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accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Husus:ObrolanKuring" title="Sawala ngeunaan éditan ti alamat IP ieu [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Obrolan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Eusi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eusi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sumputkeun</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Mimiti</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Métoda_modulasi_analog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Métoda_modulasi_analog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Métoda modulasi analog</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Métoda_modulasi_analog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Métoda_modulasi_digital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Métoda_modulasi_digital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Métoda modulasi digital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Métoda_modulasi_digital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Eusi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Modulasi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 61 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 basa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="تضمين (إلكترونيات) – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تضمين (إلكترونيات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Мадуляцыя – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мадуляцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Мадуляцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мадуляцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Модулация (техника) – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Модулация (техника)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="মড্যুলেশন – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মড্যুলেশন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulaci%C3%B3_(telecomunicacions)" title="Modulació (telecomunicacions) – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Modulació (telecomunicacions)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulace" title="Modulace – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Modulace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Modulation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation_(Technik)" title="Modulation (Technik) – Jérman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Modulation (Technik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jérman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%86%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%83%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Διαμόρφωση σήματος – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαμόρφωση σήματος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Modulation" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulado_(tekniko)" title="Modulado (tekniko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Modulado (tekniko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulaci%C3%B3n_(telecomunicaci%C3%B3n)" title="Modulación (telecomunicación) – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Modulación (telecomunicación)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulatsioon_(%C3%BClekandetehnika)" title="Modulatsioon (ülekandetehnika) – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Modulatsioon (ülekandetehnika)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulazio" title="Modulazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Modulazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="مدوله‌سازی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدوله‌سازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulaatio_(elektroniikka)" title="Modulaatio (elektroniikka) – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Modulaatio (elektroniikka)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation_du_signal" title="Modulation du signal – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Modulation du signal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modhn%C3%BA" title="Modhnú – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Modhnú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אפנון – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפנון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="मॉडुलन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मॉडुलन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulacija" title="Modulacija – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Modulacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modul%C3%A1ci%C3%B3_(fizika)" title="Moduláció (fizika) – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Moduláció (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Մոդուլում – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոդուլում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulasi" title="Modulasi – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Modulasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulazione" title="Modulazione – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Modulazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%89%E8%AA%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" title="変調方式 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="変調方式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Модуляция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Модуляция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%80%EC%A1%B0" title="변조 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="변조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Модуляция – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Модуляция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moduliacija" title="Moduliacija – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Moduliacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modul%C4%81cija" title="Modulācija – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Modulācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifanaraham-peo" title="Fifanaraham-peo – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fifanaraham-peo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Модулација – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Модулација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="മോഡുലനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മോഡുലനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemodulatan" title="Pemodulatan – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemodulatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မော်ဒျူလေးရှင်း – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မော်ဒျူလေးရှင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulatie_(radio)" title="Modulatie (radio) – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Modulatie (radio)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulasjon" title="Modulasjon – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Modulasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulasjon" title="Modulasjon – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Modulasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulacja" title="Modulacja – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Modulacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Modulação – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Modulação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula%C8%9Bie" title="Modulație – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Modulație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Модуляция – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Модуляция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulacija" title="Modulacija – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Modulacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="මූර්ජනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මූර්ජනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modul%C3%A1cia_(elektronika)" title="Modulácia (elektronika) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Modulácia (elektronika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulacija" title="Modulacija – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Modulacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Модулација – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Модулација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Modulation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பண்பேற்றம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பண்பேற்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93" title="การกล้ำสัญญาณ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การกล้ำสัญญาณ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%BClasyon" title="Modülasyon – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Modülasyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Модуляція – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Модуляція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="تحویر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تحویر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_modulyatsiya" title="Signal modulyatsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Signal modulyatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%81u_ch%E1%BA%BF_t%C3%ADn_hi%E1%BB%87u" title="Điều chế tín hiệu – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điều chế tín hiệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E5%88%B6" title="调制 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="调制" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="調變 – Tiongkok" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="調變" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tiongkok" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%A0n-ti%C4%81u_(ti%C4%81n-s%C3%ACn)" title="Piàn-tiāu (tiān-sìn) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Piàn-tiāu (tiān-sìn)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E5%88%B6" title="調制 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="調制" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170474#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Édit tutumbu antarbasa" class="wbc-editpage">Édit tutumbu</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ngaranspasi"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Modulasi" title="Témbongkeun eusi kaca [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Kaca</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obrolan:Modulasi&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Sawala ngeunaan eusi kaca (kaca can aya) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Sawala</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Sunda</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet 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href="/w/index.php?title=Modulasi&action=history" title="Vérsi heubeul ieu kaca [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Témbongkeun jujutan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Parabot" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Parabot</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Parabot</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sumputkeun</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Modulasi"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulasi&veaction=edit" title="Édit