CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Ethernet - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8c280c30-55d9-4c8f-89c8-7cd290b591d9","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ethernet","wgTitle":"Ethernet","wgCurRevisionId":1274302179,"wgRevisionId":1274302179,"wgArticleId":9499,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: missing periodical","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from March 2023","Use American English from April 2023","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Ethernet","American inventions","IEEE standards","Computer-related introductions in 1980"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Ethernet","wgRelevantArticleId":9499,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q79984","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.20"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ethernet_Connection.jpg/1200px-Ethernet_Connection.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ethernet_Connection.jpg/800px-Ethernet_Connection.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ethernet_Connection.jpg/640px-Ethernet_Connection.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Ethernet - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Ethernet rootpage-Ethernet skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ethernet" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ethernet" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ethernet" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ethernet" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Standardization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shared_medium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shared_medium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Shared medium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shared_medium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repeaters_and_hubs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repeaters_and_hubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Repeaters and hubs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repeaters_and_hubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridging_and_switching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridging_and_switching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bridging and switching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridging_and_switching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advanced_networking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_networking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Advanced networking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advanced_networking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frame_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frame_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Frame structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frame_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autonegotiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonegotiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Autonegotiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonegotiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Error_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Error_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Error conditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Error_conditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Error conditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Error_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Switching_loop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switching_loop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Switching loop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switching_loop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jabber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jabber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Jabber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jabber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Runt_frames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runt_frames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Runt frames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Runt_frames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethernet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="إيثرنت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيثرنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="ইথারনেট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইথারনেট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Етернет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Етернет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eterreto" title="Eterreto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eterreto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="اترنت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اترنت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%9F" title="ઇથરનેટ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઇથરનેટ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%8D%94%EB%84%B7" title="이더넷 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이더넷" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="ईथरनेट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईथरनेट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternet" title="Eternet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eternet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B0net" title="Íðnet – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Íðnet" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98" title="אתרנט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אתרנט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಎತರ್‍ನೆಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎತರ್‍ನೆಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Етернет – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Етернет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഈതെർനെറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഈതെർനെറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="इथरनेट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इथरनेट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="イーサネット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イーサネット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9F" title="ਈਥਰਨੈੱਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਈਥਰਨੈੱਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%BC" title="اېترنټ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېترنټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etherneti" title="Etherneti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Etherneti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%AA" title="ئیتەرنێت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیتەرنێت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Етернет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Етернет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="ஈதர்நெட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈதர்நெட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%88%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="ఈథర్నెట్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఈథర్నెట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95" title="อีเทอร์เน็ต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อีเทอร์เน็ต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="ایتھرنیٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایتھرنیٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%A4%AA%E7%BD%91" title="以太网 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="以太网" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="Ethernet" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E5%A4%AA%E7%B6%B2" title="乙太網 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="乙太網" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%A4%AA%E7%BD%91" title="以太网 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="以太网" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q79984#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ethernet" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ethernet"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ethernet"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ethernet" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Ethernet" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&oldid=1274302179" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Ethernet&id=1274302179&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEthernet"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEthernet"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ethernet&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q79984" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Computer networking technology</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethernet_Connection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ethernet_Connection.jpg/220px-Ethernet_Connection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ethernet_Connection.jpg/330px-Ethernet_Connection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ethernet_Connection.jpg/440px-Ethernet_Connection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>An Ethernet port on a <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptop computer</a> connected to a <a href="/wiki/Twisted_pair" title="Twisted pair">twisted pair</a> cable with an <a href="/wiki/8P8C_modular_connector" class="mw-redirect" title="8P8C modular connector">8P8C modular connector</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple_Ethernet_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Apple_Ethernet_Symbol.svg/100px-Apple_Ethernet_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Apple_Ethernet_Symbol.svg/150px-Apple_Ethernet_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Apple_Ethernet_Symbol.svg/200px-Apple_Ethernet_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Symbol used by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> on some devices to denote an Ethernet connection</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ethernet</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">EE</span>-thər-net</i></a>) is a family of wired <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networking</a> technologies commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area networks</a> (LAN), <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area_network" title="Metropolitan area network">metropolitan area networks</a> (MAN) and <a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">wide area networks</a> (WAN).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">IEEE 802.3</a>. Ethernet has since been refined to support higher <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">bit rates</a>, a greater number of nodes, and longer link distances, but retains much <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward compatibility</a>. Over time, Ethernet has largely replaced competing wired LAN technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">Token Ring</a>, <a href="/wiki/FDDI" class="mw-redirect" title="FDDI">FDDI</a> and <a href="/wiki/ARCNET" title="ARCNET">ARCNET</a>. </p><p>The original <a href="/wiki/10BASE5" title="10BASE5">10BASE5</a> Ethernet uses a thick <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Shared_medium" title="Shared medium">shared medium</a>. This was largely superseded by <a href="/wiki/10BASE2" title="10BASE2">10BASE2</a>, which used a thinner and more flexible cable that was both cheaper and easier to use. More modern Ethernet variants use <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_over_twisted_pair" title="Ethernet over twisted pair">twisted pair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiber_optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber optic">fiber optic</a> links in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">switches</a>. Over the course of its history, Ethernet data transfer rates have been increased from the original <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006294000000000000♠"></span>2.94 <a href="/wiki/Megabit_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Megabit per second">Mbit/s</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Alto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the latest <a href="/wiki/Terabit_Ethernet" title="Terabit Ethernet"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7011800000000000000♠"></span>800 Gbit/s</span></a>, with rates up to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7012160000000000000♠"></span>1.6 <a href="/wiki/Terabit_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabit per second">Tbit/s</a></span> under development. The <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethernet_standards" title="Category:Ethernet standards">Ethernet standards</a> include several <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_physical_layer" title="Ethernet physical layer">wiring and signaling variants</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">OSI physical layer</a>. </p><p>Systems communicating over Ethernet divide a stream of data into shorter pieces called <a href="/wiki/Frame_(networking)" title="Frame (networking)">frames</a>. Each frame contains source and destination addresses, and <a href="/wiki/Frame_check_sequence" title="Frame check sequence">error-checking data</a> so that damaged frames can be detected and discarded; most often, higher-layer protocols trigger <a href="/wiki/Retransmission_(data_networks)" title="Retransmission (data networks)">retransmission</a> of lost frames. Per the <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a>, Ethernet provides services up to and including the <a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">data link layer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 48-bit <a href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">MAC address</a> was adopted by other <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">IEEE 802</a> networking standards, including <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>), as well as by <a href="/wiki/FDDI" class="mw-redirect" title="FDDI">FDDI</a>. <a href="/wiki/EtherType" title="EtherType">EtherType</a> values are also used in <a href="/wiki/Subnetwork_Access_Protocol" title="Subnetwork Access Protocol">Subnetwork Access Protocol</a> (SNAP) headers. </p><p>Ethernet is widely used in homes and industry, and interworks well with wireless <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> technologies. The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> is commonly carried over Ethernet and so it is considered one of the key technologies that make up the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Accton-etherpocket-sp-parallel-port-ethernet-adapter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Accton-etherpocket-sp-parallel-port-ethernet-adapter.jpg/220px-Accton-etherpocket-sp-parallel-port-ethernet-adapter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Accton-etherpocket-sp-parallel-port-ethernet-adapter.jpg/330px-Accton-etherpocket-sp-parallel-port-ethernet-adapter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Accton-etherpocket-sp-parallel-port-ethernet-adapter.jpg/440px-Accton-etherpocket-sp-parallel-port-ethernet-adapter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1737" data-file-height="1412" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Accton_Technology_Corporation" title="Accton Technology Corporation">Accton</a> Etherpocket-SP <a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">parallel port</a> Ethernet adapter (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1990</span>). Supports both coaxial (<a href="/wiki/10BASE2" title="10BASE2">10BASE2</a>) and twisted pair (<a href="/wiki/10BASE-T" class="mw-redirect" title="10BASE-T">10BASE-T</a>) cables. Power is drawn from a <a href="/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2 port</a> passthrough cable.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ethernet was developed at <a href="/wiki/Xerox_PARC" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox PARC">Xerox PARC</a> between 1973 and 1974<sup id="cite_ref-metcalfe_video_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metcalfe_video-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a means to allow <a href="/wiki/Alto_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Alto computer">Alto computers</a> to communicate with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Spectrum_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spectrum-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was inspired by <a href="/wiki/ALOHAnet" title="ALOHAnet">ALOHAnet</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a> had studied as part of his <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> dissertation<sup id="cite_ref-brock_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brock-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was originally called the Alto Aloha Network.