Silicon: The mineralogy of Silicon

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var hpicdesc = new Array(); var hpicid = new Array(); var hpicnt = 0; hpicarr.push("04226840014444262563339.jpg"); hpicdesc.push("Ultrapure silicon chunks"); hpicid.push("709826");hpicarr.push("01696910014457155589155.jpg"); hpicdesc.push("Polycrystalline silicon rod"); hpicid.push("713163");hpicarr.push("04466870014444263299102.jpg"); hpicdesc.push("Pure silicon"); hpicid.push("709827");hpicarr.push("05895910014457153282980.jpg"); hpicdesc.push("Purified silicon."); hpicid.push("713161");hpicarr.push("03398770014444264509726.jpg"); hpicdesc.push("Silica gel"); hpicid.push("709829");hpicarr.push("05064370014457156975686.jpg"); hpicdesc.push("Monocrystalline silicon ingot"); hpicid.push("713165");hpicarr.push("017043300973725236.jpg"); hpicdesc.push("Quartz - <span>SiO<sub>2</sub></span>"); hpicid.push("256"); function hpnext() { $("#elepic_"+hpicnt).fadeOut(400); hpicnt++; if(hpicnt==7) hpicnt=0; $("#elepic_"+hpicnt).fadeIn(400); $("#elephotodesc").html(hpicdesc[hpicnt]); $("#elephotoblock a").attr('href','/photo-'+hpicid[hpicnt]+'.html'); } function hpprev() { $("#elepic_"+hpicnt).fadeOut(400); hpicnt--; if(hpicnt<0) hpicnt=6; $("#elepic_"+hpicnt).fadeIn(400); $("#elephotodesc").html(hpicdesc[hpicnt]); $("#elephotoblock a").attr('href','/photo-'+hpicid[hpicnt]+'.html'); } </script><table class="mindattable ele50"><tr><th class="eleh2" colspan="3">Photos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><div id="elephotoblock"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-709826.html"><img id="elepic_0" style="display: block;" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/element_head_04226840014444262563339.jpg" alt=""/><img id="elepic_1" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/element_head_01696910014457155589155.jpg" alt=""/><img id="elepic_2" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/element_head_04466870014444263299102.jpg" alt=""/><img id="elepic_3" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/element_head_05895910014457153282980.jpg" alt=""/><img id="elepic_4" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/element_head_03398770014444264509726.jpg" alt=""/><img id="elepic_5" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/element_head_05064370014457156975686.jpg" alt=""/><img id="elepic_6" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/element_head_017043300973725236.jpg" alt=""/></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="hpicbutton"><span onclick="hpprev();"><</td><td><div id="elephotodesc">Ultrapure silicon chunks</div></td><td class="hpicbutton"><span onclick="hpnext();">></span></td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50 th2"><tr><th colspan="2" class="eleh2">Atomic Properties</th></tr><tr><th>Electronegativity (Pauling scale):</th><td>1.9</td></tr><tr><th>Atomic Radius:</th><td>111 pm</td></tr><tr><th>Ionic Radius:</th><td>40 pm (+4)</td></tr><tr><th>Van der Waals Radius:</th><td>210 pm</td></tr><tr><th>1st Ionization energy:</th><td>787 kJ/mol</td></tr><tr><th>1st Electron affinity:</th><td>-134 kJ/mol</td></tr><tr><th>Oxidation States:</th><td>-4,-3,-2,-1,1,2,3,4</td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50 th2"><tr><th colspan="2" class="eleh2">Physical Properties</th></tr><tr><th>Standard State:</th><td>solid</td></tr><tr><th>Bonding Type:</th><td>metallic</td></tr><tr><th>Melting Point:</th><td>1687 K</td></tr><tr><th>Boiling Point:</th><td>3173 K</td></tr><tr><th>Density:</th><td>2.33 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><th>Metal/Non-Metal:</th><td>metalloid</td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50"><tr><th class="eleh2" colspan="5">Main isotopes of Silicon</th></tr><tr><th>Isotope</th><th>% in Nature</th><th>Half Life</th><th>Decay type</th><th>Decay product</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="1"><sup>28</sup>Si</td><td rowspan="1">92.23%</td><td colspan="3">stable</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1"><sup>29</sup>Si</td><td rowspan="1">4.67%</td><td colspan="3">stable</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1"><sup>30</sup>Si</td><td rowspan="1">3.1%</td><td colspan="3">stable</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1"><sup>32</sup>Si</td><td rowspan="1">trace</td><td rowspan="1">153y</td><td>β−</td><td><sup>32</sup><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Phosphorus">P</a></td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50 th2"><tr><th colspan="2" class="eleh2">Other Information</th></tr><tr><th>Year Discovered:</th><td>1854</td></tr><tr><th>Discovered By:</th><td><div class="userbigpicture " style="margin: auto; width: 245px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-249913.html"><img width="245" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/245-0271755001252164533.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b>Jacob Berzelius</b></div></div></td></tr><tr><th>Year Predicted:</th><td>1787</td></tr><tr><th>Named For:</th><td>From the Latin silex, silicis for flint.</td></tr><tr><th>External Links:</th><td><a target="_blank" style="display: block" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/click.php?enc=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvU2lsaWNvbg%3D%3D">Wikipedia</a><a target="_blank" style="display: block" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/click.php?enc=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cud2ViZWxlbWVudHMuY29tL3NpbGljb24v">WebElements</a><a target="_blank" style="display: block" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/click.php?enc=aHR0cDovL3BlcmlvZGljLmxhbmwuZ292LzE0LnNodG1s">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a><a target="_blank" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/click.php?enc=aHR0cDovL3d3dy5wZXJpb2RpY3RhYmxlLmNvbS9FbGVtZW50cy8wMTQvaW5kZXguaHRtbA%3D%3D">Theodore Gray's PeriodicTable.com</a></td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50" id="elementabundance"><tr> <th colspan="5" class="eleh2">Simple Compounds and Mineral Names</th></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="1">Nitrides</th><td>trisilicon tetranitride</td><td><span>Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub></span></td><td>+4</td><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-7193.html">Nierite</a></td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="1">Sulfides</th><td>silicon sulphide</td><td><span>SiS<sub>2</sub></span></td><td>+4</td><td></td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="2">Hydrides</th><td>silane</td><td><span>SiH<sub>4</sub></span></td><td>+4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>disilicon hexahydride</td><td><span>Si<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></span></td><td>+3</td><td></td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="1">Fluorides</th><td>silicon tetrafluoride</td><td><span>SiF<sub>4</sub></span></td><td>+4</td><td></td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="1">Chlorides</th><td>silicon tetrachloride</td><td><span>SiCl<sub>4</sub></span></td><td>+4</td><td></td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="1">Iodides</th><td>silicon tetraiodide</td><td><span>SiI<sub>4</sub></span></td><td>+4</td><td></td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="1">Oxides</th><td>silicon oxide</td><td><span>SiO<sub>2</sub></span></td><td>+4</td><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-3337.html">Quartz</a>, <a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-1104.html">Coesite</a>, <a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-1155.html">Cristobalite</a>, <a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-2739.html">Mogánite</a>, <a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-26715.html">Seifertite</a>, <a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-3790.html">Stishovite</a>, <a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-4015.html">Tridymite</a></td></tr><table class="mindattable ele50 th2"><tr><th colspan="2" class="eleh2">Mineral Diversity of Silicon</th><tr><tr><th>1. Elements </th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Si%2C&exc=&ima=0&essential=0&class=1&sub=Search+for+Minerals">15 valid mineral species</a></td></tr><tr><th>3. Halides</th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Si%2C&exc=&ima=0&essential=0&class=3&sub=Search+for+Minerals">7 valid mineral species</a></td></tr><tr><th>4. Oxides </th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Si%2C&exc=&ima=0&essential=0&class=4&sub=Search+for+Minerals">14 valid mineral species</a></td></tr><tr><th>5. Carbonates </th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Si%2C&exc=&ima=0&essential=0&class=5&sub=Search+for+Minerals">2 valid mineral species</a></td></tr><tr><th>6. Borates</th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Si%2C&exc=&ima=0&essential=0&class=6&sub=Search+for+Minerals">3 valid mineral species</a></td></tr><tr><th>7. Sulfates </th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Si%2C&exc=&ima=0&essential=0&class=7&sub=Search+for+Minerals">7 valid mineral species</a></td></tr><tr><th>8. Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates</th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Si%2C&exc=&ima=0&essential=0&class=8&sub=Search+for+Minerals">14 valid mineral species</a></td></tr><tr><th>9. Silicates </th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Si%2C&exc=&ima=0&essential=0&class=9&sub=Search+for+Minerals">1210 valid mineral species</a></td></tr><tr><th>Total:</th><td><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Si%2C&exc=&ima=0&essential=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals">1272 valid species containing essential Silicon</a></b></td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50"><tr><th colspan="2" class="eleh2">Geochemistry of Silicon</th></tr><tr><th>Goldschmidt classification:</th><td>Lithophile</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><span>Si<sup>4+</sup></span> was one of the ions least depleted from the mantle in the formation of the crust.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><span>Si<sup>4+</sup></span> enters early-forming phases in igneous rocks.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><span>Si<sup>4+</sup></span> is commonly concentrated in residual soils and sediments.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><span>Si<sup>4+</sup></span> is one of the eight most abundant solutes in average river water.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><span>Si<sup>4+</sup></span> solute can be a limiting nutrient in the oceans.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><span>Si<sup>4+</sup></span> is essential to nutrition of at least some vertebrates ('essential minerals').