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<ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" 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contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lewis Fry Richardson</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="لويس فراي ريتشاردسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويس فراي ريتشاردسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="لوئیس فرای ریچاردسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لوئیس فرای ریچاردسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="লুইস ফ্রাই রিচার্ডসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লুইস ফ্রাই রিচার্ডসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Fry_Richardson" title="Lewis Fry Richardson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lewis Fry Richardson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Fry_Richardson" title="Lewis Fry Richardson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lewis Fry Richardson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Fry_Richardson" title="Lewis Fry Richardson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lewis Fry Richardson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Fry_Richardson" title="Lewis Fry Richardson – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lewis Fry Richardson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Fry_Richardson" title="Lewis Fry Richardson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lewis Fry Richardson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Fry_Richardson" title="Lewis Fry Richardson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lewis Fry Richardson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="لوئیس فرای ریچاردسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوئیس فرای ریچاردسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Fry_Richardson" title="Lewis Fry Richardson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lewis Fry Richardson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Fry_Richardson" title="Lewis Fry Richardson – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lewis Fry Richardson" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Fry_Richardson" title="Lewis Fry Richardson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lewis Fry Richardson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="לואיס פריי ריצ'רדסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לואיס פריי ריצ'רדסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Fry_Richardson" title="Lewis Fry Richardson – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lewis Fry Richardson" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%89_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="لويس فراى ريتشاردسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لويس فراى ريتشاردسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ルイス・フライ・リチャードソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイス・フライ・リチャードソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Fry_Richardson" title="Lewis Fry Richardson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lewis Fry Richardson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Fry_Richardson" title="Lewis Fry Richardson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lewis Fry Richardson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Fry_Richardson" title="Lewis Fry Richardson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lewis Fry Richardson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Fry_Richardson" title="Lewis Fry Richardson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lewis Fry Richardson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Ричардсон, Льюис Фрай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ричардсон, Льюис Фрай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Fry_Richardson" title="Lewis Fry Richardson – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lewis Fry Richardson" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Fry_Richardson" title="Lewis Fry Richardson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lewis Fry Richardson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Fry_Richardson" title="Lewis Fry Richardson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lewis Fry Richardson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E8%90%8A%C2%B7%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%E6%A3%AE" title="路易斯·弗萊·理查德森 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="路易斯·弗萊·理查德森" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English meteorologist and mathematician (1881–1953)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Lewis Richardson, see <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Richardson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lewis Richardson (disambiguation)">Lewis Richardson (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Lewis Fry Richardson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_Fry_Richardson.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Lewis_Fry_Richardson.png/220px-Lewis_Fry_Richardson.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Lewis_Fry_Richardson.png 1.5x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="368" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Lewis Fry Richardson D.Sc., FRS</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1881-10-11</span>)</span>11 October 1881<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 September 1953<span style="display:none">(1953-09-30)</span> (aged 71)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Kilmun" title="Kilmun">Kilmun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute" title="Argyll and Bute">Argyll and Bute</a>, Scotland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bootham_School" title="Bootham School">Bootham School</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham College of Science</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">Fractals</a> <br />Conflict <a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">modelling</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Richardson_extrapolation" title="Richardson extrapolation">Richardson extrapolation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category">mathematician <br /><a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">meteorologist</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory,_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="National Physical Laboratory, UK">National Physical Laboratory</a> <br />National Peat Industries <br /><a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth_University" title="Aberystwyth University">University College Aberystwyth</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Meteorological_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorological Office">Meteorological Office</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_of_Scotland" title="University of the West of Scotland">Paisley Technical College</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lewis Fry Richardson</b>, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (11 October 1881 – 30 September 1953) was an English <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">meteorologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist</a> who pioneered modern mathematical techniques of weather forecasting, and the application of similar techniques to studying the causes of wars and how to prevent them. He is also noted for his pioneering work on <a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">fractals</a> and a method for solving a <a href="/wiki/System_of_linear_equations" title="System of linear equations">system of linear equations</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Modified_Richardson_iteration" title="Modified Richardson iteration">modified Richardson iteration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mactutor_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mactutor-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Fry_Richardson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lewis Fry Richardson was the youngest of seven children born to Catherine Fry (1838–1919) and David Richardson (1835–1913). They were a prosperous <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> family, David Richardson operating a successful tanning and leather-manufacturing business.