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Yüzey parlaklığı - Vikipedi
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href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:MesajSayfam" title="Bu IP adresindeki düzenlemeler hakkında tartışma [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Mesaj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="İçindekiler" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">İçindekiler</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">kenar çubuğuna taşı</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">gizle</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Giriş</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Genel_bilgiler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genel_bilgiler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Genel bilgiler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genel_bilgiler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yüzey_parlaklığının_hesaplanması" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yüzey_parlaklığının_hesaplanması"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Yüzey parlaklığının hesaplanması</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yüzey_parlaklığının_hesaplanması-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genel_kaynaklar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genel_kaynaklar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Genel kaynaklar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genel_kaynaklar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="İçindekiler" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="İçindekiler tablosunu değiştir" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">İçindekiler tablosunu değiştir</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yüzey parlaklığı</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Başka bir dildeki sayfaya gidin. 25 dilde mevcut" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 dil</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%AD" title="سطوع السطح - Arapça" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سطوع السطح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rellumu_superficial" title="Rellumu superficial - Asturyasça" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rellumu superficial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturyasça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99th_parlaql%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Səth parlaqlığı - Azerbaycan dili" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səth parlaqlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaycan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Паверхневая яркасць - Belarusça" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паверхневая яркасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Повърхностна яркост - Bulgarca" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Повърхностна яркост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="পৃষ্ঠ উজ্জ্বলতা - Bengalce" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পৃষ্ঠ উজ্জ্বলতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povr%C5%A1inska_svjetlost" title="Površinska svjetlost - Boşnakça" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Površinska svjetlost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Boşnakça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluentor_superficial" title="Lluentor superficial - Katalanca" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lluentor superficial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plo%C5%A1n%C3%A1_jasnost" title="Plošná jasnost - Çekçe" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plošná jasnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Çekçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A4chenhelligkeit" title="Flächenhelligkeit - Almanca" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flächenhelligkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_brightness" title="Surface brightness - İngilizce" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Surface brightness" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="İngilizce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfaca_heleco" title="Surfaca heleco - Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Surfaca heleco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brillo_superficial" title="Brillo superficial - İspanyolca" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brillo superficial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="İspanyolca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintakirkkaus" title="Pintakirkkaus - Fince" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pintakirkkaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brillance_de_surface" title="Brillance de surface - Fransızca" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brillance de surface" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Fransızca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosit%C3%A0_superficiale" title="Luminosità superficiale - İtalyanca" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Luminosità superficiale" data-language-autonym="İtaliano" data-language-local-name="İtalyanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>İtaliano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E8%BC%9D%E5%BA%A6" title="表面輝度 - Japonca" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="表面輝度" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Беттік жарықтық - Kazakça" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Беттік жарықтық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EB%A9%B4%EB%B0%9D%EA%B8%B0" title="표면밝기 - Korece" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표면밝기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korece" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A4chenhellegkeet" title="Flächenhellegkeet - Lüksemburgca" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Flächenhellegkeet" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Lüksemburgca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Површински сјај - Makedonca" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Површински сјај" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brilho_superficial" title="Brilho superficial - Portekizce" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Brilho superficial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portekizce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Поверхностная яркость - Rusça" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поверхностная яркость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Яскравість поверхні - Ukraynaca" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Яскравість поверхні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraynaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E4%BA%AE%E5%BA%A6" title="面亮度 - Çince" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="面亮度" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Çince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1048103#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Dillerarası bağlantıları değiştir" class="wbc-editpage">Bağlantıları değiştir</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ad alanları"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCzey_parlakl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="İçerik