</td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50"><tr><th class="eleh2" colspan="3">Elemental Silicon in Nature</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="1">Found as native element:</th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-3659.html">Silicon</a></td><td><span>Si</span></td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50" id="elementabundance"><tr><th colspan="3" class="eleh2">Elemental Abundance for Silicon</th></tr><tr><th>Crust (CRC Handbook)</th><td>2.82 x 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td>mass fraction, kg/kg</td></tr><tr><th>Crust (Kaye & Laby)</th><td>2.7 x 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td>mass fraction, kg/kg</td></tr><tr><th>Crust (Greenwood)</th><td>2.72000 x 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td>mass fraction, kg/kg</td></tr><tr><th>Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)</th><td>2.677 x 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td>mass fraction, kg/kg</td></tr><tr><th>Crust (Ahrens/Wänke)</th><td>2.81 x 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td>mass fraction, kg/kg</td></tr><tr><th>Crust (Ahrens/Weaver)</th><td>2.95 x 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td>mass fraction, kg/kg</td></tr><tr><th>Upper Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)</th><td>3.08 x 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td>mass fraction, kg/kg</td></tr><tr><th>Upper Crust (Ahrens/Shaw)</th><td>3.04 x 10<sup>-1</sup></td><td>mass fraction, kg/kg</td></tr><tr><th>Sea Water (CRC Handbook)</th><td>2.2 x 10<sup>-6</sup></td><td>mass per volume fraction, kg/L</td></tr><tr><th>Sea Water (Kaye & Laby)</th><td>2.9 x 10<sup>-6</sup></td><td>mass per volume fraction, kg/L</td></tr><tr><th>The Sun (Kaye & Laby)</th><td>1.0 x 10<sup>0</sup></td><td>atom mole fraction relative to Si=1</td></tr><tr><th>Solar System (Kaye & Laby)</th><td>1.0 x 10<sup>0</sup></td><td>atom mole fraction relative to Si=1</td></tr><tr><th>Solar System (Ahrens)</th><td>1.0 x 10<sup>0 </sup> (4.4%)</td><td>atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 (% uncertainty)</td></tr></table><script src="/web/20161104003406js_/http://www.mindat.org/js/sorttable.js"></script><div class="nosplitme"><table class="mindattable ele50 th2"><tr><th colspan="4" class="eleh2">Element association of Silicon in the Mineral World</th><tr><tr><td colspan="4">This table compares the known valid mineral species listed listed with Silicon and the other elements listed based on the official IMA formula. <b>Note that unlike other sections on this page this includes non-essential elements.</b><br><br>The first data column contains the total number of minerals listed with Silicon and the element listed for that row.<br><br>The second data column lists this number as a percentage of all minerals listed with Silicon. <br><br>The final data column compares this percentage against the percentage of all minerals that contain the element listed in each row.<br><br><b>Click on a heading to sort.</b></td></tr></table><table style="margin-top: -5px;" class="mindattable ele50 th2 sortable"><tr><th>Element</th><th class="sorttable_numeric">Valid Minerals listed with element and Silicon</th><th class="sorttable_numeric">% of Si minerals</th><th class="sorttable_numeric">Relative to % in all minerals</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Oxygen">Oxygen</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=O%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1474">1474 minerals with Si and O</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffd504" sorttable_customkey="98.5294117647">98.53%</td><td style="background-color: #e6ffe6" sorttable_customkey="1249">24.91% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=H%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1014">1014 minerals with Si and H</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffe252" sorttable_customkey="67.7807486631">67.78%</td><td style="background-color: #e8ffe8" sorttable_customkey="1220">22.00% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Calcium">Calcium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Ca%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="669">669 minerals with Si and Ca</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffec8d" sorttable_customkey="44.7192513369">44.72%</td><td style="background-color: #b3ffb3" sorttable_customkey="1759">75.98% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Aluminium">Aluminium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Al%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="605">605 minerals with Si and Al</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffee98" sorttable_customkey="40.4411764706">40.44%</td><td style="background-color: #9dff9d" sorttable_customkey="1972">97.22% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Sodium">Sodium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Na%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="590">590 minerals with Si and Na</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffee9a" sorttable_customkey="39.4385026738">39.44%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="2017">101.76% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Iron">Iron</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Fe%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="413">413 minerals with Si and Fe</a></td><td style="background-color: #fff3b9" sorttable_customkey="27.6069518717">27.61%</td><td style="background-color: #edffed" sorttable_customkey="1171">17.12% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Magnesium">Magnesium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Mg%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="325">325 minerals with Si and Mg</a></td><td style="background-color: #fff6c8" sorttable_customkey="21.7245989305">21.72%</td><td style="background-color: #caffca" sorttable_customkey="1527">52.77% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Potassium">Potassium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=K%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="316">316 minerals with Si and K</a></td><td style="background-color: #fff6c9" sorttable_customkey="21.1229946524">21.12%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="2111">111.15% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Mn%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="285">285 minerals with Si and Mn</a></td><td style="background-color: #fff7ce" sorttable_customkey="19.050802139">19.05%</td><td style="background-color: #c3ffc3" sorttable_customkey="1595">59.56% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Fluorine">Fluorine</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=F%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="237">237 minerals with Si and F</a></td><td style="background-color: #fff8d7" sorttable_customkey="15.8422459893">15.84%</td><td style="background-color: #aaffaa" sorttable_customkey="1841">84.11% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Titanium">Titanium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Ti%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="232">232 minerals with Si and Ti</a></td><td style="background-color: #fff8d7" sorttable_customkey="15.5080213904">15.51%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="2175">117.53% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Barium">Barium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Ba%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="142">142 minerals with Si and Ba</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffbe7" sorttable_customkey="9.49197860963">9.49%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="1981">98.12% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Boron">Boron</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=B%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="114">114 minerals with Si and B</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffcec" sorttable_customkey="7.62032085561">7.62%</td><td style="background-color: #d1ffd1" sorttable_customkey="1451">45.12% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Chlorine">Chlorine</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Cl%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="108">108 minerals with Si and Cl</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffced" sorttable_customkey="7.2192513369">7.22%</td><td style="background-color: #fff7f7" sorttable_customkey="927">7.22% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Zirconium">Zirconium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Zr%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="96">96 minerals with Si and Zr</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffcef" sorttable_customkey="6.41711229947">6.42%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="2575">157.57% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lithium">Lithium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Li%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="88">88 minerals with Si and Li</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffdf0" sorttable_customkey="5.88235294118">5.88%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="2536">153.67% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Niobium">Niobium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Nb%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="86">86 minerals with Si and Nb</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffdf0" sorttable_customkey="5.7486631016">5.75%</td><td style="background-color: #beffbe" sorttable_customkey="1648">64.82% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Cerium">Cerium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Ce%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="79">79 minerals with Si and Ce</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffdf2" sorttable_customkey="5.2807486631">5.28%</td><td style="background-color: #c8ffc8" sorttable_customkey="1548">54.80% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Beryllium">Beryllium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Be%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="71">71 minerals with Si and Be</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffdf3" sorttable_customkey="4.74598930481">4.75%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="2063">106.37% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Strontium">Strontium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Sr%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="67">67 minerals with Si and Sr</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffdf4" sorttable_customkey="4.47860962567">4.48%</td><td style="background-color: #c9ffc9" sorttable_customkey="1537">53.75% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Yttrium">Yttrium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Y%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="60">60 minerals with Si and Y</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffdf5" sorttable_customkey="4.01069518717">4.01%</td><td style="background-color: #ceffce" sorttable_customkey="1484">48.42% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Carbon">Carbon</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=C%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="58">58 minerals with Si and C</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffdf5" sorttable_customkey="3.87700534759">3.88%</td><td style="background-color: #ffcdcd" sorttable_customkey="507">49.30% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Sulfur">Sulfur</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=S%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="57">57 minerals with Si and S</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffdf5" sorttable_customkey="3.81016042781">3.81%</td><td