army.mil%2Fcarl%2Fdownload%2Fcsipubs%2Fhouse.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerridale2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Merridale" title="Catherine Merridale">Merridale, Catherine</a> (2007) [2006], <i>Ivan's War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 1939–1945</i>, New York: Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42652-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42652-1"><bdi>978-0-312-42652-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ivan%27s+War%3A+Life+and+Death+in+the+Red+Army%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-312-42652-1&rft.aulast=Merridale&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvery2004" class="citation cs2">Overy, R. J. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich"><i>The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia</i></a>, WW Norton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02030-4"><bdi>978-0-393-02030-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictators%3A+Hitler%27s+Germany+and+Stalin%27s+Russia&rft.pub=WW+Norton&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-393-02030-4&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictators00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvermans2000" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Overmans, Rüdiger (2000), <i>Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg</i> (in German), Oldenbourg, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-486-56531-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-486-56531-1"><bdi>3-486-56531-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsche+milit%C3%A4rische+Verluste+im+Zweiten+Weltkrieg&rft.place=Oldenbourg&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3-486-56531-1&rft.aulast=Overmans&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Schofield, Carey (1991), <i>Inside the Soviet Army</i>, London: Headline, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-0418-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-0418-3"><bdi>978-0-7472-0418-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Soviet+Army&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Headline&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7472-0418-3&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Carey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield1991" class="citation cs2">Schofield, Carey (1991), <i>Inside the Soviet Army</i>, London: Headline, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-0418-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-0418-3"><bdi>978-0-7472-0418-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Soviet+Army&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Headline&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7472-0418-3&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Carey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottScott1979" class="citation cs2">Scott, Harriet Fast; Scott, William F. (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xt8dAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Armed Forces of the USSR</i></a>, Boulder, CO: Westview, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0891582762" title="Special:BookSources/0891582762"><bdi>0891582762</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815002620/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xt8dAAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armed+Forces+of+the+USSR&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Westview&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0891582762&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Harriet+Fast&rft.au=Scott%2C+William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXt8dAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1979" class="citation cs2">Shaw, John (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redarmyresurgent00shaw"><i>Red Army Resurgent</i></a>, Alexandria, VA: Time-Life, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-2520-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-2520-3"><bdi>0-8094-2520-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Army+Resurgent&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+VA&rft.pub=Time-Life&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-8094-2520-3&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fredarmyresurgent00shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolstoy1981" class="citation cs2">Tolstoy, Nikolai (1981), <i>Stalin's Secret War</i>, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-047266-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-047266-0"><bdi>0-03-047266-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Secret+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+%26+Winston&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-03-047266-0&rft.aulast=Tolstoy&rft.aufirst=Nikolai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1987" class="citation cs2">Williams, Beryl (1987), <i>The Russian Revolution 1917–1921</i>, Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-15083-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-15083-1"><bdi>978-0-631-15083-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution+1917%E2%80%931921&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-631-15083-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Beryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalogaGrandsen1984" class="citation cs2">Zaloga, Steven; Grandsen, James (1984), <i>Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two</i>, London: Arms & Armour</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Tanks+and+Combat+Vehicles+of+World+War+Two&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arms+%26+Armour&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Grandsen%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War">Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Stalinism_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union">Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Post_Stalinist_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union">Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Carrere D'Encausse, Helene (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endofsovietemp00carr"><i>The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of the Nations</i></a>, Basic Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-09818-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-09818-5"><bdi>0-465-09818-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Soviet+Empire%3A+The+Triumph+of+the+Nations&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-465-09818-5&rft.aulast=Carrere+D%27Encausse&rft.aufirst=Helene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fendofsovietemp00carr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Harrison, Richard W. (2001), <i>The Russian Way of War: Operational Art, 1904–1940</i>, University Press of Kansas</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Way+of+War%3A+Operational+Art%2C+1904%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Hill, Alexander (2017), <i>The Red Army and the Second World War</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1070-2079-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1070-2079-5"><bdi>978-1-1070-2079-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Army+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-1070-2079-5&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Isby, David C. (1988), <i>Weapons and Tactics of the Soviet Army</i>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-0352-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-0352-4"><bdi>978-0-7106-0352-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weapons+and+Tactics+of+the+Soviet+Army&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7106-0352-4&rft.aulast=Isby&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Moynahan, Brian (1989), <i>Claws of the Bear: The History of the Red Army from the Revolution to the Present</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claws+of+the+Bear%3A+The+History+of+the+Red+Army+from+the+Revolution+to+the+Present&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Moynahan&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Eldridge_Odom" title="William Eldridge Odom">Odom, William E.