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<span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns_and_person_markers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns_and_person_markers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pronouns and person markers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns_and_person_markers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Independent_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Independent pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preverbal_subject_pronouns_and_suffixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preverbal_subject_pronouns_and_suffixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Preverbal subject pronouns and suffixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preverbal_subject_pronouns_and_suffixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reflexive_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflexive_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Reflexive pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflexive_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstrative_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Demonstrative pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possessive_constructions" 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class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Merei-Tiale language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitiale" title="Kitiale – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitiale" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Tiale" title="Lenga Tiale – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Tiale" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Малмарив – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Малмарив" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lametin_language&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Lametin language">Lametin language</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Austronesian language spoken in Vanuatu</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Merei</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Malmariv</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Espiritu Santo Island">Espiritu Santo Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(800 cited 1997–2001)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern Oceanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_Vanuatu_languages" title="North-Central Vanuatu languages">North-Central Vanuatu</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North Vanuatu</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo_languages" title="Espiritu Santo languages">Espiritu Santo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Merei</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Either:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mnl" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mnl">mnl</a></code> – Tiale<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/lmb" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:lmb">lmb</a></code> – Merei</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tial1239">tial1239</a></code>  Tiale<br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mere1242">mere1242</a></code>  Merei</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10780">Merei</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_80-VU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/320px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/480px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/640px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Malmariv is classified as Vulnerable by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Merei</b> or <b>Malmariv</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic language</a> spoken in north central <a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Espiritu Santo Island">Espiritu Santo Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>. </p><p>There are two varieties, Tiale, or Malmariv, and Merei, or Lametin. They are mutually intelligible according to a comparison of 234 words, which showed 94.87% cognate similarity.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are an estimated 800 speakers of Malmariv-Merei or Tiale-Lametin.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merei, as well as Tiale, are both spoken by roughly 60% of the children in the villages. The members of the population have a positive attitude towards the threatened language, with Merei being spoken by approximately 400 people as a mother tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are at least four villages where Merei is spoken, Angoru, Navele, Tombet and Vusvogo. These villages are located between the Ora and Lape rivers in the central area of Espiritu Santo Island.<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Merei is an <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object_word_order" title="Subject–verb–object word order">SVO</a> language, aligning itself with many of the typical Oceanic features. Subject pronouns, modality, and aspect markers occur preverbally, object pronouns and aspect adverbs follow the verb, and possessives are divided into direct and indirect (or inalienable and alienable respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merei-Tiale_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Merei has a phoneme inventory consisting of sixteen consonants and five vowels. The combinations of vowels can form nine diphthongs.<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merei-Tiale_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>prenasalized</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵐb</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿd</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑg</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is also a consonant previously listed in the consonant chart written as |pm|. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merei-Tiale_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Merei has a common 5 vowel system that languages like Spanish have. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Diphthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>a </th> <th>e </th> <th>i </th> <th>o </th> <th>u </th></tr> <tr> <th>a </th> <td> </td> <td>ae </td> <td>ai </td> <td>ao </td> <td>au </td></tr> <tr> <th>e </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ei </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>i </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>o </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>oi </td> <td> </td> <td>ou </td></tr> <tr> <th>u </th> <td> </td> <td>ue </td> <td>ui </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merei-Tiale_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns_and_person_markers">Pronouns and person markers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merei-Tiale_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pronouns and person markers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pronominal system contains two free-form categories, independent pronouns and preverbal subject pronouns, and two bound categories, object pronominal suffix and possessive pronominal suffix. No gender or animate distinction is made. Pronouns only have animate reference.<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pronominal system makes a distinction between first, second and third persons. Singular, dual, and plural are marked by number. First person dual and plural makes the distinction between inclusive and exclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independent_pronouns">Independent pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merei-Tiale_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Independent pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Independent pronouns<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Dual </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th>inclusive </th> <td rowspan="2">nao </td> <td>de rua </td> <td>de </td></tr> <tr> <th>exclusive </th> <td>gamau rua </td> <td>gamau </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td>go </td> <td>gami rua </td> <td>gami </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">3rd person </th> <td>nie </td> <td>ire rua </td> <td>ire </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In this example we see the 2nd person independent pronoun being used as a speech act of invitation. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(1<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="personal noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">go</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">i go</p><p style="display: none;">ART.PN 2SG</p><p style="clear: left;">'You (eat it).' (as one is giving you food).