CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="de" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Plastid – Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )dewikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","Januar","Februar","März","April","Mai","Juni","Juli","August","September","Oktober","November","Dezember"],"wgRequestId":"7edbc4bd-209f-4376-9a24-031cccbb8609","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Plastid","wgTitle":"Plastid","wgCurRevisionId":250104948,"wgRevisionId":250104948,"wgArticleId":41238,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[ "Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal/temporär","Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite web/temporär","Zellbestandteil","Zellorganell"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"de","wgPageContentLanguage":"de","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Plastid","wgRelevantArticleId":41238,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"accuracy":{"levels":1}}},"wgStableRevisionId":250104948,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"de","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"de"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish": true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":true,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":false,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q165963","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.citeRef":"ready","ext.gadget.defaultPlainlinks":"ready","ext.gadget.dewikiCommonHide":"ready","ext.gadget.dewikiCommonLayout":"ready","ext.gadget.dewikiCommonStyle":"ready","ext.gadget.NavFrame":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles": "ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","codex-search-styles":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.createNewSection","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.OpenStreetMap","ext.gadget.CommonsDirekt","ext.gadget.donateLink","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.compactlinks","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=de&modules=codex-search-styles%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cskins.vector.styles.legacy%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=de&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=de&modules=ext.gadget.NavFrame%2CciteRef%2CdefaultPlainlinks%2CdewikiCommonHide%2CdewikiCommonLayout%2CdewikiCommonStyle&only=styles&skin=vector"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=de&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Plastid – Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Seite bearbeiten" href="/w/index.php?title=Plastid&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (de)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//de.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Atom-Feed für „Wikipedia“" href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Letzte_%C3%84nderungen&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin-vector-legacy mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Plastid rootpage-Plastid skin-vector action-view"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Plastid</span></h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Zur Navigation springen</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Zur Suche springen</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox hintergrundfarbe-basis float-right" style="margin:0 0 1em 1.5em; border: 1px solid #CCD2D9; width: 200px; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ABCDEF; color:#202122; border: 1px solid #ABCDEF;">Übergeordnet </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 .5em;"><a href="/wiki/Organell" title="Organell">Organell</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ABCDEF; color:#202122; border: 1px solid #ABCDEF;">Untergeordnet </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 .5em;"><a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">Chloroplast</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Amyloplast" title="Amyloplast">Amyloplast</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chromoplast" title="Chromoplast">Chromoplast</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Etioplast" title="Etioplast">Etioplast</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Leukoplasten" title="Leukoplasten">Leukoplasten</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Elaioplast" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaioplast">Elaioplast</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Proteinoplast" title="Proteinoplast">Proteinoplast</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apicoplast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apicoplast (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Apicoplast</a> (Apikoplast)<br /><a href="/wiki/Gerontoplast" title="Gerontoplast">Gerontoplast</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanelle (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Cyanelle</a> (Cyanoplast, Muroplast)<br /><a href="/wiki/Proplastid" title="Proplastid">Proplastid</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rhodoplast" title="Rhodoplast">Rhodoplast</a><br />Phaeoplast<br /><a href="/wiki/Chromatophor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatophor">Chromatophor</a><sup id="cite_ref-BMCBiology-EvolvinganOrganelle_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMCBiology-EvolvinganOrganelle-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MolecularBiologyEvol-EndosymbioticGeneTransfer_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MolecularBiologyEvol-EndosymbioticGeneTransfer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Kleptoplastid" title="Kleptoplastid">Kleptoplastid</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ABCDEF; color:ä202122; border: 1px solid #ABCDEF;"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Ontology" title="Gene Ontology">Gene Ontology</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding: 0 .5em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/GTerm?id=GO:0009536">QuickGO</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Plastiden</b> (von <span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Altgriechische_Sprache" title="Altgriechische Sprache">altgriechisch</a></span> <span lang="grc-Grek" class="Grek" style="font-style:normal">πλαστός</span> <i>plastós</i> „geformt“) sind die in <a href="/wiki/Pflanzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pflanzen">Pflanzen</a> und <a href="/wiki/Alge" title="Alge">Algen</a> vorkommenden besonderen <a href="/wiki/Organell" title="Organell">Zellorganellen</a>, die aus <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiontentheorie" title="Endosymbiontentheorie">endosymbiontisch</a> lebenden Zellen hervorgegangen sind und unter anderem für die <a href="/wiki/Photosynthese" title="Photosynthese">Photosynthese</a> gebraucht werden, oder die aus solchen Organellen evolutionär hervorgegangen sind. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="de" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Inhaltsverzeichnis</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Bau"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Bau</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Evolution"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Evolution</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Teilung"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Teilung</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Sonstiges"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Sonstiges</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Literatur"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Literatur</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Weblinks"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Weblinks</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Einzelnachweise"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Einzelnachweise</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bau">Bau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastid&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Bau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastid&action=edit&section=1" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Bau"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plastiden verfügen (fast immer<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) über ein eigenes ringförmiges <a href="/wiki/Genom" title="Genom">Genom</a> (plastidäres Genom oder auch <b><a href="/wiki/Chloroplasten-DNA" title="Chloroplasten-DNA">Plastom</a></b> genannt), sowie eigene <a href="/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom">Ribosomen</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastoribosomen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plastoribosomen (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Plastoribosomen</a></i> genannt), die in seine <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasma" title="Cytoplasma">plasmatische</a> Grundsubstanz (<i>Stroma</i>) eingebettet sind. Darüber hinaus liegen weitere plastidenspezifische Komponenten für die plastidäre <a href="/wiki/Replikation" title="Replikation">Replikation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transkription_(Biologie)" title="Transkription (Biologie)">Transkription</a> und <a href="/wiki/Translation_(Biologie)" title="Translation (Biologie)">Translation</a> vor. </p><p>Nach den sie umhüllenden <a