<sup id="cite_ref-Spectrum_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spectrum-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metcalfe's idea was essentially to limit the Aloha-like signals inside a cable, instead of broadcasting into the air. The idea was first documented in a memo that Metcalfe wrote on May 22, 1973, where he named it after the <a href="/wiki/Luminiferous_aether" title="Luminiferous aether">luminiferous aether</a> once postulated to exist as an "omnipresent, completely passive medium for the propagation of electromagnetic waves."<sup id="cite_ref-metcalfe_video_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metcalfe_video-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ethernet_name_history_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethernet_name_history-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> filed a patent application listing Metcalfe, <a href="/wiki/David_Boggs" title="David Boggs">David Boggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Thacker" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuck Thacker">Chuck Thacker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Butler_Lampson" title="Butler Lampson">Butler Lampson</a> as inventors.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1976, after the system was deployed at PARC, Metcalfe and Boggs published a seminal paper.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Crane_(engineer)" title="Ron Crane (engineer)">Ron Crane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pelkey-Dalal_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelkey-Dalal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Garner, Hal Murray, Roy Ogus, Dave Redell and <a href="/wiki/John_Shoch" title="John Shoch">John Shoch</a> facilitated the upgrade from the original 2.94 Mbit/s protocol to the 10 Mbit/s protocol, which was released to the market in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metcalfe left Xerox in June 1979 to form <a href="/wiki/3Com" title="3Com">3Com</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-metcalfe_video_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metcalfe_video-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VonBurg2003_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VonBurg2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He convinced <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC), <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, and Xerox to work together to promote Ethernet as a standard. As part of that process Xerox agreed to relinquish their 'Ethernet' trademark.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first standard was published on September 30, 1980, as "The Ethernet, A Local Area Network. Data Link Layer and Physical Layer Specifications". This so-called DIX standard (Digital Intel Xerox)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specified 10 Mbit/s Ethernet, with 48-bit destination and source addresses and a global 16-bit <a href="/wiki/Ethertype" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethertype">Ethertype</a>-type field.<sup id="cite_ref-blue_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blue-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Version 2 was published in November 1982<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and defines what has become known as <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethernet II">Ethernet II</a>. Formal <a href="#Standardization">standardization efforts</a> proceeded at the same time and resulted in the publication of <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">IEEE 802.3</a> on June 23, 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-ieeepr_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieeepr-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ethernet initially competed with <a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">Token Ring</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_protocol" title="Proprietary protocol">proprietary protocols</a>. Ethernet was able to adapt to market needs, and with 10BASE2 shift to inexpensive thin coaxial cable, and from 1990 to the now-ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/Twisted_pair" title="Twisted pair">twisted pair</a> with 10BASE-T. By the end of the 1980s, Ethernet was clearly the dominant network technology.<sup id="cite_ref-metcalfe_video_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metcalfe_video-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the process, 3Com became a major company. 3Com shipped its first 10 Mbit/s Ethernet 3C100 <a href="/wiki/Network_Interface_Controller" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Interface Controller">NIC</a> in March 1981, and that year started selling adapters for <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11s</a> and <a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAXes</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">Multibus</a>-based Intel and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> computers.<sup id="cite_ref-Breyer1999_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breyer1999-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> This was followed quickly by DEC's <a href="/wiki/Unibus" title="Unibus">Unibus</a> to Ethernet adapter, which DEC sold and used internally to build its own corporate network, which reached over 10,000 nodes by 1986, making it one of the largest computer networks in the world at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Ethernet adapter card for the IBM PC was released in 1982, and, by 1985, 3Com had sold 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-VonBurg2003_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VonBurg2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, IBM's own <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_Network" title="IBM PC Network">PC Network</a> product competed with Ethernet for the PC, and through the 1980s, LAN hardware, in general, was not common on PCs. However, in the mid to late 1980s, PC networking did become popular in offices and schools for printer and fileserver sharing, and among the many diverse competing LAN technologies of that decade, Ethernet was one of the most popular. <a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">Parallel port</a> based Ethernet adapters were produced for a time, with drivers for DOS and Windows. By the early 1990s, Ethernet became so prevalent that Ethernet ports began to appear on some PCs and most <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstations</a>. This process was greatly sped up with the introduction of 10BASE-T and its relatively small <a href="/wiki/Modular_connector" title="Modular connector">modular connector</a>, at which point Ethernet ports appeared even on low-end motherboards.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="which statement in the paragraph needs a citation? – all of it that is uncited if it's going to stay in the GAN queue (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since then, Ethernet technology has evolved to meet new bandwidth and market requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to computers, Ethernet is now used to interconnect appliances and other <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">personal devices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-metcalfe_video_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metcalfe_video-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Ethernet" title="Industrial Ethernet">Industrial Ethernet</a> it is used in industrial applications and is quickly replacing legacy data transmission systems in the world's telecommunications networks.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2010, the market for Ethernet equipment amounted to over $16 billion per year.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardization">Standardization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Intel_82574L_Gigabit_Ethernet_NIC,_PCI_Express_x1_card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/An_Intel_82574L_Gigabit_Ethernet_NIC%2C_PCI_Express_x1_card.jpg/220px-An_Intel_82574L_Gigabit_Ethernet_NIC%2C_PCI_Express_x1_card.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/An_Intel_82574L_Gigabit_Ethernet_NIC%2C_PCI_Express_x1_card.jpg/330px-An_Intel_82574L_Gigabit_Ethernet_NIC%2C_PCI_Express_x1_card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/An_Intel_82574L_Gigabit_Ethernet_NIC%2C_PCI_Express_x1_card.jpg/440px-An_Intel_82574L_Gigabit_Ethernet_NIC%2C_PCI_Express_x1_card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>An Intel 82574L Gigabit Ethernet NIC, PCI Express ×1 card</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 1980, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE) started project <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">802</a> to standardize local area networks (LAN).<sup id="cite_ref-VonBurg2003_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VonBurg2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DIX group with Gary Robinson (DEC), Phil Arst (Intel), and Bob Printis (Xerox) submitted the so-called <i>Blue Book</i> <a href="/wiki/CSMA/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CSMA/CD">CSMA/CD</a> specification as a candidate for the LAN specification.<sup id="cite_ref-blue_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blue-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to CSMA/CD, Token Ring (supported by IBM) and Token Bus (selected and henceforward supported by <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>) were also considered as candidates for a LAN standard. Competing proposals and broad interest in the initiative led to strong disagreement over which technology to standardize. In December 1980, the group was split into three subgroups, and standardization proceeded separately for each proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-VonBurg2003_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VonBurg2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Delays in the standards process put at risk the market introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Star" title="Xerox Star">Xerox Star</a> workstation and 3Com's Ethernet LAN products. With such business implications in mind, <a href="/wiki/David_Liddle" title="David Liddle">David Liddle</a> (General Manager, Xerox Office Systems) and Metcalfe (3Com) strongly supported a proposal of Fritz Röscheisen (<a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> Private Networks) for an alliance in the emerging office communication market, including Siemens' support for the international standardization of Ethernet (April 10, 1981). Ingrid Fromm, Siemens' representative to IEEE 802, quickly achieved broader support for Ethernet beyond IEEE by the establishment of a competing Task Group "Local Networks" within the European standards body ECMA TC24. In March 1982, ECMA TC24 with its corporate members reached an agreement on a standard for CSMA/CD based on the IEEE 802 draft.<sup id="cite_ref-Breyer1999_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breyer1999-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> Because the DIX proposal was most technically complete and because of the speedy action taken by ECMA which decisively contributed to the conciliation of opinions within IEEE, the IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD standard was approved in December 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-VonBurg2003_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VonBurg2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IEEE published the 802.3 standard as a draft in 1983 and as a standard in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Approval of Ethernet on the international level was achieved by a similar, cross-<a href="/wiki/Partisan_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan (political)">partisan</a> action with Fromm as the <a href="/wiki/Liaison_officer" title="Liaison officer">liaison officer</a> working to integrate with <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (IEC) Technical Committee 83 and <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) Technical Committee 97 Sub Committee 6. The ISO 8802-3 standard was published in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">Application layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">BGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</a> (<a href="/wiki/DHCPv6" title="DHCPv6">v6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> (<a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">LDAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Gateway_Control_Protocol" title="Media Gateway Control Protocol">MGCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MQTT" title="MQTT">MQTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol" title="Network News Transfer Protocol">NNTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol" title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Shortest_Path_First" title="Open Shortest Path First">OSPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">POP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol" title="Precision Time Protocol">PTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Network_Computing_Remote_Procedure_Call" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call">ONC/RPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-Time_Streaming_Protocol" title="Real-Time Streaming Protocol">RTSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routing_Information_Protocol" title="Routing Information Protocol">RIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocol" title="Simple Network Management Protocol">SNMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS/SSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Application_layer_protocols" title="Category:Application layer protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">Transport layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datagram_Congestion_Control_Protocol" title="Datagram Congestion Control Protocol">DCCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol" title="Stream Control Transmission Protocol">SCTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Reservation_Protocol" title="Resource Reservation Protocol">RSVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC">QUIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_layer_protocols" title="Category:Transport layer protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Internet_layer" title="Internet layer">Internet layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">v4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">v6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol" title="Internet Control Message Protocol">ICMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/ICMPv6" title="ICMPv6">v6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol" title="Neighbor Discovery Protocol">NDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_Congestion_Notification" title="Explicit Congestion Notification">ECN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Group_Management_Protocol" title="Internet Group Management Protocol">IGMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec">IPsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_layer_protocols" title="Category:Internet layer protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Link_layer" title="Link layer">Link layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol">ARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunneling_protocol" title="Tunneling protocol">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Link_protocols" title="Category:Link protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_protocol_suite" title="Template:Internet protocol suite"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_protocol_suite" title="Template talk:Internet protocol suite"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_protocol_suite" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet protocol suite"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ethernet has evolved to include higher bandwidth, improved <a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">medium access control</a> methods, and different physical media. The <a href="/wiki/Multidrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Multidrop">multidrop</a> coaxial cable was replaced with physical point-to-point links connected by <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_repeater" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethernet repeater">Ethernet repeaters</a> or <a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">switches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ethernet stations communicate by sending each other <a href="/wiki/Data_packet" class="mw-redirect" title="Data packet">data packets</a>: blocks of data individually sent and delivered. As with other IEEE 802 LANs, adapters come programmed with globally unique 48-bit <a href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">MAC address</a> so that each Ethernet station has a unique address.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MAC addresses are used to specify both the destination and the source of each data packet. Ethernet establishes link-level connections, which can be defined using both the destination and source addresses. On reception of a transmission, the receiver uses the destination address to determine whether the transmission is relevant to the station or should be ignored. A network interface normally does not accept packets addressed to other Ethernet stations.