style="background-color: #ffadad" sorttable_customkey="188">81.12% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Zn%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="54">54 minerals with Si and Zn</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffdf6" sorttable_customkey="3.60962566845">3.61%</td><td style="background-color: #ffdcdc" sorttable_customkey="653">34.60% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lead">Lead</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Pb%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="45">45 minerals with Si and Pb</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffef7" sorttable_customkey="3.00802139037">3.01%</td><td style="background-color: #ffb9b9" sorttable_customkey="304">69.58% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Vanadium">Vanadium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=V%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="39">39 minerals with Si and V</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffef8" sorttable_customkey="2.60695187166">2.61%</td><td style="background-color: #ffd8d8" sorttable_customkey="610">39.00% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=P%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="39">39 minerals with Si and P</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffef8" sorttable_customkey="2.60695187166">2.61%</td><td style="background-color: #ffb1b1" sorttable_customkey="228">77.14% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Copper">Copper</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Cu%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="38">38 minerals with Si and Cu</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffef9" sorttable_customkey="2.54010695187">2.54%</td><td style="background-color: #ffaeae" sorttable_customkey="196">80.36% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=La%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="36">36 minerals with Si and La</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffef9" sorttable_customkey="2.4064171123">2.41%</td><td style="background-color: #daffda" sorttable_customkey="1364">36.49% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Arsenic">Arsenic</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=As%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="23">23 minerals with Si and As</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffefb" sorttable_customkey="1.53743315508">1.54%</td><td style="background-color: #ffa8a8" sorttable_customkey="130">86.93% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Uranium">Uranium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=U%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="22">22 minerals with Si and U</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffefb" sorttable_customkey="1.47058823529">1.47%</td><td style="background-color: #ffb8b8" sorttable_customkey="297">70.26% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Thorium">Thorium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Th%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="21">21 minerals with Si and Th</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffefb" sorttable_customkey="1.40374331551">1.40%</td><td style="background-color: #caffca" sorttable_customkey="1525">52.60% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Chromium">Chromium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Cr%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="18">18 minerals with Si and Cr</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffefc" sorttable_customkey="1.20320855615">1.20%</td><td style="background-color: #ffe1e1" sorttable_customkey="705">29.46% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Tin">Tin</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Sn%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="14">14 minerals with Si and Sn</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffffd" sorttable_customkey="0.935828877005">0.94%</td><td style="background-color: #ffcccc" sorttable_customkey="493">50.68% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Caesium">Caesium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Cs%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="13">13 minerals with Si and Cs</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffffd" sorttable_customkey="0.868983957219">0.87%</td><td style="background-color: #a6ffa6" sorttable_customkey="1889">88.93% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Neodymium">Neodymium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Nd%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="11">11 minerals with Si and Nd</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffffd" sorttable_customkey="0.735294117647">0.74%</td><td style="background-color: #ffe4e4" sorttable_customkey="737">26.22% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=N%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="10">10 minerals with Si and N</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffffd" sorttable_customkey="0.668449197861">0.67%</td><td style="background-color: #ffbcbc" sorttable_customkey="338">66.14% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Nickel">Nickel</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Ni%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="10">10 minerals with Si and Ni</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffffd" sorttable_customkey="0.668449197861">0.67%</td><td style="background-color: #ffaeae" sorttable_customkey="199">80.07% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Scandium">Scandium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Sc%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="8">8 minerals with Si and Sc</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffffe" sorttable_customkey="0.534759358289">0.53%</td><td style="background-color: #b4ffb4" sorttable_customkey="1743">74.40% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Antimony">Antimony</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Sb%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="8">8 minerals with Si and Sb</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffffe" sorttable_customkey="0.534759358289">0.53%</td><td style="background-color: #ffa5a5" sorttable_customkey="105">89.43% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Tungsten">Tungsten</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=W%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="5">5 minerals with Si and W</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffffe" sorttable_customkey="0.33422459893">0.33%</td><td style="background-color: #ffc5c5" sorttable_customkey="425">57.46% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Yb%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="4">4 minerals with Si and Yb</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffffe" sorttable_customkey="0.267379679144">0.27%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="2325">132.53% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Rubidium">Rubidium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Rb%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="3">3 minerals with Si and Rb</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffffe" sorttable_customkey="0.200534759358">0.20%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="2092">109.28% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Bismuth">Bismuth</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Bi%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="3">3 minerals with Si and Bi</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffffe" sorttable_customkey="0.200534759358">0.20%</td><td style="background-color: #ff9f9f" sorttable_customkey="47">95.24% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Tantalum">Tantalum</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Ta%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="2">2 minerals with Si and Ta</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffffff" sorttable_customkey="0.133689839572">0.13%</td><td style="background-color: #ffa4a4" sorttable_customkey="95">90.44% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Tellurium">Tellurium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Te%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Si and Te</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffffff" sorttable_customkey="0.0668449197861">0.07%</td><td style="background-color: #ff9d9d" sorttable_customkey="21">97.87% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Mo%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Si and Mo</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffffff" sorttable_customkey="0.0668449197861">0.07%</td><td style="background-color: #ffa0a0" sorttable_customkey="56">94.37% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Palladium">Palladium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Pd%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Si and Pd</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffffff" sorttable_customkey="0.0668449197861">0.07%</td><td style="background-color: #ff9f9f" sorttable_customkey="48">95.16% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Germanium">Germanium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Ge%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Si and Ge</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffffff" sorttable_customkey="0.0668449197861">0.07%</td><td style="background-color: #ffa7a7" sorttable_customkey="120">87.97% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Cobalt">Cobalt</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Co%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Si and Co</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffffff" sorttable_customkey="0.0668449197861">0.07%</td><td style="background-color: #ff9f9f" sorttable_customkey="45">95.41% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Pr%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Si and Pr</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffffff" sorttable_customkey="0.0668449197861">0.07%</td><td style="background-color: #b4ffb4" sorttable_customkey="1743">74.40% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Gd%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Si and Gd</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffffff" sorttable_customkey="0.0668449197861">0.07%</td><td style="background-color: #ffd5d5" sorttable_customkey="581">41.87% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Hafnium">Hafnium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Hf%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Si and Hf</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffffff" sorttable_customkey="0.0668449197861">0.07%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="3487">248.80% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Dy%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Si and Dy</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffffff" sorttable_customkey="0.0668449197861">0.07%</td><td style="background-color: #fff2f2" sorttable_customkey="871">12.80% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Mercury">Mercury</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Hg%2CSi%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Si