</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Example 2 shows use of the first person plural exclusive independent pronoun <span title="Tiale-language romanization"><i lang="mnl-Latn">gamau</i></span>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(2<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Kam</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ta</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REAL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">usi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ask</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ko</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">arongo/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">today</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ko</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sio</p><p style="margin: 0px;">down</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">peser</p><p style="margin: 0px;">with</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="personal noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gamau</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="exclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EX</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tui.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perlative case ('per', 'using')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PER</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Kam ta usi ko arongo/ ko sio peser i gamau tui.</p><p style="display: none;">2PL REAL ask 2SG today 2SG down with ART.PN EX.PL PER</p><p style="clear: left;">'We asked you today for you to stay with us.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preverbal_subject_pronouns_and_suffixes">Preverbal subject pronouns and suffixes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merei-Tiale_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Preverbal subject pronouns and suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Preverbal subject pronouns<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Dual </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th>inclusive </th> <td rowspan="2">na/nam </td> <td>tera </td> <td>te </td></tr> <tr> <th>exclusive </th> <td>kamara </td> <td>kama </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td>ko </td> <td>kamra </td> <td>kam </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">3rd person </th> <td colspan="3">Ø </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Object pronominal suffix<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Dual </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th>inclusive </th> <td rowspan="2">-iau </td> <td>-da rau </td> <td>-da </td></tr> <tr> <th>exclusive </th> <td>-mau rua </td> <td>-mau </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td>-ko </td> <td>-mi rua </td> <td>-mi </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">3rd person </th> <td>Ø </td> <td>-ra rua </td> <td>-ra </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Example 3 below uses the preverbal subject pronoun <i>nam</i> and the possessive pronominal suffix -<i>gu</i>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(3<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nam</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ta</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REAL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">make</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="common noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jingo-m</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mouth-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ko</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ta</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REAL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">make</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="common noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sala-gu.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">road-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.</p></div><p style="display: none;">Nam ta tai ia jingo-m ko ta tai ia sala-gu.</p><p style="display: none;">1SG REAL make ART.CN mouth-2SG 2SG REAL make ART.CN road-1SG.</p><p style="clear: left;">‘I make your mouth and you make my road.’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Example 4 below demonstrates the absence of a 3rd person singular preverbal subject pronoun and also contains the 3rd person plural pronominal suffix <i>-ra.</i> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(4<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ø</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ta</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REAL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">vai-ra</p><p style="margin: 0px;">make-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mate.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">died.</p></div><p style="display: none;">Ø ta vai-ra mate.</p><p style="display: none;">3SG REAL make-3PL died.</p><p style="clear: left;">‘He cause them to die.’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reflexive_pronouns">Reflexive pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merei-Tiale_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reflexive pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reflexive pronouns are formed from the root <i>nese</i>- followed by a possessive pronominal suffix. It can be used in concurrence with the free pronoun and is often followed by the free particle <i>nga</i> 'only' as seen in example 5 and 6 below. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(5<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">I</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="personal noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nau</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nese-gu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">self-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nga</p><p style="margin: 0px;">only</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nam</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ta</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REAL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sioto.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">stay.</p></div><p style="display: none;">I nau nese-gu nga nam ta sioto.</p><p style="display: none;">ART.PN 1SG self-1SG only 1SG REAL stay.</p><p style="clear: left;">‘Just I myself stay.’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(6<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nam</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ta</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REAL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jip</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cut</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nese-gu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">self-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nga.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">only.</p></div><p style="display: none;">Nam ta jip nese-gu nga.</p><p style="display: none;">1SG REAL cut self-1SG only.</p><p style="clear: left;">‘I cut myself.’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demonstrative_pronouns">Demonstrative pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merei-Tiale_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demonstrative pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Demonstrative pronouns consist of a mix of locational adverbs and third person pronouns. They have three possible functions: they can occupy the whole noun phrase slot, act as an independent nominal argument or be placed at the end of a noun phrase to modify the noun-head.<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The classifications of demonstrative adverbs are based on two aspects: speaker-hearer reference and spatial reference.<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td>close to both speaker and hearer </td> <td><i>get-nie</i> </td> <td><i>get-ire</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>close to the speaker </td> <td><i>na-nie</i> </td> <td><i>na-ire</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>close to the hearer </td> <td><i>gata-nie</i> </td> <td><i>gata-ire</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>uncertain/not visible </td> <td><i>ani-nie</i> </td> <td><i>ani-ire</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Shows <i>get-nie</i> a speaker hearer referenced demonstrative pronoun: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(7<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Get-nie</p><p style="margin: 0px;">this</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="common noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sava?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">what</p></div><p style="display: none;">Get-nie ia sava?</p><p style="display: none;">this ART.CN what</p><p style="clear: left;">'What is this?'