<sup id="cite_ref-promiscuous_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-promiscuous-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An EtherType field in each frame is used by the operating system on the receiving station to select the appropriate protocol module (e.g., an <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> version such as <a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a>). <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_frame" title="Ethernet frame">Ethernet frames</a> are said to be <i>self-identifying</i>, because of the EtherType field. Self-identifying frames make it possible to intermix multiple protocols on the same physical network and allow a single computer to use multiple protocols together.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the evolution of Ethernet technology, all generations of Ethernet (excluding early experimental versions) use the same frame formats.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mixed-speed networks can be built using Ethernet switches and repeaters supporting the desired Ethernet variants.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the ubiquity of Ethernet, and the ever-decreasing cost of the hardware needed to support it, by 2004 most manufacturers built Ethernet interfaces directly into <a href="/wiki/PC_motherboard" class="mw-redirect" title="PC motherboard">PC motherboards</a>, eliminating the need for a separate network card.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shared_medium">Shared medium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shared medium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10Base5transcievers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/10Base5transcievers.jpg/220px-10Base5transcievers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/10Base5transcievers.jpg/330px-10Base5transcievers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/10Base5transcievers.jpg/440px-10Base5transcievers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>Older Ethernet equipment. Clockwise from top-left: An Ethernet transceiver with an in-line <a href="/wiki/10BASE2" title="10BASE2">10BASE2</a> adapter, a similar model transceiver with a <a href="/wiki/10BASE5" title="10BASE5">10BASE5</a> adapter, an <a href="/wiki/Attachment_Unit_Interface" title="Attachment Unit Interface">AUI</a> cable, a different style of transceiver with 10BASE2 <a href="/wiki/BNC_connector" title="BNC connector">BNC</a> T-connector, two 10BASE5 end fittings (<a href="/wiki/N_connector" title="N connector">N connectors</a>), an orange <i><a href="/wiki/Vampire_tap" title="Vampire tap">vampire tap</a></i> installation tool (which includes a specialized drill bit at one end and a socket wrench at the other), and an early model 10BASE5 transceiver (h4000) manufactured by DEC. The short length of yellow 10BASE5 cable has one end fitted with an N connector and the other end prepared to have an N connector shell installed; the half-black, half-grey rectangular object through which the cable passes is an installed vampire tap.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ethernet was originally based on the idea of computers communicating over a shared coaxial cable acting as a broadcast transmission medium. The method used was similar to those used in radio systems,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the common cable providing the communication channel likened to the <i>Luminiferous aether</i> in 19th-century physics, and it was from this reference that the name <i>Ethernet</i> was derived.<sup id="cite_ref-Spurgeon_2000_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spurgeon_2000-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Original Ethernet's shared coaxial cable (the shared medium) traversed a building or campus to every attached machine. A scheme known as <a href="/wiki/Carrier-sense_multiple_access_with_collision_detection" title="Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection">carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection</a> (CSMA/CD) governed the way the computers shared the channel. This scheme was simpler than competing Token Ring or <a href="/wiki/Token_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Token Bus">Token Bus</a> technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Computers are connected to an <a href="/wiki/Attachment_Unit_Interface" title="Attachment Unit Interface">Attachment Unit Interface</a> (AUI) <a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceiver</a>, which is in turn connected to the cable (with <a href="/wiki/Thin_Ethernet" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin Ethernet">thin Ethernet</a> the transceiver is usually integrated into the network adapter). While a simple passive wire is highly reliable for small networks, it is not reliable for large extended networks, where damage to the wire in a single place, or a single bad connector, can make the whole Ethernet segment unusable.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the first half of the 1980s, Ethernet's <a href="/wiki/10BASE5" title="10BASE5">10BASE5</a> implementation used a coaxial cable 0.375 inches (9.5 mm) in diameter, later called <i>thick Ethernet</i> or <i>thicknet</i>. Its successor, <a href="/wiki/10BASE2" title="10BASE2">10BASE2</a>, called <i>thin Ethernet</i> or <i>thinnet</i>, used the <a href="/wiki/RG-58" title="RG-58">RG-58</a> coaxial cable. The emphasis was on making installation of the cable easier and less costly.<sup id="cite_ref-Hegering_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hegering-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57">: 57 </span></sup> </p><p>Since all communication happens on the same wire, any information sent by one computer is received by all, even if that information is intended for just one destination.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The network interface card interrupts the <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a> only when applicable packets are received: the card ignores information not addressed to it.<sup id="cite_ref-promiscuous_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-promiscuous-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of a single cable also means that the data bandwidth is shared, such that, for example, available data bandwidth to each device is halved when two stations are simultaneously active.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A collision happens when two stations attempt to transmit at the same time. They corrupt transmitted data and require stations to re-transmit. The lost data and re-transmission reduces throughput. In the worst case, where multiple active hosts connected with maximum allowed cable length attempt to transmit many short frames, excessive collisions can reduce throughput dramatically. However, a <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> report in 1980 studied performance of an existing Ethernet installation under both normal and artificially generated heavy load. The report claimed that 98% throughput on the LAN was observed.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in contrast with <a href="/wiki/Token_passing" title="Token passing">token passing</a> LANs (Token Ring, Token Bus), all of which suffer throughput degradation as each new node comes into the LAN, due to token waits. This report was controversial, as modeling showed that collision-based networks theoretically became unstable under loads as low as 37% of nominal capacity. Many early researchers failed to understand these results. Performance on real networks is significantly better.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a modern Ethernet, the stations do not all share one channel through a shared cable or a simple <a href="/wiki/Repeater_hub" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeater hub">repeater hub</a>; instead, each station communicates with a switch, which in turn forwards that traffic to the destination station. In this topology, collisions are only possible if station and switch attempt to communicate with each other at the same time, and collisions are limited to this link. Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/10BASE-T" class="mw-redirect" title="10BASE-T">10BASE-T</a> standard introduced a <a href="/wiki/Full_duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Full duplex">full duplex</a> mode of operation which became common with <a href="/wiki/Fast_Ethernet" title="Fast Ethernet">Fast Ethernet</a> and the de facto standard with <a href="/wiki/Gigabit_Ethernet" title="Gigabit Ethernet">Gigabit Ethernet</a>. In full duplex, switch and station can send and receive simultaneously, and therefore modern Ethernets are completely collision-free. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Comparison between original Ethernet and modern Ethernet</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bustopologie.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The original Ethernet implementation: shared medium, collision-prone. All computers trying to communicate share the same cable, and so compete with each other."><img alt="The original Ethernet implementation: shared medium, collision-prone. All computers trying to communicate share the same cable, and so compete with each other." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Bustopologie.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The original Ethernet implementation: shared medium, collision-prone. All computers trying to communicate share the same cable, and so compete with each other.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HUB_SWITCH_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern Ethernet implementation: switched connection, collision-free. Each computer communicates only with its own switch, without competition for the cable with others."><img alt="Modern Ethernet implementation: switched connection, collision-free. Each computer communicates only with its own switch, without competition for the cable with others." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/HUB_SWITCH_6.jpg/250px-HUB_SWITCH_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/HUB_SWITCH_6.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="145" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern Ethernet implementation: switched connection, collision-free. Each computer communicates only with its own switch, without competition for the cable with others.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repeaters_and_hubs">Repeaters and hubs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Repeaters and hubs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Network_card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Network_card.jpg/220px-Network_card.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Network_card.jpg/330px-Network_card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Network_card.jpg/440px-Network_card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>A 1990s <a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA</a> <a href="/wiki/Network_interface_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Network interface card">network interface card</a> supporting both coaxial-cable-based <a href="/wiki/10BASE2" title="10BASE2">10BASE2</a> (<a href="/wiki/BNC_connector" title="BNC connector">BNC connector</a>, left) and twisted-pair-based <a href="/wiki/10BASE-T" class="mw-redirect" title="10BASE-T">10BASE-T</a> (<a href="/wiki/8P8C" class="mw-redirect" title="8P8C">8P8C</a> connector, right)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_hub" title="Ethernet hub">Ethernet hub</a></div> <p>For signal degradation and timing reasons, coaxial <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_segment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethernet segment">Ethernet segments</a> have a restricted size.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somewhat larger networks can be built by using an <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_repeater" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethernet repeater">Ethernet repeater</a>. Early repeaters had only two ports, allowing, at most, a doubling of network size. Once repeaters with more than two ports became available, it was possible to wire the network in a <a href="/wiki/Star_topology" class="mw-redirect" title="Star topology">star topology</a>. Early experiments with star topologies (called <i>Fibernet</i>) using <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a> were published by 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shared cable Ethernet is always hard to install in offices because its bus topology is in conflict with the star topology cable plans designed into buildings for telephony. Modifying Ethernet to conform to twisted-pair telephone wiring already installed in commercial buildings provided another opportunity to lower costs, expand the installed base, and leverage building design, and, thus, twisted-pair Ethernet was the next logical development in the mid-1980s. </p><p>Ethernet on unshielded twisted-pair cables (UTP) began with <a href="/wiki/StarLAN" title="StarLAN">StarLAN</a> at 1 Mbit/s in the mid-1980s. In 1987 <a href="/wiki/SynOptics" title="SynOptics">SynOptics</a> introduced the first twisted-pair Ethernet at 10 Mbit/s in a star-wired cabling topology with a central hub, later called <a href="/wiki/LattisNet" title="LattisNet">LattisNet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VonBurg2003_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VonBurg2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spurgeon_2000_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spurgeon_2000-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These evolved into 10BASE-T, which was designed for point-to-point links only, and all termination was built into the device. This changed repeaters from a specialist device used at the center of large networks to a device that every twisted pair-based network with more than two machines had to use. The tree structure that resulted from this made Ethernet networks easier to maintain by preventing most faults with one peer or its associated cable from affecting other devices on the network.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="OK, repeaters are required to deactivate ports that send excessive collisions, such as due to internal defects, or external wiring defects. That is an important part of this statement. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Despite the physical star topology and the presence of separate transmit and receive channels in the twisted pair and fiber media, repeater-based Ethernet networks still use half-duplex and CSMA/CD, with only minimal activity by the repeater, primarily generation of the <a href="/wiki/Jam_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jam signal">jam signal</a> in dealing with packet collisions. Every packet is sent to every other port on the repeater, so bandwidth and security problems are not addressed. The total throughput of the repeater is limited to that of a single link, and all links must operate at the same speed.<sup id="cite_ref-Spurgeon_2000_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spurgeon_2000-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 278">: 278 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridging_and_switching">Bridging and switching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bridging and switching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Network_switches.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Network_switches.jpg/220px-Network_switches.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Network_switches.jpg/330px-Network_switches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Network_switches.jpg/440px-Network_switches.