</a> (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collapseofsoviet00odom"><i>The Collapse of the Soviet Military</i></a>, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07469-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07469-7"><bdi>978-0-300-07469-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collapse+of+the+Soviet+Military&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07469-7&rft.aulast=Odom&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollapseofsoviet00odom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Reese, Roger R. (2011), <i>Why Stalin's Soldiers Fought: The Red Army's Military Effectiveness in World War II</i>, University Press of Kansas</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Stalin%27s+Soldiers+Fought%3A+The+Red+Army%27s+Military+Effectiveness+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=Roger+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Reese, Roger R. (2005), <i>Red Commanders: A Social History of the Soviet Army Officer Corps, 1918–1991</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Commanders%3A+A+Social+History+of+the+Soviet+Army+Officer+Corps%2C+1918%E2%80%931991&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=Roger+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Reese, Roger R. (1996), <i>Stalin's Reluctant Soldiers: A Social History of the Red Army, 1925–1941</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Reluctant+Soldiers%3A+A+Social+History+of+the+Red+Army%2C+1925%E2%80%931941&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=Roger+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Reese, Roger R. (2000), <i>The Soviet Military Experience: A History of the Soviet Army, 1917–1991</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Military+Experience%3A+A+History+of+the+Soviet+Army%2C+1917%E2%80%931991&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=Roger+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Army" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Red_Army" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Red Army">Red Army</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armies_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armies_of_Russia" title="Template:Armies of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armies_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Armies of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armies_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armies of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armies_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armies of Russia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Principality of Moscow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rynda" title="Rynda">Rynda</a> 1380–1698</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landed_Army" title="Landed Army">Landed Army</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1700</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Army of the Tsardom of Russia">Army of the Tsardom of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streltsy" title="Streltsy">Streltsy</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1550</span>–1721</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_Regiments" title="New Order Regiments">New Order Regiments</a> 1648–98</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Army of Peter the Great">Army of Peter the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_army_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Toy army of Peter the Great">Toy army of Peter the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> 1721–1917</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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Army">Soviet Army</a> 1946–92</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Armed_Forces_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS Armed Forces</a> 1991–93</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a> 1992–present<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Army&action=edit">[update]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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Army in World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fronts_of_the_Red_Army_in_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fronts of the Red Army in World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fronts_of_the_Red_Army_in_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Front_(military_formation)" title="Front (military formation)">Fronts</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red Army</a> in World War II</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1938–40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Front" title="Northwestern Front">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_order_of_battle_for_invasion_of_Poland_in_1939#Belorussian_Front" title="Soviet order of battle for invasion of Poland in 1939">Belorussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_order_of_battle_for_invasion_of_Poland_in_1939#Ukrainian_front" title="Soviet order of battle for invasion of Poland in 1939">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Front" title="Far Eastern Front">Far Eastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">June 1941</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Front_(Soviet_Union)" title="Northern Front (Soviet Union)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Front" title="Northwestern Front">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(Soviet_Union)" title="Western Front (Soviet Union)">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Front_(Soviet_Union)" title="Southwestern Front (Soviet Union)">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Front_(Soviet_Union)" title="Southern Front (Soviet Union)">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Front" title="Far Eastern Front">Far Eastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Mid-war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_Front" title="Karelian Front">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Front" title="Leningrad Front">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkhov_Front" title="Volkhov Front">Volkhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinin_Front" title="Kalinin Front">Kalinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Front_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Front (Soviet Union)">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryansk_Front" title="Bryansk Front">Bryansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Defence_Zone" title="Moscow Defence Zone">Moscow Defence Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Line_of_Defence" title="Moscow Line of Defence">Moscow Line of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Reserve_Front" title="Moscow Reserve Front">Moscow Reserve Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Group_of_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Group of Forces">Maritime Group of Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Front" title="Reserve Front">Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oryol_Front" title="Oryol Front">Oryol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kursk_Front" title="Kursk Front">Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Voronezh Front">Voronezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Front" title="Don Front">Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalingrad_Front" title="Stalingrad Front">Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Front" title="Southeastern Front">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_Front" title="Steppe Front">Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="North Caucasian Front">North Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian Front">Transcaucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Front_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Front (Soviet Union)">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Front" title="Crimean Front">Crimean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transbaikal_Front" title="Transbaikal Front">Transbaikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Front" title="Far Eastern Front">Far Eastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Late war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Baltic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Baltic_Front" title="1st Baltic Front">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Baltic_Front" title="2nd Baltic Front">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Baltic_Front" title="3rd Baltic Front">3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belorussian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Belorussian_Front" title="1st Belorussian Front">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Belorussian_Front" title="2nd Belorussian Front">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Belorussian_Front" title="3rd Belorussian Front">3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukrainian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Ukrainian_Front" title="1st Ukrainian Front">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Ukrainian_Front" title="2nd Ukrainian Front">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Ukrainian_Front" title="3rd Ukrainian Front">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Ukrainian_Front" title="4th Ukrainian Front">4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Far Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Front" title="Far Eastern Front">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Far_Eastern_Front" title="2nd Far Eastern Front">2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zemland_Group_of_Forces" title="Zemland Group of Forces">Zemland Group of Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_Front" title="Karelian Front">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transbaikal_Front" title="Transbaikal Front">Transbaikal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/130443-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80126258">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36538496">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sovětský svaz. 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