sayfasını göster [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Madde</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tart%C4%B1%C5%9Fma:Y%C3%BCzey_parlakl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" rel="discussion" title="İçerik ile ilgili tartışma [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Tartışma</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Dil varyantını değiştir" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label 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(astronomi)">görünür büyüklüğü</a> veya <a href="/wiki/Spektral_ak%C4%B1_yo%C4%9Funlu%C4%9Fu" title="Spektral akı yoğunluğu">akı yoğunluğu</a> miktarıdır. Bir nesnenin yüzey parlaklığı, yüzey parlaklığı yoğunluğuna, yani birim yüzey alanı başına yayılan <a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1nlatma_g%C3%BCc%C3%BC" title="Aydınlatma gücü">aydınlatma gücüne</a> bağlıdır. Görünür ve kızıl ötesi gökbilimde yüzey parlaklığı, belirli bir filtre bandında veya <a href="/wiki/Fotometrik_sistem" title="Fotometrik sistem">fotometrik sistemde</a>, genellikle <a href="/wiki/Yay-saniye" class="mw-redirect" title="Yay-saniye">yay-saniye</a> kare başına büyüklük olarak verilir. </p><p>Gök cisimlerinin yüzey parlaklıklarının ölçülmesine yüzey <a href="/wiki/Fotometri_(astronomi)" title="Fotometri (astronomi)">fotometrisi</a> adı verilir. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genel_bilgiler">Genel bilgiler</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%BCzey_parlakl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Genel bilgiler" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%BCzey_parlakl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1&action=edit&section=1" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Genel bilgiler"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bir astronomik cismin <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BCr_parlakl%C4%B1k" class="mw-redirect" title="Görünür parlaklık">görünür parlaklığı</a> (büyüklük) genellikle bütünleşik bir değer olarak verilir. Şayet bir <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kada" class="mw-redirect" title="Gökada">gökadanın</a> büyüklüğü 12,5 olarak gösteriliyorsa, herhangi bir yıldızın 12,5 değerindeki büyüklüğü gibi aynı miktarda ışığı gördüğümüz anlamına gelmektedir. Yine de bir yıldız, gözlemlerin çoğunda çok küçük etkili bir nokta kaynaktır ama bir <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kada" class="mw-redirect" title="Gökada">gökada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yay-saniye" class="mw-redirect" title="Yay-saniye">yay-saniye</a> veya <a href="/wiki/Yay-dakika" class="mw-redirect" title="Yay-dakika">yay-dakika</a> olarak yıldızdan daha geniştir. Bu yüzden bir gökada, arka plandaki ışımalara karşı bir yıldıza göre oldukça zor görünecektir. Görünür büyüklük, eğer nesne noktaya benzer veya küçükse görünürlük için iyi bir göstergedir, şayet nesne büyükse yüzey parlaklığı daha iyi bir gösterge olacaktır. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yüzey_parlaklığının_hesaplanması"><span id="Y.C3.BCzey_parlakl.C4.B1.C4.9F.C4.B1n.C4.B1n_hesaplanmas.C4.B1"></span>Yüzey parlaklığının hesaplanması</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%BCzey_parlakl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Yüzey parlaklığının hesaplanması" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%BCzey_parlakl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1&action=edit&section=2" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Yüzey parlaklığının hesaplanması"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yüzey parlaklığı genellikle yay-saniye kare başına büyüklük olarak verilir. Çünkü büyüklük logaritmiktir ve yüzey parlaklığı basit bir bölme işlemiyle hesaplanamaz. Onun yerine, büyüklük (<i>m</i>) ile yay-saniye kare olarak alan (<i>A</i>) kullanılarak, yüzey parlaklığı (<i>S</i>) şu şekilde formülleştirilir. </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S=m+2.5\cdot \log _{10}A.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2.5</mn> <mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡<!-- --></mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S=m+2.5\cdot \log _{10}A.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5cbd399f69ad9ce036fbdb9e2aee6692d03c2b2e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.754ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S=m+2.5\cdot \log _{10}A.}"></span> </p><p>Yüzey parlaklığı aydınlatma mesafesiyle sabittir. Yakındaki cisimler için aydınlatma mesafesi cismin fiziksel uzaklığına eşittir. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genel_kaynaklar">Genel kaynaklar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%BCzey_parlakl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Genel kaynaklar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%BCzey_parlakl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1&action=edit&section=3" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Genel kaynaklar"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBinneyMerrifield1998" class="kaynak">Binney, James; Merrifield, Michael (1998), <i>Galactic Astronomy</i>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/978-0691025650" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/978-0691025650">978-0691025650</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galactic+Astronomy&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0691025650&rft.aulast=Binney&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Merrifield%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AY%C3%BCzey+parlakl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSparkeGallagher2000" class="kaynak">Sparke, L.; Gallagher, J. (2000), <i>Galaxies in the Universe: An Introduction</i> (1.1 yayıncı=Cambridge University Press bas.), <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/0-521-59241-0" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/0-521-59241-0">0-521-59241-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galaxies+in+the+Universe%3A+An+Introduction&rft.edition=1.1+yay%C4%B1nc%C4%B1%3DCambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-59241-0&rft.aulast=Sparke&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Gallagher%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AY%C3%BCzey+parlakl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <table class="metadata plainlinks stub" role="presentation" style="background:transparent"><tbody><tr><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dosya:Planet_-_The_Noun_Project.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Taslak simgesi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Planet_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/40px-Planet_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Planet_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/60px-Planet_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Planet_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/80px-Planet_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="342" /></a></span></td><td><i><a href="/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi">Astronomi</a> ile ilgili bu madde <a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:Taslak_madde" title="Vikipedi:Taslak madde">taslak</a> seviyesindedir. 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