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<span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Activities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Charitable_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charitable_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Charitable status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charitable_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permanent_collection_and_loans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permanent_collection_and_loans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Permanent collection and loans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permanent_collection_and_loans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhibitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhibitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Exhibitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhibitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summer_Exhibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summer_Exhibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Summer Exhibition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summer_Exhibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Friends_programme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friends_programme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Friends programme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friends_programme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_collaborations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_collaborations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Literary collaborations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_collaborations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidents_and_officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents_and_officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Presidents and officers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents_and_officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Academy_Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Academy_Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Royal Academy Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Academy_Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Library,_archive,_and_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library,_archive,_and_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Library, archive, and collections</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Library,_archive,_and_collections-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Library, archive, and collections subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Library,_archive,_and_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wall_and_ceiling_paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wall_and_ceiling_paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Wall and ceiling paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wall_and_ceiling_paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Michelangelo's_Taddei_Tondo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Michelangelo's_Taddei_Tondo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Michelangelo's <i>Taddei Tondo</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Michelangelo's_Taddei_Tondo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>War memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Academy of Arts</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="الأكاديمية الملكية للفنون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأكاديمية الملكية للفنون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Каралеўская акадэмія мастацтваў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каралеўская акадэмія мастацтваў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Каралеўская акадэмія мастацтваў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каралеўская акадэмія мастацтваў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Кралска академия по изкуствата – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кралска академия по изкуствата" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Royal Academy of Arts" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Royal Academy of Arts" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academi_Frenhinol_y_Celfyddydau" title="Academi Frenhinol y Celfyddydau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Academi Frenhinol y Celfyddydau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy" title="Royal Academy – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Royal Academy" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Royal Academy of Arts" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuninglik_Kunstide_Akadeemia" title="Kuninglik Kunstide Akadeemia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuninglik Kunstide Akadeemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Academia_de_Arte" title="Real Academia de Arte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Real Academia de Arte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Da_Akademio_de_Artoj_(Britio)" title="Reĝa Akademio de Artoj (Britio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝa Akademio de Artoj (Britio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Royal Academy of Arts" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1" title="آکادمی سلطنتی هنر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آکادمی سلطنتی هنر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royal Academy of Arts" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%95%EB%A6%BD%EC%98%88%EC%88%A0%EC%9B%90" title="왕립예술원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="왕립예술원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1_(%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B6)" title="Գեղարվեստի թագավորական ակադեմիա (Լոնդոն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գեղարվեստի թագավորական ակադեմիա (Լոնդոն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="रायल अकादमी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रायल अकादमी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Royal Academy of Arts" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Royal Academy of Arts" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="האקדמיה המלכותית לאמנויות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האקדמיה המלכותית לאמנויות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98)" title="ხელოვნების სამეფო აკადემია (ლონდონი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხელოვნების სამეფო აკადემია (ლონდონი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kir%C3%A1lyi_M%C5%B1v%C3%A9szeti_Akad%C3%A9mia" title="Királyi Művészeti Akadémia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Királyi Művészeti Akadémia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="الاكاديميه الملكيه للفنون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاكاديميه الملكيه للفنون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C" title="هنر سلطنتی آکادمی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هنر سلطنتی آکادمی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Royal Academy of Arts" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%83%87%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%96%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84" title="ロイヤル・アカデミー・オブ・アーツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロイヤル・アカデミー・オブ・アーツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Royal Academy of Arts" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Royal Academy of Arts" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Royal Academy of Arts" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Real_Inglesa" title="Academia Real Inglesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Academia Real Inglesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_(%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Королевская академия художеств (Лондон) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевская академия художеств (Лондон)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy" title="Royal Academy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Royal Academy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Royal Academy of Arts" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Royal Academy of Arts" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="ราชวิทยาลัยศิลปกรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวิทยาลัยศิลปกรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraliyet_Sanat_Akademisi" title="Kraliyet Sanat Akademisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kraliyet Sanat Akademisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2" title="Королівська академія мистецтв – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Королівська академія мистецтв" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2" title="皇家艺术研究院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="皇家艺术研究院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&params=51_30_33_N_0_08_22_W_region:GB_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°30′33″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°08′22″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.50917°N 0.13944°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.50917; -0.13944</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_Schools&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy Schools">Royal Academy Schools</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Art institution in London, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>"Royal Academy" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Royal Academy (disambiguation)">Royal Academy (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>For the Royal Academy of Art in the Netherlands, see <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Art,_The_Hague" title="Royal Academy of Art, The Hague">Royal Academy of Art, The Hague</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Royal Academy of Arts</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:RA_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/RA_logo.svg/220px-RA_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/RA_logo.svg/330px-RA_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/RA_logo.svg/440px-RA_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="176" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Academy_(5125746823).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Royal_Academy_%285125746823%29.jpg/270px-Royal_Academy_%285125746823%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Royal_Academy_%285125746823%29.jpg/405px-Royal_Academy_%285125746823%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Royal_Academy_%285125746823%29.jpg/540px-Royal_Academy_%285125746823%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4701" data-file-height="3156" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Front view, October 2010</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_9558d9e4d832ff760f6ebb33bcf5f740e4ec010a"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&revid=1251271352&groups=_9558d9e4d832ff760f6ebb33bcf5f740e4ec010a" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&revid=1251271352&groups=_9558d9e4d832ff760f6ebb33bcf5f740e4ec010a 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1768<span class="noprint">; 256 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1768</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data locality"><a href="/wiki/Burlington_House" title="Burlington House">Burlington House</a>, Piccadilly, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Visitors</th><td class="infobox-data">709,961 (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">President</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Salter" title="Rebecca Salter">Rebecca Salter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public transit access</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground"><img alt="London Underground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Underground_%28no_text%29.svg/10px-Underground_%28no_text%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Underground_%28no_text%29.svg/15px-Underground_%28no_text%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Underground_%28no_text%29.svg/20px-Underground_%28no_text%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="406" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Green_Park_tube_station" title="Green Park tube station">Green Park</a>; <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus_tube_station" title="Piccadilly Circus tube station">Piccadilly Circus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalacademy.org.uk/">royalacademy.org.uk</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Royal Academy of Arts</b> (<b>RA</b>) is an art institution based in <a href="/wiki/Burlington_House" title="Burlington House">Burlington House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly" title="Piccadilly">Piccadilly</a> in London, England. Founded in 1768, it has a unique position as an independent, privately funded institution led by eminent artists and architects. Its purpose is to promote the creation, enjoyment and appreciation of the <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine arts</a> through exhibitions, education and debate. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Academy_Simon_Fieldhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Royal_Academy_Simon_Fieldhouse.jpg/220px-Royal_Academy_Simon_Fieldhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Royal_Academy_Simon_Fieldhouse.jpg/330px-Royal_Academy_Simon_Fieldhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Royal_Academy_Simon_Fieldhouse.jpg/440px-Royal_Academy_Simon_Fieldhouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>A modern illustration of <a href="/wiki/Burlington_House" title="Burlington House">Burlington House</a> in London, home of the Royal Academy of Arts since 1868</figcaption></figure> <p>The origin of the Royal Academy of Arts lies in an attempt in 1755 by members of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts" title="Royal Society of Arts">Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce</a>, principally the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cheere" title="Henry Cheere">Henry Cheere</a>, to found an autonomous academy of arts. Prior to this a number of artists were members of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, including Cheere and <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a>, or were involved in small-scale private art academies, such as the <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Lane_Academy" title="St Martin's Lane Academy">St Martin's Lane Academy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton19057_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton19057-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Cheere's attempt failed, the eventual <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a>, called an 'Instrument', used to establish the Royal Academy of Arts over a decade later was almost identical to that drawn up by Cheere in 1755.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The success of St Martin's Lane Academy led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Artists_of_Great_Britain" title="Society of Artists of Great Britain">Society of Artists of Great Britain</a> and the Free Society of Artists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton190510_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton190510-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Chambers_(architect)" title="William Chambers (architect)">Sir William Chambers</a>, a prominent architect and head of the British government's architects' department, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Works" title="Office of Works">Office of Works</a>, used his connections with <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">King George III</a> to gain royal patronage and financial support for the Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Royal Academy of Arts was founded through a personal act of King George III on 10 December 1768 with a mission "to establish a school or academy of design for the use of students in the arts" with an annual exhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton190511_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton190511-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_scene_of_a_pantamime_entertainment_lately_exhibited_LCCN2002716141.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/A_scene_of_a_pantamime_entertainment_lately_exhibited_LCCN2002716141.jpg/220px-A_scene_of_a_pantamime_entertainment_lately_exhibited_LCCN2002716141.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/A_scene_of_a_pantamime_entertainment_lately_exhibited_LCCN2002716141.jpg/330px-A_scene_of_a_pantamime_entertainment_lately_exhibited_LCCN2002716141.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/A_scene_of_a_pantamime_entertainment_lately_exhibited_LCCN2002716141.jpg/440px-A_scene_of_a_pantamime_entertainment_lately_exhibited_LCCN2002716141.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>Satirical drawing of <a href="/wiki/William_Chambers_(architect)" title="William Chambers (architect)">Sir William Chambers</a>, one of the founders, trying to slay the 8-headed hydra of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Artists_of_Great_Britain" title="Society of Artists of Great Britain">Incorporated Society of Artists</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The painter <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a> was made its first president,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton190514_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton190514-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Francis Milner Newton was elected the first secretary,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton19058_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton19058-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a post he held for two decades until his resignation in 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton190596_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton190596-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The instrument of foundation, signed by George III on 10 December 1768, named 34 founder members and allowed for a total membership of 40. The founder members were Reynolds, <a href="/wiki/John_Baker_(artist)" title="John Baker (artist)">John Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Barret_Sr." title="George Barret Sr.">George Barret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Bartolozzi" title="Francesco Bartolozzi">Francesco Bartolozzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Cipriani" title="Giovanni Battista Cipriani">Giovanni Battista Cipriani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Carlini" title="Agostino Carlini">Augustino Carlini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Catton" title="Charles Catton">Charles Catton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mason_Chamberlin" title="Mason Chamberlin">Mason Chamberlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Chambers_(architect)" title="William Chambers (architect)">William Chambers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Cotes" title="Francis Cotes">Francis Cotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Dance_the_Younger" title="George Dance the Younger">George Dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Dance-Holland" title="Nathaniel Dance-Holland">Nathaniel Dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough" title="Thomas Gainsborough">Thomas Gainsborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Gwynn_(architect)" title="John Gwynn (architect)">John Gwynn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hayman" title="Francis Hayman">Francis Hayman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hone_the_Elder" title="Nathaniel Hone the Elder">Nathaniel Hone the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelica_Kauffman" title="Angelica Kauffman">Angelica Kauffman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Meyer" title="Jeremiah Meyer">Jeremiah Meyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Michael_Moser" title="George Michael Moser">George Michael Moser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Moser" title="Mary Moser">Mary Moser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Milner_Newton" title="Francis Milner Newton">Francis Milner Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Penny" title="Edward Penny">Edward Penny</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Inigo_Richards" title="John Inigo Richards">John Inigo Richards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sandby" title="Paul Sandby">Paul Sandby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sandby" title="Thomas Sandby">Thomas Sandby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Serres" title="Dominic Serres">Dominic Serres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Toms_(painter)" title="Peter Toms (painter)">Peter Toms</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Tyler_(architect)" title="William Tyler (architect)">William Tyler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wale" title="Samuel Wale">Samuel Wale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wilson_(painter)" title="Richard Wilson (painter)">Richard Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wilton" title="Joseph Wilton">Joseph Wilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Yeo" title="Richard Yeo">Richard Yeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Zuccarelli" title="Francesco Zuccarelli">Francesco Zuccarelli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton1905353_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton1905353-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Hoare" title="William Hoare">William Hoare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Zoffany" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Zoffany">Johann Zoffany</a> were added to this list by the King in 1769.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton1905353_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton1905353-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Royal_Academicians_assembled_in_their_council_chamber_to_adjudge_the_Medals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/The_Royal_Academicians_assembled_in_their_council_chamber_to_adjudge_the_Medals.jpg/220px-The_Royal_Academicians_assembled_in_their_council_chamber_to_adjudge_the_Medals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/The_Royal_Academicians_assembled_in_their_council_chamber_to_adjudge_the_Medals.jpg/330px-The_Royal_Academicians_assembled_in_their_council_chamber_to_adjudge_the_Medals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/The_Royal_Academicians_assembled_in_their_council_chamber_to_adjudge_the_Medals.jpg/440px-The_Royal_Academicians_assembled_in_their_council_chamber_to_adjudge_the_Medals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>Study for <a href="/wiki/Henry_Singleton_(painter)" title="Henry Singleton (painter)">Henry Singleton</a>'s painting <i>The Royal Academicians assembled in their council chamber to adjudge the Medals to the successful students in Painting, Sculpture, Architecture and Drawing</i>, which hangs in the Royal Academy. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1793</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Royal Academy was initially housed in cramped quarters in <a href="/wiki/Pall_Mall,_London" title="Pall Mall, London">Pall Mall</a>, although in 1771 it was given temporary accommodation for its library and schools in Old <a href="/wiki/Somerset_House" title="Somerset House">Somerset House</a>, then a royal palace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton190513_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton190513-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1780 it was installed in purpose-built apartments in the first completed wing of New Somerset House, located in the <a href="/wiki/Strand,_London" title="Strand, London">Strand</a> and designed by Chambers, the Academy's first treasurer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton190513_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton190513-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Academy moved in 1837 to <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>, where it occupied the east wing of the recently completed <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery (London)">National Gallery</a> (designed by another Academician, <a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(architect)" title="William Wilkins (architect)">William Wilkins</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton1905320_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton1905320-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These premises soon proved too small to house both institutions. In 1868, 100 years after the Academy's foundation, it moved to <a href="/wiki/Burlington_House" title="Burlington House">Burlington House</a>, Piccadilly, where it remains.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Royal Academy exhibition of contemporary art, open to all artists, opened on 25 April 1769 and ran until 27 May 1769. 