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Patch_cable" title="Patch cable">Patch cables</a> with <a href="/wiki/Patch_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Patch field">patch fields</a> of two Ethernet switches</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Network_bridge" title="Network bridge">Network bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switch</a></div> <p>While repeaters can isolate some aspects of <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_segment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethernet segment">Ethernet segments</a>, such as cable breakages, they still forward all traffic to all Ethernet devices. The entire network is one <a href="/wiki/Collision_domain" title="Collision domain">collision domain</a>, and all hosts have to be able to detect collisions anywhere on the network. This limits the number of repeaters between the farthest nodes and creates practical limits on how many machines can communicate on an Ethernet network. Segments joined by repeaters have to all operate at the same speed, making phased-in upgrades impossible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To alleviate these problems, bridging was created to communicate at the data link layer while isolating the physical layer. With bridging, only well-formed Ethernet packets are forwarded from one Ethernet segment to another; collisions and packet errors are isolated. At initial startup, Ethernet bridges work somewhat like Ethernet repeaters, passing all traffic between segments. By observing the source addresses of incoming frames, the bridge then builds an address table associating addresses to segments. Once an address is learned, the bridge forwards network traffic destined for that address only to the associated segment, improving overall performance. <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_(networking)" title="Broadcasting (networking)">Broadcast</a> traffic is still forwarded to all network segments. Bridges also overcome the limits on total segments between two hosts and allow the mixing of speeds, both of which are critical to the incremental deployment of faster Ethernet variants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1989, <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Managed_Solutions" title="Vanguard Managed Solutions">Motorola Codex</a> introduced their 6310 EtherSpan, and <a href="/wiki/Kalpana_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpana (company)">Kalpana</a> introduced their EtherSwitch; these were examples of the first commercial Ethernet switches.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early switches such as this used <a href="/wiki/Cut-through_switching" title="Cut-through switching">cut-through switching</a> where only the header of the incoming packet is examined before it is either dropped or forwarded to another segment.<sup id="cite_ref-networkcomputing_2000_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-networkcomputing_2000-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reduces the forwarding latency. One drawback of this method is that it does not readily allow a mixture of different link speeds. Another is that packets that have been corrupted are still propagated through the network. The eventual remedy for this was a return to the original <a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">store and forward</a> approach of bridging, where the packet is read into a buffer on the switch in its entirety, its <a href="/wiki/Frame_check_sequence" title="Frame check sequence">frame check sequence</a> verified and only then the packet is forwarded.<sup id="cite_ref-networkcomputing_2000_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-networkcomputing_2000-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern network equipment, this process is typically done using <a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">application-specific integrated circuits</a> allowing packets to be forwarded at <a href="/wiki/Wire_speed" title="Wire speed">wire speed</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When a twisted pair or fiber link segment is used and neither end is connected to a repeater, <a href="/wiki/Full-duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-duplex">full-duplex</a> Ethernet becomes possible over that segment. In full-duplex mode, both devices can transmit and receive to and from each other at the same time, and there is no collision domain.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This doubles the aggregate bandwidth of the link and is sometimes advertised as double the link speed (for example, 200 Mbit/s for Fast Ethernet).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elimination of the collision domain for these connections also means that all the link's bandwidth can be used by the two devices on that segment and that segment length is not limited by the constraints of collision detection. </p><p>Since packets are typically delivered only to the port they are intended for, traffic on a switched Ethernet is less public than on shared-medium Ethernet. <span id="switch_vulnerabilities">Despite this, switched Ethernet should still be regarded as an insecure network technology, because it is easy to subvert switched Ethernet systems by means such as <a href="/wiki/ARP_spoofing" title="ARP spoofing">ARP spoofing</a> and <a href="/wiki/MAC_flooding" title="MAC flooding">MAC flooding</a>.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bandwidth advantages, the improved isolation of devices from each other, the ability to easily mix different speeds of devices and the elimination of the chaining limits inherent in non-switched Ethernet have made switched Ethernet the dominant network technology.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advanced_networking">Advanced networking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Advanced networking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coreswitch_(2634205113).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Coreswitch_%282634205113%29.jpg/250px-Coreswitch_%282634205113%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Coreswitch_%282634205113%29.jpg/330px-Coreswitch_%282634205113%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Coreswitch_%282634205113%29.jpg/500px-Coreswitch_%282634205113%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A core Ethernet switch</figcaption></figure> <p>Simple switched Ethernet networks, while a great improvement over repeater-based Ethernet, suffer from single points of failure, attacks that trick switches or hosts into sending data to a machine even if it is not intended for it, scalability and security issues with regard to <a href="/wiki/Switching_loop" title="Switching loop">switching loops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast radiation">broadcast radiation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a> traffic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Advanced networking features in switches use <a href="/wiki/Shortest_Path_Bridging" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortest Path Bridging">Shortest Path Bridging</a> (SPB) or the <a href="/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol" title="Spanning Tree Protocol">Spanning Tree Protocol</a> (STP) to maintain a loop-free, meshed network, allowing physical loops for redundancy (STP) or load-balancing (SPB). Shortest Path Bridging includes the use of the <a href="/wiki/Link-state_routing_protocol" title="Link-state routing protocol">link-state routing protocol</a> <a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">IS-IS</a> to allow larger networks with shortest path routes between devices. </p><p>Advanced networking features also ensure port security, provide protection features such as MAC lockdown<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and broadcast radiation filtering, use <a href="/wiki/VLAN" title="VLAN">VLANs</a> to keep different classes of users separate while using the same physical infrastructure, employ <a href="/wiki/Multilayer_switch" title="Multilayer switch">multilayer switching</a> to route between different classes, and use <a href="/wiki/Link_aggregation" title="Link aggregation">link aggregation</a> to add bandwidth to overloaded links and to provide some redundancy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2016, Ethernet replaced <a href="/wiki/InfiniBand" title="InfiniBand">InfiniBand</a> as the most popular system interconnect of <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a> supercomputers.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_physical_layer" title="Ethernet physical layer">Ethernet physical layer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_over_twisted_pair" title="Ethernet over twisted pair">Ethernet over twisted pair</a></div> <p>The Ethernet physical layer evolved over a considerable time span and encompasses coaxial, twisted pair and fiber-optic physical media interfaces, with speeds from <span class="nowrap">1 Mbit/s</span> to <span class="nowrap">400 Gbit/s</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-400Gapproval_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-400Gapproval-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first introduction of twisted-pair CSMA/CD was <a href="/wiki/StarLAN" title="StarLAN">StarLAN</a>, standardized as 802.3 1BASE5.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While 1BASE5 had little market penetration, it defined the physical apparatus (wire, plug/jack, pin-out, and wiring plan) that would be carried over to 10BASE-T through 10GBASE-T. </p><p>The most common forms used are <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_over_twisted_pair" title="Ethernet over twisted pair">10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, and 1000BASE-T</a>. All three use twisted-pair cables and <a href="/wiki/8P8C_modular_connector" class="mw-redirect" title="8P8C modular connector">8P8C modular connectors</a>. They run at <span class="nowrap">10 Mbit/s</span>, <span class="nowrap">100 Mbit/s</span>, and <span class="nowrap">1 Gbit/s</span>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fiber_optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber optic">Fiber optic</a> variants of Ethernet (that commonly use <a href="/wiki/Small_form-factor_pluggable_transceiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Small form-factor pluggable transceiver">SFP modules</a>) are also very popular in larger networks, offering high performance, better electrical isolation and longer distance (tens of kilometers with some versions). In general, network <a href="/wiki/Protocol_stack" title="Protocol stack">protocol stack</a> software will work similarly on all varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frame_structure">Frame structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Frame structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMSC_LAN91C110_ethernet_chip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SMSC_LAN91C110_ethernet_chip.jpg/220px-SMSC_LAN91C110_ethernet_chip.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SMSC_LAN91C110_ethernet_chip.jpg/330px-SMSC_LAN91C110_ethernet_chip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SMSC_LAN91C110_ethernet_chip.jpg/440px-SMSC_LAN91C110_ethernet_chip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A close-up of the SMSC LAN91C110 (SMSC 91x) chip, an embedded Ethernet chip</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_frame" title="Ethernet frame">Ethernet frame</a></div> <p>In IEEE 802.3, a <a href="/wiki/Datagram" title="Datagram">datagram</a> is called a <i>packet</i> or <i>frame</i>. <i>Packet</i> is used to describe the overall transmission unit and includes the <a href="/wiki/Preamble_(communication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Preamble (communication)">preamble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Start_frame_delimiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Start frame delimiter">start frame delimiter</a> (SFD) and carrier extension (if present).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>frame</i> begins after the start frame delimiter with a frame header featuring source and destination MAC addresses and the EtherType field giving either the protocol type for the payload protocol or the length of the payload. The middle section of the frame consists of payload data including any headers for other protocols (for example, Internet Protocol) carried in the frame. The frame ends with a 32-bit <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check" title="Cyclic redundancy check">cyclic redundancy check</a>, which is used to detect corruption of <a href="/wiki/Data_in_transit" title="Data in transit">data in transit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: sections 3.1.1 and 3.2">: sections 3.1.1 and 3.2 </span></sup> Notably, Ethernet packets have no <a href="/wiki/Hop_count" class="mw-redirect" title="Hop count">time-to-live field</a>, leading to possible problems in the presence of a switching loop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Autonegotiation">Autonegotiation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Autonegotiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autonegotiation" title="Autonegotiation">Autonegotiation</a></div> <p>Autonegotiation is the procedure by which two connected devices choose common transmission parameters, e.g. speed and duplex mode. Autonegotiation was initially an optional feature, first introduced with 100BASE-TX (1995 IEEE 802.3u Fast Ethernet standard), and is backward compatible with 10BASE-T. The specification was improved in the 1998 release of IEEE 802.3. Autonegotiation is mandatory for 1000BASE-T and faster. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Error_conditions">Error conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Error conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switching_loop">Switching loop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Switching loop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Switching_loop" title="Switching loop">Switching loop</a></div> <p>A switching loop or bridge loop occurs in <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> when there is more than one <a href="/wiki/Layer_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Layer 2">Layer 2</a> (<a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a>) path between two endpoints (e.g. multiple connections between two <a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">network switches</a> or two ports on the same switch connected to each other). The loop creates <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast radiation">broadcast storms</a> as broadcasts and <a href="/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast">multicasts</a> are forwarded by switches out every <a href="/wiki/Computer_port_(hardware)" title="Computer port (hardware)">port</a>, the switch or switches will repeatedly rebroadcast the broadcast messages flooding the network. Since the Layer 2 header does not support a <i><a href="/wiki/Time_to_live" title="Time to live">time to live</a></i> (TTL) value, if a frame is sent into a looped topology, it can loop forever.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A physical topology that contains switching or bridge loops is attractive for redundancy reasons, yet a switched network must not have loops. The solution is to allow physical loops, but create a loop-free logical topology using the SPB protocol or the older STP on the network switches.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jabber">Jabber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jabber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A node that is sending longer than the maximum transmission window for an Ethernet packet is considered to be <i>jabbering</i>. Depending on the physical topology, jabber detection and remedy differ somewhat. </p> <ul><li>An <a href="/wiki/Medium_Attachment_Unit" title="Medium Attachment Unit">MAU</a> is required to detect and stop abnormally long transmission from the <a href="/wiki/Data_terminal_equipment" title="Data terminal equipment">DTE</a> (longer than 20–150 ms) in order to prevent permanent network disruption.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On an electrically shared medium (10BASE5, 10BASE2, 1BASE5), jabber can only be detected by each end node, stopping reception. No further remedy is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A repeater/repeater hub uses a jabber timer that ends retransmission to the other ports when it expires. The timer runs for 25,000 to 50,000 bit times for 1 Mbit/s,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 40,000 to 75,000 bit times for 10 and 100 Mbit/s,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 80,000 to 150,000 bit times for 1 Gbit/s.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jabbering ports are partitioned off the network until a carrier is no longer detected.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>End nodes utilizing a MAC layer will usually detect an oversized Ethernet frame and cease receiving. A bridge/switch will not forward the frame.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A non-uniform frame size configuration in the network using <a href="/wiki/Jumbo_frame" title="Jumbo frame">jumbo frames</a> may be detected as jabber by end nodes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Jumbo frames are not part of the official <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">IEEE 802.3</a> Ethernet standard.</li> <li>A packet detected as jabber by an upstream repeater and subsequently cut off has an invalid <a href="/wiki/Frame_check_sequence" title="Frame check sequence">frame check sequence</a> and is dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Runt_frames">Runt frames</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Runt frames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_frame#Runt_frames" title="Ethernet frame">Runts</a> are packets or frames smaller than the minimum allowed size. They are dropped and not propagated.