href="/wiki/Biomembran" title="Biomembran">Membranen</a> unterscheidet man einfache Plastiden, die auf ein primäres Endosymbioseereignis zurückzuführen sind und von zwei Hüllmembranen umgeben sind, und <a href="/wiki/Komplexe_Plastiden" title="Komplexe Plastiden">komplexe Plastiden</a>, die durch sekundäre oder tertiäre Endosymbiose entstanden und so drei oder vier Hüllmembranen besitzen. Kommen in einer Zelle mehrere Plastiden vor, so sind diese meist über <a href="/wiki/Stromuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Stromuli">Stromuli</a> miteinander verbunden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastid&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Evolution" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastid&action=edit&section=2" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Evolution"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datei:Plastids_types_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plastids_types_en.svg/220px-Plastids_types_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plastids_types_en.svg/330px-Plastids_types_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plastids_types_en.svg/440px-Plastids_types_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Beziehungen zwischen den Typen von Plastiden in <a href="/wiki/Gef%C3%A4%C3%9Fpflanzen" title="Gefäßpflanzen">Gefäßpflanzen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Die einfachen Plastiden der <a href="/wiki/Glaucocystaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucocystaceae">Glaucocystophyceen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotalgen" title="Rotalgen">Rotalgen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnalge" title="Grünalge">Grünalgen</a> (Chlorophyta) und <a href="/wiki/Landpflanzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Landpflanzen">Landpflanzen</a> (Embryophyta) stammen wahrscheinlich aus einer primären <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiose" class="mw-redirect" title="Endosymbiose">Endosymbiose</a>. Sie sind monophyletisch, d. h. die drei Algengruppen und die Landpflanzen (Embryophyta) stammen von einem gemeinsamen einzelligen Vorfahren ab, dessen Nachkommen sich in drei Evolutionslinien aufspalteten: </p> <ul><li>Die Plastiden der Glaucocystophyceen werden <i>Cyanellen</i> (auch <i>Cyanoplasten</i> oder <i>Muroplasten</i>) genannt, verwenden als Lichtsammelkomplexe <a href="/wiki/Phycobilisom" title="Phycobilisom">Phycobilisomen</a> und sind noch von einem Rest einer bakteriellen Zellwand umgeben.</li> <li>Die Plastiden der Rotalgen heißen <i>Rhodoplasten</i>, enthalten ebenfalls noch Phycobilisomen, jedoch keine bakterielle Zellwand mehr.</li> <li>Die <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">Chloroplasten</a> der Grünalgen und höheren Pflanzen bilden keine Phycobilisomen mehr, enthalten Chlorophyll b und bilden <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A4rke" title="Stärke">Stärke</a> im Plastiden.</li> <li>Die Plastiden der <a href="/wiki/Braunalgen" title="Braunalgen">Braunalgen</a> nennt man auch <i>Phaeoplasten</i>.</li></ul> <p>Auch die Plastiden der <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%B6be" title="Amöbe">amöboiden</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Paulinella" title="Paulinella">Paulinella</a> chromatophora</i> (<a href="/wiki/Euglyphida" title="Euglyphida">Euglyphida</a>, s. u.), sowie einiger anderer Arten dieser Gattung, sind offenbar primäre Chloroplasten (<a href="/wiki/Chromatophor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatophor">Chromatophoren</a> oder <a href="/wiki/Cyanellen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanellen">Cyanellen</a> genannt). Diese <a href="/wiki/Klade" title="Klade">Klade</a> der Gattung <i>Paulinella</i> stammt offenbar von einem Vorfahren ab, der unabhängig und viel später ein Cyanobakterium aus der Verwandtschaft der Gattungen <i><a href="/wiki/Prochlorococcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Prochlorococcus">Prochlorococcus</a></i> und <i><a href="/wiki/Synechococcus" title="Synechococcus">Synechococcus</a></i> aufgenommen hatte.<sup id="cite_ref-paulinella_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulinella-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PSanchezB2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSanchezB2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="z-index: 0; border-radius: 2px; position: relative; height: 675px; float: left; width: 69%; margin: 10px; margin-bottom: 4px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="z-index: 2; border-radius: 2px; text-align: right; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 100%; background: #00c9be; color: #00c9be;"><a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanobacteria"><span style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.8); padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; color: #00c9be;">Cyanobacteria</span></a></div> <div style="position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 100px; top: 0px; margin-left: 15%; width: 4px; background: #00c9be; color: #00c9be;"></div> <div style="z-index: 3; border-radius: 2px 0 0 2px; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 100px; left: 0px; width: 15%; background: #ddd; color: #ddd;"></div> <div style="z-index: 3; position: absolute; width: 0px; height: 0px; left: 15%; top: 100px;"> <div style="position: relative; line-height: 28px; height: 16px; top: -14px; left: -14px; width: 16px; border-radius: 16px; background: white; padding: 8px;"> <div style="position: relative; line-height: 28px; height: 16px; left: -4px; top: -4px; width: 16px; border-radius: 16px; background: white; border: 4px solid rgb(144,238,144); color: rgb(144,238,144);"></div></div> </div> <div style="z-index: 3; border-radius: 2px 0 0 2px; position: absolute; line-height: 20px; height: 40px; top: 104px; left: 0px; color: #ddd; background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.8); padding-right: 2px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida"><span style="color: #ccc;">Archaeplastida</span></a></b></div> <div style="z-index: 2; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 100px; margin-left: 15%; width: 15%; left: 2px; background: rgb(144,238,144); color: rgb(144,238,144);"></div> <div style="z-index: 2; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 100px; margin-left: 30%; width: 5%; left: 2px; background: #24d12b; color: #24d12b;"></div> <div style="z-index: 2; border-radius: 0 2px 2px 0; z-index: 1; text-align: right; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 100px; margin-left: 35%; width: 65%; background: #24d12b; color: #24d12b;"><a href="/wiki/Landpflanzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Landpflanzen"><span style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.8); padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; color: #24d12b;">Landpflanzen</span></a></div> <div style="border-radius: 2px; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 52px; top: 50px; margin-left: 25%; width: 4px; background: #00ca9b; color: #00c9be;"></div> <div style="z-index: 2; border-radius: 2px; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 50px; right: 0px; width: 75%; background: #00ca9b; color: #00ca9b; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" title="Glaucophyta"><span style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.8); padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; color: #00ca9b;">Glaucophyta</span></a></div> <div style="z-index: 2; border-radius: 2px; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 104px; top: 100px; margin-left: 35%; width: 4px; background: #24d14e; color: #24d14e;"></div> <div style="border-radius: 2px; z-index: 2; text-align: right; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 200px; margin-left: 35%; width: 65%; background: #24d14e; color: #24d14e;"><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnalgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Grünalgen"><span style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.8); padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; color: #24d14e;">Grünalgen</span></a></div> <div style="border-radius: 2px; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 52px; top: 150px; margin-left: 70%; width: 4px; background: #24d14e; color: #24d14e;"></div> <div style="border-radius: 2px 0 0 2px; z-index: 0; text-align: left; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 150px; width: 70%; background: #ddd; color: #ddd;"><b><a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata"><span style="color: #ccc;">Excavata</span></a></b></div> <div style="border-radius: 2px; z-index: 1; text-align: right; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 150px; margin-left: 70%; width: 30%; background: #24d16d; color: #24d16d;"><a href="/wiki/Euglenida" title="Euglenida"><span style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.8)e; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; color: #24d16d;">Euglenida</span></a></div> <div style="z-index: 2; position: absolute; width: 0px; height: 0px; left: 70%; top: 150px;"> <div style="position: relative; line-height: 28px; height: 16px; top: -14px; left: -14px; width: 16px; border-radius: 16px; background: white; padding: 8px;"> <div style="position: relative; line-height: 28px; height: 16px; left: -4px; top: -4px; width: 16px; border-radius: 16px; background: white; border: 4px solid #24d16d; color: #24d16d;"></div></div> </div> <div style="z-index: 1; border-radius: 