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At age 12 he was sent to a <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding school</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bootham_School" title="Bootham School">Bootham School</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, where he received an education in science, which stimulated an active interest in <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a>. In 1898 he went on to <a href="/wiki/Durham_College_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Durham College of Science">Durham College of Science</a> (a college of <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a>) where he took courses in <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_physics" title="Mathematical physics">mathematical physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>. He proceeded in 1900 to <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a>, where he was taught physics in the natural sciences tripos by (among others) <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> and graduated with a first-class degree in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At age 47 he received a doctorate in <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology">mathematical psychology</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Fry_Richardson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Richardson's working life represented his eclectic interests:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory,_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="National Physical Laboratory, UK">National Physical Laboratory</a> (1903–1904).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales,_Aberystwyth" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wales, Aberystwyth">University College Aberystwyth</a> (1905–1906).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">Chemist</a>, National Peat Industries (1906–1907).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory,_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="National Physical Laboratory, UK">National Physical Laboratory</a> (1907–1909).</li> <li>Manager of the physical and chemical laboratory, Sunbeam Lamp Company (1909–1912).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" title="University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology">Manchester College of Technology</a> (1912–1913).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Meteorological Office</a> – as superintendent of <a href="/wiki/Eskdalemuir_Observatory" title="Eskdalemuir Observatory">Eskdalemuir Observatory</a> (1913–1916).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_Ambulance_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends Ambulance Unit">Friends Ambulance Unit</a> in France (1916–1919).</li> <li>Meteorological Office at <a href="/wiki/Benson,_Oxfordshire" title="Benson, Oxfordshire">Benson, Oxfordshire</a> (1919–1920).</li> <li>Head of the <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a> Department at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Training_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Training College">Westminster Training College</a> (1920–1929).</li> <li>Principal, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_of_Scotland" title="University of the West of Scotland">Paisley Technical College</a>, now part of the University of the West of Scotland (1929–1940).</li></ul> <p>In 1926, he was elected to the Fellowship of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FRS_cite_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRS_cite-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pacifism">Pacifism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Fry_Richardson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pacifism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Richardson's Quaker beliefs entailed an ardent <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a> that exempted him from military service during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objector</a>, though this subsequently disqualified him from having any academic post. Richardson worked from 1916 to 1919 for the <a href="/wiki/Friends%27_Ambulance_Unit" title="Friends' Ambulance Unit">Friends' Ambulance Unit</a> attached to the 16th French Infantry Division. After the war, he rejoined the Meteorological Office but was compelled to resign on grounds of conscience when it was amalgamated into the <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry" title="Air Ministry">Air Ministry</a> in 1920. He subsequently pursued a career on the fringes of the academic world before retiring in 1940 to research his own ideas. His pacifism influenced his research interests. According to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_K%C3%B6rner" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Körner">Thomas Körner</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the discovery that his meteorological work was of value to chemical weapons designers caused him to abandon his efforts in this field and destroy findings he had not yet published. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weather_forecasting">Weather forecasting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Fry_Richardson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Weather forecasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Richardson's interest in <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a> led him to propose a scheme for <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">weather forecasting</a> by solution of <a href="/wiki/Differential_equation" title="Differential equation">differential equations</a>, the method used nowadays, though when he published <i>Weather Prediction by Numerical Process</i> in 1922, suitable fast computing was unavailable. He described his ideas thus: </p> <blockquote> <p>After so much hard reasoning, may one play with a fantasy? Imagine a large hall like a theatre, except that the circles and galleries go right round through the space usually occupied by the stage. The walls of this chamber are painted to form a map of the globe. The ceiling represents the north polar regions, England is in the gallery, the tropics in the upper circle, Australia on the dress circle and the Antarctic in the pit. </p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>A myriad <a href="/wiki/Computer_(occupation)" title="Computer (occupation)">computers</a> [people who compute] are at work upon the weather of the part of the map where each sits, but each computer attends only to one equation or part of an equation. The work of each region is coordinated by an official of higher rank. Numerous little "night signs" display the instantaneous values so that neighbouring computers can read them. Each number is thus displayed in three adjacent zones so as to maintain communication to the North and South on the map. </p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>From the floor of the pit a tall pillar rises to half the height of the hall. It carries a large pulpit on its top. In this sits the man in charge of the whole theatre; he is surrounded by several assistants and messengers. One of his duties is to maintain a uniform speed of progress in all parts of the globe. In this respect he is like the conductor of an orchestra in which the instruments are slide-rules and calculating machines. But instead of waving a baton he turns a beam of rosy light upon any region that is running ahead of the rest, and a beam of blue light upon those who are behindhand. </p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>Four senior clerks in the central pulpit are collecting the future weather as fast as it is being computed, and despatching it by pneumatic carrier to a quiet room. There it will be coded and telephoned to the radio transmitting station. Messengers carry piles of used computing forms down to a storehouse in the cellar. </p> </blockquote> <blockquote><p> In a neighbouring building there is a research department, where they invent improvements. But there is much experimenting on a small scale before any change is made in the complex routine of the computing theatre. In a basement an enthusiast is observing eddies in the liquid lining of a huge spinning bowl, but so far the arithmetic proves the better way. In another building are all the usual financial, correspondence and administrative offices. Outside are playing fields, houses, mountains and lakes, for it was thought that those who compute the weather should breathe of it freely. (Richardson 1922)</p></blockquote> <p>In 1950, when Richardson received news of the first weather forecast by the first modern computer, <a href="/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a>, he called it an "enormous scientific advance". The first calculations for a 24-hour forecast took ENIAC nearly 24 hours to produce.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richardson was also interested in <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmospheric</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> and performed many terrestrial experiments. The <a href="/wiki/Richardson_number" title="Richardson number">Richardson number</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dimensionless_parameter" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimensionless parameter">dimensionless parameter</a> of the theory of turbulence, is named for him. He famously summarised turbulence in rhyming verse in <i>Weather Prediction by Numerical Process</i> (p 66):<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p><i>Big whirls have little whirls that feed on their velocity,</i> </p> <dl><dd><i>and little whirls have lesser whirls and so on to viscosity.