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<span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1 current"> <ul id="submenu-aim-249" class="submenu-aim selected current"> <li class="submenu current"><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/"> Paranal Observatory <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-250" class="submenu-aim sublevel selected current"><li class="submenu current"><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/"> Very Large Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-251" class="submenu-aim sublevel selected current"><li class="submenu"><a 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href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/moons/"> MOONS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/muse/"> MUSE </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/naco/"> NACO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/sinfoni/"> SINFONI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/sphere/"> SPHERE </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/uves/"> UVES </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vimos/"> VIMOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/visir/"> VISIR </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/x-shooter/"> X-shooter </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vtl-test-cameras/"> VLT Test Cameras </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu current"><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/"> VLT Unit Telescopes Names <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-274" class="submenu-aim sublevel selected current current-leaf"><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/antu/"> Antu </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/kueyen/"> Kueyen </a></li><li class=" current current-leaf"><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/melipal/"> Melipal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/yepun/"> Yepun </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlti/"> VLT Interferometer <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-279" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/gravity/"> GRAVITY </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/matisse/"> MATISSE </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/naomi/"> NAOMI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/pionier/"> PIONIER </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/amber/"> AMBER </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/midi/"> MIDI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vinci/"> VINCI </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/auxiliarytelescopes/"> Auxiliary Telescopes </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/"> Survey Telescopes <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-288" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/"> VISTA <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-289" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/mirror/"> The VISTA mirror </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/camera/"> VIRCAM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/4most/"> 4MOST </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/surveys/"> The VISTA surveys </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/consortium/"> The VISTA consortium </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/"> VST <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-295" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/mirror/"> The VST mirrors </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/camera/"> OmegaCAM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/surveys/"> The VST surveys </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/speculoos/"> SPECULOOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/ngts/"> NGTS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/cta/"> Cherenkov Telescope Array </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/"> La Silla Observatory <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-302" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swedish/"> Swedish–ESO Submillimetre Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-303" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swedish/simba/"> SIMBA </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/"> New Technology Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-305" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/efosc2/"> EFOSC2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/emmi/"> EMMI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/irspec/"> IRSPEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/sofi/"> SOFI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/soxs/"> SOXS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/susi2/"> SUSI and SUSI2 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/"> ESO 3.6-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-312" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/adonis/"> ADONIS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/caspec/"> CASPEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/irspec/"> IRSPEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/harps/"> HARPS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/mefos/"> MEFOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/nirps/"> NIRPS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/optopus/"> OPTOPUS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/timmi2/"> TIMMI/2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/36-infrared-photometer-spectrophotometer/"> Infrared Photometer/Spectrophotometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/36-standard-photometer/"> Standard Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/infrared-specklegraph/"> Infrared Specklegraph </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/infrared-speckle-interferometer/"> Infrared Speckle Interferometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/efosc/"> EFOSC </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/"> MPG/ESO 2.2-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-326" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/feros/"> FEROS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/grond/"> GROND </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/irac2/"> IRAC & IRAC2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/pisco/"> PISCO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/wfi/"> WFI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/infrared-photometer-spectrophotometer/"> Infrared Photometer/Spectrophotometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss/"> Swiss 1.2-metre Leonhard Euler Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-333" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss/coralie/"> CORALIE </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/rem/"> Rapid Eye Mount telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/trappist/"> TRAnsiting Planets and PlanetesImals Small Telescope–South </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/"> Danish 1.54-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-337" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/coravel/"> CORAVEL </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/dfosc/"> DFOSC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/ccd/"> CCD camera </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/hb-photometer/"> Hβ Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/two-channel-photometer/"> Two-Channel Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/four-channel-photometer/"> Four-Channel Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/six-channel-photometer/"> Six-Channel uvby-Hβ Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/tarot/"> Télescope à Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1mschmidt/"> ESO 1-metre Schmidt telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/"> ESO 1.52-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-347" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/bandc/"> Boller and Chivens Spectrograph </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/coude/"> Coudé Spectrograph </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/echelec/"> ECHELEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/rv-cass-spectrograph/"> RV Cass Spectrograph </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/"> ESO 1-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-352" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/fideos/"> FIDEOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/infrared-photometer/"> Infrared Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/single-channel-photometer/"> Single-Channel Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/"> ESO 0.5-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-356" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/single-channel-photometer/"> Single-Channel Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/double-channel-photometer/"> Double-Channel Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/coude/"> Coudé Auxiliary Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-359" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/coude/ces/"> CES </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marly/"> MarLy 1-metre telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/09metre/"> Dutch 0.9-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-362" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/09metre/walraven/"> Walraven Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/t70/"> Swiss T70 telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/"> Bochum 0.61-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-365" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/bochum-scanner/"> Bochum Scanner </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/bochum-photometer/"> Bochum Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/"> Danish 0.5-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-368" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-two-channel-hb-photometer/"> Two-Channel Hβ Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-four-channel-uvby-photometer/"> Four-Channel uvby Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-six-channel-uvby-hb-photometer/"> Six-Channel uvby–Hβ Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/gpo/"> Grand Prisme Objectif telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss04/"> Swiss 0.4-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marseille/"> Marseille 0.36-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/grb/"> GRB Monitoring System </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mascara/"> MASCARA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/blackgem/"> BlackGEM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/extra/"> ExTrA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/test-bed/"> Test-Bed Telescope </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/"> APEX <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-380" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/apex-2a/"> APEX–2A </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/artemis/"> ArTéMiS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/aszca/"> ASZCa </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/champ-plus/"> CHAMP+ </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/concerto/"> CONCERTO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/flash/"> FLASH </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/flash-plus/"> FLASH+ </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/laboca/"> LABOCA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20220309223105/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/mpi_11thz/"> 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</div> </div> <div class="page-content"> <div id="editable-content"> <h1>Melipal</h1> <h2 dir="ltr">The Southern Cross</h2> <p dir="ltr">The context and meaning of "Melipal" are explained by Dr Jorge Calbucura, Associate Professor of Sociology at the Department of Social Work of <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309223105/https://www.miun.se/en/">Mid Sweden University</a> and Coordinator of the Mapuche Documentation Centre, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309223105/http://www.mapuche.info/">Ñuke Mapu</a>, in Chile.</p> <p dir="ltr">In Mapuche tradition, existence is understood as an integrated whole; the Universe is conceived as an organism of high complexity that is born, grows and reaches the capacity of self-regeneration. Its genesis or existence is the term that in Mapuche knowledge corresponds to the energies that make up the Universe, which manifest themselves in different dimensions in <em>Nag Mapu</em>, this material world, or <em>Huenu</em>, also expressed as <em>Wenü Mapu</em>, the immaterial world.</p> <p dir="ltr">In Mapuche knowledge, the beginning of the Universe starts with a great explosion, <em>Chrufken Ruka</em>, "the bursting of the upper house". In its origin, the Universe is configured as the ashes of the embers of the burning coal. From the <em>Quimun</em> or <em>Kimün</em> expression that denominates the ancestral knowledge we take the axiom that tells us "<em>Kom kiñe mew muten deumalei pu antu, pu pullig, ka pu wangelen, pu che, pu mapu</em>", which translates to "<em>Everything is made of the same thing, the Sun, the spirit, the stars, the people, and the Earth corresponds to the truth of everything that exists and is connected with everything else</em>".</p> <p dir="ltr">In this way, like all the original peoples, the Mapuche conceive the notion that besides being men and women of the Earth, we are also men and women of the Universe, which gives us the duty to live with respect for the cycles of nature and the Universe.</p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Melipal</em> is the name of the Southern Cross constellation. In the conception of the Universe, <em>Wenuleufü</em> (River of the Sky), the Milky Way, is also the representation of a hunting field of rheas, where the hunters use boleadoras[1] (bolas) represented by <em>Melipal</em> while the Magellanic Clouds represent the bodies of the hunted animals and the Pleiades are the rheas’ nest. <em>Melipal</em>, the constellation of the Southern Cross, is worshipped as a nocturnal guide.</p> <p dir="ltr">The story of Pascual Coña in his "Memorias de un cacique Mapuche" tells us the name of the mentioned constellation: "<em>Ká kimfiñ feichi pénon-choike, ka tranalékai, ka Melipal, lastawariél in ka kalolasta phiei kai, ka malal-ofisha, ka kushü weke</em>", whose translation means: "I also know the ostrich trail (the Three Marys), the extended boleadoras, the cruiser or star cart, the cattle corral, the dark skin (dark spot on the Milky Way)". Melipal, the extended boleadoras or the cruiser are the names that Coña uses to identify the Southern Cross.</p> <h3 dir="ltr">Notes</h3> <p dir="ltr">[1] Boleadoras (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309223105/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolas">bolas</a>): throwing weapon consisting of a set of ropes, weighted at the ends. Mapuche and the Inca army used them in battle and for capturing cattle by entangling their legs. There is no uniform design; most boleadoras have two or three balls, but there are versions of up to eight or nine. Most boleadoras have balls of equal weight others vary the knot and cord.</p> <h3 dir="ltr">Bibliography</h3> <p dir="ltr">CAÑUMIL, T. (2015) Astronomía Mapuche. Ponencia presentada en la Primer Jornada Lengua, Cultura e Identidad, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309223105/https://sites.google.com/site/wixaleyin/home/fijke-zugu/astronomia-mapuche"> https://sites.google.com/site/wixaleyin/home/fijke-zugu/astronomia-mapuche</a></p> <p dir="ltr">de AUGUSTA F.; PAINEMILLA ÑAMCUCHEU P.; COLÜÑ J.; HUENUÑAMCO D. (2007) Diccionario Mapuche. Santiago de Chile: Ediciones Cerro Manquehue, cuarta edición.</p> <p dir="ltr">CALFÍO, M. (2012) Peküyen. En Comunidad de Historia Mapuche <em>Ta iñ fijke xipa rakizuameluwün</em>. <em>Historia colonialismo y resistencia desde el país mapuche</em>. Temuco: Ediciones Comunidad de Historia mapuche</p> <p dir="ltr">COÑA, Pascual, según lo dictó a De MOESBACH, Willhelm, (2000) Memorias de un cacique Mapuche. Santiago de Chile: Ed. 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