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class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menú principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menú principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portada" title="Visiteu la pàgina principal [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Portada</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Article_aleatori" title="Carrega una pàgina a l’atzar [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article a l'atzar</span></a></li><li id="n-Articles-de-qualitat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat"><span>Articles de qualitat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunitat" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunitat" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunitat </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Portal" title="Sobre el projecte, què podeu fer, on trobareu les coses"><span>Portal viquipedista</span></a></li><li id="n-Agenda-d'actes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Trobades"><span>Agenda d'actes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Canvis_recents" title="Una llista dels canvis recents al wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Canvis recents</span></a></li><li id="n-La-taverna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:La_taverna"><span>La taverna</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Contacte"><span>Contacte</span></a></li><li id="n-Xat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Canals_IRC"><span>Xat</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Ajuda" title="El lloc per a saber més coses"><span>Ajuda</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Viquipèdia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ca.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'Enciclopèdia Lliure" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ca.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Cerca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cerca</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cerca a Viquipèdia" aria-label="Cerca a Viquipèdia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Cerca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cerca</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Eines personals"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Alta+cr%C3%ADtica" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Alta+cr%C3%ADtica" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines personals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d'usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca"><span>Donatius</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Alta+cr%C3%ADtica" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crea un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Alta+cr%C3%ADtica" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Inicia la sessió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alta crítica</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 27 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiese_kritiek" title="Historiese kritiek - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Historiese kritiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A" title="نقد تاريخي - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقد تاريخي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirniadaeth_hanesyddol" title="Beirniadaeth hanesyddol - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Beirniadaeth hanesyddol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historisk-kritisk_metode" title="Historisk-kritisk metode - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Historisk-kritisk metode" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historisch-kritische_Methode_(Theologie)" title="Historisch-kritische Methode (Theologie) - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Historisch-kritische Methode (Theologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Historical criticism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikala_kritiko" title="Radikala kritiko - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Radikala kritiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_cr%C3%ADtica" title="Alta crítica - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alta crítica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajaloolis-kriitiline_meetod" title="Ajaloolis-kriitiline meetod - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ajaloolis-kriitiline meetod" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="روش تاریخی-انتقادی - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روش تاریخی-انتقادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9g%C3%A8se_historico-critique_de_la_Bible" title="Exégèse historico-critique de la Bible - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Exégèse historico-critique de la Bible" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ביקורת היסטורית - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביקורת היסטורית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9neti-kritikai_m%C3%B3dszer" title="Történeti-kritikai módszer - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Történeti-kritikai módszer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critica_historic" title="Critica historic - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Critica historic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritik_sejarah_(Alkitab)" title="Kritik sejarah (Alkitab) - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kritik sejarah (Alkitab)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticismo_storico" title="Criticismo storico - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Criticismo storico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%89%B9%E8%A9%95" title="高等批評 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高等批評" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EB%B9%84%ED%8F%89" title="역사비평 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="역사비평" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famakafakana_ara-tantara_aman-tsikera" title="Famakafakana ara-tantara aman-tsikera - malgaix" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Famakafakana ara-tantara aman-tsikera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoorsche_Kritik" title="Histoorsche Kritik - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Histoorsche Kritik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historisch-kritische_methode" title="Historisch-kritische methode - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Historisch-kritische methode" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_cr%C3%ADtica" title="Alta crítica - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alta crítica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Историко-критический метод - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Историко-критический метод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="تاريخي تنقيد - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تاريخي تنقيد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historick%C3%BD_kriticizmus" title="Historický kriticizmus - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Historický kriticizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritisismong_pangkasaysayan" title="Kritisismong pangkasaysayan - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kritisismong pangkasaysayan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4" title="歷史批判 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="歷史批判" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q508091#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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(Vegeu la <a href="/wiki/Discussi%C3%B3:Alta_cr%C3%ADtica" title="Discussió:Alta crítica">discussió</a>).</span></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Alta crítica</b> és l'estudi del text de la <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ADblia" title="Bíblia">Bíblia</a> amb el mètode <a href="/wiki/Historiografia" title="Historiografia">historiogràfic</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%ADtica_hist%C3%B2rica" title="Crítica històrica">crítica històrica</a> i el mètode <a href="/wiki/Filologia" title="Filologia">filològic</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%ADtica_textual" title="Crítica textual">crítica textual</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al context de l'estudi científic de la bíblia, el concepte alemany <i>höhere Kritik</i>, literalment «crítica superior» va ser utilitzat per primera vegada pel historiador i orientalista alemany <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Eichhorn" title="Johann Gottfried Eichhorn">Johann Gottfried Eichhorn</a> (1752-1827) al seu llibre <i>Einleitung ins Alte Testament</i> (Introducció a l'Antic Testament).