136 works of art were shown and this exhibition, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_Summer_Exhibition" title="Royal Academy Summer Exhibition">Royal Academy Summer Exhibition</a>, has been staged annually without interruption to the present day. Following the cessation of a similar annual exhibition at the <a href="/wiki/British_Institution" title="British Institution">British Institution</a>, the Academy expanded its exhibition programme to include a temporary annual loan exhibition of Old Masters in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Britain's first public lectures on art were staged by the Royal Academy, as another way to fulfil its mission. Led by Reynolds, the first president, the first program included a lecture by <a href="/wiki/William_Hunter_(anatomist)" title="William Hunter (anatomist)">William Hunter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, the Academy's 250th anniversary, the results of a major refurbishment were unveiled. The project began on 1 January 2008 with the appointment of <a href="/wiki/David_Chipperfield" title="David Chipperfield">David Chipperfield</a> Architects. <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Lottery_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Heritage Lottery Fund">Heritage Lottery Fund</a> support was secured in 2012. On 19 October 2016 the RA's <a href="/wiki/Burlington_Gardens" title="Burlington Gardens">Burlington Gardens</a> site was closed to the public and renovations commenced. Refurbishment work included the restoration of 150 sash windows, glazing upgrades to 52 windows and the installation of two large roof lights.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "New RA" was opened to the public on 19 May 2018. The £56 million development includes new galleries, a lecture theatre, a public project space for students and a bridge linking the <a href="/wiki/Burlington_House" title="Burlington House">Burlington House</a> and Burlington Gardens sites. As part of the process 10,000 works from the RA's collection were digitised and made available online.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_002_-_Exhibition_at_Somerset_House_by_Thomas_Rowlandson_and_Augustus_Pugin._1800..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_002_-_Exhibition_at_Somerset_House_by_Thomas_Rowlandson_and_Augustus_Pugin._1800..jpg/220px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_002_-_Exhibition_at_Somerset_House_by_Thomas_Rowlandson_and_Augustus_Pugin._1800..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_002_-_Exhibition_at_Somerset_House_by_Thomas_Rowlandson_and_Augustus_Pugin._1800..jpg/330px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_002_-_Exhibition_at_Somerset_House_by_Thomas_Rowlandson_and_Augustus_Pugin._1800..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_002_-_Exhibition_at_Somerset_House_by_Thomas_Rowlandson_and_Augustus_Pugin._1800..jpg/440px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_002_-_Exhibition_at_Somerset_House_by_Thomas_Rowlandson_and_Augustus_Pugin._1800..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="1011" /></a><figcaption>An early <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_Summer_Exhibition" title="Royal Academy Summer Exhibition">RA Summer Exhibition</a> at the Academy's original home in <a href="/wiki/Somerset_House" title="Somerset House">Somerset House</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frith_A_Private_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Frith_A_Private_View.jpg/220px-Frith_A_Private_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Frith_A_Private_View.jpg/330px-Frith_A_Private_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Frith_A_Private_View.jpg/440px-Frith_A_Private_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/A_Private_View_at_the_Royal_Academy,_1881" title="A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881">A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Powell_Frith" title="William Powell Frith">William Powell Frith</a>, depicting <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> and other Victorian worthies at a private view of the 1881 exhibition</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charitable_status">Charitable status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Charitable status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RA_Summer_Exhibition_2015,_Varnishing_Day,_opening_speech_Christopher_Le_Brun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/RA_Summer_Exhibition_2015%2C_Varnishing_Day%2C_opening_speech_Christopher_Le_Brun.jpg/220px-RA_Summer_Exhibition_2015%2C_Varnishing_Day%2C_opening_speech_Christopher_Le_Brun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/RA_Summer_Exhibition_2015%2C_Varnishing_Day%2C_opening_speech_Christopher_Le_Brun.jpg/330px-RA_Summer_Exhibition_2015%2C_Varnishing_Day%2C_opening_speech_Christopher_Le_Brun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/RA_Summer_Exhibition_2015%2C_Varnishing_Day%2C_opening_speech_Christopher_Le_Brun.jpg/440px-RA_Summer_Exhibition_2015%2C_Varnishing_Day%2C_opening_speech_Christopher_Le_Brun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Le_Brun" title="Christopher Le Brun">Christopher Le Brun</a>, President of the RA, on "Varnishing Day", or the artists' opening of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_Summer_Exhibition" title="Royal Academy Summer Exhibition">Summer Exhibition</a>, 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>The Royal Academy receives funding from neither the State nor the Crown, and operates as a charity.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RA's home in Burlington House is owned by the UK government and provided to the Academy on a <a href="/wiki/Peppercorn_(legal)#In_leases_for_real_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Peppercorn (legal)">peppercorn rent</a> leasehold of 999 years.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permanent_collection_and_loans">Permanent collection and loans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Permanent collection and loans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of its principal sources of revenue is hosting a programme of temporary loan exhibitions. These are comparable to those at the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery, London">National Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tate_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate Gallery">the Tate Gallery</a> and leading art galleries outside the United Kingdom. In 2004 the highlights of the Academy's permanent collection went on display in the newly restored reception rooms of the original section of Burlington House, which are now known as the <a href="/wiki/John_Madejski" title="John Madejski">John Madejski</a> Fine Rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exhibitions">Exhibitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Exhibitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the direction of former exhibitions secretary Sir <a href="/wiki/Norman_Rosenthal" title="Norman Rosenthal">Norman Rosenthal</a>, the Academy has hosted ambitious exhibitions of contemporary art. In its 1997 "<a href="/wiki/Sensation_exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensation exhibition">Sensation</a>", it displayed the collection of work by <a href="/wiki/Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a> owned by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Saatchi" title="Charles Saatchi">Charles Saatchi</a>. The show was controversial for its display of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Harvey" title="Marcus Harvey">Marcus Harvey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Myra_(painting)" title="Myra (painting)">portrait of Myra Hindley</a>, a convicted murderer. The painting was vandalised while on display.<sup id="cite_ref-artcrime_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artcrime-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, the Academy attracted media attention for a series of financial scandals and reports of a feud between Rosenthal and other senior staff. These problems resulted in the cancellation of what were expected to have been profitable exhibitions.<sup id="cite_ref-RA_feud_guardian_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RA_feud_guardian-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, it attracted the press by erroneously placing only the support for a sculpture on display, and then justifying it being kept on display.<sup id="cite_ref-empty_plinth_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-empty_plinth-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 3 February to 28 April 2024, the RA shows the exhibition "Entangled Pasts, 1768-now" in order to reveal and discuss "connections between art associated with the Royal Academy of Arts and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain's</a> colonial histories."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to <a href="/wiki/Colin_Grant_(author)" title="Colin Grant (author)">Colin Grant</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, the exhibition "appears to be tame" though it attempts to "critique the exclusive and impenetrable RA."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summer_Exhibition">Summer Exhibition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Summer Exhibition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_Summer_Exhibition" title="Royal Academy Summer Exhibition">Royal Academy Summer Exhibition</a></div> <p>The Academy hosts <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_Summer_Exhibition" title="Royal Academy Summer Exhibition">the Summer Exhibition</a> an annual <a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_art_exhibition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open art exhibition (page does not exist)">open art exhibition</a>, which means anyone can enter their work to be considered for exhibition. Established in 1769, it is the oldest and largest open submission exhibition in the world and is included in <a href="/wiki/Social_season_(United_Kingdom)" title="Social season (United Kingdom)">London's Social Season</a>. The members of The Academy, also known as Royal Academicians select and hang the works. Art works in a variety of media are exhibited including painting, sculpture, film, architecture, photography and printmaking. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tracey_Emin" title="Tracey Emin">Tracey Emin</a> exhibited in the 2005 show. In March 2007 Emin accepted the Academy's invitation to become a Royal Academician, commenting in her weekly newspaper column that, "It doesn't mean that I have become more conformist; it means that the Royal Academy has become more open, which is healthy and brilliant."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friends_programme">Friends programme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Friends programme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1977, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Casson" title="Hugh Casson">Sir Hugh Casson</a> founded the Friends of the Royal Academy, a charity designed to provide financial support for the institution.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_collaborations">Literary collaborations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Literary collaborations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pin_Drop_Studio" title="Pin Drop Studio">Pin Drop Studio</a> hosts live events where well-known authors, actors and thinkers read a short story chosen as a response to the main exhibition programme. The literary evenings are hosted by Pin Drop Studio founder Simon Oldfield. Guests have included <a href="/wiki/Graham_Swift" title="Graham Swift">Graham Swift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Faulks" title="Sebastian Faulks">Sebastian Faulks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Shriver" title="Lionel Shriver">Lionel Shriver</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Boyd_(writer)" title="William Boyd (writer)">William Boyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Will_Self" title="Will Self">Will Self</a>, Dame <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Atkins" title="Eileen Atkins">Eileen Atkins</a>, Dame <a href="/wiki/Si%C3%A2n_Phillips" title="Siân Phillips">Siân Phillips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Dwan" title="Lisa Dwan">Lisa Dawn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Okri" title="Ben Okri">Ben Okri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The RA and Pin Drop Short Story Award is an open submission writing prize, held annually along similar principles of the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition. The award ceremony features a live reading of the winning story in its entirety by a special guest. Past winning stories have been read by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fry" title="Stephen Fry">Stephen Fry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penelope_Wilton" title="Penelope Wilton">Dame Penelope Wilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juliet_Stevenson" title="Juliet Stevenson">Juliet Stevenson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gwendoline_Christie" title="Gwendoline Christie">Gwendoline Christie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidents_and_officers">Presidents and officers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Presidents and officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_officers_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="List of officers of the Royal Academy of Arts">List of officers of the Royal Academy of Arts</a></div> <p>On 10 December 2019, <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Salter" title="Rebecca Salter">Rebecca Salter</a> was elected the first female President of the Royal Academy<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the retirement of Sir <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Le_Brun" title="Christopher Le Brun">Christopher Le Brun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2007, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Saumarez_Smith" title="Charles Saumarez Smith">Sir Charles Saumarez Smith</a> became Secretary and Chief Executive of the Royal Academy, a newly created post.