ieu kaca [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Édit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulasi&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Édit sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulasi&action=history"><span>Témbongkeun jujutan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Husus:NumbuKaDieu/Modulasi" title="Béréndélan sakabéh kaca wiki anu nutumbu ka dieu [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Anu nutumbu ka dieu</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Husus:ParobahanPatali/Modulasi" rel="nofollow" title="Anu anyar robah dina kaca-kaca anu nutumbu ti dieu [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Parobahan nu patali</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=su" title="Unjal berkas [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Unjal berkas</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Husus:KacaHusus" title="Daptar sadaya kaca husus [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Kaca husus</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulasi&oldid=624451" title="Tutumbu permanén ka ieu ieu vérsi"><span>Tutumbu permanén</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulasi&action=info" title="Informasi leuwih jero ngeunaan ieu kaca"><span>Émbaran kaca</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Husus:Kutip&page=Modulasi&id=624451&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Émbaran ngeunaan cara ngarujuk kaca ieu"><span>Cutat ieu artikel</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Husus:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FModulasi"><span>URL pondok</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Husus:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FModulasi"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Citak/ékspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Husus:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Modulasi"><span>Jieun hiji pustaka</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Husus:DownloadAsPdf&page=Modulasi&action=show-download-screen"><span>Undeur minangka PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulasi&printable=yes" title="Vérsi citakeun ieu kaca [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Vérsi citakeun</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Di proyék lianna </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Modulation" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170474" title="Tutumbu ka item gudang data anu nyambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Pidangan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pidangan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sumputkeun</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Ti Wikipédia Sunda, énsiklopédi bébas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="su" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><i>Pikeun kagunaan "modulasi" dina widang <a href="/wiki/Musik" title="Musik">musik</a>, tingali <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulasi_(musik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modulasi (musik) (kaca can aya)">modulasi (musik)</a></b>.</i></dd></dl> <table align="right" class="navbox" style="width: 18em; margin: 0 0 1em 1em"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#bdb; border-bottom: 2px solid #cccfcc">Téhnik <a class="mw-selflink selflink">modulasi</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccffcc"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Métoda_modulasi_analog">Modulasi analog</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a> | <a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-sideband modulation"> SSB</a> | <a href="/wiki/Double-sideband_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-sideband modulation">DSB</a> | <a href="/wiki/Vestigial-sideband_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestigial-sideband modulation">VSB</a> | <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> | <a href="/wiki/Phase_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase modulation">PM</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccffcc"><a href="/wiki/Modulasi_digital" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulasi digital">Modulasi digital</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-off_keying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On-off keying (kaca can aya)">OOK</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frequency-shift_keying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frequency-shift keying (kaca can aya)">FSK</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amplitude-shift_keying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amplitude-shift keying (kaca can aya)">ASK</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phase-shift_keying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phase-shift keying (kaca can aya)">PSK</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadrature_amplitude_modulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation (kaca can aya)">QAM</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amplitude_and_phase-shift_keying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amplitude and phase-shift keying (kaca can aya)">APSK</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimum-shift_keying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minimum-shift keying (kaca can aya)">MSK</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Continuous_phase_modulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Continuous phase