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Shows get-ire a speaker hearer referenced demonstrative pronoun: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(8<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Iadu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="common noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CN</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tese</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">get-ire</p><p style="margin: 0px;">these</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tato</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REAL</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">toma?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">what.happen</p></div><p style="display: none;">Iadu tese get-ire tato toma?</p><p style="display: none;">ART.CN.PL man these REAL:3PL what.happen</p><p style="clear: left;">'What are these men doing?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Spatial reference demonstrative pronouns are formed by the third person independent pronouns, <i>nie</i> and <i>ire</i> when linked to spatial adverbial adverbs.<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>Proximal </th> <th>Intermediate </th> <th>Distal </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">ascending direction </th> <th>singular </th> <td>ai-sa-nie </td> <td>ma-ja-nie </td> <td>le-sa-nie </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>ai-sa-ire </td> <td>ma-ja-ire </td> <td>le-sa-ire </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">at same level </th> <th>singular </th> <td>ai-va-nie </td> <td>ai-va-nie/le-va-nie </td> <td>le-va-nie </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>ai-va-ire </td> <td>ai-va-ire/le-va-ire </td> <td>le-va-ire </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">descending direction </th> <th>singular </th> <td>ai-sio-nie </td> <td>ma-jio-nie </td> <td>le-sio-nie </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>ai-sio-ire </td> <td>ma-jio-ire </td> <td>e-sio-ire </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(9<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">leva-nie</p><p style="margin: 0px;">far.horizontal.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">leva-nie</p><p style="display: none;">far.horizontal.3SG</p><p style="clear: left;">'That far horizontal'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(10<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">la</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="common noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tese</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">leva-nie</p><p style="margin: 0px;">far.horizontal-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ø</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ta</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REAL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">logologo.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bad.</p></div><p style="display: none;">la tese leva-nie Ø ta logologo.</p><p style="display: none;">ART.CN man far.horizontal-3SG 3SG REAL bad.</p><p style="clear: left;">'That man is bad' (referring to a man who is a long way from the speaker)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Possessive_constructions">Possessive constructions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merei-Tiale_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Possessive constructions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Possessive pronominal suffix<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Dual </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th>inclusive </th> <td rowspan="2">-gu </td> <td>-da rua </td> <td>-da </td></tr> <tr> <th>exclusive </th> <td>-mau rua </td> <td>-mau </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td>-m </td> <td>-mi rua </td> <td>-mi </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">3rd person </th> <td>-na </td> <td>-ra rua </td> <td>-ra </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the Malmariv language, there are two possessive formations, direct and indirect. In certain situations, both of them are simultaneously possible. When in this predicament, if the possessed is more closely linked to the possessor, then it is classed as direct poIndirect Possessiond to indirect possession. </p><p>The possessive construction of the Merei language is typical Oceanic. There are different types of the classifiers and genitive prepositions of indirect possessive according to the edibility of the noun heads,<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however the word for tattoo ‘<i>bur’</i> is an exception to the edible noun class. </p><p>Pronominal object suffixes and non-singular pronominal possessive suffixes are practically identical. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Direct_possession">Direct possession</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merei-Tiale_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Direct possession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In direct pronominal possession a possessed inalienable noun head is followed by a poBoth Direct and Indirect Possession shown in table 4 above.<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of formation is normally related with body parts, familial terms, and relationships between location and part-whole connections. </p><p>Examples 11, 12 and 13 show the relative possessive pronominal suffix pairing with the possessed noun. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(11<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="common noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mata-m</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eye-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ia mata-m</p><p style="display: none;">ART.CN eye-2SG</p><p style="clear: left;">‘your eye’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(12<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="personal noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nanu-gu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">child-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">i nanu-gu</p><p style="display: none;">ART.PN child-1SG</p><p style="clear: left;">‘my child’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(13<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">la</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="temporal case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TEMP</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="preposition, prepositional case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PREP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">vsa-na</p><p style="margin: 0px;">top-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">la vsa-na</p><p style="display: none;">LOC.TEMP.PREP top-3SG</p><p style="clear: left;">‘on its top’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The directly possessed noun is followed by the possessor noun phrase when the possessor is a nominal. This is shown in examples 14, 15 and 16. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(13<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="common noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">natu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">child</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="common noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pig</p></div><p style="display: none;">ia natu ia bo</p><p style="display: none;">ART.CN child ART.CN pig</p><p style="clear: left;">'the pigs child'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(13<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="common noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lma</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hand</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="personal noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Pita</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Pita</p></div><p style="display: none;">ia lma i Pita</p><p style="display: none;">ART.CN hand ART.PN Pita</p><p style="clear: left;">'Peter's hand'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(13<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="personal noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rabui</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mother</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="personal noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Pita</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Pita</p></div><p style="display: none;">i rabui i Pita</p><p style="display: none;">ART.PN mother ART.PN Pita</p><p style="clear: left;">‘Peter’s mother'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Indirect_Possession">Indirect Possession</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merei-Tiale_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Indirect Possession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With indirect pronominal possession, there is a <a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Possessive Classifier</a> that precedes the indirectly possessed alienable noun head. The Possessive Classifier for inedible nouns is <i>nou-</i> (POSSC.I), and <i>a-</i> (or less commonly <i>na-</i>) for edible and drinkable nouns (POSSC.E), followed by the possessive pronominal suffix.