<sup id="cite_ref-RA_tussle_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RA_tussle-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saumarez Smith stepped down from the role at the end of 2018, and it was announced that Axel Rüger, director of the <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum" title="Van Gogh Museum">Van Gogh Museum</a> in Amsterdam, would fill the position from June 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_Academy_Schools">Royal Academy Schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Royal Academy Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The Royal Academy Schools form the oldest art school in Britain, and have been an integral part of the Royal Academy of Arts since its foundation in 1768. A key principle of the RA Schools is that their three-year post graduate programme is free of charge to every applicant offered a place.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Academy_Students_Supper_1889.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Royal_Academy_Students_Supper_1889.jpg/220px-Royal_Academy_Students_Supper_1889.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Royal_Academy_Students_Supper_1889.jpg/330px-Royal_Academy_Students_Supper_1889.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Royal_Academy_Students_Supper_1889.jpg/440px-Royal_Academy_Students_Supper_1889.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="4152" /></a><figcaption> Royal Academy Students Supper 1889. Front page of menu.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Royal Academy Schools was the first institution to provide professional training for artists in Britain. The Schools' programme of formal training was modelled on that of the French <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_de_peinture_et_de_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie de peinture et de sculpture">Académie de peinture et de sculpture</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> in 1648. It was shaped by the precepts laid down by Sir Joshua Reynolds. In his fifteen <i>Discourses</i> delivered to pupils in the Schools between 1769 and 1790, Reynolds stressed the importance of copying the Old Masters, and of drawing from casts after the Antique and from the life model. He argued that such a training would form artists capable of creating works of high moral and artistic worth. Professorial chairs were founded in Chemistry, Anatomy, Ancient History and Ancient Literature, the latter two being held initially by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Oliver Goldsmith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1769, the first year of operation, the Schools enrolled 77 students. By 1830 more than 1,500 students had enrolled in the Schools, an average intake of 25 students each year. They included men such as <a href="/wiki/John_Flaxman" title="John Flaxman">John Flaxman</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Soane" title="John Soane">John Soane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rowlandson" title="Thomas Rowlandson">Thomas Rowlandson</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Lawrence (painter)">Thomas Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decimus_Burton" title="Decimus Burton">Decimus Burton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_Decimus_Burton_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB_Decimus_Burton-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Hayter" title="George Hayter">George Hayter</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Wilkie_(artist)" title="David Wilkie (artist)">David Wilkie</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Etty" title="William Etty">William Etty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Henry_Landseer" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Henry Landseer">Edwin Landseer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lucy" title="Charles Lucy">Charles Lucy</a> in 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first woman to enrol as a student of the Schools was <a href="/wiki/Laura_Herford" title="Laura Herford">Laura Herford</a> in 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sims_(painter)" title="Charles Sims (painter)">Charles Sims</a> was expelled from the Schools in 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Royal Academy made Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Newbolt" title="Francis Newbolt">Francis Newbolt</a> the first Honorary Professor of Law in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011 <a href="/wiki/Tracey_Emin" title="Tracey Emin">Tracey Emin</a> was appointed Professor of Drawing,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fiona_Rae" title="Fiona Rae">Fiona Rae</a> was appointed Professor of Painting – the first women professors to be appointed in the history of the Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emin was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Landy" title="Michael Landy">Michael Landy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Artlyst_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Artlyst-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then <a href="/wiki/David_Remfry" title="David Remfry">David Remfry</a> in 2016 while Rae was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Chantal_Joffe" title="Chantal Joffe">Chantal Joffe</a> in January 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Library,_archive,_and_collections"><span id="Library.2C_archive.2C_and_collections"></span>Library, archive, and collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Library, archive, and collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first president of the Royal Academy, Sir Joshua Reynolds, gave his noted self-portrait, beginning the Royal Academy collection. This was followed by gifts from other founding members, such as Gainsborough and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a>. Subsequently, each elected Member was required to donate an artwork (known as a "Diploma Work") typical of his or her artistic output, and this practice continues today. Additional donations and purchases have resulted in a collection of approximately a thousand paintings and a thousand sculptures, which show the development of a British School of art. The Academy's collection of works on paper includes significant holdings of drawings and sketchbooks by artists working in Britain from the mid-18th century onwards, including <a href="/wiki/George_Romney_(painter)" title="George Romney (painter)">George Romney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Leighton,_1st_Baron_Leighton" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic Leighton, 1st Baron Leighton">Lord Leighton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laura_Knight" title="Laura Knight">Dame Laura Knight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The photographic collection consists of photographs of Academicians, landscapes, architecture and works of art. Holdings include early portraits by <a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Lake_Price" title="William Frederick Lake Price">William Lake Price</a> dating from the 1850s, portraits by <a href="/wiki/David_Wilkie_Wynfield" title="David Wilkie Wynfield">David Wilkie Wynfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge" title="Eadweard Muybridge">Eadweard Muybridge</a>'s <i>Animal Locomotion</i> (1872–85).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wall_and_ceiling_paintings">Wall and ceiling paintings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wall and ceiling paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the paintings decorating the walls and ceilings of the building are those of Benjamin West and Angelica Kauffman, in the entrance hall (Hutchison 1968, p. 153), moved from the previous building at Somerset House. In the centre is West's roundel <i>The Graces Unveiling Nature</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1779</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-graces_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graces-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> surrounded by panels depicting the elements, Fire, Water, Air and Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FWAE_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWAE-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At each end are mounted two of Kauffman's circular paintings, <i>Composition</i> at the west end, and <i>Painting or Colour</i> and <i>Genius or Invention</i> at the east end.<sup id="cite_ref-Kauffman_circular_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kauffman_circular-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Michelangelo's_Taddei_Tondo"><span id="Michelangelo.27s_Taddei_Tondo"></span>Michelangelo's <i>Taddei Tondo</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Michelangelo's Taddei Tondo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taddei_Tondo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Taddei_Tondo.JPG/220px-Taddei_Tondo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Taddei_Tondo.JPG/330px-Taddei_Tondo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Taddei_Tondo.JPG/440px-Taddei_Tondo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1755" data-file-height="1757" /></a><figcaption><i>The Virgin and Child with the Infant St John</i></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taddei_Tondo" title="Taddei Tondo">Taddei Tondo</a></div> <p>The most prized possession of the Academy's collection is <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Taddei_Tondo" title="Taddei Tondo">Taddei Tondo</a></i>, left to the Academy by <a href="/wiki/George_Beaumont" class="mw-redirect" title="George Beaumont">Sir George Beaumont</a>. The Tondo is usually on display in the Collection Gallery, which opened in May 2018. Carved in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> in 1504–06, it is the only marble by Michelangelo in the United Kingdom and represents the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> and child with the infant <a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="St John the Baptist">St John the Baptist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_memorials">War memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: War memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the entrance portico are two war memorials. One is in memory of the students of the Royal Academy Schools who fell in World War I<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the second commemorates the 2,003 men of the <a href="/wiki/Artists_Rifles" title="Artists Rifles">Artists Rifles</a> who gave their lives in that war with a further plaque to those who died in World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_officers_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="List of officers of the Royal Academy of Arts">List of officers of the Royal Academy of Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Academicians" title="List of Royal Academicians">List of Royal Academicians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_001_-_Drawing_from_Life_at_the_Royal_Academy_(colour).