2px; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 252px; top: 102px; margin-left: 29%; width: 2%; background: white; color: #ddd;"></div> <div style="border-radius: 2px; z-index: 1; position: absolute; height: 252px; width: 4px; top: 102px; margin-left: 30%; left: -2px; background: #dc003e; color: #dc003e;"></div> <div style="border-radius: 0 2px 2px 0; z-index: 1; text-align: right; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 350px; margin-left: 30%; width: 70%; background: #dc003e; color: #dc003e;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta"><span style="background: white; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; color: #dc003e;">Rhodophyta</span></a></div> <div style="z-index: 1; border-radius: 2px; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 202px; top: 200px; margin-left: 37%; width: 2%; left: 2px; background: white; color: #ddd;"></div> <div style="border-radius: 2px; z-index: 1; position: absolute; height: 202px; top: 200px; width: 4px; margin-left: 38%; left: 0px; background: #24d14e; color: #24d14e;"></div> <div style="border-radius: 2px; z-index: 1; text-align: left; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 400px; margin-left: 0%; width: 38%; background: #ddd; color: #ddd;"><b><a href="/wiki/Chromalveolata" title="Chromalveolata"><span style="color: #ccc;">Chromalveolata</span></a></b></div> <div style="z-index: 2; position: absolute; width: 0px; height: 0px; left: 38%; top: 400px;"> <div style="position: relative; line-height: 28px; height: 16px; top: -14px; left: -14px; width: 16px; border-radius: 16px; background: white; padding: 8px;"> <div style="position: relative; line-height: 28px; height: 16px; left: -4px; top: -4px; width: 16px; border-radius: 16px; background: white; border: 4px solid #24d16d; color: #24d16d;"></div></div> </div> <div style="border-radius: 2px; z-index: 1; text-align: right; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 400px; margin-left: 38%; width: 9%; background: #24d16d; color: #24d16d;"></div> <div style="z-index: 0; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 52px; top: 350px; margin-left: 47%; width: 4px; background: #dc003e; color: #dc003e;"></div> <div style="z-index: 2; position: absolute; width: 0px; height: 0px; left: 47%; top: 400px;"> <div style="position: relative; line-height: 28px; height: 16px; top: -14px; left: -14px; width: 16px; border-radius: 16px; background: white; padding: 8px;"> <div style="position: relative; line-height: 28px; height: 16px; left: -4px; top: -4px; width: 16px; border-radius: 16px; background: white; border: 4px solid #bd3f00; color: #bd3f00;"></div></div> </div> <div style="border-radius: 2px; z-index: 1; text-align: right; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 400px; margin-left: 47%; width: 10%; left: 2px; background: #bd3f00; color: #bd3f00;"></div> <div style="z-index: 1; border-radius: 2px; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 100px; top: 275px; margin-left: 59%; width: 2%; background: white; color: #ddd;"></div> <div style="border-radius: 2px; z-index: 1; position: absolute; height: 127px; width: 4px; top: 275px; margin-left: 60%; left: -2px; background: #ddd;"></div> <div style="border-radius: 2px; z-index: 1; text-align: left; position: absolute; line-height: 0px; height: 4px; top: 275px; margin-left: 60%; width: 5%; background: #ddd; color: #ccc;"><b><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria"><span style="position: absolute; color: #ccc; right: 5px; bottom: 10px;">Rhizaria <sup>a</sup></span></a></b></div> <div style="z-index: 0; border-radius: 2px; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 54px; top: 250px; margin-left: 65%; left: -2px; width: 4px; background: #ddd; color: #ddd;"></div> <div style="border-radius: 2px; z-index: 1; text-align: right; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 250px; margin-left: 65%; left: -2px; width: 5%; background: #ddd; color: #ddd;"></div> <div style="border-radius: 2px; z-index: 1; text-align: right; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 300px; margin-left: 65%; left: -2px; width: 20%; background: #ddd; color: #ddd;"></div> <div style="position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 45px; top: 0px; margin-left: 85%; width: 4px; background: #00c9be; color: #00c9be;"></div> <div style="position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 36px; top: 59px; margin-left: 85%; width: 4px; background: #00c9be; color: #00c9be;"></div> <div style="position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 36px; top: 109px; margin-left: 85%; width: 4px; background: #00c9be; color: #00c9be;"></div> <div style="position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 36px; top: 159px; margin-left: 85%; width: 4px; background: #00c9be; color: #00c9be;"></div> <div style="position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 36px; top: 209px; margin-left: 85%; width: 4px; background: #00c9be; color: #00c9be;"></div> <div style="position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 36px; top: 259px; margin-left: 85%; width: 4px; background: #00c9be; color: #00c9be;"></div> <div style="z-index: 2; position: absolute; width: 0px; height: 0px; left: 85%; top: 300px;"> <div style="position: relative; line-height: 28px; height: 16px; top: -14px; left: -14px; width: 16px; border-radius: 16px; background: white; padding: 8px;"> <div style="position: relative; line-height: 28px; height: 16px; left: -4px; top: -4px; width: 16px; border-radius: 16px; background: white; border: 4px solid #00c9be; color: #00c9be;"></div></div> </div> <div style="border-radius: 2px; z-index: 1; text-align: right; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 300px; margin-left: 85%; width: 15%; background: #00c9be; color: #00c9be;"><i><a href="/wiki/Paulinella" title="Paulinella"><span style="background: white; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; color: #00c9be;">Paulinella</span></a></i></div> <div style="border-radius: 2px; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 50px; top: 200px; margin-left: 70%; width: 4px; background: #24d14e; color: #24d14e;"></div> <div style="z-index: 2; position: absolute; width: 0px; height: 0px; left: 70%; top: 250px;"> <div style="position: relative; line-height: 28px; height: 16px; top: -14px; left: -14px; width: 16px; border-radius: 16px; background: white; padding: 8px;"> <div style="position: relative; line-height: 28px; height: 16px; left: -4px; top: -4px; width: 16px; border-radius: 16px; background: white; border: 4px solid #24d150; color: #24d150;"></div></div> </div> <div style="border-radius: 2px; z-index: 1; text-align: right; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 250px; margin-left: 70%; width: 30%; background: #24d150; color: #24d150;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorarachniophyta" title="Chlorarachniophyta"><span style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.8); padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; color: #24d150;">Chlorarachniophyta</span></a></div> <div style="z-index: 0; border-radius: 2px; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 229px; top: 400px; margin-left: 57%; left: 2px; width: 4px; background: #bd3f00; color: #bd3f00;"></div> <div style="border-radius: 2px; z-index: 1; text-align: right; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 625px; margin-left: 57%; width: 13%; left: 2px; background: #bd3f00; color: #bd3f00;"></div> <div style="z-index: 0; border-radius: 2px; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 29px; top: 600px; margin-left: 70%; width: 4px; background: #b13b00; color: #b13b00;"></div> <div style="border-radius: 2px; z-index: 1; text-align: right; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 600px; margin-left: 70%; width: 30%; background: #b13b00; color: #b13b00;"><a href="/wiki/Haptophyta" title="Haptophyta"><span style="background: white; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; color: #b13b00;">Haptophyta</span></a></div> <div style="z-index: 0; border-radius: 2px; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 29px; top: 625px; margin-left: 70%; width: 4px; background: #ca4300; color: #ca4300;"></div> <div style="border-radius: 2px; z-index: 1; text-align: right; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 650px; margin-left: 70%; width: 30%; background: #ca4300; color: #ca4300;"><a href="/wiki/Cryptomonaden" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptomonaden"><span style="background: white; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; color: #ca4300;">Cryptophyta</span></a></div> <div style="border-radius: 2px; z-index: 1; text-align: right; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 400px; margin-left: 57%; width: 43%; background: #99602a; color: #99602a;"><a href="/wiki/Heterokontophyta" title="Heterokontophyta"><span style="background: white; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; color: #99602a;">Heterokontophyta</span></a></div> <div style="z-index: 0; border-radius: 2px; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 54px; top: 400px; margin-left: 65%; left: -2px; width: 4px; background: #d96f02; color: #d96f02;"></div> <div style="border-radius: 2px; z-index: 1; text-align: right; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 450px; margin-left: 65%; width: 35%; background: #d96f02; color: #d96f02;"><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellata" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinoflagellata"><span