and Hg</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffffff" sorttable_customkey="0.0668449197861">0.07%</td><td style="background-color: #ff9e9e" sorttable_customkey="37">96.25% lower</td></tr></tr></table></div><table class="mindattable ele50"><tr><th class="eleh2">Periodic Table</th></tr><tr><td><div id="chemtdesc"></div> <table class="chemtablesmall"> <tr> <td rowspan="11"></td> <td class="elem"><a name="H" title="Hydrogen" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Hydrogen">1<b>H</b></a></td> <td colspan="16"></td> <td class="elem"><a name="He" title="Helium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Helium">2<b>He</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="Li" title="Lithium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lithium">3<b>Li</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Be" title="Beryllium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Beryllium">4<b>Be</b></a></td> <td></td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="2"> <input checked name="hideshow" id="hideshow" type="checkbox"/><label for="hideshow">Show/hide current element</label> </td> <td class="elem"><a name="B" title="Boron" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Boron">5<b>B</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="C" title="Carbon" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Carbon">6<b>C</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="N" title="Nitrogen" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Nitrogen">7<b>N</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="O" title="Oxygen" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Oxygen">8<b>O</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="F" title="Fluorine" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Fluorine">9<b>F</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ne" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Neon" title="Neon">10<b>Ne</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="Na" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Sodium" title="Sodium">11<b>Na</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Mg" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">12<b>Mg</b></a></td> <td></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Al" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">13<b>Al</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Si" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Silicon" title="Silicon">14<b>Si</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="P" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">15<b>P</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="S" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">16<b>S</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cl" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">17<b>Cl</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ar" title="Argon" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Argon">18<b>Ar</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="K" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Potassium" title="Potassium">19<b>K</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ca" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Calcium" title="Calcium">20<b>Ca</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sc" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Scandium" title="Scandium">21<b>Sc</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ti" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Titanium" title="Titanium">22<b>Ti</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="V" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">23<b>V</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cr" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Chromium" title="Chromium">24<b>Cr</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Mn" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Manganese" title="Manganese">25<b>Mn</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Fe" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Iron" title="Iron">26<b>Fe</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Co" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">27<b>Co</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ni" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Nickel" title="Nickel">28<b>Ni</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cu" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Copper" title="Copper">29<b>Cu</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Zn" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Zinc" title="Zinc">30<b>Zn</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ga" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Gallium" title="Gallium">31<b>Ga</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ge" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Germanium" title="Germanium">32<b>Ge</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="As" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">33<b>As</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Se" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Selenium" title="Selenium">34<b>Se</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Br" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Bromine" title="Bromine">35<b>Br</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Kr" title="Krypton" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Krypton">36<b>Kr</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="Rb" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">37<b>Rb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sr" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Strontium" title="Strontium">38<b>Sr</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Y" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">39<b>Y</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Zr" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">40<b>Zr</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Nb" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Niobium" title="Niobium">41<b>Nb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Mo" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">42<b>Mo</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Tc" title="Technetium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Technetium">43<b>Tc</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ru" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">44<b>Ru</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Rh" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">45<b>Rh</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pd" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Palladium" title="Palladium">46<b>Pd</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ag" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Silver" title="Silver">47<b>Ag</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cd" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">48<b>Cd</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="In" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Indium" title="Indium">49<b>In</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sn" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Tin" title="Tin">50<b>Sn</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sb" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Antimony" title="Antimony">51<b>Sb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Te" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">52<b>Te</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="I" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Iodine" title="Iodine">53<b>I</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Xe" title="Xenon" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Xenon">54<b>Xe</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="Cs" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Caesium" title="Caesium">55<b>Cs</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ba" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Barium" title="Barium">56<b>Ba</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="La" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">57<b>La</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Hf" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">72<b>Hf</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ta" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">73<b>Ta</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="W" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">74<b>W</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Re" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">75<b>Re</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Os" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Osmium" title="Osmium">76<b>Os</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ir" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Iridium" title="Iridium">77<b>Ir</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pt" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Platinum" title="Platinum">78<b>Pt</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Au" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Gold" title="Gold">79<b>Au</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Hg" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Mercury" title="Mercury">80<b>Hg</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Tl" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Thallium" title="Thallium">81<b>Tl</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pb" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lead" title="Lead">82<b>Pb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Bi" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">83<b>Bi</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Po" title="Polonium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Polonium">84<b>Po</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="At" title="Astatine" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Astatine">85<b>At</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Rn" title="Radon" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Radon">86<b>Rn</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="Fr" title="Francium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Francium">87<b>Fr</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ra" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Radium" title="Radium">88<b>Ra</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ac" title="Actinium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Actinium">89<b>Ac</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Rf" title="Rutherfordium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Rutherfordium">104<b>Rd</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Db" title="Dubnium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Dubnium">105<b>Db</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sg" title="Seaborgium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Seaborgium">106<b>Sg</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Bh" title="Bohrium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Bohrium