</i></dd></dl> </blockquote> <p>[A play on two lines of <a href="/wiki/Augustus_De_Morgan" title="Augustus De Morgan">Augustus De Morgan</a>'s poem <a href="/wiki/Siphonaptera_(poem)" title="Siphonaptera (poem)">Siphonaptera</a>: "Great fleas have little fleas upon their backs to bite 'em, / And little fleas have lesser fleas, and so <i>ad infinitum</i>." (<i><a href="/wiki/A_Budget_of_Paradoxes" class="mw-redirect" title="A Budget of Paradoxes">A Budget of Paradoxes</a></i>, 1915). De Morgan's lines themselves reword two lines of <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>'s 1733 satirical poem "On Poetry: A Rapsody".] </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Richardson's_attempt_at_numerical_forecast"><span id="Richardson.27s_attempt_at_numerical_forecast"></span>Richardson's attempt at numerical forecast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Fry_Richardson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Richardson's attempt at numerical forecast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of Richardson's most celebrated achievements is his retroactive attempt to forecast the weather during a single day—20 May 1910—by direct computation. At the time, meteorologists made forecasts principally by looking for similar weather patterns from records and extrapolating. Richardson attempted to use a mathematical model of the principal features of the atmosphere, and use data taken at a specific time (7 AM) to calculate the weather six hours later <a href="/wiki/Ab_initio" title="Ab initio">ab initio</a>. As meteorologist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lynch_(meteorologist)" title="Peter Lynch (meteorologist)">Peter Lynch</a> makes clear,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richardson's forecast failed dramatically, predicting a huge 145 hectopascals (4.3 inHg) rise in pressure over six hours when the pressure actually was more or less static. But detailed analysis by Lynch has shown that the cause was a failure to apply smoothing techniques to the data, which rule out unphysical surges in pressure. When these are applied, Richardson's forecast is essentially accurate—a remarkable achievement considering the calculations were done by hand while Richardson was serving with the Quaker ambulance unit in France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematical_analysis_of_war">Mathematical analysis of war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Fry_Richardson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mathematical analysis of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lewis_Fry_Richardson" title="Special:EditPage/Lewis Fry Richardson">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Richardson also applied his mathematical skills in service of his pacifist principles, in particular in understanding the basis of international conflict. For this reason, he is now considered the initiator, or co-initiator (with <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Wright" title="Quincy Wright">Quincy Wright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin" title="Pitirim Sorokin">Pitirim Sorokin</a> as well as others such as <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth Boulding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatol_Rapaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatol Rapaport">Anatol Rapaport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Curle" title="Adam Curle">Adam Curle</a>), of the scientific analysis of conflict—an interdisciplinary topic of quantitative and mathematical social science dedicated to systematic investigation of the causes of war and conditions of peace. As he had done with weather, he analysed war using mainly differential equations and probability theory. Considering the armament of two nations, Richardson posited an idealised system of equations whereby the rate of a nation's armament buildup is directly proportional to the amount of arms its rival has and also to the grievances felt toward the rival, and inversely proportional to the amount of arms it already has. Solutions of this system of equations yield insightful conclusions about the nature, and the stability or instability, of various hypothetical conditions that might obtain between nations. </p><p>Richardson also originated the theory that the propensity for war between two nations is a function of the length of their common border. And in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arms_and_Insecurity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arms and Insecurity (page does not exist)">Arms and Insecurity</a></i> (1949), and <i><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_Deadly_Quarrels" title="Statistics of Deadly Quarrels">Statistics of Deadly Quarrels</a></i> (1960), he sought to analyse the causes of war statistically. Factors he assessed included economics, language, and religion. In the preface of the latter, he wrote: "There is in the world a great deal of brilliant, witty political discussion which leads to no settled convictions. My aim has been different: namely to examine a few notions by quantitative techniques in the hope of reaching a reliable answer." </p><p>In <i>Statistics of Deadly Quarrels</i> Richardson presented data on virtually every war from 1815 to 1950, which he categorized using a <a href="/wiki/Base_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Base 10">base 10</a> <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_scale" title="Logarithmic scale">logarithmic scale</a> based on the number of battle deaths a conflict produced. In this way, he was the first to observe that the sizes of wars appeared to follow a highly right-skewed <a href="/wiki/Power-law_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Power-law distribution">Pareto distribution</a>, in which while small conflicts are relatively common, the very largest conflicts are orders of magnitude larger than the "typical" conflict. While conflicts' sizes can be predicted ahead of time, Richardson showed that the number of international wars per year follows a <a href="/wiki/Poisson_distribution" title="Poisson distribution">Poisson distribution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a smaller scale he showed a similar pattern for gang murders in Chicago and Shanghai, and hypothesized that a universal rule connected the frequency and the size of all "deadly quarrels". </p><p>In the early 21st century, Richardson's work on conflict enjoyed a revival among conflict scholars, as his power-law distribution pattern was found in the statistics of several other kinds of conflict, including terrorism and violent mobs, and his work has informed the debate over the durability of the "<a href="/wiki/Long_Peace" title="Long Peace">Long Peace</a>" since 1946. Modern statisticians have shown that while Richardson's analyses were not rigorous by modern standards, his statistical conclusions largely hold up: the sizes and frequencies of armed conflicts plausibly follow a power-law pattern, and the rate of new wars is well-modeled by a Poisson distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_on_the_length_of_coastlines_and_borders">Research on the length of coastlines and borders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Fry_Richardson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Research on the length of coastlines and borders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coastline_paradox" title="Coastline paradox">Coastline paradox</a></div> <p>Richardson searched for a relation between the probability of two countries going to war and the length of their common border. While collecting data, he found that there was considerable variation in the various published lengths of international borders. For example, that between Spain and Portugal was variously quoted as 987 or 1,214 km, and that between the Netherlands and Belgium as 380 or 449 km.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reason for these inconsistencies is the "<a href="/wiki/Coastline_paradox" title="Coastline paradox">coastline paradox</a>". Suppose the coast of Britain is measured using a 200–km ruler, specifying that both ends of the ruler must touch the coast. Now cut the ruler in half and repeat the measurement, then repeat: </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Britain-fractal-coastline-200km.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Britain-fractal-coastline-200km.png/150px-Britain-fractal-coastline-200km.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Britain-fractal-coastline-200km.png/225px-Britain-fractal-coastline-200km.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Britain-fractal-coastline-200km.png/300px-Britain-fractal-coastline-200km.