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5-4-3_rule" title="5-4-3 rule">5-4-3 rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaosnet" title="Chaosnet">Chaosnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_Alliance" title="Ethernet Alliance">Ethernet Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_crossover_cable" title="Ethernet crossover cable">Ethernet crossover cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_Technology_Consortium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethernet Technology Consortium">Ethernet Technology Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_media_converter" title="Fiber media converter">Fiber media converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">ISO/IEC 11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Layer_Discovery_Protocol" title="Link Layer Discovery Protocol">Link Layer Discovery Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interface_bit_rates" title="List of interface bit rates">List of interface bit rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LocalTalk" title="LocalTalk">LocalTalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHY" class="mw-redirect" title="PHY">PHY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_coding_sublayer" title="Physical coding sublayer">Physical coding sublayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_over_Ethernet" title="Power over Ethernet">Power over Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_Ethernet" title="Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet">Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet</a> (PPPoE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneakernet" title="Sneakernet">Sneakernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake-on-LAN" title="Wake-on-LAN">Wake-on-LAN</a> (WoL)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The experimental Ethernet described in the 1976 paper ran at 2.94 Mbit/s and has eight-bit destination and source address fields, so the original Ethernet addresses are not the <a href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">MAC addresses</a> they are today.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By software convention, the 16 bits after the destination and source address fields specify a "packet type", but, as the paper says, "different protocols use disjoint sets of packet types". Thus the original packet types could vary within each different protocol. This is in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/EtherType" title="EtherType">EtherType</a> in the IEEE Ethernet standard, which specifies the protocol being used.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In some cases, the factory-assigned address can be overridden, either to avoid an address change when an adapter is replaced or to use <a href="/wiki/Locally_administered_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Locally administered address">locally administered addresses</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-promiscuous-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-promiscuous_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-promiscuous_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Unless it is put into <a href="/wiki/Promiscuous_mode" title="Promiscuous mode">promiscuous mode</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Of course bridges and switches will accept other addresses for forwarding the packet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are fundamental differences between wireless and wired shared-medium communication, such as the fact that it is much easier to detect collisions in a wired system than a wireless system.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a CSMA/CD system packets must be large enough to guarantee that the leading edge of the propagating wave of a message gets to all parts of the medium and back again before the transmitter stops transmitting, guaranteeing that <a href="/wiki/Collisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Collisions">collisions</a> (two or more packets initiated within a window of time that forced them to overlap) are discovered. As a result, the minimum packet size and the physical medium's total length are closely linked.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Multipoint systems are also prone to strange failure modes when an electrical discontinuity reflects the signal in such a manner that some nodes would work properly, while others work slowly because of excessive retries or not at all. See <a href="/wiki/Standing_wave" title="Standing wave">standing wave</a> for an explanation. These could be much more difficult to diagnose than a complete failure of the segment.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This <i>one speaks, all listen</i> property is a security weakness of shared-medium Ethernet, since a node on an Ethernet network can eavesdrop on all traffic on the wire if it so chooses.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <i>switch</i> was invented by device manufacturers and does not appear in the IEEE 802.3 standard.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is misleading, as performance will double only if traffic patterns are symmetrical.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The carrier extension is defined to assist collision detection on shared-media gigabit Ethernet.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRalph_Santitoro2003" class="citation web cs1">Ralph Santitoro (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181222184046/http://www.mef.net/Assets/White_Papers/Metro-Ethernet-Services.pdf">"Metro Ethernet Services – A Technical Overview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>mef.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mef.net/Assets/White_Papers/Metro-Ethernet-Services.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 22, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mef.net&rft.atitle=Metro+Ethernet+Services+%E2%80%93+A+Technical+Overview&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Ralph+Santitoro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mef.net%2FAssets%2FWhite_Papers%2FMetro-Ethernet-Services.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alto_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXerox1976" class="citation web cs1">Xerox (August 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/Alto_Hardware_Manual_Aug76.pdf">"Alto: A Personal Computer System Hardware Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Xerox. p. 37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904111228/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/Alto_Hardware_Manual_Aug76.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alto%3A+A+Personal+Computer+System+Hardware+Manual&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Xerox&rft.date=1976-08&rft.au=Xerox&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fxerox%2Falto%2FAlto_Hardware_Manual_Aug76.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles_M._Kozierok2005" class="citation web cs1">Charles M. Kozierok (September 20, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_DataLinkLayerLayer2.htm">"Data Link Layer (Layer 2)"</a>. <i>tcpipguide.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190520101511/http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_DataLinkLayerLayer2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tcpipguide.com&rft.atitle=Data+Link+Layer+%28Layer+2%29&rft.date=2005-09-20&rft.au=Charles+M.+Kozierok&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcpipguide.com%2Ffree%2Ft_DataLinkLayerLayer2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metcalfe_video-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-metcalfe_video_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metcalfe_video_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metcalfe_video_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metcalfe_video_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metcalfe_video_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5MezxMcRmk"><i>The History of Ethernet</i></a>. NetEvents.tv. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/g5MezxMcRmk">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Ethernet&rft.pub=NetEvents.tv&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dg5MezxMcRmk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_687626">"Ethernet Prototype Circuit Board"</a>. Smithsonian National Museum of American History. 1973. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028132431/http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_687626">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethernet+Prototype+Circuit+Board&rft.pub=Smithsonian+National+Museum+of+American+History&rft.date=1973&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%2Fobject%2Fnmah_687626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spectrum-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spectrum_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spectrum_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoanna_Goodrich2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Joanna Goodrich (November 16, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/ethernet-ieee-milestone">"Ethernet is Still Going Strong After 50 Years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum" title="IEEE Spectrum">IEEE Spectrum</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.atitle=Ethernet+is+Still+Going+Strong+After+50+Years&rft.date=2023-11-16&rft.au=Joanna+Goodrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fethernet-ieee-milestone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brock-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brock_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerald_W._Brock2003" class="citation book cs1">Gerald W. Brock (September 25, 2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secondinformatio00broc"><i>The Second Information Revolution</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secondinformatio00broc/page/n165">151</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01178-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01178-3"><bdi>0-674-01178-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Information+Revolution&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003-09-25&rft.isbn=0-674-01178-3&rft.au=Gerald+W.+Brock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecondinformatio00broc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMetz2023" class="citation web cs1">Metz, Cade (March 22, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/22/technology/turing-award-bob-metcalfe-ethernet.html">"Turing Award Won by Co-Inventor of Ethernet Technology"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323005811/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/22/technology/turing-award-bob-metcalfe-ethernet.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Turing+Award+Won+by+Co-Inventor+of+Ethernet+Technology&rft.date=2023-03-22&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=Cade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F03%2F22%2Ftechnology%2Fturing-award-bob-metcalfe-ethernet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethernet_name_history-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ethernet_name_history_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCade_Metz2009" class="citation web cs1">Cade Metz (March 13, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/13/metcalfe_remembers/page2.html">"Ethernet – a <s>networking protocol</s> name for the ages: Michelson, Morley, and Metcalfe"</a>. <i>The Register</i>. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108043954/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/13/metcalfe_remembers/page2.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Ethernet+%E2%80%93+a+%3Cs%3Enetworking+protocol%3C%2Fs%3E+name+for+the+ages%3A+Michelson%2C+Morley%2C+and+Metcalfe&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2009-03-13&rft.au=Cade+Metz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2009%2F03%2F13%2Fmetcalfe_remembers%2Fpage2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMary_Bellis" class="citation web cs1">Mary Bellis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120711085707/http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa111598.htm">"Inventors of the Modern Computer"</a>. About.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa111598.htm">the original</a> on July 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inventors+of+the+Modern+Computer&rft.pub=About.com&rft.au=Mary+Bellis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finventors.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fweekly%2Faa111598.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4063220">U.S. patent 4,063,220</a></span> "Multipoint data communication system (with collision detection)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_MetcalfeDavid_Boggs1976" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Boggs" title="David Boggs">David Boggs</a> (July 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/pcosta/cn_slides/metcalfe76ethernet.pdf">"Ethernet: Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a></i>. <b>19</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">395–</span>405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F360248.360253">10.1145/360248.360253</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:429216">429216</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315040642/http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/pcosta/cn_slides/metcalfe76ethernet.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Ethernet%3A+Distributed+Packet+Switching+for+Local+Computer+Networks&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E395-%3C%2Fspan%3E405&rft.date=1976-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F360248.360253&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A429216%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Robert+Metcalfe&rft.au=David+Boggs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fum%2Fpeople%2Fpcosta%2Fcn_slides%2Fmetcalfe76ethernet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_F._ShochYogen_K._DalalDavid_D._RedellRonald_C._Crane1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Shoch" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Shoch">John F. Shoch</a>; Yogen K. Dalal; David D. Redell; <a href="/wiki/Ron_Crane_(engineer)" title="Ron Crane (engineer)">Ronald C. Crane</a> (August 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethernethistory.typepad.com/papers/EthernetEvolution.pdf">"Evolution of the Ethernet Local Computer Network"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Computer</i>. <b>15</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">14–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMC.1982.1654107">10.1109/MC.1982.1654107</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14546631">14546631</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815204600/http://ethernethistory.typepad.com/papers/EthernetEvolution.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Computer&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+Ethernet+Local+Computer+Network&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=1982-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMC.1982.1654107&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14546631%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=John+F.+Shoch&rft.au=Yogen+K.+Dalal&rft.au=David+D.+Redell&rft.au=Ronald+C.+Crane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethernethistory.typepad.com%2Fpapers%2FEthernetEvolution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pelkey-Dalal-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pelkey-Dalal_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPelkey2007" class="citation book cs1">Pelkey, James L. (2007). "Yogen Dalal". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Individuals/abstracts/yogen-dalal.html"><i>Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications, 1968–1988</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905162105/http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Individuals/abstracts/yogen-dalal.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yogen+Dalal&rft.btitle=Entrepreneurial+Capitalism+and+Innovation%3A+A+History+of+Computer+Communications%2C+1968%E2%80%931988&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Pelkey&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofcomputercommunications.info%2FIndividuals%2Fabstracts%2Fyogen-dalal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wband.com/2013/05/introduction-to-ethernet-technologies/">"Introduction to Ethernet Technologies"</a>. <i>www.wband.com</i>. WideBand Products. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180410072256/https://www.wband.com/2013/05/introduction-to-ethernet-technologies/">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wband.com&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Ethernet+Technologies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wband.com%2F2013%2F05%2Fintroduction-to-ethernet-technologies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VonBurg2003-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VonBurg2003_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VonBurg2003_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VonBurg2003_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VonBurg2003_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VonBurg2003_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VonBurg2003_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvon_BurgKenney2003" class="citation journal cs1">von Burg, Urs; Kenney, Martin (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111206202221/http://hcd.ucdavis.edu/faculty/webpages/kenney/articles_files/Sponsors,%20Communities,%20and%20Standards:%20Ethernet%20vs.