">107<b>Bh</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Hs" title="Hassium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Hassium">108<b>Hs</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Mt" title="Meitnerium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Meitnerium">109<b>Mt</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ds" title="Darmstadtium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Darmstadtium">110<b>Ds</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Rg" title="Roentgenium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Roentgenium">111<b>Rg</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cn" title="Copernicium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Copernicium">112<b>Cn</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Uut" title="Ununtrium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ununtrium">113<b>Uut</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Fl" title="Flerovium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Flerovium">114<b>Fl</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Uup" title="Ununpentium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ununpentium">115<b>Uup</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Lv" title="Livermorium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Livermorium">116<b>Lv</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Uus" title="Ununseptium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ununseptium">117<b>Uus</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Uuo" title="Ununoctium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ununoctium">118<b>Uuo</b></a></td> </tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2"></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ce" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Cerium" title="Cerium">58<b>Ce</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pr" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">59<b>Pr</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Nd" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">60<b>Nd</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pm" title="Promethium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Promethium">61<b>Pm</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sm" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Samarium" title="Samarium">62<b>Sm</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Eu" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Europium" title="Europium">63<b>Eu</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Gd" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">64<b>Gd</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Tb" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Terbium" title="Terbium">65<b>Tb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Dy" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">66<b>Dy</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ho" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Holmium" title="Holmium">67<b>Ho</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Er" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Erbium" title="Erbium">68<b>Er</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Tm" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Thulium" title="Thulium">69<b>Tm</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Yb" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">70<b>Yb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Lu" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">71<b>Lu</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Th" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Thorium" title="Thorium">90<b>Th</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pa" title="Protactinium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Protactinium">91<b>Pa</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="U" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Uranium" title="Uranium">92<b>U</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Np" title="Neptunium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Neptunium">93<b>Np</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pu" title="Plutonium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Plutonium">94<b>Pu</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Am" title="Americium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Americium">95<b>Am</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cm" title="Curium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Curium">96<b>Cm</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Bk" title="Berkelium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Berkelium">97<b>Bk</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cf" title="Californium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Californium">98<b>Cf</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Es" title="Einsteinium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Einsteinium">99<b>Es</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Fm" title="Fermium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Fermium">100<b>Fm</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Md" title="Mendelevium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Mendelevium">101<b>Md</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="No" title="Nobelium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Nobelium">102<b>No</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Lr" title="Lawrencium" href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lawrencium">103<b>Lr</b></a></td> </tr> </table> <script> var permode = "Default"; var peropts = { "Default": { "key": { "Listed in minerals": "#fcfcfc", "Not listed": "#ccc" }, "desc": [ "<h2>Periodic Table<\/h2>Click on any element to navigate to the page on that element. 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"#", "Cn": "#", "Uut": "#", "Fl": "#", "Uup": "#", "Lv": "#", "Uus": "#", "Uuo": "#" }, "Electronegativity": { "key": { "0.70 - 0.99": "#797fd7", "1.00 - 1.49": "#79b7d7", "1.50 - 1.99": "#79d79c", "2.00 - 2.49": "#b0d779", "2.50 - 2.99": "#d7d679", "3.00 - 3.49": "#d79f79", "3.50 - 3.99": "#d7797b", "None\/Not recorded": "#ccc" }, "desc": "<h2>Electronegativity<\/h2>Pauling Scale.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#b0d779", "He": "#ccc", "Li": "#797fd7", "Be": "#79d79c", "B": "#b0d779", "C": "#d7d679", "N": "#d79f79", "O": "#d79f79", "F": "#d7797b", "Ne": "#ccc", "Na": "#797fd7", "Mg": "#79b7d7", "Al": "#79d79c", "Si": "#79d79c", "P": "#b0d779", "S": "#d7d679", "Cl": "#d79f79", "Ar": "#ccc", "K": "#797fd7", "Ca": "#79b7d7", "Sc": "#79b7d7", "Ti": "#79d79c", "V": "#79d79c", "Cr": "#79d79c", "Mn": "#79d79c", "Fe": "#79d79c", "Co": "#79d79c", "Ni": "#79d79c", "Cu": "#79d79c", "Zn": "#79d79c", "Ga": "#79d79c", "Ge": "#b0d779", "As": "#b0d779", "Se": "#d7d679", "Br": "#d7d679", "Kr": "#ccc", "Rb": "#797fd7", "Sr": "#797fd7", "Y": "#79b7d7", "Zr": "#79b7d7", "Nb": "#79d79c", "Mo": "#b0d779", "Tc": "#79d79c", "Ru": "#b0d779", "Rh": "#b0d779", "Pd": "#b0d779", "Ag": "#79d79c", "Cd": "#79d79c", "In": "#79d79c", "Sn": "#79d79c", "Sb": "#b0d779", "Te": "#b0d779", "I": "#d7d679", "Xe": "#ccc", "Cs": "#797fd7", "Ba": "#797fd7", "La": "#79b7d7", "Ce": "#79b7d7", "Pr": "#79b7d7", "Nd": "#79b7d7", "Pm": "#79b7d7", "Sm": "#79b7d7", "Eu": "#79b7d7", "Gd": "#79b7d7", "Tb": "#79b7d7", "Dy": "#79b7d7", "Ho": "#79b7d7", "Er": "#79b7d7", "Tm": "#79b7d7", "Yb": "#79b7d7", "Lu": "#79b7d7", "Hf": "#79b7d7", "Ta": "#79d79c", "W": "#b0d779", "Re": "#79d79c", "Os": "#b0d779", "Ir": "#b0d779", "Pt": "#b0d779", "Au": "#d7d679", "Hg": "#b0d779", "Tl": "#b0d779", "Pb": "#b0d779", "Bi": "#b0d779", "Po": "#b0d779", "At": "#b0d779", "Rn": "#ccc", "Fr": "#797fd7", "Ra": "#797fd7", "Ac": "#79b7d7", "Th": "#79b7d7", "Pa": "#79d79c", "U": "#79b7d7", "Np": "#79b7d7", "Pu": "#79b7d7", "Am": "#79b7d7", "Cm": "#79b7d7", "Bk": "#79b7d7", "Cf": "#79b7d7", "Es": "#79b7d7", "Fm": "#79b7d7", "Md": "#79b7d7", "No": "#79b7d7", "Lr": "#79b7d7", "Rf": "#ccc", "Db": "#ccc", "Sg": "#ccc", "Bh": "#ccc", "Hs": "#ccc", "Mt": "#ccc", "Ds": "#ccc", "Rg": "#ccc", "Cn": "#ccc", "Uut": "#ccc", "Fl": "#ccc", "Uup": "#ccc", "Lv": "#ccc", "Uus": "#ccc", "Uuo": "#ccc" }, "Atomic Radius": { "key": { "up to 79 pm": "#797fd7", "80 - 129 pm": "#79b7d7", "130 - 179 pm": "#79d79c", "180 + pm": "#b0d779", "Not recorded": "#ccc" }, "desc": "<h2>Atomic Radius<\/h2>In picometers.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#797fd7", "He": "#797fd7", "Li": "#79d79c", "Be": "#79b7d7", "B": "#79b7d7", "C": "#797fd7", "N": "#797fd7", "O": "#797fd7", "F": "#797fd7", "Ne": "#797fd7", "Na": "#b0d779", "Mg": "#79d79c", "Al": "#79b7d7", "Si": "#79b7d7", "P": "#79b7d7", "S": "#79b7d7", "Cl": "#797fd7", "Ar": "#797fd7", "K": "#b0d779", "Ca": "#b0d779", "Sc": "#b0d779", "Ti": "#79d79c", "V": "#79d79c", "Cr": "#79d79c", "Mn": "#79d79c", "Fe": 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"#79b7d7", "Rn": "#79b7d7", "Fr": "#ccc", "Ra": "#ccc", "Ac": "#ccc", "Th": "#79d79c", "Pa": "#79d79c", "U": "#79d79c", "Np": "#79d79c", "Pu": "#79d79c", "Am": "#79d79c", "Cm": "#79d79c", "Bk": "#79d79c", "Cf": "#ccc", "Es": "#ccc", "Fm": "#ccc", "Md": "#ccc", "No": "#ccc", "Lr": "#ccc", "Rf": "#ccc", "Db": "#ccc", "Sg": "#ccc", "Bh": "#ccc", "Hs": "#ccc", "Mt": "#ccc", "Ds": "#79d79c", "Rg": "#79d79c", "Cn": "#79d79c", "Uut": "#79d79c", "Fl": "#b0d779", "Uup": "#b0d779", "Lv": "#b0d779", "Uus": "#79d79c", "Uuo": "#79d79c" }, "Lowest Oxidation": { "key": { " -4": "#797fd7", " -3": "#79b7d7", " -2": "#79d79c", " -1": "#b0d779", " +1": "#d7d679", " +2": "#d79f79", " +3": "#d7797b", " +4": "#d7457e", "None\/Not recorded": "#ccc" }, "desc": "<h2>Lowest Oxidation Number<\/h2>The lowest recorded oxidation number for each element.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#b0d779", "He": "#ccc", "Li": "#d7d679", "Be": "#d79f79", "B": "#d7d679", "C": "#797fd7", "N": "#79b7d7", "O": "#79d79c", "F": "#b0d779", "Ne": "#ccc", "Na": "#b0d779", "Mg": "#d7d679", "Al": "#d7d679", "Si": "#797fd7", "P": "#79b7d7", "S": "#79d79c", "Cl": "#b0d779", "Ar": "#ccc", "K": "#d7d679", "Ca": "#d79f79", "Sc": "#d7d679", "Ti": "#b0d779", "V": "#b0d779", "Cr": "#79d79c", "Mn": "#79b7d7", "Fe": "#79d79c", "Co": "#b0d779", "Ni": "#b0d779", "Cu": "#d7d679", "Zn": "#d79f79", "Ga": "#d7d679", "Ge": "#797fd7", "As": "#79b7d7", "Se": "#79d79c", "Br": "#b0d779", "Kr": "#d79f79", "Rb": "#d7d679", "Sr": "#d79f79", "Y": "#d7d679", "Zr": "#d7d679", "Nb": "#b0d779", "Mo": "#79d79c", "Tc": "#79b7d7", "Ru": "#79d79c", "Rh": "#b0d779", "Pd": "#d79f79", "Ag": "#d7d679", "Cd": "#d79f79", "In": "#d7d679", "Sn": "#797fd7", "Sb": "#79b7d7", "Te": "#79d79c", "I": "#b0d779", "Xe": "#d79f79", "Cs": "#d7d679", "Ba": "#d79f79", "La": "#d79f79", "Ce": "#d79f79", "Pr": "#d79f79", "Nd": "#d79f79", "Pm": "#d7797b", "Sm": "#d79f79", "Eu": "#d79f79", "Gd": "#d7d679", "Tb": "#d7d679", "Dy": "#d79f79", "Ho": "#d7797b", "Er": "#d7797b", "Tm": "#d79f79", "Yb": "#d79f79", "Lu": "#d7797b", "Hf": "#d79f79", "Ta": "#b0d779", "W": "#79d79c", "Re": "#79b7d7", "Os": "#79d79c", "Ir": "#79b7d7", "Pt": "#d79f79", "Au": "#b0d779", "Hg": "#d7d679", "Tl": "#d7d679", "Pb": "#797fd7", "Bi": "#79b7d7", "Po": "#79d79c", "At": "#b0d779", "Rn": "#d79f79", "Fr": "#d7d679", "Ra": "#d79f79", "Ac": "#d7797b", "Th": "#d79f79", "Pa": "#d7797b", "U": "#d7797b", "Np": "#d7797b", "Pu": "#d7797b", "Am": "#d79f79", "Cm": "#d7797b", "Bk": "#d7797b", "Cf": "#d79f79", "Es": "#d79f79", "Fm": "#d79f79", "Md": "#d79f79", "No": "#d79f79", "Lr": "#d7797b", "Rf": "#d7457e", "Db": "#ccc", "Sg": "#ccc", "Bh": "#ccc", "Hs": "#ccc", "Mt": "#ccc", "Ds": "#ccc", "Rg": "#ccc", "Cn": "#ccc", "Uut": "#ccc", "Fl": "#ccc", "Uup": "#ccc", "Lv": "#ccc", "Uus": "#ccc", "Uuo": "#ccc" }, "Highest Oxidation": { "key": { " -1": "#797fd7", " +1": "#79b7d7", " +2": "#79d79c", " +3": "#b0d779", " +4": "#d7d679", " +5": "#d79f79", " +6": "#d7797b", " +7": "#d7457e", " +8": "#f465c2", "None\/Not recorded": "#ccc" }, "desc": "<h2>Highest Oxidation Number<\/h2>The highest recorded oxidation number for each element.