style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.8); padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; color: #d96f02;">Dinoflagellata</span></a></div> <div style="z-index: 0; border-radius: 2px; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 54px; top: 450px; margin-left: 85%; left: -2px; width: 4px; background: #ccc; color: #ccc;"></div> <div style="border-radius: 2px; z-index: 1; text-align: right; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 500px; margin-left: 85%; width: 15%; background: #ccc; color: #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa"><span style="background: white; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 4px; color: #aaa;">Apicomplexa</span></a></div> <div style="z-index: 0; border-radius: 2px; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 104px; top: 450px; margin-left: 75%; left: -2px; width: 4px; background: #ddd; color: #ddd;"></div> <div style="border-radius: 2px; z-index: 1; text-align: right; position: absolute; line-height: 28px; height: 4px; top: 550px; margin-left: 75%; width: 25%; background: #ddd; color: #bbb;"><a href="/wiki/Ciliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliophora"><span style="background: white; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; color: #bbb;">Ciliophora</span></a></div> <div style="position: absolute; line-height: 120%; width: 55%; bottom: 0; left: 0;"><b>Kladogramm der möglichen <span style="white-space:nowrap">Chloroplasten-Evolution</span></b> <p><small><sup><b>a</b></sup> Es hat sich mittlerweile herausgestellt, dass die <a href="/wiki/Chromalveolata" title="Chromalveolata">Chromalveolata</a> <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletisch">paraphyletisch</a> sind in Bezug auf die <a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a>.</small> </p> </div> </div><div style="clear:both;"></div> <p>Bei den <a href="/wiki/Gef%C3%A4%C3%9Fpflanzen" title="Gefäßpflanzen">Gefäßpflanzen</a> unterscheidet man neben den (photosynthetisch aktiven) Chloroplasten weitere Typen von Plastiden: die <a href="/wiki/Gerontoplast" title="Gerontoplast">Gerontoplasten</a> und <a href="/wiki/Etioplast" title="Etioplast">Etioplasten</a> als Entwicklungen der Chloroplasten, sowie den <a href="/wiki/Chromoplast" title="Chromoplast">Chromoplasten</a> und den <a href="/wiki/Leukoplasten" title="Leukoplasten">Leukoplasten</a>, aus dem <a href="/wiki/Amyloplast" title="Amyloplast">Amyloplasten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elaioplast" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaioplast">Elaioplasten</a> und <a href="/wiki/Proteinoplast" title="Proteinoplast">Proteinoplasten</a> hervorgehen können. <a href="/wiki/Proplastid" title="Proplastid">Proplastid</a> wird jener Vorläufertyp genannt, aus dem sich die Plastiden entwickeln können. </p><p>Die übrigen Algen aus den Evolutionslinien der <a href="/wiki/Stramenopile" title="Stramenopile">Stramenopilen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haptophyta" title="Haptophyta">Haptophyta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptophyceae" title="Cryptophyceae">Cryptophyceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorarachniophyta" title="Chlorarachniophyta">Chlorarachniophyta</a> und <a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a> bilden komplexe Plastiden. Die Wirtszellen sind nicht mit den obengenannten der Plantae (Rotalgen, Grünalgen, sog. höhere Pflanzen und vermutlich auch Glaucocystophyceen) verwandt, jedoch ihre Plastiden, die höchstwahrscheinlich aus sekundären <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiontentheorie" title="Endosymbiontentheorie">Endosymbiosen</a> herstammen. </p><p>Die photosynthetisch aktiven Vertreter der Euglenozoa (= Euglenida) und die Chlorarachniophyta erhielten ihre Plastiden durch Aufnahme einer Grünalge, enthalten also komplexe Chloroplasten, alle übrigen sind auf Rotalgen zurückzuführen, also komplexe Rhodoplasten. Bei Dinoflagellaten finden sich verschiedene Endosymbiose-Ereignisse von sekundären Endosymbiosen mit Rotalgen, tertiären Endosymbiosen mit Haptophyceen und Cryptophyceen bis zu instabilen <a href="/wiki/Kleptoplastid" title="Kleptoplastid">Kleptoplastiden</a>, die wieder verdaut werden. </p><p>Seit den 1990er-Jahren hat man plastidenähnliche <a href="/wiki/Organell" title="Organell">Zellorganellen</a> auch in verschiedenen <a href="/wiki/Protozoen" title="Protozoen">Protozoen</a>, den <a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicomplexa</a>, gefunden. Über die „Apicoplasten“ genannten Zellbestandteile verfügen etwa auch die <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a>-Erreger aus der Gattung <a href="/wiki/Plasmodien" title="Plasmodien">Plasmodium</a>. Nach heutigem Stand des Wissens handelt es sich hierbei um komplexe <a href="/wiki/Rhodoplast" title="Rhodoplast">Rhodoplasten</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teilung">Teilung</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastid&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Teilung" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastid&action=edit&section=3" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Teilung"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lange Zeit war unbekannt, wie Plastiden sich teilen und ihre Form verändern. Heute weiß man, dass auch <a href="/wiki/Bakterien" title="Bakterien">Bakterien</a> ein <a href="/wiki/Zytoskelett" class="mw-redirect" title="Zytoskelett">Zytoskelett</a> besitzen, dessen <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteine</a> <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionäre</a> Vorläufer des <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">eukaryotischen</a> Zytoskeletts sind. Aus Versuchen am <a href="/wiki/Laubmoos" class="mw-redirect" title="Laubmoos">Laubmoos</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Physcomitrella_patens" class="mw-redirect" title="Physcomitrella patens">Physcomitrella patens</a></i> (unter anderem mit <a href="/wiki/Knockout-Moos" title="Knockout-Moos">Knockout-Moosen</a>) ist bekannt, dass die <a href="/wiki/FtsZ" class="mw-redirect" title="FtsZ">FtsZ</a>-Proteine, <a href="/wiki/Tubulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubulin">Tubulin</a>-<a href="/wiki/Homologie_(Genetik)" title="Homologie (Genetik)">Homologe</a>, nicht nur an der Chloroplasten-Teilung beteiligt sind<sup id="cite_ref-René_Strepp(1998)_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-René_Strepp(1998)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, sondern auch ein komplexes Netzwerk in den Plastiden ausbilden können. Sie erfüllen ähnliche Funktionen wie das Zytoskelett im <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasma" title="Cytoplasma">Cytoplasma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ralf_Reski(2002)_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ralf_Reski(2002)-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kiessling,_J.(2000)_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiessling,_J.(2000)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sonstiges">Sonstiges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastid&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Sonstiges" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastid&action=edit&section=4" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Sonstiges"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ein weiteres primäres Endosymbiose-Ereignis ist mit einem <b>nicht</b>-photosynthetischen cyanobakteriellen Symbionten in der <a href="/wiki/Kieselalgen" title="Kieselalgen">Kieselalgen</a>familie <a href="/wiki/Rhopalodiaceae" title="Rhopalodiaceae">Rhopalodiaceae</a> (Ordnung Rhopalodiales) bekannt.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakayama2017_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakayama2017-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ein weiterer Fall ist das <a href="/wiki/Wimpertierchen" title="Wimpertierchen">Wimpertierchen</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoblepharisma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudoblepharisma (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Pseudoblepharisma</a> tenue</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Heterotrichea), das neben einem <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnalgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Grünalgen">Grünalgen</a>-Endosymbionten (<i><a href="/wiki/Chlorella" title="Chlorella">Chlorella</a></i> sp. K10, sekundäre Endosymbiose), auch ein photosynthetisch aktives Bakterium als Endosymbionten hat – dies ist aber kein Cyanobakterium, sondern ein <a href="/wiki/Schwefelpurpurbakterien" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwefelpurpurbakterien">Schwefelpurpurbakterium</a> aus der Familie <a href="/wiki/Chromatiaceae" title="Chromatiaceae">Chromatiaceae</a> (Candidatus <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiodictyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thiodictyon (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Thiodictyon</a> intracellulare</i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-SAMG2021_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAMG2021-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastid&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Literatur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastid&action=edit&section=5" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Literatur"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Patrick J. Keeling: <i>The endosymbiotic origin, diversification and fate of plastids</i>. In: <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.