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Britain-fractal-coastline-100km.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Britain-fractal-coastline-100km.png/150px-Britain-fractal-coastline-100km.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Britain-fractal-coastline-100km.png/225px-Britain-fractal-coastline-100km.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Britain-fractal-coastline-100km.png/300px-Britain-fractal-coastline-100km.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Britain-fractal-coastline-50km.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Britain-fractal-coastline-50km.png/150px-Britain-fractal-coastline-50km.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Britain-fractal-coastline-50km.png/225px-Britain-fractal-coastline-50km.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Britain-fractal-coastline-50km.png/300px-Britain-fractal-coastline-50km.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p><p>The smaller the ruler, the longer the resulting coastline. It might be supposed that these values would converge to a number representing the coastline's true length, but Richardson demonstrated that this is not so: the measured length of coastlines, and other natural features, increases without limit as the unit of measurement is made smaller.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is known as the <i>Richardson effect</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time, the scientific community ignored Richardson's research. Today it is considered an element of the beginning of the modern study of <a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">fractals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Mandelbrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Benoît Mandelbrot">Benoît Mandelbrot</a> quotes Richardson's research in his 1967 paper <a href="/wiki/How_Long_Is_the_Coast_of_Britain%3F_Statistical_Self-Similarity_and_Fractional_Dimension" class="mw-redirect" title="How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension">How Long Is the Coast of Britain?</a> Richardson identified a value (between 1 and 2) that describes the changes (with increasing measurement detail) in observed complexity for a particular coastline; this value served as a model for the concept of <a href="/wiki/Fractal_dimension" title="Fractal dimension">fractal dimension</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patents_for_detection_of_icebergs">Patents for detection of icebergs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Fry_Richardson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Patents for detection of icebergs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1912, soon after the loss of the ship <i><a href="/wiki/Titanic" title="Titanic">Titanic</a></i>, Richardson registered a patent for iceberg detection using acoustic <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_location" title="Acoustic location">echolocation</a> in air. A month later he registered a similar patent for acoustic echolocation in water, anticipating the invention of <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Boyle" title="Robert William Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> 6 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-Ainslie2010_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ainslie2010-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Fry_Richardson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fictional version of Richardson, named Wallace Ryman, plays a pivotal role in <a href="/wiki/Giles_Foden" title="Giles Foden">Giles Foden</a>'s novel <i>Turbulence</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richardson is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/John_Brunner_(novelist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Brunner (novelist)">John Brunner</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/Stand_on_Zanzibar" title="Stand on Zanzibar">Stand on Zanzibar</a></i>, where <i>Statistics of Deadly Quarrels</i> is used as an argument that wars are inevitable. </p><p>Richardson's work is also mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a>'s speculative fiction novelette <i>Kings Who Die</i>. </p><p>Richardson is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kaufman" title="Charlie Kaufman">Charlie Kaufman</a>'s 2020 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Antkind" title="Antkind">Antkind</a></i>. </p><p>Richardson's couplet "Big whirls have little whirls that feed on their velocity; little whirls have lesser whirls & so on to viscosity" is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Lupe_Fiasco" title="Lupe Fiasco">Lupe Fiasco</a>'s song "Dots & Lines". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Fry_Richardson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1909, Richardson married Dorothy Garnett, daughter of the mathematician and physicist <a href="/wiki/William_Garnett_(professor)" title="William Garnett (professor)">William Garnett</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were unable to have children due to an incompatibility of blood types,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but adopted two sons and a daughter between 1920 and 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richardson's nephew <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Richardson" title="Ralph Richardson">Ralph Richardson</a> became a noted actor. His great-nephew (through his wife Dorothy's eldest brother, <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell_Garnett" title="James Clerk Maxwell Garnett">(James Clerk) Maxwell Garnett</a>), <a href="/wiki/Julian_Hunt,_Baron_Hunt_of_Chesterton" title="Julian Hunt, Baron Hunt of Chesterton">Julian Hunt</a>, became a meteorologist and director general and chief executive of the British Meteorological Office from 1992 to 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A great-niece of the same line of descent is the former politician <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Bottomley" title="Virginia Bottomley">Virginia Bottomley</a>, now Baroness Bottomley.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Fry_Richardson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1997, the <b>Lewis Fry Richardson Medal</b> has been awarded by the <a href="/wiki/European_Geosciences_Union" title="European Geosciences Union">European Geosciences Union</a> for "exceptional contributions to nonlinear geophysics in general" (by EGS until 2003<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by EGU since 2004).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Winners have been: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>2023: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angelo_Vulpiani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angelo Vulpiani (page does not exist)">Angelo Vulpiani</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulrike_Feudel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulrike Feudel (page does not exist)">Ulrike Feudel</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9reng%C3%A8re_Dubrulle" title="Bérengère Dubrulle">Bérengère Dubrulle</a></li> <li>2020: Valerio Lucarini</li> <li>2019: Shaun Lovejoy</li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Tim_Palmer_(physicist)" title="Tim Palmer (physicist)">Timothy N. Palmer</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ott" title="Edward Ott">Edward Ott</a></li> <li>2016: Peter L. Read</li> <li>2015: Daniel Schertzer</li> <li>2014: Olivier Talagrand</li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Kurths" title="Jürgen Kurths">Jürgen Kurths</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Swinney" title="Harry Swinney">Harry Swinney</a></li> <li>2011: Catherine Nicolis</li> <li>2010: Klaus Fraedrich</li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phan_Fauve" title="Stéphan Fauve">Stéphan Fauve</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Akiva_Yaglom" title="Akiva Yaglom">Akiva Yaglom</a></li> <li>2007: Ulrich Schumann<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2006: Roberto Benzi</li> <li>2005: Henk A. Dijkstra</li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ghil" title="Michael Ghil">Michael Ghil</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Uriel_Frisch" title="Uriel Frisch">Uriel Frisch</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hermann_Busse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Hermann Busse (page does not exist)">Friedrich Hermann Busse</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hermann_Busse" class="extiw" title="de:Friedrich Hermann Busse">de</a>]</span></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Julian_Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Hunt">Julian Hunt</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoit Mandelbrot</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Hide" title="Raymond Hide">Raymond Hide</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Keilis-Borok" title="Vladimir