%20Token%20Ring%20in%20the%20Local%20Area%20Networking%20Business.pdf">"Sponsors, Communities, and Standards: Ethernet vs. Token Ring in the Local Area Networking Business"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Industry & Innovation</i>. <b>10</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">351–</span>375. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1366271032000163621">10.1080/1366271032000163621</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153804163">153804163</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hcd.ucdavis.edu/faculty/webpages/kenney/articles_files/Sponsors,%20Communities,%20and%20Standards:%20Ethernet%20vs.%20Token%20Ring%20in%20the%20Local%20Area%20Networking%20Business.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 6, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industry+%26+Innovation&rft.atitle=Sponsors%2C+Communities%2C+and+Standards%3A+Ethernet+vs.+Token+Ring+in+the+Local+Area+Networking+Business&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E351-%3C%2Fspan%3E375&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1366271032000163621&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153804163%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=von+Burg&rft.aufirst=Urs&rft.au=Kenney%2C+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhcd.ucdavis.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fwebpages%2Fkenney%2Farticles_files%2FSponsors%2C%2520Communities%2C%2520and%2520Standards%3A%2520Ethernet%2520vs.%2520Token%2520Ring%2520in%2520the%2520Local%2520Area%2520Networking%2520Business.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles_E._Spurgeon2000" class="citation book cs1">Charles E. Spurgeon (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/ethernet-the-definitive/1565926609/ch01.html">"Chapter 1. The Evolution of Ethernet"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/ethernet-the-definitive/1565926609/"><i>Ethernet: The Definitive Guide</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1565926609" title="Special:BookSources/1565926609"><bdi>1565926609</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003408/https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/ethernet-the-definitive/1565926609/">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1.+The+Evolution+of+Ethernet&rft.btitle=Ethernet%3A+The+Definitive+Guide&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1565926609&rft.au=Charles+E.+Spurgeon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oreilly.com%2Flibrary%2Fview%2Fethernet-the-definitive%2F1565926609%2Fch01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Ethernet: Bridging the communications gap". <i><a href="/wiki/Hardcopy_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardcopy (magazine)">Hardcopy</a></i>. March 1981. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hardcopy&rft.atitle=Ethernet%3A+Bridging+the+communications+gap&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1981-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blue-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blue_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blue_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDigital_Equipment_CorporationIntel_CorporationXerox_Corporation1980" class="citation journal cs1">Digital Equipment Corporation; Intel Corporation; Xerox Corporation (September 30, 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethernethistory.typepad.com/papers/EthernetSpec.pdf">"The Ethernet, A Local Area Network. Data Link Layer and Physical Layer Specifications, Version 1.0"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Xerox Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190825014958/https://ethernethistory.typepad.com/papers/EthernetSpec.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 25, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Ethernet%2C+A+Local+Area+Network.+Data+Link+Layer+and+Physical+Layer+Specifications%2C+Version+1.0&rft.date=1980-09-30&rft.au=Digital+Equipment+Corporation&rft.au=Intel+Corporation&rft.au=Xerox+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethernethistory.typepad.com%2Fpapers%2FEthernetSpec.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDigital_Equipment_CorporationIntel_CorporationXerox_Corporation1982" class="citation journal cs1">Digital Equipment Corporation; Intel Corporation; Xerox Corporation (November 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://decnet.ipv7.net/docs/dundas/aa-k759b-tk.pdf">"The Ethernet, A Local Area Network. Data Link Layer and Physical Layer Specifications, Version 2.0"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Xerox Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111215224455/http://decnet.ipv7.net/docs/dundas/aa-k759b-tk.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Ethernet%2C+A+Local+Area+Network.+Data+Link+Layer+and+Physical+Layer+Specifications%2C+Version+2.0&rft.date=1982-11&rft.au=Digital+Equipment+Corporation&rft.au=Intel+Corporation&rft.au=Xerox+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdecnet.ipv7.net%2Fdocs%2Fdundas%2Faa-k759b-tk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ieeepr-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ieeepr_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140112041706/http://standards.ieee.org/news/2013/802.3_30anniv.html">"IEEE 802.3 'Standard for Ethernet' Marks 30 Years of Innovation and Global Market Growth"</a> (Press release). IEEE. June 24, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://standards.ieee.org/news/2013/802.3_30anniv.html">the original</a> on January 12, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+802.3+%27Standard+for+Ethernet%27+Marks+30+Years+of+Innovation+and+Global+Market+Growth&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2013-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstandards.ieee.org%2Fnews%2F2013%2F802.3_30anniv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breyer1999-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Breyer1999_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breyer1999_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_BreyerSean_Riley1999" class="citation book cs1">Robert Breyer; Sean Riley (1999). <i>Switched, Fast, and Gigabit Ethernet</i>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57870-073-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57870-073-6"><bdi>1-57870-073-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Switched%2C+Fast%2C+and+Gigabit+Ethernet&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-57870-073-6&rft.au=Robert+Breyer&rft.au=Sean+Riley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJamie_Parker_Pearson1992" class="citation book cs1">Jamie Parker Pearson (1992). <i>Digital at Work</i>. Digital Press. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55558-092-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55558-092-0"><bdi>1-55558-092-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+at+Work&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Digital+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-55558-092-0&rft.au=Jamie+Parker+Pearson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRick_Merritt2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rick Merritt (December 20, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4211609/Shifts-growth-ahead-for-10G-Ethernet">"Shifts, growth ahead for 10G Ethernet"</a>. E Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118135235/http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4211609/Shifts-growth-ahead-for-10G-Ethernet">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shifts%2C+growth+ahead+for+10G+Ethernet&rft.date=2010-12-20&rft.au=Rick+Merritt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eetimes.com%2Felectronics-news%2F4211609%2FShifts-growth-ahead-for-10G-Ethernet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111118225710/http://www.jaymiescotto.com/jsablog/2011/07/29/my-oh-my-ethernet-growth-continues-to-soar-surpasses-legacy/">"My oh My – Ethernet Growth Continues to Soar; Surpasses Legacy"</a>. Telecom News Now. July 29, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaymiescotto.com/jsablog/2011/07/29/my-oh-my-ethernet-growth-continues-to-soar-surpasses-legacy/">the original</a> on November 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=My+oh+My+%E2%80%93+Ethernet+Growth+Continues+to+Soar%3B+Surpasses+Legacy&rft.date=2011-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jaymiescotto.com%2Fjsablog%2F2011%2F07%2F29%2Fmy-oh-my-ethernet-growth-continues-to-soar-surpasses-legacy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJim_Duffy2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jim Duffy (February 22, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.networkworld.com/article/2245430/cisco--juniper--hp-drive-ethernet-switch-market-in-q4.html">"Cisco, Juniper, HP drive Ethernet switch market in Q4"</a>. <i>Network World</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Data_Group" title="International Data Group">International Data Group</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190811175521/https://www.networkworld.com/article/2245430/cisco--juniper--hp-drive-ethernet-switch-market-in-q4.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Network+World&rft.atitle=Cisco%2C+Juniper%2C+HP+drive+Ethernet+switch+market+in+Q4&rft.date=2010-02-22&rft.au=Jim+Duffy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkworld.com%2Farticle%2F2245430%2Fcisco--juniper--hp-drive-ethernet-switch-market-in-q4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVic_Hayes2001" class="citation web cs1">Vic Hayes (August 27, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094219/http://www.ieeeusa.org/policy/policy/2001/01aug27IEEE802.pdf">"Letter to FCC"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeusa.org/policy/policy/2001/01aug27IEEE802.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2010</span>. <q>IEEE 802 has the basic charter to develop and maintain networking standards... IEEE 802 was formed in February 1980...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+to+FCC&rft.date=2001-08-27&rft.au=Vic+Hayes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeusa.org%2Fpolicy%2Fpolicy%2F2001%2F01aug27IEEE802.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE 802.3-2008, p.iv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=16235">"ISO 8802-3:1989"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709153203/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=16235">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+8802-3%3A1989&rft.pub=ISO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fiso_catalogue%2Fcatalogue_ics%2Fcatalogue_detail_ics.htm%3Fcsnumber%3D16235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJim_Duffy2009" class="citation web cs1">Jim Duffy (April 20, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170611140149/http://www.networkworld.com/article/2869883/lan-wan/evolution-of-ethernet.html">"Evolution of Ethernet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Network_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Network World">Network World</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.networkworld.com/article/2869883/lan-wan/evolution-of-ethernet.html">the original</a> on June 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+Ethernet&rft.pub=Network+World&rft.date=2009-04-20&rft.au=Jim+Duffy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkworld.com%2Farticle%2F2869883%2Flan-wan%2Fevolution-of-ethernet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_E._Comer2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Comer" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas E. Comer">Douglas E. Comer</a> (2000). <i>Internetworking with TCP/IP – Principles, Protocols and Architecture</i> (4th ed.). Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-018380-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-018380-6"><bdi>0-13-018380-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internetworking+with+TCP%2FIP+%E2%80%93+Principles%2C+Protocols+and+Architecture&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-13-018380-6&rft.au=Douglas+E.+Comer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span> 2.4.9 – Ethernet Hardware Addresses, p. 29, explains the filtering.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIljitsch_van_Beijnum2011" class="citation web cs1">Iljitsch van Beijnum (July 15, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2011/07/ethernet-how-does-it-work/3/">"Speed matters: how Ethernet went from 3Mbps to 100Gbps... and beyond"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120709015112/http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2011/07/ethernet-how-does-it-work/3/">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2011</span>. <q>All aspects of Ethernet were changed: its MAC procedure, the bit encoding, the wiring... only the packet format has remained the same.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Speed+matters%3A+how+Ethernet+went+from+3Mbps+to+100Gbps...+and+beyond&rft.date=2011-07-15&rft.au=Iljitsch+van+Beijnum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fgadgets%2F2011%2F07%2Fethernet-how-does-it-work%2F3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lantronix.com/resources/networking-tutorials/fast-ethernet-tutorial/"><i>Fast Ethernet Turtorial</i></a>, Lantronix, December 9, 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151128172531/http://www.lantronix.com/resources/networking-tutorials/fast-ethernet-tutorial/">archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fast+Ethernet+Turtorial&rft.pub=Lantronix&rft.date=2014-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lantronix.com%2Fresources%2Fnetworking-tutorials%2Ffast-ethernet-tutorial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeetaj_Channana2004" class="citation web cs1">Geetaj Channana (November 1, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708154855/http://pcquest.ciol.com/content/search/showarticle.asp?artid=63428">"Motherboard Chipsets Roundup"</a>. PCQuest. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pcquest.ciol.com/content/search/showarticle.asp?artid=63428">the original</a> on July 8, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2010</span>. <q>While comparing motherboards in the last issue we found that all motherboards support Ethernet connection on board.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Motherboard+Chipsets+Roundup&rft.pub=PCQuest&rft.date=2004-11-01&rft.au=Geetaj+Channana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpcquest.ciol.com%2Fcontent%2Fsearch%2Fshowarticle.asp%3Fartid%3D63428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spurgeon_2000-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spurgeon_2000_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spurgeon_2000_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spurgeon_2000_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles_E._Spurgeon2000" class="citation book cs1">Charles E. Spurgeon (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethernetdefiniti0000spur"><i>Ethernet: The Definitive Guide</i></a></span>. O'Reilly. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56592-660-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56592-660-8"><bdi>978-1-56592-660-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethernet%3A+The+Definitive+Guide&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56592-660-8&rft.au=Charles+E.+Spurgeon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethernetdefiniti0000spur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hegering-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hegering_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeinz-Gerd_HegeringAlfred_Lapple1993" class="citation book cs1">Heinz-Gerd Hegering; Alfred Lapple (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethernetbuilding0000hege"><i>Ethernet: Building a Communications Infrastructure</i></a></span>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-62405-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-62405-2"><bdi>0-201-62405-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethernet%3A+Building+a+Communications+Infrastructure&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-201-62405-2&rft.au=Heinz-Gerd+Hegering&rft.au=Alfred+Lapple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethernetbuilding0000hege&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lantronix.com/resources/networking-tutorials/ethernet-tutorial-networking-basics/"><i>Ethernet Tutorial – Part I: Networking Basics</i></a>, Lantronix, December 9, 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160213014814/http://www.lantronix.com/resources/networking-tutorials/ethernet-tutorial-networking-basics/">archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethernet+Tutorial+%E2%80%93+Part+I%3A+Networking+Basics&rft.pub=Lantronix&rft.date=2014-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lantronix.com%2Fresources%2Fnetworking-tutorials%2Fethernet-tutorial-networking-basics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShoch,_John_F.Hupp,_Jon_A.1980" class="citation journal cs1">Shoch, John F.; Hupp, Jon A. (December 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F359038.359044">"Measured performance of an Ethernet local network"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>23</b> (12). ACM Press: <span class="nowrap">711–</span>721. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F359038.359044">10.1145/359038.359044</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-0782">0001-0782</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1002624">1002624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Measured+performance+of+an+Ethernet+local+network&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E711-%3C%2Fspan%3E721&rft.date=1980-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1002624%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0001-0782&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F359038.359044&rft.au=Shoch%2C+John+F.&rft.au=Hupp%2C+Jon+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F359038.359044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoggs,_D.R.Mogul,_J.C.Kent,_C.A.1988" class="citation journal cs1">Boggs, D.R.; Mogul, J.C. & Kent, C.A. (September 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/Compaq-DEC/WRL-88-4.pdf">"Measured capacity of an Ethernet: myths and reality"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. DEC WRL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302125906/http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/Compaq-DEC/WRL-88-4.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Measured+capacity+of+an+Ethernet%3A+myths+and+reality&rft.date=1988-09&rft.au=Boggs%2C+D.R.&rft.au=Mogul%2C+J.C.&rft.au=Kent%2C+C.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hpl.hp.com%2Ftechreports%2FCompaq-DEC%2FWRL-88-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kb.wisc.edu/ns/page.php?id=7829">"Ethernet Media Standards and Distances"</a>. <i>kb.wisc.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619010200/https://kb.wisc.edu/ns/page.php?id=7829">Archived</a> from the original on June 19, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kb.wisc.edu&rft.atitle=Ethernet+Media+Standards+and+Distances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkb.wisc.edu%2Fns%2Fpage.php%3Fid%3D7829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEric_G._RawsonRobert_M._Metcalfe1978" class="citation journal cs1">Eric G. Rawson; Robert M. Metcalfe (July 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethernethistory.typepad.com/papers/Fibernet.pdf">"Fibemet: Multimode Optical Fibers for Local Computer Networks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Communications</i>. <b>26</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">983–</span>990. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTCOM.1978.1094189">10.1109/TCOM.1978.1094189</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815204821/http://ethernethistory.typepad.com/papers/Fibernet.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Communications&rft.atitle=Fibemet%3A+Multimode+Optical+Fibers+for+Local+Computer+Networks&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E983-%3C%2Fspan%3E990&rft.date=1978-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTCOM.1978.1094189&rft.au=Eric+G.+Rawson&rft.au=Robert+M.+Metcalfe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethernethistory.typepad.com%2Fpapers%2FFibernet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUrs_von_Burg2001" class="citation book cs1">Urs von Burg (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ooBqdIXIqbwC&pg=PA175"><i>The Triumph of Ethernet: technological communities and the battle for the LAN standard</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4094-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4094-1"><bdi>0-8047-4094-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109135141/https://books.google.com/books?id=ooBqdIXIqbwC&pg=PA175">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+Ethernet%3A+technological+communities+and+the+battle+for+the+LAN+standard&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8047-4094-1&rft.au=Urs+von+Burg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DooBqdIXIqbwC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-networkcomputing_2000-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-networkcomputing_2000_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-networkcomputing_2000_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_J._Kohlhepp2000" class="citation web cs1">Robert J. Kohlhepp (October 2, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105152318/http://www.networkcomputing.com/1119/1119f1products_5.html">"The 10 Most Important Products of the Decade"</a>. Network Computing. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.networkcomputing.com/1119/1119f1products_5.html">the original</a> on January 5, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+10+Most+Important+Products+of+the+Decade&rft.pub=Network+Computing&rft.date=2000-10-02&rft.au=Robert+J.+Kohlhepp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkcomputing.com%2F1119%2F1119f1products_5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNick_Pidgeon2000" class="citation web cs1">Nick Pidgeon (April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://computer.howstuffworks.com/ethernet15.htm">"Full-duplex Ethernet"</a>. <i>How Stuff Works</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604085640/https://computer.howstuffworks.com/ethernet15.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=How+Stuff+Works&rft.atitle=Full-duplex+Ethernet&rft.date=2000-04&rft.au=Nick+Pidgeon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomputer.howstuffworks.com%2Fethernet15.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWangLedley2012" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Shuangbao Paul; Ledley, Robert S. (October 25, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NFK_CyoyIGEC&pg=PT121"><i>Computer Architecture and Security: Fundamentals of Designing Secure Computer Systems</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-16883-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-16883-7"><bdi>978-1-118-16883-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210315204013/https://books.google.com/books?id=NFK_CyoyIGEC&pg=PT121">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Architecture+and+Security%3A+Fundamentals+of+Designing+Secure+Computer+Systems&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012-10-25&rft.isbn=978-1-118-16883-7&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Shuangbao+Paul&rft.au=Ledley%2C+Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNFK_CyoyIGEC%26pg%3DPT121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns340/ns394/ns74/ns149/net_business_benefit09186a00800c92b9_ps6600_Products_White_Paper.html">"Token Ring-to-Ethernet Migration"</a>. Cisco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708160911/http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns340/ns394/ns74/ns149/net_business_benefit09186a00800c92b9_ps6600_Products_White_Paper.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2010</span>. <q>Respondents were first asked about their current and planned desktop LAN attachment standards. The results were clear—switched Fast Ethernet is the dominant choice for desktop connectivity to the network</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Token+Ring-to-Ethernet+Migration&rft.pub=Cisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cisco.com%2Fen%2FUS%2Fsolutions%2Fcollateral%2Fns340%2Fns394%2Fns74%2Fns149%2Fnet_business_benefit09186a00800c92b9_ps6600_Products_White_Paper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Davis2007" class="citation web cs1">David Davis (October 11, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/it-security/lock-down-cisco-switch-port-security-88196/">"Lock down Cisco switch port security"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731010910/https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/it-security/lock-down-cisco-switch-port-security-88196/">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lock+down+Cisco+switch+port+security&rft.date=2007-10-11&rft.au=David+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techrepublic.com%2Fblog%2Fit-security%2Flock-down-cisco-switch-port-security-88196%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.top500.org/lists/top500/2016/06/highlights/">"HIGHLIGHTS – JUNE 2016"</a>. June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130100950/https://top500.org/lists/top500/2016/06/highlights/">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2021</span>. <q>InfiniBand technology is now found on 205 systems, down from 235 systems, and is now the second most-used internal system interconnect technology. Gigabit Ethernet has risen to 218 systems up from 182 systems, in large part thanks to 176 systems now using 10G interfaces.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HIGHLIGHTS+%E2%80%93+JUNE+2016&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.top500.org%2Flists%2Ftop500%2F2016%2F06%2Fhighlights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-400Gapproval-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-400Gapproval_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee802.org/3/400GSG/email/msg01519.html">"[STDS-802-3-400G] IEEE P802.3bs Approved!"</a>. IEEE 802.3bs Task Force. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144057/http://www.ieee802.org/3/400GSG/email/msg01519.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5BSTDS-802-3-400G%5D+IEEE+P802.3bs+Approved%21&rft.pub=IEEE+802.3bs+Task+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee802.org%2F3%2F400GSG%2Femail%2Fmsg01519.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.nthu.edu.tw/~nfhuang/handouts/Chap04/sld022.htm">"1BASE5 Medium Specification (StarLAN)"</a>. <i>cs.nthu.edu.tw</i>. December 28, 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150710151536/http://www.cs.nthu.edu.tw/~nfhuang/handouts/Chap04/sld022.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cs.nthu.edu.tw&rft.atitle=1BASE5+Medium+Specification+%28StarLAN%29&rft.date=1996-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.nthu.edu.tw%2F~nfhuang%2Fhandouts%2FChap04%2Fsld022.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE 802.3 <i>14. Twisted-pair medium attachment unit (MAU) and baseband medium, type 10BASE-T including type 10BASE-Te</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE 802.3 <i>25. Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer and baseband medium, type 100BASE-TX</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE 802.3 <i>40. Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS), Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) sublayer and baseband medium, type 1000BASE-T</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE 802.3 <i>4.3 Interfaces to/from adjacent layers</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223215930/http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/802.3-2012.html">"802.3-2012 – IEEE Standard for Ethernet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a></i>. IEEE Standards Association. December 28, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/802.3-2012.html">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 23, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE&rft.atitle=802.3-2012+%E2%80%93+IEEE+Standard+for+Ethernet&rft.date=2012-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstandards.ieee.org%2Ffindstds%2Fstandard%2F802.3-2012.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/ccna-study-guide/layer-2-switching-loops-in-network-explained.html">"Layer 2 Switching Loops in Network Explained"</a>. <i>ComputerNetworkingNotes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108032858/https://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/ccna-study-guide/layer-2-switching-loops-in-network-explained.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ComputerNetworkingNotes&rft.atitle=Layer+2+Switching+Loops+in+Network+Explained&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computernetworkingnotes.com%2Fccna-study-guide%2Flayer-2-switching-loops-in-network-explained.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE 802.3 <i>8.2 MAU functional specifications</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE 802.3 <i>8.2.1.5 Jabber function requirements</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE 802.3 <i>12.4.3.2.3 Jabber function</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE 802.3 <i>9.6.5 MAU Jabber Lockup Protection</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE 802.3 <i>27.3.2.1.4 Timers</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE 802.3 <i>41.2.2.1.4 Timers</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE 802.3 <i>27.3.1.7 Receive jabber functional requirements</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE 802.1 <i>Table C-1—Largest frame base values</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2">"3.1.1 Packet format", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/1050839507018/IEEE%20Standard%20for%20Ethernet.pdf"><i>802.3-2012 - IEEE Standard for Ethernet</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE Standards Association</a>, December 28, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.1.1+Packet+format&rft.btitle=802.3-2012+-+IEEE+Standard+for+Ethernet&rft.pub=IEEE+Standards+Association&rft.date=2012-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecfsapi.fcc.gov%2Ffile%2F1050839507018%2FIEEE%2520Standard%2520for%2520Ethernet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/internetworking/troubleshooting/guide/tr1904.html">"Troubleshooting Ethernet"</a>. <i>Cisco</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303071756/https://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/internetworking/troubleshooting/guide/tr1904.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cisco&rft.atitle=Troubleshooting+Ethernet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cisco.com%2Fen%2FUS%2Fdocs%2Finternetworking%2Ftroubleshooting%2Fguide%2Ftr1904.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDigital_Equipment_CorporationIntel_CorporationXerox_Corporation1980" class="citation journal cs1">Digital Equipment Corporation; Intel Corporation; Xerox Corporation (September 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1015591.1015594">"The Ethernet: A Local Area Network"</a>. <i>ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1015591.1015594">10.1145/1015591.1015594</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31441899">31441899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGCOMM+Computer+Communication+Review&rft.atitle=The+Ethernet%3A+A+Local+Area+Network&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1980-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1015591.1015594&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31441899%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Digital+Equipment+Corporation&rft.au=Intel+Corporation&rft.au=Xerox+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D1015591.1015594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span> Version 1.0 of the DIX specification.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181228005303/http://docwiki.cisco.com/wiki/Ethernet_Technologies">"Ethernet Technologies"</a>. <i>Internetworking Technology Handbook</i>. Cisco Systems. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docwiki.cisco.com/wiki/Ethernet_Technologies">the original</a> on December 28, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internetworking+Technology+Handbook&rft.atitle=Ethernet+Technologies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocwiki.cisco.com%2Fwiki%2FEthernet_Technologies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles_E._Spurgeon2000" class="citation book cs1">Charles E. Spurgeon (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethernetdefiniti0000spur"><i>Ethernet: The Definitive Guide</i></a></span>. O'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1565-9266-08" title="Special:BookSources/978-1565-9266-08"><bdi>978-1565-9266-08</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethernet%3A+The+Definitive+Guide&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1565-9266-08&rft.au=Charles+E.+Spurgeon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethernetdefiniti0000spur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYogen_Dalal" class="citation web cs1">Yogen Dalal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethernethistory.typepad.com/">"Ethernet History"</a>. <i>blog</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blog&rft.atitle=Ethernet+History&rft.au=Yogen+Dalal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethernethistory.typepad.