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_001_-_Drawing_from_Life_at_the_Royal_Academy_%28colour%29.jpg/220px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_001_-_Drawing_from_Life_at_the_Royal_Academy_%28colour%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_001_-_Drawing_from_Life_at_the_Royal_Academy_%28colour%29.jpg/330px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_001_-_Drawing_from_Life_at_the_Royal_Academy_%28colour%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_001_-_Drawing_from_Life_at_the_Royal_Academy_%28colour%29.jpg/440px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_001_-_Drawing_from_Life_at_the_Royal_Academy_%28colour%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>Life at the Royal Academy of Arts, from <i>Microcosm of London</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1808</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Membership of the Royal Academy is composed of up to 80 practising artists, each elected by ballot of the General Assembly of the Royal Academy, and known individually as Royal Academicians (RA). The Royal Academy is governed by these Royal Academicians. The 1768 Instrument of Foundation allowed total membership of the Royal Academy to be 40 artists. Originally engravers were completely excluded from the academy, but at the beginning of 1769 the category of Associate-Engraver was created. Their number was limited to six, and unlike other associates, they could not be promoted to full academicians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton1905112_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton1905112-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1853 membership of the Academy was increased to 42, and opened to engravers. In 1922, 154 years after the founding of the Royal Academy, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Swynnerton" title="Annie Swynnerton">Annie Swynnerton</a> became the first woman Associate of the Royal Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_Burlington_Gardens" title="6 Burlington Gardens">6 Burlington Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_Street" title="Cork Street">Cork Street</a>, behind the Royal Academy, with many art galleries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_West_of_England_Academy" title="Royal West of England Academy">Royal West of England Academy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/03/26/the-100-most-popular-art-museums-in-the-world-2023">"The 100 most popular art museums in the world—blockbusters, bots and bounce-backs"</a>. <i>theartnewspaper.com</i>. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080205040259/http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1235218,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: RA, 2024, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Grant, Colin: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2024/jan/30/entangled-pasts-1768-now-review-royal-academy-show">"Entangled Pasts 1768-Now review – RA all at sea with its risk-light colonial revisionism"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 30 January 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emin, Tracey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:UKNB:TND1&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=118338C14803D1A0&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=102CDD40F14C6BDA">"I can see that the Ra-Ra club is going to be a lot of fun"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110080330/http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004">Archived</a> 10 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Independent</i>, 30 March 2007<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725211034/https://beta.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?regid=272926&subid=0">"The Friends of the Royal Academy"</a>. 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Artlyst. 26 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803180331/https://www.artlyst.com/news/christopher-le-brun-royal-academy-president-step/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christopher+Le+Brun+Royal+Academy+President+To+Step+Down&rft.pub=Artlyst&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artlyst.com%2Fnews%2Fchristopher-le-brun-royal-academy-president-step%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Academy+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RA_tussle-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RA_tussle_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2007" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Maev (28 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/news/story/0,,2044483,00.html">"Gallery director quits after policy tussle"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070819083340/http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/news/story/0,,2044483,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Gallery+director+quits+after+policy+tussle&rft.date=2007-03-28&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Maev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farts.guardian.co.uk%2Fart%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C2044483%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Academy+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2019" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Mark (13 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/feb/13/axel-ruger-leaves-van-gogh-behind-to-head-royal-academy">"Axel Rüger leaves Van Gogh behind to head Royal Academy"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190301210916/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/feb/13/axel-ruger-leaves-van-gogh-behind-to-head-royal-academy">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Axel+R%C3%BCger+leaves+Van+Gogh+behind+to+head+Royal+Academy&rft.date=2019-02-13&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2019%2Ffeb%2F13%2Faxel-ruger-leaves-van-gogh-behind-to-head-royal-academy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Academy+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/the-ra-schools">"Royal Academy Schools Prospectus | Royal Academy of Arts"</a>. <i>www.royalacademy.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321092745/https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/the-ra-schools">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.royalacademy.org.uk&rft.atitle=Royal+Academy+Schools+Prospectus+%26%23124%3B+Royal+Academy+of+Arts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalacademy.org.uk%2Fthe-ra-schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Academy+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/oliver-goldsmith">"Oliver Goldsmith"</a>. Royal Academy of Arts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725233354/https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/oliver-goldsmith">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oliver+Goldsmith&rft.pub=Royal+Academy+of+Arts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalacademy.org.uk%2Fart-artists%2Fname%2Foliver-goldsmith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Academy+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB_Decimus_Burton-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_Decimus_Burton_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Arnold, Dana. "Burton, Decimus". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4125">10.1093/ref:odnb/4125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Burton%2C+Decimus&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4125&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Dana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Academy+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avictorian.com/Lucy_Charles.html">"Charles Lucy (1814–1873), Victorian Art History"</a>. <i>www.avictorian.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606153323/http://www.avictorian.com/Lucy_Charles.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.avictorian.com&rft.atitle=Charles+Lucy+%281814%E2%80%931873%29%2C+Victorian+Art+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avictorian.com%2FLucy_Charles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Academy+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeldham2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Yeldham, Charlotte (2004). "Herford, Anne Laura". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F69105">10.1093/ref:odnb/69105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herford%2C+Anne+Laura&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F69105&rft.aulast=Yeldham&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Academy+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynolds, Simon. "Sims, Charles Henry (1873–1928)" in <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/francis-newbolt">"Sir Francis Newbolt (1863–1940)"</a>. <i>Royal Academy of Arts</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116190420/https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/francis-newbolt">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Academy+of+Arts&rft.atitle=Sir+Francis+Newbolt+%281863%E2%80%931940%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalacademy.org.uk%2Fart-artists%2Fname%2Ffrancis-newbolt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Academy+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1940/12/08/archives/sir-fg-newbolt-attorney-77-dead-first-honorary-professor-of-law-of.html">"SIR F.G. NEWBOLT, ATTORNEY, 77, DEAD;"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. 8 December 1940. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026082435/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/12/08/archives/sir-fg-newbolt-attorney-77-dead-first-honorary-professor-of-law-of.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=SIR+F.G.+NEWBOLT%2C+ATTORNEY%2C+77%2C+DEAD%3B&rft.date=1940-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1940%2F12%2F08%2Farchives%2Fsir-fg-newbolt-attorney-77-dead-first-honorary-professor-of-law-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Academy+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-16175033">"Tracey Emin to become a professor"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 14 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181210045138/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-16175033">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Tracey+Emin+to+become+a+professor&rft.date=2011-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-16175033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Academy+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16175033">"Tracey Emin to become Professor of Drawing at RA"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327074739/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16175033">Archived</a> 27 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"BBC News" 14 December 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Artlyst-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Artlyst_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artlyst.com/articles/ra-schools-announces-annual-exhibition-of-works-by-graduating-artists">"RA Schools Announces Annual Exhibition of Works By Graduating Artists"</a>. <i>Artlyst</i>. 8 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127074028/http://www.artlyst.com/articles/ra-schools-announces-annual-exhibition-of-works-by-graduating-artists">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artlyst&rft.atitle=RA+Schools+Announces+Annual+Exhibition+of+Works+By+Graduating+Artists&rft.date=2015-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artlyst.com%2Farticles%2Fra-schools-announces-annual-exhibition-of-works-by-graduating-artists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Academy+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royal-academy-production-asset.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/68602275-89ee-43f4-9fdd-ed2c938338a8/Press+Release+-+RA+Elects+New+Member+New+Professors+and+Honorary+Surveyor.pdf">Royal Academy of Arts announces election of new Royal Academician, new professors for the Royal Academy Schools and Honorary Surveyor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220826182801/https://royal-academy-production-asset.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/68602275-89ee-43f4-9fdd-ed2c938338a8/Press+Release+-+RA+Elects+New+Member+New+Professors+and+Honorary+Surveyor.pdf">Archived</a> 26 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Royal Academy of Arts news release, dated 16 January 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Magic of a Line: Drawings by Dame Laura Knight, R.A., Library Print Room, Royal Academy of Arts, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuybridge" class="citation web cs1">Muybridge, Eadweard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/book/animal-locomotion-an-electro-photographic-investigation-of-consecutive">"Animal Locomotion. An Electro-Photographic Investigation Of Consecutive Phases Of Animal Movements. 1872–1885"</a>. Royal Academy of Arts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725205307/https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/book/animal-locomotion-an-electro-photographic-investigation-of-consecutive">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Animal+Locomotion.+An+Electro-Photographic+Investigation+Of+Consecutive+Phases+Of+Animal+Movements.+1872%E2%80%931885.