</i> Band 365, Nr. 1541, 2010, S. 729–748, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20124341?dopt=Abstract">PMID 20124341</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1541/729.full.pdf+html">PDF</a> (freier Volltextzugriff, englisch)</li> <li>Przemysław Gagat, Paweł Mackiewicz: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/1120829321/34"><i>Cymbomonas tetramitiformis</i> - a peculiar prasinophyte with a taste for bacteria sheds light on plastid evolution</a>, in: Symbiosis, 10. November 2016, <a href="//doi.org/10.1007/s13199-016-0464-1" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1007/s13199-016-0464-1">doi:10.1007/s13199-016-0464-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastid&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Weblinks" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastid&action=edit&section=6" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Weblinks"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div><b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plastids?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Plastids</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div> <ul><li>Wilfried Probst: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilfried-probst.de/site/tag/exosymbiose/">Frühe Evolution und Symbiose</a>, Europa-Universität Flensburg, Institut für Biologie und Sachunterricht und ihre Didaktik: §Plastiden, abgerufen am 19. April 2019</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastid&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Einzelnachweise" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastid&action=edit&section=7" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Einzelnachweise"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BMCBiology-EvolvinganOrganelle-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BMCBiology-EvolvinganOrganelle_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Takuro Nakayama, John M Archibald: <cite style="font-style:italic">Evolving a photosynthetic organelle</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">BMC Biology</cite>. 10. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 2012, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>35</span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-10-35">10.1186/1741-7007-10-35</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22531210?dopt=Abstract">PMID 22531210</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3337241/">PMC 3337241</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Plastid&rft.atitle=Evolving+a+photosynthetic+organelle&rft.au=Takuro%26%2332%3BNakayama%2C%26%2332%3BJohn+M%26%2332%3BArchibald&rft.date=2012&rft.doi=10.1186%2F1741-7007-10-35&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=BMC+Biology&rft.pages=35&rft.pmc=3337241&rft.pmid=22531210&rft.volume=10.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MolecularBiologyEvol-EndosymbioticGeneTransfer-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-MolecularBiologyEvol-EndosymbioticGeneTransfer_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. C. M. Nowack, H. Vogel, M. Groth, A. R. Grossman, M. Melkonian, G. Glöckner: <cite style="font-style:italic">Endosymbiotic Gene Transfer and Transcriptional Regulation of Transferred Genes in <i>Paulinella chromatophora</i></cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Molecular Biology and Evolution</cite>. 28. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 2010, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>407–22</span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev%2Fmsq209">10.1093/molbev/msq209</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20702568?dopt=Abstract">PMID 20702568</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Plastid&rft.atitle=Endosymbiotic+Gene+Transfer+and+Transcriptional+Regulation+of+Transferred+Genes+in+Paulinella+chromatophora&rft.au=E.+C.+M.%26%2332%3BNowack%2C%26%2332%3BH.%26%2332%3BVogel%2C%26%2332%3BM.%26%2332%3BGroth%2C+...&rft.date=2010&rft.doi=10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsq209&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.pages=407-22&rft.pmid=20702568&rft.volume=28.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Roy Smith, Robert W. Lee: <cite style="font-style:italic">A Plastid without a Genome: Evidence from the Nonphotosynthetic Green Algal Genus <i>Polytomella</i></cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Plant Physiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>164</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, 1. April 2014, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1812–1819</span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.113.233718">10.1104/pp.113.233718</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24563281?dopt=Abstract">PMID 24563281</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3982744/">PMC 3982744</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Plastid&rft.atitle=A+Plastid+without+a+Genome%3A+Evidence+from+the+Nonphotosynthetic+Green+Algal+Genus+Polytomella&rft.au=David+Roy+Smith%2C+Robert+W.+Lee&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft.doi=10.1104%2Fpp.113.233718&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiology&rft.pages=1812-1819&rft.pmc=3982744&rft.pmid=24563281&rft.volume=164" style="display:none"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jake Buehler: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/reeking-parasitic-sapria-plant-lost-body-much-genetic-code">A reeking, parasitic plant lost its body and much of its genetic blueprint</a>, auf: ScienceNews vom 10. Februar 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paulinella-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-paulinella_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Luis Delaye, Cecilio Valadez-Cano, Bernardo Pérez-Zamorano: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://currents.plos.org/treeoflife/article/how-really-ancient-is-paulinella-chromatophora/"><i>How Really Ancient Is Paulinella Chromatophora?</i></a> In: <i>PLoS Currents.</i> 2016<span style="display:none">;</span><span class="Abrufdatum" style="display:none"> abgerufen im 1. Januar 1</span> (10.1371/currents.tol.e68a099364bb1a1e129a17b4e06b0c6b).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3APlastid&rft.title=How+Really+Ancient+Is+Paulinella+Chromatophora%3F&rft.description=How+Really+Ancient+Is+Paulinella+Chromatophora%3F&rft.identifier=&rft.creator=Luis%26%2332%3BDelaye%2C%26%2332%3BCecilio%26%2332%3BValadez-Cano%2C%26%2332%3BBernardo%26%2332%3BP%C3%A9rez-Zamorano&rft.date=2016"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Purificación López-García, Laura Eme, David Moreira: <cite style="font-style:italic">Symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Theoretical Biology</cite>. 434. Jahrgang, 2017, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>20–33</span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.02.031">10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.02.031</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022519317300954">elsevier.com</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Plastid&rft.atitle=Symbiosis+in+eukaryotic+evolution&rft.au=Purificaci%C3%B3n%26%2332%3BL%C3%B3pez-Garc%C3%ADa%2C%26%2332%3BLaura%26%2332%3BEme%2C%26%2332%3BDavid%26%2332%3BMoreira&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Theoretical+Biology&rft.date=2017&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.jtbi.2017.02.031&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=20-33&rft.volume=434.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSanchezB2017-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PSanchezB2017_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patricia Sánchez-Baracaldo, John A. Raven, Davide Pisani, Andrew H. Knoll: <cite style="font-style:italic">Early photosynthetic eukaryotes inhabited low-salinity habitats</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</cite>. 114. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>37</span>, 12. September 2017, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>E7737–E7745</span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620089114">10.1073/pnas.1620089114</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1620089114">pnas.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Plastid&rft.atitle=Early+photosynthetic+eukaryotes+inhabited+low-salinity+habitats&rft.au=Patricia%26%2332%3BS%C3%A1nchez-Baracaldo%2C%26%2332%3BJohn+A.%26%2332%3BRaven%2C%26%2332%3BDavide%26%2332%3BPisani%2C+...&rft.date=2017-09-12&rft.doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1620089114&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=37&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.pages=E7737-E7745&rft.volume=114.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W Probst, Europa-Universität Flensburg: §Auf dem Weg zur Chloroplastenbildung</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-René_Strepp(1998)-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-René_Strepp(1998)_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">René Strepp, Sirkka Scholz, Sven Kruse, Volker Speth, <a href="/wiki/Ralf_Reski" title="Ralf Reski">Ralf Reski</a>: <i>Plant nuclear gene knockout reveals a role in plastid division for the homolog of the bacterial cell division protein FtsZ, an ancestral tubulin.</i> In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.