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthernet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethernet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ethernet">Ethernet</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee802.org/3/">IEEE 802.3 Ethernet working group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802.3/6003/">IEEE 802.3-2015 – superseded</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802.3/7071/">IEEE 802.3-2018 standard</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethernet_family_of_local_area_network_technologies371" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethernet" title="Template:Ethernet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethernet" title="Template talk:Ethernet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethernet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethernet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethernet_family_of_local_area_network_technologies371" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethernet</a> family of <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area network</a> technologies</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Ethernet_standards" title="List of early Ethernet standards">10 Mbit/s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Ethernet" title="Fast Ethernet">100 Mbit/s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigabit_Ethernet" title="Gigabit Ethernet">1 Gbit/s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2.5GBASE-T_and_5GBASE-T" title="2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T">2.5 and 5 Gbit/s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Gigabit_Ethernet" title="10 Gigabit Ethernet">10 Gbit/s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25_Gigabit_Ethernet" title="25 Gigabit Ethernet">25 and 50 Gbit/s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100_Gigabit_Ethernet" title="100 Gigabit Ethernet">40 and 100 Gbit/s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terabit_Ethernet" title="Terabit Ethernet">200, 400, 800 and 1600 Gbit/s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_physical_layer" title="Ethernet physical layer">Physical layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonegotiation" title="Autonegotiation">Autonegotiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EtherType" title="EtherType">EtherType</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_flow_control" title="Ethernet flow control">Flow control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_frame" title="Ethernet frame">Frames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumbo_frame" title="Jumbo frame">Jumbos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">IEEE 802.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_Alliance" title="Ethernet Alliance">Ethernet Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_over_fiber" title="Ethernet over fiber">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_over_twisted_pair" title="Ethernet over twisted pair">Twisted pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_over_coax" title="Ethernet over coax">Coaxial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_in_the_first_mile" title="Ethernet in the first mile">First mile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10G-EPON" title="10G-EPON">10G-EPON</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrier-sense_multiple_access_with_collision_detection" title="Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection">CSMA/CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarLAN" title="StarLAN">StarLAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10BROAD36" title="10BROAD36">10BROAD36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10BASE-FB" class="mw-redirect" title="10BASE-FB">10BASE-FB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10BASE-FL" class="mw-redirect" title="10BASE-FL">10BASE-FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10BASE5" title="10BASE5">10BASE5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10BASE2" title="10BASE2">10BASE2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_Attachment_Unit" title="Medium Attachment Unit">MAU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_inter-repeater_link" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber-optic inter-repeater link">FOIRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100BaseVG" title="100BaseVG">100BaseVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LattisNet" title="LattisNet">LattisNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Reach_Ethernet" title="Long Reach Ethernet">Long Reach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_over_Ethernet" title="Audio over Ethernet">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_Ethernet" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive Ethernet">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_Ethernet" title="Carrier Ethernet">Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_center_bridging" title="Data center bridging">Data center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy-Efficient_Ethernet" title="Energy-Efficient Ethernet">Energy Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Ethernet" title="Industrial Ethernet">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Ethernet" title="Metro Ethernet">Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_over_Ethernet" title="Power over Ethernet">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_Ethernet" title="Synchronous Ethernet">Synchronous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">Transceivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gigabit_interface_converter" title="Gigabit interface converter">GBIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Form-factor_Pluggable" title="Small Form-factor Pluggable">SFP/SFP+/QSFP/QSFP+/OSFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XENPAK" title="XENPAK">XENPAK</a>/<a href="/wiki/X2_transceiver" title="X2 transceiver">X2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFP_transceiver" title="XFP transceiver">XFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_form-factor_pluggable" title="C form-factor pluggable">CFP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_Unit_Interface" title="Attachment Unit Interface">AUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EAD_socket" title="EAD socket">EAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-dependent_interface" title="Medium-dependent interface">MDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media-independent_interface" title="Media-independent interface">MII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigabit_media-independent_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigabit media-independent interface">GMII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_gigabit_media-independent_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="10 gigabit media-independent interface">XGMII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAUI" title="XAUI">XAUI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethernet" title="Category:Ethernet">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethernet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ethernet">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internet_access97" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_access" title="Template:Internet access"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_access" title="Template talk:Internet access"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_access" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet access"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Internet_access97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet access</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Internet_access" title="Cable Internet access">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dial-up_Internet_access" title="Dial-up Internet access">Dial-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS">DOCSIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">DSL</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">FTTx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.hn" title="G.hn">G.hn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nessum" title="Nessum">Nessum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomePlug" title="HomePlug">HomePlug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomePNA" title="HomePNA">HomePNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1901" title="IEEE 1901">IEEE 1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_over_Coax_Alliance" title="Multimedia over Coax Alliance">MoCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_optical_network" title="Passive optical network">PON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power-line_communication" title="Power-line communication">Power-line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadband_over_power_lines" title="Broadband over power lines">Broadband</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Personal_area_network" title="Personal area network">Wireless PAN</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li-Fi" title="Li-Fi">Li-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_USB" title="Wireless USB">Wireless USB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wireless_LAN" title="Wireless LAN">Wireless LAN</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Long range wireless</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G_NR" title="5G NR">5G NR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_enhanced_cordless_telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications">DECT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">EVDO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="General Packet Radio Service">GPRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">HSPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBurst" class="mw-redirect" title="IBurst">iBurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_Multipoint_Distribution_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service">MMDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_wireless_network" title="Municipal wireless network">Muni Wi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMTS-TDD" class="mw-redirect" title="UMTS-TDD">UMTS-TDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiBro" title="WiBro">WiBro</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Basic_computer_components192" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_computer_components" title="Template talk:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Basic_computer_components192" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Basic <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Input_device" title="Input device">Input devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">Pointing devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">Graphics tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">Game controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Mouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_mouse" title="Optical mouse">Optical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_trackpad" title="Optical trackpad">Optical trackpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">Pointing stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">Touchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">Image scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softcam" title="Softcam">Softcam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Output_device" title="Output device">Output devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">Monitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">Screen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">Printer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotter" title="Plotter">Plotter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_speakers" title="Computer speakers">Speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Removable_media" title="Removable media">Removable <br /> data storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_pack" title="Disk pack">Disk pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">Memory card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_case" title="Computer case">Computer case</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">Motherboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">Memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory" title="Nonvolatile BIOS memory">BIOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Data storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">HDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a> (<a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> / <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_hybrid_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state hybrid drive">SSHD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)" title="Power supply unit (computer)">Power supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply" title="Switched-mode power supply">SMPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator_module" title="Voltage regulator module">VRM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">Network interface controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax_modem" title="Fax modem">Fax modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">Expansion card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_port_(hardware)" title="Computer port (hardware)">Ports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">Analog audio jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">FireWire</a> (IEEE 1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">Parallel port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_port" title="Game port">Game port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2 port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA#eSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">eSATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)" title="History of computing hardware (1960s–present)">History of computing hardware (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of pioneers in computer science">List of pioneers in computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox579" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79984#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4127501-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85045087">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555681905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&oldid=1274302179">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&oldid=1274302179</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethernet" title="Category:Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_inventions" title="Category:American inventions">American inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IEEE_standards" title="Category:IEEE standards">IEEE standards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer-related_introductions_in_1980" title="Category:Computer-related introductions in 1980">Computer-related introductions in 1980</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_March_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from March 2023">Use mdy dates from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_April_2023" title="Category:Use American English from April 2023">Use American English from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 February 2025, at 15:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethernet&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethernet</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>77 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-8669bc5c8-6dkm4","wgBackendResponseTime":210,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.959","walltime":"1.191","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8206,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":203349,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10764,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":260713,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1014.497 1 -total"," 39.00% 395.623 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.55% 178.073 26 Template:Cite_web"," 8.24% 83.578 11 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.20% 83.225 1 Template:IPstack"," 7.90% 80.170 1 Template:Sidebar"," 7.45% 75.577 10 Template:Citation_needed"," 7.27% 73.728 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.08% 61.663 10 Template:Fix"," 5.90% 59.831 1 Template:Commons_category"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.570","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10607836,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-8669bc5c8-zrdl9","timestamp":"20250318154820","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ethernet","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethernet","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q79984","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q79984","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-04T20:22:41Z","dateModified":"2025-02-06T15:47:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/11\/Ethernet_Connection.jpg","headline":"family of wired computer networking technologies commonly used in local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN) and wide area networks (WAN)"}</script> </body> </html>