&rft.pub=Royal+Academy+of+Arts&rft.aulast=Muybridge&rft.aufirst=Eadweard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalacademy.org.uk%2Fart-artists%2Fbook%2Fanimal-locomotion-an-electro-photographic-investigation-of-consecutive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Academy+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-graces-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-graces_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racollection.org.uk/ixbin/indexplus?_IXSR_=VTqWz9O8C_N&_IXSP_=151&_MREF_=8267&_IXSS_=archives%3Dtrue%26works%3Dtrue%26_IXACTION_%3Dquery%26_IXTRAIL_%3DSearch%2BResults%26books%3Dtrue%26_IXMAXHITS_%3D18%26%252asform%3D%252fsearch_form%252fallform%26_IX%252ex%3D11%26_IXresults_%3Dy%26_IXSESSION_%3DytpbIBebNLj%26_IX%252ey%3D10%26all_fields%3DBENJAMIN%2BWEST&_IXACTION_=display&_IXSPFX_=templates%2Ffull%2F&_IXTRAIL_=Search+Results">"RA Collections: Benjamin West – The Graces unveiling Nature"</a>. Racollection.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916211349/http://www.racollection.org.uk/ixbin/indexplus?_IXSR_=VTqWz9O8C_N&_IXSP_=151&_MREF_=8267&_IXSS_=archives%3Dtrue&works=true&_IXACTION_=query&_IXTRAIL_=Search+Results&books=true&_IXMAXHITS_=18&%2Asform=%2Fsearch_form%2Fallform&_IX.x=11&_IXresults_=y&_IXSESSION_=ytpbIBebNLj&_IX.y=10&all_fields=BENJAMIN+WEST&_IXACTION_=display&_IXSPFX_=templates%2Ffull%2F&_IXTRAIL_=Search+Results">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RA+Collections%3A+Benjamin+West+%E2%80%93+The+Graces+unveiling+Nature&rft.pub=Racollection.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racollection.org.uk%2Fixbin%2Findexplus%3F_IXSR_%3DVTqWz9O8C_N%26_IXSP_%3D151%26_MREF_%3D8267%26_IXSS_%3Darchives%253Dtrue%2526works%253Dtrue%2526_IXACTION_%253Dquery%2526_IXTRAIL_%253DSearch%252BResults%2526books%253Dtrue%2526_IXMAXHITS_%253D18%2526%25252asform%253D%25252fsearch_form%25252fallform%2526_IX%25252ex%253D11%2526_IXresults_%253Dy%2526_IXSESSION_%253DytpbIBebNLj%2526_IX%25252ey%253D10%2526all_fields%253DBENJAMIN%252BWEST%26_IXACTION_%3Ddisplay%26_IXSPFX_%3Dtemplates%252Ffull%252F%26_IXTRAIL_%3DSearch%2BResults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Academy+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FWAE-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FWAE_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racollection.org.uk/ixbin/indexplus?_IXSESSION_=ytpbIBebNLj&_IXSR_=VTqWz9O8C_N&_IXSS_=archives%3Dtrue%26works%3Dtrue%26_IXACTION_%3Dquery%26_IXTRAIL_%3DSearch%2BResults%26books%3Dtrue%26_IXMAXHITS_%3D18%26%252asform%3D%252fsearch_form%252fallform%26_IX%252ex%3D11%26_IXresults_%3Dy%26_IXSESSION_%3DytpbIBebNLj%26_IX%252ey%3D10%26all_fields%3DBENJAMIN%2BWEST&_IXACTION_=summary&_IXFIRST_=145&_IXSP_=126&_IXSPFX_=templates%2Fsummary%2F&_IXTRAIL_=Search+Results&_IXresults_=y">"RA Collections: Benjamin West"</a>. racollection.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916211436/http://www.racollection.org.uk/ixbin/indexplus?_IXSESSION_=ytpbIBebNLj&_IXSR_=VTqWz9O8C_N&_IXSS_=archives%3Dtrue&works=true&_IXACTION_=query&_IXTRAIL_=Search%20Results&books=true&_IXMAXHITS_=18&%2Asform=%2Fsearch_form%2Fallform&_IX.x=11&_IXresults_=y&_IXSESSION_=ytpbIBebNLj&_IX.y=10&all_fields=BENJAMIN%20WEST&_IXACTION_=summary&_IXFIRST_=145&_IXSP_=126&_IXSPFX_=templates%2Fsummary%2F&_IXTRAIL_=Search%20Results&_IXresults_=y">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RA+Collections%3A+Benjamin+West&rft.pub=racollection.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racollection.org.uk%2Fixbin%2Findexplus%3F_IXSESSION_%3DytpbIBebNLj%26_IXSR_%3DVTqWz9O8C_N%26_IXSS_%3Darchives%253Dtrue%2526works%253Dtrue%2526_IXACTION_%253Dquery%2526_IXTRAIL_%253DSearch%252BResults%2526books%253Dtrue%2526_IXMAXHITS_%253D18%2526%25252asform%253D%25252fsearch_form%25252fallform%2526_IX%25252ex%253D11%2526_IXresults_%253Dy%2526_IXSESSION_%253DytpbIBebNLj%2526_IX%25252ey%253D10%2526all_fields%253DBENJAMIN%252BWEST%26_IXACTION_%3Dsummary%26_IXFIRST_%3D145%26_IXSP_%3D126%26_IXSPFX_%3Dtemplates%252Fsummary%252F%26_IXTRAIL_%3DSearch%2BResults%26_IXresults_%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Academy+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kauffman_circular-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kauffman_circular_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racollection.org.uk/ixbin/indexplus?*sform=%2Fsearch_form%2Fworksform&_IXTRAIL_=Search+Works+of+Art&_IXACTION_=query&_IXSPFX_=templates%2Fsummary%2F&_IXSP_=0&_IXresults_=y&artist_name=kauffman&artist_role_sval=&title=&all_fields=&type=&work_date=&sort_by=&submit=Search">"RA Collections: Angelica Kauffman"</a>. racollection.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916211520/http://www.racollection.org.uk/ixbin/indexplus?*sform=%2Fsearch_form%2Fworksform&_IXTRAIL_=Search+Works+of+Art&_IXACTION_=query&_IXSPFX_=templates%2Fsummary%2F&_IXSP_=0&_IXresults_=y&artist_name=kauffman&artist_role_sval=&title=&all_fields=&type=&work_date=&sort_by=&submit=Search">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RA+Collections%3A+Angelica+Kauffman&rft.pub=racollection.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racollection.org.uk%2Fixbin%2Findexplus%3F%2Asform%3D%252Fsearch_form%252Fworksform%26_IXTRAIL_%3DSearch%2BWorks%2Bof%2BArt%26_IXACTION_%3Dquery%26_IXSPFX_%3Dtemplates%252Fsummary%252F%26_IXSP_%3D0%26_IXresults_%3Dy%26artist_name%3Dkauffman%26artist_role_sval%3D%26title%3D%26all_fields%3D%26type%3D%26work_date%3D%26sort_by%3D%26submit%3DSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Academy+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/exhibition/the-making-of-an-artist-the-great-tradition">"The Making of an Artist: The Great Tradition | Exhibition | Royal Academy of Arts"</a>. <i>www.royalacademy.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180518221732/https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/exhibition/the-making-of-an-artist-the-great-tradition">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.royalacademy.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+an+Artist%3A+The+Great+Tradition+%26%23124%3B+Exhibition+%26%23124%3B+Royal+Academy+of+Arts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalacademy.org.uk%2Fexhibition%2Fthe-making-of-an-artist-the-great-tradition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Academy+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/2811">"Royal Academy of Arts: Students"</a>. Royal Academy of Arts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806215722/https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/2811">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Academy+of+Arts%3A+Students&rft.pub=Royal+Academy+of+Arts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwm.org.uk%2Fmemorials%2Fitem%2Fmemorial%2F2811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Academy+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/70556">"Royal Academy of Arts: Artists Rifles"</a>. Royal Academy of Arts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806214946/https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/70556">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Academy+of+Arts%3A+Artists+Rifles&rft.pub=Royal+Academy+of+Arts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwm.org.uk%2Fmemorials%2Fitem%2Fmemorial%2F70556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Academy+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton1905112-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgsonEaton1905112_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodgsonEaton1905">Hodgson & Eaton 1905</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutchison, Sidney."The History of the Royal Academy, 1768–1968" Taplinger Publishing Company, 1968</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Academy, Royal"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Academy,_Royal">"Academy, Royal" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Academy%2C+Royal&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Academy+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgsonEaton1905" class="citation book cs1">Hodgson, J. E.; Eaton, Fred A. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/royalacademyitsm00hodgrich#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>The Royal academy and its members 1768–1830</i></a>. London: Charles Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+academy+and+its+members+1768%E2%80%931830&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft.au=Eaton%2C+Fred+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Froyalacademyitsm00hodgrich%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Academy+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolme1904" class="citation book cs1">Holme, Charles (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warburg.sas.ac.uk/pdf/nba23b2284259.pdf"><i>The Royal Academy from Reynolds to Millais</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Academy+from+Reynolds+to+Millais&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Holme&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarburg.sas.ac.uk%2Fpdf%2Fnba23b2284259.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Academy+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>George Dunlop Leslie: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/innerlifeofroyal00leslrich#page/n7/mode/2up">The inner life of the Royal Academy, with an account of its schools and exhibitions principally in the reign of Queen Victoria</a></i> (London: John Murray, 1914)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSkOAAAAQAAJ"><i>The History of the Royal Academy 1768–1968</i>, Sidney C. Hutchison, Taplinger, NY, 1968</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Charles Saumarez (2012). <i>The Company of Artists: The Origins of the Royal Academy of Arts in London</i>. London: Bloomsbury/Modern Art Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408182109" title="Special:BookSources/9781408182109"><bdi>9781408182109</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Company+of+Artists%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Royal+Academy+of+Arts+in+London&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury%2FModern+Art+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781408182109&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Charles+Saumarez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Academy+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Museums_and_galleries_in_London" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Museums and galleries in London"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Museums_and_galleries_in_London" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_London" title="List of museums in London">Museums and galleries in London</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="National_museums" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-departmental_public_body" title="Non-departmental public body">National museums</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horniman_Museum" title="Horniman Museum">Horniman Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Home" title="Museum of the Home">Museum of the Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Army_Museum" title="National Army Museum">National Army Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum_London" title="Royal Air Force Museum London">Royal Air Force Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Soane%27s_Museum" title="Sir John Soane's Museum">Sir John Soane's Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Collection" title="Wallace Collection">Wallace Collection</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_War_Rooms" title="Churchill War Rooms">Churchill War Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Belfast" title="HMS Belfast">HMS <i>Belfast</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_Greenwich" title="Royal Museums Greenwich">Royal Museums Greenwich</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cutty_Sark" title="Cutty Sark">Cutty Sark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum" title="National Maritime Museum">National Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_House" title="Queen's House">Queen's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich" title="Royal Observatory, Greenwich">Royal Observatory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_Group" title="Science Museum Group">Science Museum Group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tate" title="Tate">Tate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_V%26A" title="Young V&A">Young V&A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Designated_collections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Designation_Scheme" title="Designation Scheme">Designated collections</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtauld_Gallery" title="Courtauld