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#79b7d7", "He": "#ccc", "Li": "#79b7d7", "Be": "#79d79c", "B": "#b0d779", "C": "#d7d679", "N": "#d79f79", "O": "#79d79c", "F": "#797fd7", "Ne": "#ccc", "Na": "#79b7d7", "Mg": "#79d79c", "Al": "#b0d779", "Si": "#d7d679", "P": "#d79f79", "S": "#d7797b", "Cl": "#d7457e", "Ar": "#ccc", "K": "#79b7d7", "Ca": "#79d79c", "Sc": "#b0d779", "Ti": "#d7d679", "V": "#d7d679", "Cr": "#d7797b", "Mn": "#d7457e", "Fe": "#d7797b", "Co": "#d79f79", "Ni": "#d7d679", "Cu": "#d7d679", "Zn": "#79d79c", "Ga": "#b0d779", "Ge": "#d7d679", "As": "#d79f79", "Se": "#d7797b", "Br": "#d7457e", "Kr": "#79d79c", "Rb": "#79b7d7", "Sr": "#79d79c", "Y": "#b0d779", "Zr": "#d7d679", "Nb": "#d79f79", "Mo": "#d7797b", "Tc": "#d7457e", "Ru": "#f465c2", "Rh": "#d7797b", "Pd": "#d7d679", "Ag": "#b0d779", "Cd": "#79d79c", "In": "#b0d779", "Sn": "#d7d679", "Sb": "#d79f79", "Te": "#d7797b", "I": "#d7457e", "Xe": "#f465c2", "Cs": "#79b7d7", "Ba": "#79d79c", "La": "#b0d779", "Ce": "#d7d679", "Pr": "#d7d679", "Nd": "#b0d779", "Pm": "#b0d779", "Sm": "#b0d779", "Eu": "#b0d779", "Gd": "#b0d779", "Tb": "#d7d679", "Dy": "#b0d779", "Ho": "#b0d779", "Er": "#b0d779", "Tm": "#b0d779", "Yb": "#b0d779", "Lu": "#b0d779", "Hf": "#d7d679", "Ta": "#d79f79", "W": "#d7797b", "Re": "#d7457e", "Os": "#f465c2", "Ir": "#d7797b", "Pt": "#d7797b", "Au": "#d79f79", "Hg": "#d7d679", "Tl": "#b0d779", "Pb": "#d7d679", "Bi": "#d79f79", "Po": "#d7797b", "At": "#d79f79", "Rn": "#79d79c", "Fr": "#79b7d7", "Ra": "#79d79c", "Ac": "#b0d779", "Th": "#d7d679", "Pa": "#d79f79", "U": "#d7797b", "Np": "#d7457e", "Pu": "#d7457e", "Am": "#d7797b", "Cm": "#d7d679", "Bk": "#d7d679", "Cf": "#d7d679", "Es": "#b0d779", "Fm": "#b0d779", "Md": "#b0d779", "No": "#b0d779", "Lr": "#b0d779", "Rf": "#d7d679", "Db": "#ccc", "Sg": "#ccc", "Bh": "#ccc", "Hs": "#ccc", "Mt": "#ccc", "Ds": "#ccc", "Rg": "#ccc", "Cn": "#ccc", "Uut": "#ccc", "Fl": "#ccc", "Uup": "#ccc", "Lv": "#ccc", "Uus": "#ccc", "Uuo": "#ccc" }, "Crustal Abundance": { "key": { "10<sup>-1<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#1aff53", "10<sup>-2<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#33ff33", "10<sup>-3<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#79ff4d", "10<sup>-4<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#b3ff66", "10<sup>-5<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#dfff80", "10<sup>-6<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#ffff99", "10<sup>-7<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#ffecb3", "10<sup>-8<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#ffe6cc", "10<sup>-9<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#ffece6", "10<sup>-10<\/sup> or less kg\/kg range": "#ffffff" }, "desc": "<h2>Crustal Abundance<\/h2>Values from the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#79ff4d", "He": "#ffece6", "Li": "#dfff80", "Be": "#ffff99", "B": "#dfff80", "C": "#b3ff66", "N": "#dfff80", "O": "#1aff53", "F": "#b3ff66", "Ne": "#ffece6", "Na": "#33ff33", "Mg": "#33ff33", "Al": "#33ff33", "Si": "#1aff53", "P": "#79ff4d", "S": "#b3ff66", "Cl": "#b3ff66", "Ar": "#ffff99", "K": "#33ff33", "Ca": "#33ff33", "Sc": "#dfff80", "Ti": "#79ff4d", "V": "#b3ff66", "Cr": "#b3ff66", "Mn": "#b3ff66", "Fe": "#33ff33", "Co": "#dfff80", "Ni": "#dfff80", "Cu": "#dfff80", "Zn": "#dfff80", "Ga": "#dfff80", "Ge": "#ffff99", "As": "#ffff99", "Se": "#ffe6cc", "Br": "#ffff99", "Kr": "#ffffff", "Rb": "#dfff80", "Sr": "#b3ff66", "Y": "#dfff80", "Zr": "#b3ff66", "Nb": "#dfff80", "Mo": "#ffff99", "Ru": "#ffece6", "Rh": "#ffece6", "Pd": "#ffe6cc", "Ag": "#ffe6cc", "Cd": "#ffecb3", "In": "#ffecb3", "Sn": "#ffff99", "Sb": "#ffecb3", "Te": "#ffece6", "I": "#ffecb3", "Xe": "#ffffff", "Cs": "#ffff99", "Ba": "#b3ff66", "La": "#dfff80", "Ce": "#dfff80", "Pr": "#ffff99", "Nd": "#dfff80", "Sm": "#ffff99", "Eu": "#ffff99", "Gd": "#ffff99", "Tb": "#ffff99", "Dy": "#ffff99", "Ho": "#ffff99", "Er": "#ffff99", "Tm": "#ffecb3", "Yb": "#ffff99", "Lu": "#ffecb3", "Hf": "#ffff99", "Ta": "#ffff99", "W": "#ffff99", "Re": "#ffffff", "Os": "#ffece6", "Ir": "#ffece6", "Pt": "#ffece6", "Au": "#ffece6", "Hg": "#ffe6cc", "Tl": "#ffecb3", "Pb": "#dfff80", "Bi": "#ffece6", "Po": "#ffffff", "Rn": "#ffffff", "Ra": "#ffffff", "Ac": "#ffffff", "Th": "#ffff99", "Pa": "#ffffff", "U": "#ffff99" }, "Goldschmidt": { "key": { "Lithophile": "#ffbb77", "Siderophile": "#ff8ebb", "Chalcophile": "#fff888", "Atmophile": "#bbffff", "Not defined": "#ccc" }, "desc": "<h2>Goldschmidt Classification<\/h2>A geochemical classification of elements according to their preferred host phases into lithophile (rock-loving), siderophile (iron-loving), chalcophile (ore loving\/chalcogen loving) or atmophile (gas-loving). This lists the primary classification for each element.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#bbffff", "He": "#bbffff", "Li": "#ffbb77", "Be": "#ffbb77", "B": "#ffbb77", "C": "#bbffff", "N": "#bbffff", "O": "#ffbb77", "F": "#ffbb77", "Ne": "#bbffff", "Na": "#ffbb77", "Mg": "#ffbb77", "Al": "#ffbb77", "Si": "#ffbb77", "P": "#ffbb77", "S": "#fff888", "Cl": "#ffbb77", "Ar": "#bbffff", "K": "#ffbb77", "Ca": "#ffbb77", "Sc": "#ffbb77", "Ti": "#ffbb77", "V": "#ffbb77", "Cr": "#ffbb77", "Mn": "#ff8ebb", "Fe": "#ff8ebb", "Co": "#ff8ebb", "Ni": "#ff8ebb", "Cu": "#fff888", "Zn": "#fff888", "Ga": "#fff888", "Ge": "#fff888", "As": "#fff888", "Se": "#fff888", "Br": "#ffbb77", "Kr": "#bbffff", "Rb": "#ffbb77", "Sr": "#ffbb77", "Y": "#ffbb77", "Zr": "#ffbb77", "Nb": "#ffbb77", "Mo": "#ff8ebb", "Tc": "#ffbb77", "Ru": "#ff8ebb", "Rh": "#ff8ebb", "Pd": "#ff8ebb", "Ag": "#fff888", "Cd": "#fff888", "In": "#fff888", "Sn": "#fff888", "Sb": "#fff888", "Te": "#fff888", "I": "#ffbb77", "Xe": "#bbffff", "Cs": "#ffbb77", "Ba": "#ffbb77", "La": "#ffbb77", "Ce": "#ffbb77", "Pr": "#ffbb77", "Nd": "#ffbb77", "Pm": "#ffbb77", "Sm": "#ffbb77", "Eu": "#ffbb77", "Gd": "#ffbb77", "Tb": "#ffbb77", "Dy": "#ffbb77", "Ho": "#ffbb77", "Er": "#ffbb77", "Tm": "#ffbb77", "Yb": "#ffbb77", "Lu": "#ffbb77", "Hf": "#ffbb77", "Ta": "#ffbb77", "W": "#ffbb77", "Re": "#ff8ebb", "Os": "#ff8ebb", "Ir": "#ff8ebb", "Pt": "#ff8ebb", "Au": "#ff8ebb", "Hg": "#fff888", "Tl": "#fff888", "Pb": "#fff888", "Bi": "#fff888", "Po": "#fff888", "At": "#ffbb77", "Rn": "#bbffff", "Fr": "#ffbb77", "Ra": "#ffbb77", "Ac": "#ffbb77", "Th": "#ffbb77", "Pa": "#ffbb77", "U": "#ffbb77", "Np": "#ffbb77", "Pu": "#ffbb77" }, "Mineral Species": { "desc": "<h2>Mineral Species<\/h2>The number of minerals containing each element compared.", "key": { "3000+ minerals": "#ff8c80", "1000-2999 minerals": "#ffc266", "500-999 minerals": "#f0ff66", "100-499 minerals": "#75ff1a", "50-99 minerals": "#33ffcf", "20-49 minerals": "#99e4ff", "1-19 minerals": "#b3b8ff", "No minerals with element": "#ccc" }, "default": "#ccc", "H": "#ffc266", "Li": "#75ff1a", "Be": "#75ff1a", "B": "#75ff1a", "C": "#75ff1a", "N": "#75ff1a", "O": "#ff8c80", "F": "#75ff1a", "Na": "#ffc266", "Mg": "#f0ff66", "Al": "#ffc266", "Si": "#ffc266", "P": "#f0ff66", "S": "#ffc266", "Cl": "#75ff1a", "K": "#f0ff66", "Ca": "#ffc266", "Sc": "#b3b8ff", "Ti": "#75ff1a", "V": "#75ff1a", "Cr": "#33ffcf", "Mn": "#f0ff66", "Fe": "#ffc266", "Co": "#33ffcf", "Ni": "#75ff1a", "Cu": "#f0ff66", "Zn": "#75ff1a", "Ga": "#b3b8ff", "Ge": "#99e4ff", "As": "#f0ff66", "Se": "#75ff1a", "Br": "#b3b8ff", "Rb": "#b3b8ff", "Sr": "#75ff1a", "Y": "#75ff1a", "Zr": "#75ff1a", "Nb": "#75ff1a", "Mo": "#33ffcf", "Ru": "#b3b8ff", "Rh": "#b3b8ff", "Pd": "#33ffcf", "Ag": "#75ff1a", "Cd": "#99e4ff", "In": "#b3b8ff", "Sn": "#33ffcf", "Sb": "#75ff1a", "Te": "#75ff1a", "I": "#99e4ff", "Cs": "#99e4ff", "Ba": "#75ff1a", "La": "#33ffcf", "Ce": "#75ff1a", "Pr": "#b3b8ff", "Nd": "#33ffcf", "Sm": "#b3b8ff", "Gd": "#b3b8ff", "Dy": "#b3b8ff", "Yb": "#b3b8ff", "Hf": "#b3b8ff", "Ta": "#33ffcf", "W": "#99e4ff", "Re": "#b3b8ff", "Os": "#b3b8ff", "Ir": "#99e4ff", "Pt": "#99e4ff", "Au": "#99e4ff", "Hg": "#33ffcf", "Tl": "#33ffcf", "Pb": "#f0ff66", "Bi": "#75ff1a", "Th": "#99e4ff", "U": "#75ff1a", "": "#ff8c80" }, "Minerals with Si": { "desc": "<h2>Mineral Species<\/h2>Compared with the total number of minerals listed with Si we show how many of these minerals also contain each other element. A stronger shade of yellow indicates a greater percentage of Si minerals listed with the indicated element.", "key": { "Low number of Si minerals with element": "#fcfcfc", "Higher number of Si minerals with element": "#fcfc40", "No minerals with element and Si": "#ccc" }, "default": "#ccc", "O": "#ffd504", "H": "#ffe252", "Ca": "#ffec8d", "Al": "#ffee98", "Na": "#ffee9a", "Fe": "#fff3b9", "Mg": "#fff6c8", "K": "#fff6c9", "Mn": "#fff7ce", "F": "#fff8d7", "Ti": "#fff8d7", "Ba": "#fffbe7", "B": "#fffcec", "Cl": "#fffced", "Zr": "#fffcef", "Li": "#fffdf0", "Nb": "#fffdf0", "Ce": "#fffdf2", "Be": "#fffdf3", "Sr": "#fffdf4", "Y": "#fffdf5", "C": "#fffdf5", "S": "#fffdf5", "Zn": "#fffdf6", "Pb": "#fffef7", "V": "#fffef8", "P": "#fffef8", "Cu": "#fffef9", "La": "#fffef9", "As": "#fffefb", "U": "#fffefb", "Th": "#fffefb", "Cr": "#fffefc", "Sn": "#fffffd", "Cs": "#fffffd", "Nd": "#fffffd", "N": "#fffffd", "Ni": "#fffffd", "Sc": "#fffffe", "Sb": "#fffffe", "W": "#fffffe", "Yb": "#fffffe", "Rb": "#fffffe", "Bi": "#fffffe", "Ta": "#ffffff", "Te": "#ffffff", "Mo": "#ffffff", "Pd": "#ffffff", "Ge": "#ffffff", "Co": "#ffffff", "Pr": "#ffffff", "Gd": "#ffffff", "Hf": "#ffffff", "Dy": "#ffffff", "Hg": "#ffffff" }, "Relative Frequency": { "desc": [ "<h2>Relative Frequency<\/h2>Comparing the ratio of the number of mineral species listed with each element + Si with the ratio of all minerals listed with the element shows us which elements have a closer association with Si. See the 'Element Association' table to view raw data." ], "key": { "Lower ratio of Si minerals with element": "#fc4040", "Average ratio Si minerals with element": "#fcfcfc", "Higher ratio of Si minerals with element": "#40fc40", "No minerals with element and Si": "#ccc" }, "default": "#ccc", "O": "#e6ffe6", "H": "#e8ffe8", "Ca": "#b3ffb3", "Al": "#9dff9d", "Na": "#9cff9c", "Fe": "#edffed", "Mg": "#caffca", "K": "#9cff9c", "Mn": "#c3ffc3", "F": "#aaffaa", "Ti": "#9cff9c", "Ba": "#9cff9c", "B": "#d1ffd1", "Cl": "#fff7f7", "Zr": "#9cff9c", "Li": "#9cff9c", "Nb": "#beffbe", "Ce": "#c8ffc8", "Be": "#9cff9c", "Sr": "#c9ffc9", "Y": "#ceffce", "C": "#ffcdcd", "S": "#ffadad", "Zn": "#ffdcdc", "Pb": "#ffb9b9", "V": "#ffd8d8", "P": "#ffb1b1", "Cu": "#ffaeae", "La": "#daffda", "As": "#ffa8a8", "U": "#ffb8b8", "Th": "#caffca", "Cr": "#ffe1e1", "Sn": "#ffcccc", "Cs": "#a6ffa6", "Nd": "#ffe4e4", "N": "#ffbcbc", "Ni": "#ffaeae", "Sc": "#b4ffb4", "Sb": "#ffa5a5", "W": "#ffc5c5", "Yb": "#9cff9c", "Rb": "#9cff9c", "Bi": "#ff9f9f", "Ta": "#ffa4a4", "Te": "#ff9d9d", "Mo": "#ffa0a0", "Pd": "#ff9f9f", "Ge": "#ffa7a7", "Co": "#ff9f9f", "Pr": "#b4ffb4", "Gd": "#ffd5d5", "Hf": "#9cff9c", "Dy": "#fff2f2", "Hg": "#ff9e9e" } }; $(function() {eleactivate(permode); }); var