Keilis-Borok">Vladimir Keilis-Borok</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Since 1959, there has been a Peace Studies centre at <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_University" title="Lancaster University">Lancaster University</a>, the Richardson Institute, which carries out interdisciplinary research on peace and conflict in Richardson's spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Fry_Richardson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalous_diffusion" title="Anomalous diffusion">Anomalous diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_paradox" title="Coastline paradox">Coastline paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_cascade" title="Energy cascade">Energy cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_cycles" class="mw-redirect" title="War cycles">War cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_helicity" title="Magnetic helicity">Magnetic helicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardson_extrapolation" title="Richardson extrapolation">Richardson extrapolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardson_number" title="Richardson number">Richardson number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Richardson_iteration" title="Modified Richardson iteration">Modified Richardson iteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richards_equation" title="Richards equation">Richards equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiscale_turbulence" title="Multiscale turbulence">Multiscale turbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takebe_Kenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Takebe Kenko">Takebe Kenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Lanchester" title="Frederick W. Lanchester">Frederick W. Lanchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Fry_Richardson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGold1954" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gold_(meteorologist)" title="Ernest Gold (meteorologist)">Gold, E.</a> (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1954.0015">"Lewis Fry Richardson. 1881-1953"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Obituary_Notices_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society">Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>9</b> (1): 216–235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1954.0015">10.1098/rsbm.1954.0015</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/769208">769208</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191485345">191485345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obituary+Notices+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Lewis+Fry+Richardson.+1881-1953&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=216-235&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191485345%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F769208%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1954.0015&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.1954.0015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mactutor-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mactutor_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Richardson.html">"Lewis Fry Richardson"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lewis+Fry+Richardson&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FRichardson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt, p. xiv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Bootham School Register</i>. York, England: BOSA. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bootham+School+Register&rft.place=York%2C+England&rft.pub=BOSA&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/view/article/35739"><i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt, p. xv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505105400/http://www.robertnowlan.com/pdfs/Richardson,%20Lewis%20Fry.pdf">"Lewis Fry Richardson"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertnowlan.com/pdfs/Richardson,%20Lewis%20Fry.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lewis+Fry+Richardson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertnowlan.com%2Fpdfs%2FRichardson%2C%2520Lewis%2520Fry.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashford 1985, Ch 3–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRS_cite-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FRS_cite_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130113132248/http://royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=RefNo=='EC/1926/21'&dsqDb=Catalog">"Royal Society election citation EC/1926/21"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">The Royal Society</a>. 1926. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=RefNo=='EC/1926/21'&dsqDb=Catalog">the original</a> on 13 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Society+election+citation+EC%2F1926%2F21&rft.pub=The+Royal+Society&rft.date=1926&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2FDServe%2Fdserve.exe%3FdsqIni%3DDserve.ini%26dsqApp%3DArchive%26dsqCmd%3DShow.tcl%26dsqSearch%3DRefNo%3D%3D%27EC%2F1926%2F21%27%26dsqDb%3DCatalog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Körner, T.W. (1996). "A Quaker mathematician" and "Richardson on war", Ch 8 and 9 in <i>The Pleasures of Counting</i> (Cambridge U.P.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Lynch2008" class="citation journal cs1">Peter Lynch (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100708191309/http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/personal/miskandarani/Courses/MPO662/Lynch,Peter/OriginsCompWF.JCP227.pdf">"The origins of computer weather prediction and climate modeling"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Computational Physics</i>. <b>227</b> (7). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a>: 3436. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JCoPh.227.3431L">2008JCoPh.227.3431L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcp.2007.02.034">10.1016/j.jcp.2007.02.034</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/personal/miskandarani/Courses/MPO662/Lynch,Peter/OriginsCompWF.JCP227.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Computational+Physics&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+computer+weather+prediction+and+climate+modeling&rft.volume=227&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=3436&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jcp.2007.02.034&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JCoPh.227.3431L&rft.au=Peter+Lynch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsmas.miami.edu%2Fpersonal%2Fmiskandarani%2FCourses%2FMPO662%2FLynch%2CPeter%2FOriginsCompWF.JCP227.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1922" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Lewis Fry (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/weatherpredictio00richrich"><i>Weather Prediction by Numerical Processes</i></a>. Boston: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/weatherpredictio00richrich/page/66">66</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511618291" title="Special:BookSources/9780511618291"><bdi>9780511618291</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weather+Prediction+by+Numerical+Processes&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.isbn=9780511618291&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Lewis+Fry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fweatherpredictio00richrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, P. (2006) The Emergence of Numerical Weather Prediction (Cambridge U.P.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hayes, Brian (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27857587">"Computing Science: Statistics of Deadly Quarrels"</a>. <i>American Scientist</i>. <b>90</b> (1): 10–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1511%2F2002.13.3269">10.1511/2002.13.3269</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0996">0003-0996</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27857587">27857587</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14288824">14288824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&rft.atitle=Computing+Science%3A+Statistics+of+Deadly+Quarrels&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10-15&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0003-0996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14288824%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27857587%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1511%2F2002.13.3269&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27857587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClauset2018" class="citation journal cs1">Clauset, Aaron (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5834001">"Trends and fluctuations in the severity of interstate wars"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>4</b> (2): aao3580. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SciA....4.3580C">2018SciA....4.3580C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aao3580">10.1126/sciadv.aao3580</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5834001">5834001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29507877">29507877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Trends+and+fluctuations+in+the+severity+of+interstate+wars&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=aao3580&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5834001%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29507877&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aao3580&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018SciA....4.3580C&rft.aulast=Clauset&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5834001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis_F._Richardson1961" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis F. Richardson (1961). "The problem of contiguity: An appendix to Statistics of Deadly Quarrels". <i>General Systems: Yearbook of the Society for the Advancement of General Systems Theory</i>. <b>6</b> (139). Ann Arbor, Mich.: The Society, [1956–: Society for General Systems Research: 139–187. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0072-0798">0072-0798</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1429672">1429672</a>. <q>In the previous section integrals were taken around simple geometrical figures, as a preliminary to taking them around frontiers shown on political maps. An embarrassing doubt arose as to whether actual frontiers were so intricate as to invalidate that otherwise promising theory. A special investigation was made to settle this question. Some strange features came to notice; nevertheless an over-all general correction was found possible. The results will now be reported. ... As an explanation of how chance can arise in a world which he regarded as strictly deterministic, Heri Poincare* (no date) drew attention to insignificant causes which produced very noticeable effects. Sea coasts provide an apt illustration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=General+Systems%3A+Yearbook+of+the+Society+for+the+Advancement+of+General+Systems+Theory.&rft.atitle=The+problem+of+contiguity%3A+An+appendix+to+Statistics+of+Deadly+Quarrels&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=139&rft.pages=139-187&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1429672&rft.issn=0072-0798&rft.au=Lewis+F.+Richardson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/psychology/cogsci/chaos/workshop/Fractals.html">Fractals and the Fractal Dimension (Vanderbilt University website, accessed 30 January 2008)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513224548/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/psychology/cogsci/chaos/workshop/Fractals.html">Archived</a> 13 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.futilitycloset.com/2013/12/02/the-richardson-effect/">"The Richardson Effect"</a>. <i>www.futilitycloset.com</i>. 2 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.futilitycloset.com&rft.atitle=The+Richardson+Effect&rft.date=2013-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.futilitycloset.com%2F2013%2F12%2F02%2Fthe-richardson-effect%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Drazin" title="Philip Drazin">P. G. Drazin</a>, "Fractals"; <i>Collected Papers of Lewis Fry Richardson, Volume 1; Cambridge University Press, 1993; p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RVE9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA45">45</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ainslie2010-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ainslie2010_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael A. Ainslie <i>Principles of Sonar Performance Modelling</i>, Springer, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-87661-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-87661-8">3-540-87661-8</a>, page 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foden</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Garnett (1850–1932) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/zingaz/LondonPeopleD.html#gar">Brief biography on the British Society for the History of Mathematics website (accessed 21 January 2008)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashford (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/lewis-fry-richardsons-weather-forecasts-changed-the-world-but-could-his-predictions-of-war-do-the-9679295.html">"Lewis Fry Richardson's weather forecasts changed the world. But could"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Independent.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent.co.uk">Independent.co.uk</a></i>. 19 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/lewis-fry-richardsons-weather-forecasts-changed-the-world-but-could-his-predictions-of-war-do-the-9679295.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Lewis+Fry+Richardson%27s+weather+forecasts+changed+the+world.+But+could&rft.date=2014-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Flewis-fry-richardsons-weather-forecasts-changed-the-world-but-could-his-predictions-of-war-do-the-9679295.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-john-garnett-1239782.html">"Obituary: John Garnett"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Independent.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent.co.uk">Independent.co.uk</a></i>. 23 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-john-garnett-1239782.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+John+Garnett&rft.date=2011-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fobituary-john-garnett-1239782.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180430114234/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-33333">"Archived copy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F33333">10.1093/ref:odnb/33333</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-33333">the original</a> on 30 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F33333&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-33333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egu.eu/egs/award6s.htm">"EGS - Lewis Fry Richardson Medal"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EGS+-+Lewis+Fry+Richardson+Medal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egu.eu%2Fegs%2Faward6s.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egu.eu/awards-medals/lewis-fry-richardson">"Lewis Fry Richardson Medal"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lewis+Fry+Richardson+Medal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egu.eu%2Fawards-medals%2Flewis-fry-richardson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elib.dlr.de/perl/search/advanced?authors%2Feditors=%22Schumann%2C+Ulrich%22&_order=byyear">Text of lecture "From little whorls to the global atmosphere" given by 2007 prizewinner</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/centres/richinst/">"Home"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancaster.ac.uk%2Ffass%2Fcentres%2Frichinst%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Fry_Richardson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wilkinson, David. <i>Deadly Quarrels: Lewis F. Richardson and the Statistical Study of War</i> (University of California Press, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=55375">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshford1985" class="citation book cs1">Ashford, Oliver M. (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetorprofess00ashf"><i>Prophet or Professor?: Life and Work of Lewis Fry Richardson</i></a></span>. Bristol: Adam Hilger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85274-774-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85274-774-2"><bdi>978-0-85274-774-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophet+or+Professor%3F%3A+Life+and+Work+of+Lewis+Fry+Richardson&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pub=Adam+Hilger&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-85274-774-2&rft.aulast=Ashford&rft.aufirst=Oliver+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprophetorprofess00ashf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span> 320pp</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshford2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ashford, Oliver M. (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35739">"Richardson, Lewis Fry (1881–1953)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F35739">10.1093/ref:odnb/35739</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richardson%2C+Lewis+Fry+%281881%E2%80%931953%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F35739&rft.aulast=Ashford&rft.aufirst=Oliver+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F35739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li>P.A. Davidson, Y. Kaneda, K. Moffatt, and <a href="/wiki/K.R._Sreenivasan" class="mw-redirect" title="K.R. Sreenivasan">K.R. Sreenivasan</a> (eds, 2011). <i>A Voyage Through Turbulence</i>, chapter 5, pp 187–208, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19868-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19868-4">978-0-521-19868-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1998" class="citation journal cs1">Hunt, J.C.R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227141027/http://www.cpom.org/people/jcrh/AnnRevFluMech(30)LFR.pdf">"Lewis Fry Richardson and His Contributions to Mathematics, Meteorology, and Models of Conflict"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics</i>. <b>30</b> (1): xiii–xxxvi. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AnRFM..30D..13H">1998AnRFM..30D..13H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.fluid.30.1.0">10.1146/annurev.fluid.30.1.0</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpom.org/people/jcrh/AnnRevFluMech(30)LFR.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Fluid+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Lewis+Fry+Richardson+and+His+Contributions+to+Mathematics%2C+Meteorology%2C+and+Models+of+Conflict&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=xiii-xxxvi&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.fluid.30.1.0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998AnRFM..30D..13H&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=J.C.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpom.org%2Fpeople%2Fjcrh%2FAnnRevFluMech%2830%29LFR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKörner1996" class="citation book cs1">Körner, T. W. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pleasuresofcount0000korn"><i>The Pleasures of Counting</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56823-4"><bdi>978-0-521-56823-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pleasures+of+Counting&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56823-4&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6rner&rft.aufirst=T.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpleasuresofcount0000korn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span>544pp "A Quaker mathematician" (Ch 8) and "Richardson on war" (Ch 9)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2004" class="citation web cs1">Lynch, Peter (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/nwp50/Presentations/Tue_06_15_04/Session_1/Lynch_NWP50.pdf">"Richardson's forecast: What went wrong?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richardson%27s+forecast%3A+What+went+wrong%3F&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration+%28NOAA%29&rft.date=2004-06&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncep.noaa.gov%2Fnwp50%2FPresentations%2FTue_06_15_04%2FSession_1%2FLynch_NWP50.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2006" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Peter (2006). <i>The Emergence of Numerical Weather Prediction: Richardson's Dream</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85729-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85729-1"><bdi>978-0-521-85729-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Numerical+Weather+Prediction%3A+Richardson%27s+Dream&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85729-1&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span> 290pp</li> <li>Richardson, L.F. (1939). "Generalized foreign politics". <i>The British Journal of Psychology</i>, monograph supplement No. 23.</li> <li>Richardson, L.F. (1960). <i>Statistics of deadly quarrels</i>. Pacific Grove, CA: Boxwood Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson,_L.F.1993" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, L.F. (1993). Ashford, Oliver M; Charnock H; <a href="/wiki/Philip_Drazin" title="Philip Drazin">Drazin, P G</a>; Hunt, J C R; Smoker, P; Sutherland, Ian (eds.). <i>The Collected Papers of Lewis Fry Richardson, Volume 1: Meteorology and numerical analysis</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38297-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38297-7"><bdi>978-0-521-38297-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Papers+of+Lewis+Fry+Richardson%2C+Volume+1%3A+Meteorology+and+numerical+analysis.&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-38297-7&rft.au=Richardson%2C+L.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span>1030pp; <i>Volume 2: Quantitative psychology and studies of conflict.</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38298-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38298-4">978-0-521-38298-4</a>, 778pp</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1910" class="citation journal cs1">Richardson, L.F. (1910). "The approximate arithmetical solution by finite differences of physical problems involving differential equations, with an application to the stresses in a masonry dam". <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_A" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A</a></i>. <b>210</b> (459–470): 307–357. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1911RSPTA.210..307R">1911RSPTA.210..307R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.1911.0009">10.1098/rsta.1911.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119559073">119559073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=The+approximate+arithmetical+solution+by+finite+differences+of+physical+problems+involving+differential+equations%2C+with+an+application+to+the+stresses+in+a+masonry+dam&rft.volume=210&rft.issue=459%E2%80%93470&rft.pages=307-357&rft.date=1910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119559073%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.1911.0009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1911RSPTA.210..307R&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=L.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoden2009" class="citation book cs1">Foden, Giles (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turbulencenovelo0000fode"><i>Turbulence</i></a></span>. London: faber and faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-20522-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-20522-6"><bdi>978-0-571-20522-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turbulence&rft.place=London&rft.pub=faber+and+faber&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-571-20522-6&rft.aulast=Foden&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturbulencenovelo0000fode&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Fry+Richardson" class="Z3988"></span> 353pp</li> <li>Angeletti Ferdinando (2021) <i>Storicismo matematico e pacifismo scientifico: due esempi di determinismo storico della metà del XX secolo</i> in <i>Iconografie europee</i> di Walter Montanari e Shirin Zakeri (a cura di), Roma, Nuova Cultura ISBN 978-8-833-65368-6;</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Fry_Richardson&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Richardson%2C%20Lewis%20Fry%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Richardson%2C%20Lewis%20F%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Richardson%2C%20L%2E%20F%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lewis%20Fry%20Richardson%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lewis%20F%2E%20Richardson%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22L%2E%20F%2E%20Richardson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lewis%20Fry%20Richardson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lewis%20F%2E%20Richardson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22L%2E%20F%2E%20Richardson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22L%2E%20Fry%20Richardson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Richardson%2C%20Lewis%20Fry%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Richardson%2C%20Lewis%20F%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Richardson%2C%20L%2E%20F%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Richardson%2C%20L%2E%20Fry%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Lewis%20Fry%20Richardson%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Lewis%20F%2E%20Richardson%22%20OR%20title%3A%22L%2E%20F%2E%20Richardson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lewis%20Fry%20Richardson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lewis%20F%2E%20Richardson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22L%2E%20F%2E%20Richardson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Richardson%2C%20Lewis%20Fry%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Richardson%2C%20Lewis%20F%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221881-1953%22%20AND%20Richardson%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Lewis Fry Richardson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.egu.eu/awards-medals/lewis-fry-richardson/">https://www.egu.eu/awards-medals/lewis-fry-richardson/</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Hausdorff_dimension" title="Hausdorff