Gallery">Courtauld Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulwich_Picture_Gallery" title="Dulwich Picture Gallery">Dulwich Picture Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunterian_Museum,_London" title="Hunterian Museum, London">Hunterian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_London" title="Jewish Museum London">Jewish Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Transport_Museum" title="London Transport Museum">London Transport Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Domestic_Design_and_Architecture" title="Museum of Domestic Design and Architecture">Museum of Domestic Design and Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Freemasonry" title="Museum of Freemasonry">Museum of Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology" title="Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology">Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Royal Academy of Arts</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Museum_of_London" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_London" title="Museum of London">Museum of London</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Museum_Docklands" title="London Museum Docklands">London Museum Docklands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_museums_and_galleries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other museums and galleries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal_Football_Club_Museum" title="Arsenal Football Club Museum">Arsenal Football Club Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England_Museum" title="Bank of England Museum">Bank of England Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbican_Centre" title="Barbican Centre">Barbican Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Uri_Gallery_%26_Museum" title="Ben Uri Gallery & Museum">Ben Uri Gallery & Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_House" title="Benjamin Franklin House">Benjamin Franklin House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Street_Police_Museum" title="Bow Street Police Museum">Bow Street Police Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens_Museum" title="Charles Dickens Museum">Charles Dickens Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Severs%27_House" title="Dennis Severs' House">Dennis Severs' House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Museum" title="Design Museum">Design Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr_Johnson%27s_House" title="Dr Johnson's House">Dr Johnson's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estorick_Collection_of_Modern_Italian_Art" title="Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art">Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_Textile_Museum" title="Fashion and Textile Museum">Fashion and Textile Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Museum" title="Garden Museum">Garden Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildhall_Art_Gallery" title="Guildhall Art Gallery">Guildhall Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_Place" title="Hall Place">Hall Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handel_%26_Hendrix_in_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Handel & Hendrix in London">Handel & Hendrix in London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayward_Gallery" title="Hayward Gallery">Hayward Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogarth%27s_House" title="Hogarth's House">Hogarth's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Arts" title="Institute of Contemporary Arts">Institute of Contemporary Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leighton_House_Museum" title="Leighton House Museum">Leighton House Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Museum_of_Water_%26_Steam" title="London Museum of Water & Steam">London Museum of Water & Steam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markfield_Beam_Engine_and_Museum" title="Markfield Beam Engine and Museum">Markfield Beam Engine and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Museum,_London" title="Migration Museum, London">Migration Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Brands" title="Museum of Brands">Museum of Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Immigration_and_Diversity" title="Museum of Immigration and Diversity">Museum of Immigration and Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleans_House" title="Orleans House">Orleans House Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Museum,_London" title="Postal Museum, London">Postal Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music_Museum" title="Royal Academy of Music Museum">Royal Academy of Music Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saatchi_Gallery" title="Saatchi Gallery">Saatchi Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentine_Galleries" title="Serpentine Galleries">Serpentine Galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_Museum" title="Sherlock Holmes Museum">Sherlock Holmes Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Temple_Place" title="Two Temple Place">Two Temple Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_Gallery" title="Whitechapel Gallery">Whitechapel Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris_Gallery" title="William Morris Gallery">William Morris Gallery</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/The_London_Museums_of_Health_%26_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="The London Museums of Health & Medicine">The London Museums of<br />Health & Medicine</a> (selected)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale_Museum" title="Florence Nightingale Museum">Florence Nightingale Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundling_Museum" title="Foundling Museum">Foundling Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freud_Museum" title="Freud Museum">Freud Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Order_of_St_John" title="Museum of the Order of St John">Museum of the Order of St John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Operating_Theatre_Museum_and_Herb_Garret" title="Old Operating Theatre Museum and Herb Garret">Old Operating Theatre Museum and Herb Garret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Collection" title="Wellcome Collection">Wellcome Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;">Local history museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnet_Museum" title="Barnet Museum">Barnet Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Castle" title="Bruce Castle">Bruce Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh_House" title="Burgh House">Burgh House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuming_Museum" title="Cuming Museum">Cuming Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Hall" title="Forty Hall">Forty Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Heritage_Centre" title="Greenwich Heritage Centre">Greenwich Heritage Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnersbury_Park" title="Gunnersbury Park">Gunnersbury Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackney_Museum" title="Hackney Museum">Hackney Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havering_Museum" title="Havering Museum">Havering Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headstone_Manor_and_Museum" title="Headstone Manor and Museum">Headstone Manor and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islington_Museum" title="Islington Museum">Islington Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Museum" title="Kingston Museum">Kingston Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Croydon" title="Museum of Croydon">Museum of Croydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Richmond" title="Museum of Richmond">Museum of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Wimbledon" title="Museum of Wimbledon">Museum of Wimbledon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twickenham_Museum" title="Twickenham Museum">Twickenham Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_House_Museum" title="Valence House Museum">Valence House Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestry_House_Museum" title="Vestry House Museum">Vestry House Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandsworth_Museum" title="Wandsworth Museum">Wandsworth Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehall,_Cheam" title="Whitehall, Cheam">Whitehall Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Collection Trust">Royal Collection Trust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Gallery" title="King's Gallery">King's Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mews" title="Royal Mews">Royal Mews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces" title="Historic Royal Palaces">Historic Royal Palaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banqueting_House,_Whitehall" class="mw-redirect" title="Banqueting House, Whitehall">Banqueting House, Whitehall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace" title="Kensington Palace">Kensington Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Palace" title="Kew Palace">Kew Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2_Willow_Road" title="2 Willow Road">2 Willow Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/575_Wandsworth_Road" title="575 Wandsworth Road">575 Wandsworth Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blewcoat_School" title="Blewcoat School">Blewcoat School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlyle%27s_House" title="Carlyle's House">Carlyle's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastbury_Manor_House" title="Eastbury Manor House">Eastbury Manor House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenton_House,_Hampstead" title="Fenton House, Hampstead">Fenton House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_George_Inn,_Southwark" title="The George Inn, Southwark">The George Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_House" title="Lindsey House">Lindsey House</a> <ul><li>restricted</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morden_Hall_Park" title="Morden Hall Park">Morden Hall Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osterley_Park" title="Osterley Park">Osterley Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainham_Hall" title="Rainham Hall">Rainham Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_House,_Bexleyheath" title="Red House, Bexleyheath">Red House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths,_Strand_Lane" title="Roman Baths, Strand Lane">Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_House,_London" title="Sutton House, London">Sutton House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_House" title="Apsley House">Apsley House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiswick_House" title="Chiswick House">Chiswick House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_House" title="Down House">Down House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eltham_Palace" title="Eltham Palace">Eltham Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewel_Tower" title="Jewel Tower">Jewel Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenwood_House" title="Kenwood House">Kenwood House (Iveagh Bequest)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Wall" title="London Wall">London Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Hill_House" title="Marble Hill House">Marble Hill House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger%27s_House" title="Ranger's House">Ranger's House (Wernher Collection)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Palace" title="Winchester Palace">Winchester Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_in_London" title="Category:Museums in London">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Art_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Art_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Art schools in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Art_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Art schools in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Art_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Art schools in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Art_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Art schools in the United Kingdom</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_school" title="Art school">Art school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_schools" title="List of art schools">List of art schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Art_schools_in_England" title="Category:Art schools in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Art_schools_in_London" title="Category:Art schools in London">London</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_and_Guilds_of_London_Art_School" title="City and Guilds of London Art School">City and Guilds of