timtam; $("#hideshow").change(function(){ if($(this).is(":checked")) { $("A[name=Si]").addClass('eleselected'); } else { $("A[name=Si]").removeClass('eleselected'); } }) function eleactivate(key) { var ele; var keydesc; var col; var def = peropts[key]["default"]; if(!def) def="#f8f8f8"; $("#chemtdesc").fadeOut(500,function() { $(this).html(peropts[key]["desc"]); $(this).fadeIn(500); }); $(".ptkey").fadeOut(500,function() { var cont = "<h2>Key</h2>"; // "key"=>array("Found in minerals"=>"#fcfcfc","Not found"=>"#ccc"), var keys = Object.keys(peropts[key]["key"]); for(keydes in peropts[key]["key"]) { col=peropts[key]["key"][keydes]; cont+="<div class='keyentry'><span style='background-color: "+col+"; '></span>"+keydes+"</div>"; } $(this).html(cont); $(this).fadeIn(500); }) if(timtam) clearTimeout(timtam); $(".elem A").each(function(index) { ele = $(this).attr('name'); col = peropts[key][ele]; $(this).css('-webkit-transition', 'background 0.5s linear'); $(this).css('-o-transition', 'background 0.5s linear'); $(this).css('-mozilla-transition', 'background 0.5s linear'); $(this).css('transition', 'background 0.5s linear'); if(col) $(this).css('background-color',col); else $(this).css('background-color',def); }); timtam = setTimeout(function() { $(".elem A").css('-webkit-transition', 'none !important'); $(".elem A").css('-o-transition', 'none !important'); $(".elem A").css('-mozilla-transition', 'none !important'); $(".elem A").css('transition', 'none !important'); },1000); } $("A[name=Si]").addClass('eleselected'); </script> <div class="ptkey"><div></div></div><div class="ptbuttons"><span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Default")">Default</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Categories")">Categories</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("CPK")">CPK</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Electronegativity")">Electronegativity</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Atomic Radius")">Atomic Radius</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Lowest Oxidation")">Lowest Oxidation</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Highest Oxidation")">Highest Oxidation</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Crustal Abundance")">Crustal Abundance</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Goldschmidt")">Goldschmidt</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Mineral Species")">Mineral Species</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Minerals with Si")">Minerals with Si</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Relative Frequency")">Relative Frequency</span> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Aluminium">Aluminium</a> << <b>Silicon</b> >> <a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/element/Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></td></tr></table></div><div class="clearer"></div><br><br><table class="mindattable elebh2" style="width: 100%"><tr><th class="eleh3">Most widespread minerals containing Silicon</th><tr><tr><td>This list of minerals containing Silicon is built from the mindat.org locality database. This is based on the number of localities entered for mineral species and is therefore slanted towards minerals interesting to collectors with less coverage of common rock-forming-minerals so it does not give an undistorted distribution of Silicon mineral species. It is more useful when comparing rare species rather than common species.</td></tr><table class="mindattable" style="width: 100%"><tr><th>Name</th><th>Formula</th><th>Crystal System</th><th>Mindat Localities</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-3337.html">Quartz</a></td><td><span>SiO<sub>2</sub></span></td><td>Trigonal</td><td>49964</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-2815.html">Muscovite</a></td><td><span>KAl<sub>2</sub>(AlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub>)(OH)<sub>2</sub></span></td><td>Monoclinic</td><td>9159</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-1389.html">Epidote</a></td><td><span>{Ca<sub>2</sub>}{Al<sub>2</sub>Fe<sup>3+</sup>}(Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>)(SiO<sub>4</sub>)O(OH)</span></td><td>Monoclinic</td><td>7520</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-96.html">Albite</a></td><td><span>Na(AlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>)</span></td><td>Triclinic</td><td>6970</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-4421.html">Zircon</a></td><td><span>Zr(SiO<sub>4</sub>)</span></td><td>Tetragonal</td><td>4553</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-2704.html">Microcline</a></td><td><span>K(AlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>)</span></td><td>Triclinic</td><td>4468</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-2156.html">Kaolinite</a></td><td><span>Al<sub>2</sub>(Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)(OH)<sub>4</sub></span></td><td>Triclinic</td><td>4459</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-3977.html">Titanite</a></td><td><span>CaTi(SiO<sub>4</sub>)O</span></td><td>Monoclinic</td><td>4427</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-819.html">Beryl</a></td><td><span>Be<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(Si<sub>6</sub>O<sub>18</sub>)</span></td><td>Hexagonal</td><td>3657</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-1294.html">Diopside</a></td><td><span>CaMgSi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub></span></td><td>Monoclinic</td><td>3607</td></tr></table><table class="mindattable elephotostrip" style="width: 100%"><tr><th>Photos</th></tr><tr><td><div class="newpicbox hidetablet hidephone"><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 210px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-256.html"><img width="210" height="241" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/289h331-017043300973725236.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-3337.html">Quartz</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-4560.html">Mt Ida, Montgomery Co., Arkansas, USA</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 249px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-70800.html"><img width="249" height="241" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/289h279-0393724001155652558.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-2815.html">Muscovite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-407.html">Linópolis, Divino das Laranjeiras, Doce valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 183px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-2104.html"><img width="183" height="241" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/289h380-0146436001008714512.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-1389.html">Epidote</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-5734.html">Tormiq valley, Haramosh Mts., Skardu District, Baltistan, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 322px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-247096.html"><img width="322" height="241" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/-0793076001250862081.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-96.html">Albite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-20466.html">Lohning quarry, Hüttwinkl valley, Rauris valley, Hohe Tauern, Salzburg, Austria</a></div></div><div class="clearer"></div></div><div class="newpicbox hidephone hidepc"><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 140px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-256.html"><img width="140" height="161" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/289h331-017043300973725236.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-3337.html">Quartz</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-4560.html">Mt Ida, Montgomery Co., Arkansas, USA</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 166px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-70800.html"><img width="166" height="161" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/289h279-0393724001155652558.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-2815.html">Muscovite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-407.html">Linópolis, Divino das Laranjeiras, Doce valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 122px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-2104.html"><img width="122" height="161" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/289h380-0146436001008714512.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-1389.html">Epidote</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-5734.html">Tormiq valley, Haramosh Mts., Skardu District, Baltistan, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 214px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-247096.html"><img width="214" height="161" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/-0793076001250862081.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-96.html">Albite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-20466.html">Lohning quarry, Hüttwinkl valley, Rauris valley, Hohe Tauern, Salzburg, Austria</a></div></div><div class="clearer"></div></div><div class="newpicbox hidepc hidetablet"><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 287px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-256.html"><img width="287" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/289h331-017043300973725236.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-3337.html">Quartz</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-4560.html">Mt Ida, Montgomery Co., Arkansas, USA</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 287px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-70800.html"><img width="287" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/289h279-0393724001155652558.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-2815.html">Muscovite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-407.html">Linópolis, Divino das Laranjeiras, Doce valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 287px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-2104.html"><img width="287" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/289h380-0146436001008714512.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-1389.html">Epidote</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-5734.html">Tormiq valley, Haramosh Mts., Skardu District, Baltistan, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 287px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-247096.html"><img width="287" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/-0793076001250862081.