modulation (kaca can aya)">CPM</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse-position_modulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulse-position modulation (kaca can aya)">PPM</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trellis_modulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trellis modulation (kaca can aya)">TCM</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (kaca can aya)">OFDM</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccffcc"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_spectrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spread spectrum (kaca can aya)">Spéktrum sumebar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" id="Tnavbar" style="background-color: transparent; padding: 0; font-size:xx-small; color:#000000; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citakan:Modulation_techniques"><span style="color:#002bb8;" title="Tempo citakan ieu.">t</span></a>·<a class="external text" href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrolan_citakan:Modulation_techniques"><span style="color:#002bb8;" title="Sawalakeun citakan ieu.">s</span></a>·<a class="external text" href="https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citakan:Modulation_techniques&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;" title="Anjeun bisa ngédit citakan ieu. Mangga pigunakeun 'Témbongkeun sawangan' saméméh nyimpen.">é</span></a></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (kaca can aya)">FHSS</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum (kaca can aya)">DSSS</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Dina <a href="/wiki/Telekomunikasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Telekomunikasi">telekomunikasi</a>, <b>modulasi</b> nyaéta prosés numpangkeun <a href="/wiki/Sinyal" title="Sinyal">sinyal</a> <a href="/wiki/Informasi" title="Informasi">informasi</a> ku cara ngarobah-robah hiji <a href="/wiki/Gelombang" title="Gelombang">gelombang</a> <a href="/wiki/Fungsi_p%C3%A9riodik" title="Fungsi périodik">périodik</a> dina cara nu sarupa saperti saurang <a href="/wiki/Musisi" title="Musisi">musisi</a> ngamodulasi nada sahiji alat musik ku cara ngarobah-robah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volume (kaca can aya)">volume</a>, <i>timing</i> jeung <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pitch (kaca can aya)">pitch</a></i>. Biasana gelombang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinusoida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinusoida (kaca can aya)">sinusoida</a> nu boga <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9ku%C3%A9nsi" title="Frékuénsi">frékuénsi</a> luhur (gancang) digunakeun sabagé <a href="/wiki/Gelombang_pamawa" title="Gelombang pamawa">sinyal pamawa</a>. Tilu paraméter utama gelombang sinusoida nyaéta <a href="/wiki/Amplitudo" title="Amplitudo">amplitudo</a> ("volume"), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fase_(gelombang)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fase (gelombang) (kaca can aya)">fase</a> ("<i>timing</i>") jeung <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9ku%C3%A9nsi" title="Frékuénsi">frékuénsi</a> ("<i>pitch</i>"). Tilu paraméter kasebut bisa dirobah-robah luyu jeung sinyal informasi nu boga frékuénsi handap (laun). </p><p>Alat anu ngalaksanakeun modulasi katelah <b>modulator</b> sedengkeun alat nu ngalakukeun operasi kabalikanana (nimukeun deui atawa nurunkeun informasi tina sinyal nu ditumpangan) disebut <i>demodulator</i> (kalan-kalan disebut <b>detector</b> atawa <b>demod</b>). Alat anu bisa ngalakukeun modulasi sakaligus demodulasi disebut <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modem</a> (singkatan tina gabungan dua terminologi kasebut). </p> <blockquote><p><b>Hiji conto basajan:</b> Telepon kabel dirancang pikeun ngirimkeun sora, upamana nada, jeung lain pikeun ngirimkeun sinyal digital (anu aya dina dua kaayaan pareum jeung hurung atawa bit 0 jeung bit 1). Sanajan kitu, komputer-komputer (anu ngagunakeun sinyal digital) bisa ngalakukeun komunikasi ngaliwatan kabel telepon (pikeun sinyal analog) ku jasana modem. Modem bisa ngarobah bit-bit digital jadi nada-nada nu disebut simbul-simbul. Lamun aya opat simbul pilihan (bayangkeun alat musik anu bisa ngahasilkeun opat nada nu béda, hiji nada dina hiji waktu), simbul kahiji ngawakilan runtuyan bit 00, nu kadua 01, katilu 10 jeung nu kaopat 11. Lamun modem ngamaénkeun sahiji wirahma nu ngandung 1000 simbul per detik, mangka laju simbulna 1000 simbul/detik atawa 1000 baud. Lantaran tiap simbul ngawakilan hiji pesen nu ngandung dua bit digital, mangka laju bitna 2000 bit per detik.</p></blockquote> <p>Tujuan tina <b>modulasi digital</b> nyaéta pikeun ngirimkeun aliran bit <a href="/wiki/Digital" title="Digital">digital</a> ngaliwatan hiji <i><a href="/wiki/Kanal_(komunikasi)" title="Kanal (komunikasi)">kanal</a></i> panyaring pita analog, contona kabel telepon dina <a href="/wiki/Jaringan_telepon_umum" title="Jaringan telepon umum">jaringan telepon umum</a> (di mana sahiji <a href="/wiki/Filter_(pamros%C3%A9san_sinyal)" title="Filter (pamrosésan sinyal)">filter</a> ngawatesan wilayah frékuénsi ti 300 nepi 3400 Hz) atawa hiji pita frékeuénsi radio terbatas (kawates). </p><p>Tujuan tina <b>modulasi analog</b> nyaéta pikeun ngirimkeun hiji sinyal <a href="/wiki/Sinyal_analog" title="Sinyal analog">analog</a> <a href="/wiki/LPF" class="mw-redirect" title="LPF">panyaringpitahandap</a>, contona hiji sinyal audio atawa sinyal TV, ngaliwatan hiji <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanal_(telekomunikasi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanal (telekomunikasi) (kaca can