</i> Band 95, 1998, S. 4368–4373 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/95/8/4368.abstract">(Abstract)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ralf_Reski(2002)-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ralf_Reski(2002)_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralf Reski: <i>Rings and networks: the amazing complexity of FtsZ in chloroplasts.</i> In: <i>Trends in Plant Science.</i> Band 7, 2002, S. 103–105 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/abstract/S1360-1385(02)02232-X">(Abstract)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiessling,_J.(2000)-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kiessling,_J.(2000)_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Kiessling, S. Kruse, S. A. Rensing, K. Harter, E. L. Decker, R. Reski: <i>Visualization of a cytoskeleton-like FtsZ network in chloroplasts.</i> In: <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Cell_Biology" title="Journal of Cell Biology">Journal of Cell Biology</a>.</i> Band 151, 2000, S. 945–950 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/abstract/151/4/945">(Abstract)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nakayama2017-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nakayama2017_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Takuro Nakayama, Yuji Inagaki: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-13578-8">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-13578-8</a> Genomic divergence within non-photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbionts in rhopalodiacean diatoms], in: <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a> Scientific Reports, Band 7, Nr. 13075, 12. Oktober 2017, <a href="//doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13578-8" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13578-8">doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13578-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">NCBI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=2528046"><i>Pseudoblepharisma tenue</i> Kahl, 1926</a> (species)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">NCBI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=2784338">Thiodictyon endosymbiont of Pseudoblepharisma tenue</a> (species)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">LPSN: [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/species/thiodictyon-syntrophicum">https://lpsn.dsmz.de/species/thiodictyon-syntrophicum</a> "<i>Candidatus</i> Thiodictyon syntrophicum" Peduzzi et al. 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAMG2021-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SAMG2021_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sergio A. Muñoz-Gómez, Martin Kreutz, Sebastian Hess: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/24/eabg4102">A microbial eukaryote with a unique combination of purple bacteria and green algae as endosymbionts</a>, in: Science Advances, Band 7, Nr. 24, 11. Juni 2021, eabg4102, <a href="//doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg4102" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg4102">doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg4102</a>. Dazu: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182319/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases_ml/2021-06/uoc-v061421.php">Ungewöhnliche Symbiose aus Wimpertierchen, Grünalgen und Purpurbakterien</a>, auf: EurekAlert! vom 14. Juni 2021</li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Abgerufen von „<a dir="ltr" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plastid&oldid=250104948">https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plastid&oldid=250104948</a>“</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorien" title="Wikipedia:Kategorien">Kategorien</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Zellbestandteil" title="Kategorie:Zellbestandteil">Zellbestandteil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Zellorganell" title="Kategorie:Zellorganell">Zellorganell</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Versteckte Kategorien: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite_journal/tempor%C3%A4r" title="Kategorie:Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal/temporär">Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal/temporär</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite_web/tempor%C3%A4r" title="Kategorie:Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite web/temporär">Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite web/temporär</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigationsmenü</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <nav id="p-personal" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" > <h3 id="p-personal-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Meine Werkzeuge</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anonuserpage" class="mw-list-item"><span title="Benutzerseite der IP-Adresse, von der aus du Änderungen durchführst">Nicht angemeldet</span></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Meine_Diskussionsseite" title="Diskussion über Änderungen von dieser IP-Adresse [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussionsseite</span></a></li><li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Meine_Beitr%C3%A4ge" title="Eine Liste der Bearbeitungen, die von dieser IP-Adresse gemacht wurden [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Beiträge</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Benutzerkonto_anlegen&returnto=Plastid" title="Wir ermutigen dich dazu, ein Benutzerkonto zu erstellen und dich anzumelden. Es ist jedoch nicht zwingend erforderlich."><span>Benutzerkonto erstellen</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Anmelden&returnto=Plastid" title="Anmelden ist zwar keine Pflicht, wird aber gerne gesehen. [o]" accesskey="o"><span>Anmelden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav id="p-namespaces" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-namespaces vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label" > <h3 id="p-namespaces-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Namensräume</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Seiteninhalt anzeigen [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Plastid" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion zum Seiteninhalt [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-variants" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-variants-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-variants" class="vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" > <label id="p-variants-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Deutsch</span> </label> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation"> <nav id="p-views" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-views vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-views-label" > <h3 id="p-views-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Ansichten</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Plastid"><span>Lesen</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastid&veaction=edit" title="Diese Seite mit dem VisualEditor bearbeiten [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastid&action=edit" title="Den Quelltext dieser Seite bearbeiten [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastid&action=history" title="Frühere Versionen dieser Seite [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Versionsgeschichte</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-cactions" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" title="Weitere Optionen" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-cactions-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-cactions" class="vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" > <label id="p-cactions-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Weitere</span> </label> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </nav> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <h3 >Suche</h3> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="vector-search-box-form"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="vector-search-box-inner" data-search-loc="header-navigation"> <input class="vector-search-box-input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia durchsuchen" aria-label="Wikipedia durchsuchen" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Durchsuche die Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spezial:Suche"> <input id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton" type="submit" name="fulltext" title="Suche nach Seiten, die diesen Text enthalten" value="Suchen"> <input id="searchButton" class="searchButton" type="submit" name="go" title="Gehe direkt zu der Seite mit genau diesem Namen, falls sie vorhanden ist." value="Artikel"> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel" class="vector-legacy-sidebar"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"> <a class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hauptseite" title="Hauptseite"></a> </div> <nav id="p-navigation" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label" > <h3 id="p-navigation-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Navigation</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hauptseite" title="Hauptseite besuchen [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Hauptseite</span></a></li><li