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A les antecedents es compta amb l'<a href="/wiki/Humanista" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanista">humanista</a> <a href="/wiki/Erasme_de_Rotterdam" title="Erasme de Rotterdam">Erasme de Rotterdam</a> (1466? - 1536) que se sol acreditar com el primer intel·lectual a estudiar la Bíblia des d'un punt de vista crític, o sota qualsevol criteri que no fos la de considerar-la un text literalment revelat.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xv</span>, l'humanista <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Valla" title="Lorenzo Valla">Lorenzo Valla</a> havia demostrat amb procediments filològics la falsedat de la <a href="/wiki/Donaci%C3%B3_de_Constant%C3%AD" title="Donació de Constantí">donació de Constantí</a>, malgrat aquest era un text papal i no bíblic. <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a> (1632–1677) va continuar en aquest itinerari,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> amb una concepció racionalista, en considerar la bíblia com a qualsevol altre llibre.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L'alta crítica utilitza els mateixos <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A8tode_cient%C3%ADfic" title="Mètode científic">mètodes científics</a> que s'utilitzen per estudiar l'origen dels <a href="/wiki/Text" title="Text">texts</a> <a href="/wiki/Literari" class="mw-redirect" title="Literari">literaris</a> antics. No es limita, per tant necessàriament a l'escripturística, sinó que s'empre sobre qualsevol <a href="/wiki/Manuscrit" title="Manuscrit">manuscrit</a> antic, medieval o fins i tot modern, i també sobre els <a href="/wiki/Impremta" title="Impremta">textos impresos</a>, especialment els <a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">incunables</a>, i de fet, en teoria, sobre qualsevol tipus de suport d'un document. En general, s'aplica especialment a tots aquells la versió original dels quals difereix de les posteriors o, com sol passar en la major part de les <a href="/wiki/Fonts_prim%C3%A0ries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fonts primàries">fonts primàries</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Edat_antiga" title="Edat antiga">antiguitat</a>, quan s'ha perdut i es pretén reconstruir mitjançant diferents procediments d'anàlisis de les diferències i la seva explicació genealògica. </p><p>Als estudis clàssics, la «nova alta crítica» del <a href="/wiki/Segle_XIX" title="Segle XIX">segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xix</span></a> abandonà «els esforços per dotar a l'antiga religió de sentit literal i pertinència i en el seu lloc es dedicà a la recol·lecció crítica i a l'ordenació de les fonts materials.»<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Les metodologies (tant de l'alta com de la baixa crítica: <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%ADtica_textual" title="Crítica textual">crítica textual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecd%C3%B2tica" title="Ecdòtica">ecdòtica</a>, crítica de les fonts) s'apliquen també a altres àmbits d'estudi de <a href="/wiki/Font_documental" title="Font documental">fonts documentals</a>. En principi es pot aplicar el mètode a altres texts fundacionals de religions o concepcions filosfòfiques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_cr%C3%ADtica&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRoukema2005"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Roukema</span>, Riemer. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.protestant.nu/Encyclopedie/tabid/359/Page/schriftkritiek/Default.aspx">Schriftkritiek</a>». A: <span style="font-variant:small-caps; font-variant-caps: small-caps;">Harinck</span>, George (ed.). <i>Christelijke Encyclopedie</i> (en neerlandès).  Kampen: Kok, 2005 [Consulta: 11 maig 2018].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christelijke+Encyclopedie&rft.atitle=Schriftkritiek&rft.aulast=Roukema&rft.aufirst=Riemer&rft.date=2005&rft.pub=Kok&rft.place=Kampen"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFEichhorn1787"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Eichhorn" title="Johann Gottfried Eichhorn"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Eichhorn</span>, Johann Gottfried</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10410486-8"><i>Einleitung ins Alte Testament</i></a> (en alemany).  Leipzig: Weidmann und Reich, 1787.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einleitung+ins+Alte+Testament&rft.aulast=Eichhorn&rft.aufirst=Johann+Gottfried&rft.date=1787&rft.pub=Weidmann+und+Reich&rft.place=Leipzig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdz-nbn-resolving.de%2Furn%2Fresolver.pl%3Furn%3Durn%3Anbn%3Ade%3Abvb%3A12-bsb10410486-8"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFReid1908"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Reid</span>, G. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04491c.htm">Biblical Criticism (Higher)</a>». A: <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> (en anglès).  Nova York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Biblical+Criticism+%28Higher%29&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.date=1908&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.place=Nova+York"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will Durant</a>, <i>The Story of Philosophy</i>, p. 125, Touchstone, 1961, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-671-20159-X" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-671-20159-X">ISBN 0-671-20159-X</a>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKoyzis2010"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Koyzis</span>, David T. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstthings.com/blogs/firstthoughts/2010/09/studying-cautiously-the-quran">Studying (cautiously) the Qur’an</a>» (en anglès). <i>First Things</i>, 26-09-2010.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFPrillevitz2015"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Prillevitz</span>, Paul «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historiek.net/spinoza-een-rationalistische-mysticus/52933/">Spinoza: een rationalistische mysticus</a>» (en neerlandès). <i>Historiek</i>, 17-09-2015.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burkert, <i>Greek Religion</i> (1985), <i>Introduction</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_cr%C3%ADtica&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Bibliografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFFogarty1989"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fogarty</span>, Gerald P. <i>American Catholic Biblical Scholarship: A History from the Early Republic to Vatican II</i> (en anglès).  San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1989. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9780060626662" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9780060626662">ISBN 9780060626662</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Catholic+Biblical+Scholarship%3A+A+History+from+the+Early+Republic+to+Vatican+II&rft.aulast=Fogarty&rft.aufirst=Gerald+P.&rft.date=1989&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.isbn=9780060626662"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"> (en anglès) <i>Journal of Higher Criticism</i>, 1994-2003. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1075-7139">1075-7139</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFOsborne1999"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Osborne</span>, Grant «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/article_criticism_osborne.html">Historical Criticism and the Evangelical</a>». <i>Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society</i>, 42, 2, 3-1999, pàg. 193-210.</span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFWhite1896"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">White</span>, Andrew Dickson. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infidels.org/library/historical/andrew_white/Chapter20.html">From the Divine Oracles to Higher Criticism</a>». A: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistorywarfare04whitgoog"><i>A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom</i></a> (en anglès). 1901.  Nova York: D. 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