aya)">kanal</a></i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandpass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandpass (kaca can aya)">panyaringpita</a> analog, contona frékuénsi radio kawates atawa <i>channel</i> jaringan TV kabel. </p><p>Modulasi analog jeung digital ngamungkinkeun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frequency_division_multiplexing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frequency division multiplexing (kaca can aya)">frequency division multiplexing</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=FDM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FDM (kaca can aya)">FDM</a>), di mana sababaraha sinyal informasi <a href="/wiki/LPF" class="mw-redirect" title="LPF">lolos saringanhandap</a> dikirimkeun sakaligus ngaliwatan médium fisik nu sarua, ngagunakeun <i>kanal</i> saringan pita nu béda-béda. Ku cara kieu, hiji médium bisa diliwatan ku leuwih ti hiji sinyal. </p><p>Tujuan tina <b>métoda modulasi pitadasar digital</b> singkatan tina <b>digital baseband modulation methods</b>, anu katelah ogé <a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_coding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Line coding (kaca can aya)">line coding</a>, nyaéta pikeun ngirimkeun aliran bit digital ngaliwatan <i>channel</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saringanhandap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saringanhandap (kaca can aya)">saringanhandap</a>, bakuna hiji kawat tambaga anu tanpa saringan saperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_bus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serial bus (kaca can aya)">serial bus</a> atawa <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_area_networkl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local area networkl (kaca can aya)">local area networkl</a></i> (nu maké kabel. </p><p>Tujuan tina <b>métoda modulasi pulsa</b> nyaéta pikeun ngirimkeun sahiji sinyal analog pitasempit, contona ucapan atawa sora telepon anu ngaliwatan hiji <i>channel</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saringanhandap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saringanhandap (kaca can aya)">saringanhandap</a> pitarubak, atawa, dina sababaraha sistem, sabagé aliran bit nu ngaliwatan sistem transmisi digital liana. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Métoda_modulasi_analog"><span id="M.C3.A9toda_modulasi_analog"></span>Métoda modulasi analog</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulasi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Édit bab: Métoda modulasi analog" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulasi&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Métoda modulasi analog"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dina modulasi <a href="/wiki/Sinyal_analog" title="Sinyal analog">analog</a>, modulasina diterapkeun sacara sinambung ngéngklokan sinyal informasi analog nu katarima. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:Amfm3.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Amfm3.gif/200px-Amfm3.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Amfm3.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Hiji sinyal sora (gambar luhur) bisa ditumpangkeun kana gelombang maké métoda modulasi amplitudo (AM) (gambar tengah) atawa modulasi frékuénsi (FM) (gambar handap).</figcaption></figure> <p>Téknik modulasi analog nu ilahar nyaéta: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modulasi_amplitudo" title="Modulasi amplitudo">Modulasi amplitudo</a> (tarjamahan tina <i><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Amplitude modulation">amplitude modulation</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/AM" class="mw-redirect" title="AM">AM</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modulasi_pita_sisi_ganda" title="Modulasi pita sisi ganda">Modulasi pita sisi ganda</a> (tarjamahan tinda <i><a href="/wiki/Double-sideband_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-sideband modulation">double-sideband modulation</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Modulasi_DSB" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulasi DSB">DSB</a>) <ul><li>Modulasi pita sisi ganda bari <a href="/wiki/Gelombang_pamawa" title="Gelombang pamawa">gelombang pamawa</a> teu ditindes (tarjamahan tina <i>double-sideband modulation with unsuppressed carrier</i> (DSB-WC) (digunakeun dina pita radio AM)</li> <li>Pamancaran pitasisi ganda kalawan <a href="/wiki/Gelombang_pamawa" title="Gelombang pamawa">gelombang pamawa</a> ditindes (tarjamahan tina <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Double-sideband_suppressed-carrier_transmission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (kaca can aya)">double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission</a></i> (DSB-SC))</li> <li>Pamancaran pitasisi ganda kalawan <a href="/wiki/Gelombang_pamawa" title="Gelombang pamawa">gelombang pamawa</a> dikurangan (tarjamahan tina <i>double-sideband reduced carrier transmission</i> (DSB-RC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulasi_pita_sisi_tunggal" title="Modulasi pita sisi tunggal">Modulasi pita sisi tunggal</a> (tarjamahan tina <i><a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-sideband modulation">single-sideband modulation</a></i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modulasi_pita_sisi_tunggal" title="Modulasi pita sisi tunggal">Modulasi pita sisi tunggal</a> (tarjamahan tina <i><a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-sideband modulation">single-sideband modulation</a></i> anu ngawengku <a href="/wiki/Modulasi_SSB" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulasi SSB">SSB</a>, atawa SSB-AM), mirip pisan jeung</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulasi_pita_sisi_tunggal" title="Modulasi pita sisi tunggal">modulasi pitasisi tunggal gelombang pamawa ditindes</a>, tarjamahan tina <i>single-sideband suppressed carrier modulation</i> (SSB-SC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulasi_pita_sisi_vestigial" title="Modulasi pita sisi vestigial">Modulasi pita sisi vestigial</a>, tarjamahan tina <i><a href="/wiki/Vestigial-sideband_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestigial-sideband modulation">vestigial-sideband modulation</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Modulasi_VSB" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulasi VSB">VSB</a>, atawa VSB-AM)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulasi_sudut" title="Modulasi sudut">Modulasi sudut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modulasi_fr%C3%A9ku%C3%A9nsi" title="Modulasi frékuénsi">Modulasi frékuénsi</a>, tarjamahan tina <i><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulation</a></i> (FM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulasi_fase" title="Modulasi fase">Modulasi fase</a> (PM)</li> <li>Modulasi sudut umum, tarjamahan tina general angular modulation (campuran antara modulasi frékuénsi jeung modulasi frékuénsi pikeun ngahasilkeun unjuk gawé pangalusna (contona, FM nu maké <i>préémphasis-deémphasis</i> (PDE) )</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Métoda_modulasi_digital"><span id="M.C3.A9toda_modulasi_digital"></span>Métoda modulasi digital</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulasi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Édit bab: Métoda modulasi digital" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulasi&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Métoda modulasi digital"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dina modulasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digitall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digitall (kaca can aya)">digitall</a>, hiji sinyal pamawa anu analog ditumpangan (dimodulasi) ku aliran bit digital tina sinyal nu panjangna sarua atawa sinyal nu panjangna robah-robah. Hal ieu bisa digambarkeun sabagé bentuk konvérsi analog ka digital. Parobahan dina sinyal pamawa dipilih tina sajumlah pilihan simbul anu aya <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/finite" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:finite">finite</a> ( <b>aksara modulasi</b>). </p><p>Téknik-téknik modulasi digital anu paling dasar nyaéta: </p> <ul><li>Dina hal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelomabang_sinambung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelomabang sinambung (kaca can aya)">CW</a>, digunakeun pangalompokan <a href="/w/index.php?title=On-off_keying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On-off keying (kaca can aya)">on-off keying</a> tina sinyal-sinyal anu panjangna robah-robah.</li> <li>Dina hal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phase-shift_keying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phase-shift keying (kaca can aya)">PSK</a>, digunakeun sajumlah fase anu tangtu.</li> <li>Dina hal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frequency-shift_keying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frequency-shift keying (kaca can aya)">FSK</a>, digunakeun sajumlah frékuénsi anu tangtu..</li> <li>Dina hal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amplitude-shift_keying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amplitude-shift keying (kaca can aya)">ASK</a>, digunakeun sajumlah amplitudo.</li> <li>Dina hal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadrature_amplitude_modulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation (kaca can aya)">QAM</a>, sinyal safase (sinyal I, misalna bentuk gelombang kosinus) jeung sinyal fase 4 ruang (sinyal Q, contona gelombang sinus) dimodulasi amplitudona ku sajumlah amplitudo. Hal ieu bisa ditingali sabagé jumlah amplitudo nu tangtu. Hal ieu bisa ditingali sabagé sistem dua <i>channel</i>. Sinyal nu dihasilkeun mangrupa gabungan PSK jeung ASK, kalayan saeutikna dua fase, jeung saeutikna dua amplitudo.</li></ul> <p>Masing-masing fase, frékuénsi atawa amplitudo dibéré hiji pola <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bit (kaca can aya)">bit</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_numeral_bin%C3%A9r_mandiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem numeral binér mandiri (kaca can aya)">binér</a> nu mandiri. Biasana, fase, frékuénsi atawa amplitudo ngodekuen sajumlah bit anu sarua. Sajumlah bit ieu ngandung simbul-simbul anu dilambangkeun ku fase husus. </p><p>Lamun aksara diwangun ku <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M=2^{N}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M=2^{N}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2aaa5bdbbea857a913997a146a038f6b5242cfca" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.395ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M=2^{N}}"></span> simbul pilihan, masing-masing simbul ngalambangkeun sahiji pesen anu diwangun ku <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span> bit. Lamun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laju_simbul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laju simbul (kaca can aya)">laju simbul</a> (katelah ogé sabagé <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baud (kaca can aya)">laju baud</a>) dinyatakeun sabagé <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{S}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{S}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2b44c97f83aebb50c3fd26b567ff9b005dc7b82b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.432ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{S}}"></span> simbol/detik (atawa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baud (kaca can aya)">baud</a>), laju datana nyaéta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Nf_{S}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Nf_{S}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/012032b67484aae0657343d728c099ff544e22a6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.495ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Nf_{S}}"></span> bit/detik. </p><p>Contona, upama aksara diwangun ku 16 simbul pilihan, masing-masing simbul ngalambangkeun 4 bit. Jadi laju datana opat kali laju baud. </p><p>Dina hal PSK, ASK jeung QAM, supaya gampang, aksara modulasi mindeng dijelaskeun ku hiji <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diagram_konst%C3%A9lasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diagram konstélasi (kaca can aya)">diagram konstélasi</a>, anu nunjukkeun amplitudo sinyal I dina sumbu-x, jeung amplitudo sinyal Q dina sumbu-y, pikeun tiap simbul. </p><p>PSK jeung ASK, sarta sakapeung ogé FSK, bisa dibangkitkeun jeung didetéksi ngagunakeun prinsip QAM. Sinyal I jeung sinyal Q bisa digabungkeun kana sinyal nu hargana kompléks nu disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinyal_lolossaringhandap_sababad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinyal lolossaringhandap sababad (kaca can aya)">sinyal lolossaringhandap sababad</a> atawa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinyal_pitadasar_sababad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinyal pitadasar sababad (kaca can aya)">sinyal pitadasar sababad</a>. Ieu téh perlambang sinyal fisik anu ditumpangan hargana (disebut ogé <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinyal_pitalolos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinyal pitalolos (kaca can aya)">sinyal pitalolos</a> atawa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinyal_RF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinyal RF (kaca can aya)">sinyal RF</a>). </p><p>Di handap ieu nyaéta cara-cara umum nu digunakeun ku modulator pikeun mancarkeun data: </p> <ol><li>Kolompokkeun data anu datang kana kecap-kecap konci;</li> <li>Gambarkeun kecap-kecap kode kana atribut-atribut, misalna amplitudo-amplitudo sinyal-sinyal I jeung Q (sinyal lolossaringanhandap sababad), atawa niléy-niléy frékuénsi jeung fase.</li> <li>Atur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panghasil_rupa_pulsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panghasil rupa pulsa (kaca can aya)">panghasil rupa pulsa</a> (tarjamahan tina pulse shaping) atawa sababaraha panyaring liana pikeun ngawatesan rubakpita jeung ngawangun spéktrum, sacara husus ngagunakeun pamrosés sinyal dijitel</li> <li>Konversi dijitel ka analog (digital-to-analog conversion (DAC)) sinyal-sinyal I jeung Q (lantaran kiwari sakabéh nu di luhur biasana kahontal ngagunakeun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamroses_sinyal_dijitel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamroses sinyal dijitel (kaca can aya)">pamroses sinyal dijitel</a> (tarjamahan tina digital signal processing (DSP)). Kadang-kadang léngkah saterusna ogé kahontal ngagunakeun DSP, jeung saterusna DAC kudu digunakeun saenggeusna.</li> <li>Tumpangan bentuk gelombang pamawa frékuénsi luhur, ngahasilkeun sinyal lolos saringanhandap anu digeser frékuénsina kana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinyal_pitalolos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinyal pitalolos (kaca can aya)">sinyal pitalolos</a> anu ditumpangan atawa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinyal_RF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinyal RF (kaca can aya)">sinyal RF</a></li> <li>gedékeun jeung saring analog pikeun nyingkahan distorsi harmonic jeung spectrum periodik</li></ol> <p>Dina alat <a href="/wiki/Panarima_(telekomunikasi)" title="Panarima (telekomunikasi)">panarima</a>, demodulator sacara husus ngalakukeun: </p> <ol><li>Panyaringan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandpass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandpass (kaca can aya)">bandpass</a></i>.</li> <li>Kadali gain otomatis (AGC) pikeun ngimbangan <a href="/wiki/Atenuasi" title="Atenuasi">atenuasi</a>.</li> <li>Pageseran frékuénsi sinyal frékuénsi radio ka sinyal-sinyal I jeung Q <a href="/wiki/Baseband" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseband">baseband</a> nu satara, atawa ka sinyal frékuénsi samentara (IF), ku cara ngalikeun sinyal RF jeung frékuénsi gelombang sinus jeung kosinus <a href="/wiki/Osilator_lokal" title="Osilator lokal">osilator lokal</a></li> <li>Sampling jeung konversi analog-ka-digital (ADC).</li></ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dicomot ti "<a dir="ltr" href="https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modulasi&oldid=624451">https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modulasi&oldid=624451</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Husus:Kategori" title="Husus:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Dasar_telekomunikasi" title="Kategori:Dasar telekomunikasi">Dasar telekomunikasi</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Kaca ieu panungtungan diédit 5 Juni 2022, jam 06.27.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Téks sadia dina <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisénsi Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a>; katangtuan tambahan kamungkinan lumaku. 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