London Art School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Arts_College" title="Fine Arts College">Fine Arts College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmiths,_University_of_London" title="Goldsmiths, University of London">Goldsmiths, University of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heatherley_School_of_Fine_Art" title="Heatherley School of Fine Art">Heatherley School of Fine Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putney_School_of_Art_and_Design" title="Putney School of Art and Design">Putney School of Art and Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbourne_University_London" title="Ravensbourne University London">Ravensbourne University London</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Royal_Academy_Schools">Royal Academy Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art" title="Royal College of Art">Royal College of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Drawing_School" title="Royal Drawing School">Royal Drawing School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slade_School_of_Fine_Art" title="Slade School of Fine Art">UCL Slade School of Fine Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_London" title="University of the Arts London">University of the Arts London</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camberwell_College_of_Arts" title="Camberwell College of Arts">Camberwell College of Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins" title="Central Saint Martins">Central Saint Martins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_College_of_Arts" title="Chelsea College of Arts">Chelsea College of Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_College_of_Arts" title="Wimbledon College of Arts">Wimbledon College of Arts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_University_Bournemouth" title="Arts University Bournemouth">Arts University Bournemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_of_Art_and_Design" title="Bath School of Art and Design">Bath School of Art and Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Institute_of_Art_and_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Institute of Art and Design">Birmingham Institute of Art and Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_School_of_Art_and_Design" title="Coventry School of Art and Design">Coventry School of Art and Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falmouth_University" title="Falmouth University">Falmouth University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_School_of_Art" title="Hastings School of Art">Hastings School of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford_College_of_Arts" title="Hereford College of Arts">Hereford College of Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lennon_Art_and_Design_Building" title="John Lennon Art and Design Building">John Lennon Art and Design Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Arts_University" title="Leeds Arts University">Leeds Arts University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_College_of_Art" title="Lincoln College of Art">Lincoln College of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_School_of_Art" title="Manchester School of Art">Manchester School of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Northern_School_of_Art" title="The Northern School of Art">Northern School of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_University_of_the_Arts" title="Norwich University of the Arts">Norwich University of the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Trent_University,_School_of_Art_and_Design" title="Nottingham Trent University, School of Art and Design">Nottingham Trent University, School of Art and Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_College_of_the_Arts" title="Open College of the Arts">Open College of the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_College_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth College of Art">Plymouth College of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruskin_School_of_Art" title="Ruskin School of Art">Ruskin School of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_for_the_Creative_Arts" title="University for the Creative Arts">University for the Creative Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_School_of_Art" title="Winchester School of Art">Winchester School of Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Art_schools_in_Scotland" title="Category:Art schools in Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_of_Jordanstone_College_of_Art_%26_Design" title="Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art & Design">Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art & Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_College_of_Art" title="Edinburgh College of Art">Edinburgh College of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_School_of_Art" title="Glasgow School of Art">Glasgow School of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_School_of_Art" title="Gray's School of Art">Gray's School of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith_School_of_Art" title="Leith School of Art">Leith School of Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_School_of_Art_%26_Design" title="Cardiff School of Art & Design">Cardiff School of Art & Design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="font-size:95%;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Art_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Art schools in the United Kingdom">Category</a></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Joshua_Reynolds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Joshua_Reynolds" title="Template:Joshua Reynolds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Joshua_Reynolds" title="Template talk:Joshua Reynolds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joshua_Reynolds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Joshua Reynolds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Joshua_Reynolds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Robert_Orme" title="Portrait of Robert Orme">Portrait of Robert Orme</a></i> (1756)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Margaret_Desenfans" title="Portrait of Margaret Desenfans">Portrait of Margaret Desenfans</a></i> (1757)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/David_Garrick_Between_Tragedy_and_Comedy" title="David Garrick Between Tragedy and Comedy">David Garrick Between Tragedy and Comedy</a></i> (1761)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_John_Burgoyne" title="Portrait of John Burgoyne">Portrait of John Burgoyne</a></i> (1766)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_the_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Portrait of the Marquess of Rockingham">Portrait of the Marquess of Rockingham</a></i> (1768)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Elizabeth_Kerr" title="Portrait of Elizabeth Kerr">Portrait of Elizabeth Kerr</a></i> (1769)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colonel_Acland_and_Lord_Sydney:_The_Archers" title="Colonel Acland and Lord Sydney: The Archers">Colonel Acland and Lord Sydney: The Archers</a></i> (1769–1770)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Joseph_Banks" title="Portrait of Joseph Banks">Portrait of Joseph Banks</a></i> (1773)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blinking_Sam" title="Blinking Sam">Blinking Sam</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1775</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Cockburn_and_Her_Three_Eldest_Sons" title="Lady Cockburn and Her Three Eldest Sons">Lady Cockburn and Her Three Eldest Sons</a></i> (1775)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Omai" title="Portrait of Omai">Portrait of Omai</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1776</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Caroline_Howard" title="Lady Caroline Howard">Lady Caroline Howard</a></i> (1778)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Elizabeth_Delm%C3%A9_and_Her_Children" title="Lady Elizabeth Delmé and Her Children">Lady Elizabeth Delmé and Her Children</a></i> (1779)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ladies_Waldegrave" title="The Ladies Waldegrave">The Ladies Waldegrave</a></i> (1780–1781)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tha%C3%AFs_(painting)" title="Thaïs (painting)">Thaïs</a></i> (1781)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_George_K._H._Coussmaker" title="Captain George K. H. Coussmaker">Captain George K. H. Coussmaker</a></i> (1782)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Banastre_Tarleton" title="Portrait of Banastre Tarleton">Portrait of Banastre Tarleton</a></i> (1782)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupid_Untying_the_Zone_of_Venus" title="Cupid Untying the Zone of Venus">Cupid Untying the Zone of Venus</a></i> (1784)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Siddons_as_the_Tragic_Muse" title="Sarah Siddons as the Tragic Muse">Sarah Siddons as the Tragic Muse</a></i> (1784)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence_(painting)" title="The Age of Innocence (painting)">The Age of Innocence</a></i> (1785 or 1788)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Maria_Fitzherbert" title="Portrait of Maria Fitzherbert">Portrait of Maria Fitzherbert</a></i> (1788)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Lord_Moira" title="Portrait of Lord Moira">Portrait of Lord Moira</a></i> (1790)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Palmer" title="Mary Palmer">Mary Palmer</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Johnson_(pamphleteer)" title="Elizabeth Johnson (pamphleteer)">Elizabeth Johnson</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Reynolds" title="Frances Reynolds">Frances Reynolds</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophila_Gwatkin" title="Theophila Gwatkin">Theophila Gwatkin</a> (niece, model)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wick_House,_Richmond_Hill" title="Wick House, Richmond Hill">Wick House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_manner" title="Grand manner">Grand Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Artists_of_Great_Britain" title="Society of Artists of Great Britain">Society of Artists of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Royal Academy of Arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Joshua_Reynolds" title="Statue of Joshua Reynolds">statue</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds" title="Memoirs of Sir Joshua Reynolds">Memoirs of Sir Joshua Reynolds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cenotaph_to_the_Memory_of_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds" title="Cenotaph to the Memory of Sir Joshua Reynolds">Cenotaph to the Memory of Sir Joshua Reynolds</a></i> (1836 painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Club_(dining_club)" title="The Club (dining club)">The Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270920#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270920#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270920#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404244782">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/153543255">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1023738-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80032672">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11867072g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11867072g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36520989">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Royal Academy of Arts (Velká Británie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2002162089&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX128301">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/199863">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90084543">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000064149&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000766539&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=218684">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsvzv304cd1r95">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810580945405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/3274">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267368405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514103706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00704422?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500115632">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1269955">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026420201">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/label/a54aba61-b05f-4ac8-8962-909e04f3d37c">MusicBrainz label</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output 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