id="n-topics" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wikipedia_nach_Themen"><span>Themenportale</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Zuf%C3%A4llige_Seite" title="Zufällige Seite aufrufen [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Zufälliger Artikel</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-Mitmachen" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-Mitmachen vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-Mitmachen-label" > <h3 id="p-Mitmachen-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Mitmachen</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Artikel-verbessern" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Beteiligen"><span>Artikel verbessern</span></a></li><li id="n-Neuerartikel" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hilfe:Neuen_Artikel_anlegen"><span>Neuen Artikel anlegen</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autorenportal" title="Info-Zentrum über Beteiligungsmöglichkeiten"><span>Autorenportal</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hilfe:%C3%9Cbersicht" title="Übersicht über Hilfeseiten"><span>Hilfe</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Letzte_%C3%84nderungen" title="Liste der letzten Änderungen in Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Letzte Änderungen</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt" title="Kontaktmöglichkeiten"><span>Kontakt</span></a></li><li id="n-sitesupport" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_de.wikipedia.org&uselang=de" title="Unterstütze uns"><span>Spenden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-tb" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label" > <h3 id="p-tb-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Werkzeuge</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Linkliste/Plastid" title="Liste aller Seiten, die hierher verlinken [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Links auf diese Seite</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:%C3%84nderungen_an_verlinkten_Seiten/Plastid" rel="nofollow" title="Letzte Änderungen an Seiten, die von hier verlinkt sind [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Änderungen an verlinkten Seiten</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Spezialseiten" title="Liste aller Spezialseiten [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spezialseiten</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastid&oldid=250104948" title="Dauerhafter Link zu dieser Seitenversion"><span>Permanenter Link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastid&action=info" title="Weitere Informationen über diese Seite"><span>Seiteninformationen</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Zitierhilfe&page=Plastid&id=250104948&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Hinweise, wie diese Seite zitiert werden kann"><span>Artikel zitieren</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:URL-K%C3%BCrzung&url=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPlastid"><span>Kurzlink</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPlastid"><span>QR-Code herunterladen</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-coll-print_export" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-coll-print_export-label" > <h3 id="p-coll-print_export-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Drucken/exportieren</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Plastid&action=show-download-screen"><span>Als PDF herunterladen</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastid&printable=yes" title="Druckansicht dieser Seite [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Druckversion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label" > <h3 id="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">In anderen Projekten</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plastids" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q165963" title="Link zum verbundenen Objekt im Datenrepositorium [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-Datenobjekt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-lang" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label" > <h3 id="p-lang-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">In anderen Sprachen</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="صانعة – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صانعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastidl%C9%99r" title="Plastidlər – Aserbaidschanisch" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Plastidlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Aserbaidschanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Пластыды – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пластыды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Пластид – Bulgarisch" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пластид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="প্লাস্টিড – Bengalisch" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্লাস্টিড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plastid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastidi" title="Plastidi – Katalanisch" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plastidi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="پلاستید – Zentralkurdisch" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پلاستید" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Zentralkurdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid – Tschechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plastid" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tschechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid – Dänisch" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Plastid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dänisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Πλαστίδιο – Griechisch" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλαστίδιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Griechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid – Englisch" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Plastid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Englisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastido" title="Plastido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plastido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasto" title="Plasto – Spanisch" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plasto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastiidid" title="Plastiidid – Estnisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Plastiidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastidio" title="Plastidio – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Plastidio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%87" title="دیسه – Persisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastidi" title="Plastidi – Finnisch" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Plastidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaste" title="Plaste – Französisch" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plaste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Französisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasto" title="Plasto – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Plasto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastaid" title="Plastaid – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Plastaid" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94" title="פלסטידה – Hebräisch" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלסטידה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebräisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95" title="लवक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लवक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plastid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%ADntest" title="Színtest – Ungarisch" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Színtest" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Ungarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պլաստիդներ – Armenisch" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պլաստիդներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Plastid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastido" title="Plastido – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Plastido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plast%C3%AD%C3%B0" title="Plastíð – Isländisch" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Plastíð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Isländisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastidio" title="Plastidio – Italienisch" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Plastidio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italienisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E4%BD%93" title="色素体 – Japanisch" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="色素体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastida" title="Plastida – Javanisch" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Plastida" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="პლასტიდი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პლასტიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пластидтер – Kasachisch" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пластидтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kasachisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪ್ಲಾಸ್ಟಿಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ಲಾಸ್ಟಿಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%89%EC%86%8C%EC%B2%B4" title="색소체 – Koreanisch" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="색소체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plast%C3%AEd" title="Plastîd – Kurdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Plastîd" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пластидалар – Kirgisisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пластидалар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plast" title="Plast – Luxemburgisch" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Plast" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid%C4%97" title="Plastidė – Litauisch" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plastidė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litauisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plast%C4%ABdas" title="Plastīdas – Lettisch" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plastīdas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lettisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Пластид – Mazedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пластид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Mazedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="പ്ലാസ്റ്റിഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്ലാസ്റ്റിഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastiden" title="Plastiden – Niederdeutsch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Plastiden" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Niederdeutsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastide" title="Plastide – Niederländisch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plastide" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Niederländisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaastiidii" title="Pilaastiidii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Pilaastiidii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastyd" title="Plastyd – Polnisch" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plastyd" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%DA%88%D8%B2" title="پلاسٹڈز – Westliches Panjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پلاسٹڈز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Westliches Panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plast%C3%ADdeo" title="Plastídeo – Portugiesisch" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plastídeo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugiesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid%C4%83" title="Plastidă – Rumänisch" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Plastidă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumänisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Пластиды – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пластиды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid – Serbokroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plastid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbokroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid – einfaches Englisch" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plastid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="einfaches Englisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid – Slowakisch" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Plastid" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowakisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid – Slowenisch" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plastid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slowenisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Пластид – Serbisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пластид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid – Schwedisch" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Plastid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Schwedisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கணிகங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கணிகங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="พลาสติด – Thailändisch" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พลาสติด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thailändisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastit" title="Plastit – Türkisch" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Plastit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Türkisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пластида – Ukrainisch" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пластида" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastidalar" title="Plastidalar – Usbekisch" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Plastidalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Usbekisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1p_th%E1%BB%83" title="Lạp thể – Vietnamesisch" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lạp thể" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E4%BD%93" title="色素体 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="色素体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94" title="色素體 – Chinesisch" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="色素體" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sek-s%C3%B2%CD%98-th%C3%A9" title="Sek-sò͘-thé – Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sek-sò͘-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94" title="色素體 – Kantonesisch" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="色素體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q165963#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Links auf Artikel in anderen Sprachen bearbeiten" class="wbc-editpage">Links bearbeiten</a></span></div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 6. November 2024 um 19:47 Uhr bearbeitet.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><div id="footer-info-copyright-stats" class="noprint"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?pages=Plastid&project=de.wikipedia.org">Abrufstatistik</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xtools.wmcloud.org/authorship/de.wikipedia.org/Plastid?uselang=de">Autoren</a> </div><div id="footer-info-copyright-separator"><br /></div><div id="footer-info-copyright-info"> <p>Der Text ist unter der Lizenz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de">„Creative-Commons Namensnennung – Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen“</a> verfügbar; Informationen zu den Urhebern und zum Lizenzstatus eingebundener Mediendateien (etwa Bilder oder Videos) können im Regelfall durch Anklicken dieser abgerufen werden. Möglicherweise unterliegen die Inhalte jeweils zusätzlichen Bedingungen. Durch die Nutzung dieser Website erklären Sie sich mit den <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use/de">Nutzungsbedingungen</a> und der <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Privacy_policy/de">Datenschutzrichtlinie</a></span> einverstanden.<br /> </p> Wikipedia® ist eine eingetragene Marke der Wikimedia Foundation Inc.</div></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/de">Datenschutz</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%C3%9Cber_Wikipedia">Über Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Impressum">Impressum</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Verhaltenskodex</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Entwickler</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/de.wikipedia.org">Statistiken</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Stellungnahme zu Cookies</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//de.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plastid&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile Ansicht</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("This page is using the deprecated ResourceLoader module \"codex-search-styles\".\n[1.43] Use a CodexModule with codexComponents to set your specific components used: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Codex#Using_a_limited_subset_of_components");mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-rpb9p","wgBackendResponseTime":141,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.374","walltime":"0.478","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5477,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":45358,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11643,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":16695,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 419.882 1 -total"," 47.44% 199.195 4 Vorlage:Cite_journal"," 25.12% 105.481 5 Vorlage:Literatur"," 18.80% 78.921 1 Vorlage:GrcS"," 16.69% 70.068 1 Vorlage:Cite_web"," 10.35% 43.468 5 Vorlage:Cite_book/Meldung2"," 9.76% 40.972 1 Vorlage:Commonscat"," 8.96% 37.619 1 Vorlage:Internetquelle"," 7.26% 30.480 1 Vorlage:Wikidata-Registrierung"," 6.96% 29.214 40 Vorlage:Str_find"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.184","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5668842,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-79887","timestamp":"20241125101757","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Plastid","url":"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plastid","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q165963","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q165963","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Autoren der Wikimedia-Projekte"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-06-28T19:49:46Z","headline":"teilungsf\u00e4higes Zellorganell mit einem eigenen Genom"}</script> </body> </html>