dimension">Hausdorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packing_dimension" title="Packing dimension">Packing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebesgue_covering_dimension" title="Lebesgue covering dimension">Topological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursion" title="Recursion">Recursion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-similarity" title="Self-similarity">Self-similarity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iterated_function_system" title="Iterated function system">Iterated function <br />system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnsley_fern" title="Barnsley fern">Barnsley fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantor_set" title="Cantor set">Cantor set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_snowflake" title="Koch snowflake">Koch snowflake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menger_sponge" title="Menger sponge">Menger sponge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierpi%C5%84ski_carpet" title="Sierpiński carpet">Sierpiński carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierpi%C5%84ski_triangle" title="Sierpiński triangle">Sierpiński triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_gasket" title="Apollonian gasket">Apollonian gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibonacci_word_fractal" title="Fibonacci word fractal">Fibonacci word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-filling_curve" title="Space-filling curve">Space-filling curve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blancmange_curve" title="Blancmange curve">Blancmange curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Rham_curve" title="De Rham curve">De Rham curve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minkowski_sausage" title="Minkowski sausage">Minkowski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_curve" title="Dragon curve">Dragon curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilbert_curve" title="Hilbert curve">Hilbert curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_snowflake" title="Koch snowflake">Koch curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9vy_C_curve" title="Lévy C curve">Lévy C curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore_curve" title="Moore curve">Moore curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peano_curve" title="Peano curve">Peano curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierpi%C5%84ski_curve" title="Sierpiński curve">Sierpiński curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-order_curve" title="Z-order curve">Z-order curve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_string" title="Fractal string">String</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-square_(fractal)" title="T-square (fractal)">T-square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-flake" title="N-flake">n-flake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicsek_fractal" title="Vicsek fractal">Vicsek fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosper_curve" title="Gosper curve">Gosper curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras_tree_(fractal)" title="Pythagoras tree (fractal)">Pythagoras tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weierstrass_function" title="Weierstrass function">Weierstrass function</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attractor#Strange_attractor" title="Attractor">Strange attractor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multifractal_system" title="Multifractal system">Multifractal system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/L-system" title="L-system">L-system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_canopy" title="Fractal canopy">Fractal canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-filling_curve" title="Space-filling curve">Space-filling curve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H_tree" title="H tree">H tree</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fractal#Common_techniques_for_generating_fractals" title="Fractal">Escape-time <br />fractals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_Ship_fractal" title="Burning Ship fractal">Burning Ship fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_set" title="Julia set">Julia set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filled_Julia_set" title="Filled Julia set">Filled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_fractal" title="Newton fractal">Newton fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douady_rabbit" title="Douady rabbit">Douady rabbit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyapunov_fractal" title="Lyapunov fractal">Lyapunov fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandelbrot_set" title="Mandelbrot set">Mandelbrot set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misiurewicz_point" title="Misiurewicz point">Misiurewicz point</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibrot_set" title="Multibrot set">Multibrot set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_fractal" title="Newton fractal">Newton fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricorn_(mathematics)" title="Tricorn (mathematics)">Tricorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandelbox" title="Mandelbox">Mandelbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandelbulb" title="Mandelbulb">Mandelbulb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a> techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhabrot" title="Buddhabrot">Buddhabrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_trap" title="Orbit trap">Orbit trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickover_stalk" title="Pickover stalk">Pickover stalk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chaos_game" title="Chaos game">Random</a> fractals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion-limited_aggregation" title="Diffusion-limited aggregation">Brownian tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownian_motor" title="Brownian motor">Brownian motor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_landscape" title="Fractal landscape">Fractal landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9vy_flight" title="Lévy flight">Lévy flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percolation_theory" title="Percolation theory">Percolation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-avoiding_walk" title="Self-avoiding walk">Self-avoiding walk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barnsley" title="Michael Barnsley">Michael Barnsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Cantor" title="Georg Cantor">Georg Cantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gosper" title="Bill Gosper">Bill Gosper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Hausdorff" title="Felix Hausdorff">Felix Hausdorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Paul_Henry" title="Desmond Paul Henry">Desmond Paul Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Julia" title="Gaston Julia">Gaston Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Fabian_Helge_von_Koch" title="Niels Fabian Helge von Koch">Niels Fabian Helge von Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_L%C3%A9vy_(mathematician)" title="Paul Lévy (mathematician)">Paul Lévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Lyapunov" title="Aleksandr Lyapunov">Aleksandr Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoit Mandelbrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Naderi_Yeganeh" title="Hamid Naderi Yeganeh">Hamid Naderi Yeganeh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lewis Fry Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Sierpi%C5%84ski" title="Wacław Sierpiński">Wacław Sierpiński</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_paradox" title="Coastline paradox">Coastline paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_art" title="Fractal art">Fractal art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fractals_by_Hausdorff_dimension" title="List of fractals by Hausdorff dimension">List of fractals by Hausdorff dimension</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fractal_Geometry_of_Nature" title="The Fractal Geometry of Nature">The Fractal Geometry of Nature</a></i> (1982 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beauty_of_Fractals" title="The Beauty of Fractals">The Beauty of Fractals</a></i> (1986 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chaos:_Making_a_New_Science" title="Chaos: Making a New Science">Chaos: Making a New Science</a></i> (1987 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaleidoscope" title="Kaleidoscope">Kaleidoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">Chaos theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Fry_Richardson&oldid=1259794568">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Fry_Richardson&oldid=1259794568</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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