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-96.html">Albite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-20466.html">Lohning quarry, Hüttwinkl valley, Rauris valley, Hohe Tauern, Salzburg, Austria</a></div></div><div class="clearer"></div></div></td></tr></table><br/><table class="mindattable elebh2" style="width: 100%;"><tr><th class="eleh2">Localities with greatest number of different Silicon mineral species</th></tr><tr><td><div id="elegmap2">map should go here</div><table id="diffminlocs"><tr><th><b>1</b></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-599.html">Poudrette quarry (Demix quarry; Uni-Mix quarry; Desourdy quarry; Carrière Mont Saint-Hilaire), Mont Saint-Hilaire, La Vallée-du-Richelieu RCM, Montérégie, Québec, Canada</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>221</strong> Si minerals</td></tr><tr><th><b>2</b></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-1793.html">Caspar quarry, Bellerberg volcano, Ettringen, Mayen, Eifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>115</strong> Si minerals</td></tr><tr><th><b>3</b></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-3167.html">Långban, Filipstad, Värmland, Sweden</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>112</strong> Si minerals</td></tr><tr><th></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-4302.html">Ilímaussaq complex, Narsaq, Kujalleq, Greenland</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>102</strong> Si minerals</td></tr><tr><th><b>5</b></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-3241.html">Darai-Pioz Glacier (Dara-i-Pioz; Dara-Pioz), Alai Range (Alayskiy), Tien Shan Mtn, Region of Republican Subordination, Tajikistan</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>99</strong> Si minerals</td></tr><tr><th><b>6</b></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-8541.html">Franklin Mine, Franklin, Franklin Mining District, Sussex Co., New Jersey, USA</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>93</strong> Si minerals</td></tr><tr><th></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-2642.html">Aldan Shield, Sakha Republic (Saha Republic; Yakutia), Eastern-Siberian Region, Russia</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>90</strong> Si minerals</td></tr><tr><th></th><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-2675.html">Kukisvumchorr Mt, Khibiny Massif, Kola Peninsula, Murmanskaja Oblast', Northern Region, Russia</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>85</strong> Si minerals</td></tr></table><script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003406js_/http://maps.google.com/maps/api/js"></script> <script> var map2; $(function() { var c = new google.maps.LatLng(0,0); var bounds2 = new google.maps.LatLngBounds(); var myOptions = { scrollwheel: false, center: c, zoom: 1, mapTypeId: google.maps.MapTypeId.ROADMAP } map2 = new google.maps.Map(document.getElementById("elegmap2"), myOptions); var pnt = new google.maps.Point(3,30); var image = '/js/markers/purpleblank.png'; var myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(45.5627777778,-73.1416666667); bounds2.extend(myLatlng); var bmarker1 = new google.maps.Marker({ position: myLatlng, map: map2, icon: image, label: { color: 'white', text: "1"}, title: 'Poudrette quarry (Demix quarry; Uni-Mix quarry; Desourdy quarry; Carrière Mont Saint-Hilaire), Mont Saint-Hilaire, La Vallée-du-Richelieu RCM, Montérégie, Québec, Canada'}); var myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(50.3516666667,7.23388888889); bounds2.extend(myLatlng); var bmarker2 = new google.maps.Marker({ position: myLatlng, map: map2, icon: image, label: { color: 'white', text: "2"}, title: 'Caspar quarry, Bellerberg volcano, Ettringen, Mayen, Eifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany'}); var myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(59.8536111111,14.2594444444); bounds2.extend(myLatlng); var bmarker3 = new google.maps.Marker({ position: myLatlng, map: map2, icon: image, label: { color: 'white', text: "3"}, title: 'Långban, Filipstad, Värmland, Sweden'}); var myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(39.4666666667,70.7); bounds2.extend(myLatlng); var bmarker5 = new google.maps.Marker({ position: myLatlng, map: map2, icon: image, label: { color: 'white', text: "5"}, title: 'Darai-Pioz Glacier (Dara-i-Pioz; Dara-Pioz), Alai Range (Alayskiy), Tien Shan Mtn, Region of Republican Subordination, Tajikistan'}); var myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(41.1158333333,-74.5875); bounds2.extend(myLatlng); var bmarker6 = new google.maps.Marker({ position: myLatlng, map: map2, icon: image, label: { color: 'white', text: "6"}, title: 'Franklin Mine, Franklin, Franklin Mining District, Sussex Co., New Jersey, USA'}); map2.fitBounds(bounds2); }); </script> </td></tr></table><br><br><table class="mindattable elebh2" style="width: 100%"><tr><th class="eleh3">Important ores of Silicon</th><tr><tr><td>High quality silica (quartz) is to produce silicon metal by reacting it with wood, charcoal and coal in an electric arc furnace at temperatures over 1,900 °C.<br/> <br/> The reaction is: <span>SiO<sub>2</sub> + 2C -> Si + 2CO</span></td></tr><table class="mindattable" style="width: 100%"><tr><th>Name</th><th>Formula</th><th>Crystal System</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-3337.html">Quartz</a></td><td><span>SiO<sub>2</sub></span></td><td>Trigonal</td></tr></table><table class="mindattable elephotostrip" style="width: 100%"><tr><th>Photos</th></tr><tr><td><div class="newpicbox hidetablet hidephone"><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 189px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-398280.html"><img width="189" height="285" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/189h285-00906630013104965498261.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-3337.html">Quartz</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-4010.html">Herkimer Co., New York, USA</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 395px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-189962.html"><img width="395" height="285" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/395h285-0725503001223988702.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-3337.html">Quartz</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-192429.html">Breznica pod Lubnikom, Slovenia</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 186px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-9977.html"><img width="186" height="285" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/186h285-0289022001051326072.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-3337.html">Quartz</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-16134.html">Hot Spring Co., Arkansas, USA</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 194px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-159994.html"><img width="194" height="285" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/194h285-0987402001207400375.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-3337.html">Quartz</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-3408.html">Hot Springs, Garland Co., Arkansas, USA</a></div></div><div class="clearer"></div></div><div class="newpicbox hidephone hidepc"><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 126px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-398280.html"><img width="126" height="190" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/189h285-00906630013104965498261.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-3337.html">Quartz</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-4010.html">Herkimer Co., New York, USA</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 263px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-189962.html"><img width="263" height="190" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/395h285-0725503001223988702.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-3337.html">Quartz</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-192429.html">Breznica pod Lubnikom, Slovenia</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 124px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-9977.html"><img width="124" height="190" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/186h285-0289022001051326072.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-3337.html">Quartz</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-16134.html">Hot Spring Co., Arkansas, USA</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 129px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-159994.html"><img width="129" height="190" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/194h285-0987402001207400375.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-3337.html">Quartz</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-3408.html">Hot Springs, Garland Co., Arkansas, USA</a></div></div><div class="clearer"></div></div><div class="newpicbox hidepc hidetablet"><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 287px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-398280.html"><img width="287" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/287-00906630013104965498261.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-3337.html">Quartz</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-4010.html">Herkimer Co., New York, USA</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 287px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-189962.html"><img width="287" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/395h285-0725503001223988702.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-3337.html">Quartz</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-192429.html">Breznica pod Lubnikom, Slovenia</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 287px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-9977.html"><img width="287" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/287-0289022001051326072.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-3337.html">Quartz</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-16134.html">Hot Spring Co., Arkansas, USA</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 287px;"><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/photo-159994.html"><img width="287" src="/web/20161104003406im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/287-0987402001207400375.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/min-3337.html">Quartz</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161104003406/http://www.mindat.org/loc-3408.html">Hot Springs, Garland Co., Arkansas, USA</a></div></div><div class="clearer"></div></div></td></tr></table><div class="clearer"></div><div id="element_smallprint"><br><br><b>Spotted a mistake/omission?</b> - These pages are a work in progress, so please send all comments/corrections to <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003406/mailto:jolyon@mindat.org">jolyon@mindat.org</a>. Thank you.</br><br> Constants and physical property data from:<br><br> David R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005).<br> Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants (2005). Section 3.1.3, Abundances of the elements<br> A. Earnshaw, N. Greenwood, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (1997)<br> Thomas J. Ahrens (ed.), Global Earth Physics : A Handbook of Physical Constants, American Geophysical Union (1995)<br> L.B. Railsback, An Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions : Geology 31:9 p737-740 (2003)<br> Emsley, J. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. 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Silicon: The mineralogy of Silicon