<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Example 17 shows the Possessive Classifier for inedible nouns </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(17<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nou-gu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inedible" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INED</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">uma</p><p style="margin: 0px;">garden</p></div><p style="display: none;">nou-gu uma</p><p style="display: none;">POSS.INED-1SG garden</p><p style="clear: left;">‘my garden’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Example 18 shows the Possessive Classifier for edible and drinkable nouns </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(18<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a-gu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="edible" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ED</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sna</p><p style="margin: 0px;">yam</p></div><p style="display: none;">a-gu sna</p><p style="display: none;">POSS.ED-1SG yam</p><p style="clear: left;">‘my yam’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In indirect nominal possession the indirectly possessive noun head is followed by a genitive preposition, <i>nui</i> for inedible (GEN.I) and <i>nai</i> for edible (GEN.E), which are followed by the possessor noun.<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Example 19 shows the genitive preposition for inedible nouns </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(19<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="common noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pig</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nui</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inedible" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INED</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Loretta</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Loretta</p></div><p style="display: none;">ia bo nui Loretta</p><p style="display: none;">ART.CN pig GEN.INED Loretta</p><p style="clear: left;">'Loretta's pig'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Example 20 shows the genitive preposition for edible nouns </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(20<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="common noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sei-beda</p><p style="margin: 0px;">piece-taro</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nai</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="edible" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ED</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Loretta</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Loretta</p></div><p style="display: none;">ia sei-beda nai Loretta</p><p style="display: none;">ART.CN piece-taro GEN.ED Loretta</p><p style="clear: left;">'Loretta's taro-piece'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The benefactive preposition <i>sei</i> can also function as genitive preposition. it operates as part of the noun phrase and functions like a descriptive normal modifier or a possessive construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(21<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="common noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tese</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sei</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="benefactive case ('for')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">BEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Vila</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Vila</p></div><p style="display: none;">ia tese sei Vila</p><p style="display: none;">ART.CN man BEN Vila</p><p style="clear: left;">'the man from Vila'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Both_Direct_and_Indirect_Possession">Both Direct and Indirect Possession</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merei-Tiale_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Both Direct and Indirect Possession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Oceanic languages have the ability to possess nouns both directly and indirectly. This difference in possession changes the meaning of the nouns affected. In indirect possession, the relationship between the possessed and the possessor is not as close as the direct possessive.<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples 22 and 23 below show the difference that indirect and direct possession have on the noun 'night'. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(22<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="common noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nou-gu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inedible" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INED</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bong</p><p style="margin: 0px;">night</p></div><p style="display: none;">ia nou-gu bong</p><p style="display: none;">ART.CN POSS.INED night</p><p style="clear: left;">'my night' (the day of celebration for me)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(23<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="common noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bong</p><p style="margin: 0px;">night</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="personal noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="common noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">vla</p><p style="margin: 0px;">month</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ø</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ta</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REAL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ese</p><p style="margin: 0px;">one</p></div><p style="display: none;">ia bong i ia vla Ø ta ese</p><p style="display: none;">ART.CN night ART.PN ART.CN month 3SG REAL one</p><p style="clear: left;">'the first day of the month'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The following examples show the difference that indirect and direct possession have on the noun 'road'. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(24<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="common noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nou-gu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inedible" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INED</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sala</p><p style="margin: 0px;">road</p></div><p style="display: none;">ia nou-gu sala</p><p style="display: none;">ART.CN POSS.INED road</p><p style="clear: left;">‘my road’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(25<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="common noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sala-gu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">road-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ia sala-gu</p><p style="display: none;">ART.CN road-1SG</p><p style="clear: left;">‘my way’ (way of going or doing thing)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negation_and_Modality">Negation and Modality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merei-Tiale_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Negation and Modality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Negation is closely related to Modality in Merei, and negation can be considered a propositional modality<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (cited in,<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup>). Thus it is useful to discuss the two in the same section. There are three modalities in Merei, realis (R), presupposition (PSP), and irrealis (IRR).<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Modality markers<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">Positive </th> <th colspan="2">Negative </th></tr> <tr> <th>Realis </th> <th>Presupposition </th> <th>Irrealis </th> <th>Presupposition </th> <th>Realis/Irrealis </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Non-third person </th> <td>ta </td> <td>ø </td> <td> </td> <td>tei </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Third Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <td>ta </td> <td>a </td> <td>mo </td> <td>atei </td> <td>motei/mutei </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dual </th> <td>tara </td> <td>ara </td> <td>mora </td> <td>aratei </td> <td>moratei </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plural </th> <td>tato </td> <td>ato </td> <td>moto </td> <td>ateita </td> <td>moteita/muteita </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All non-third person forms of negative modality markers share the same form <i>tei</i>. The third person singular and dual negative forms can be formed by adding <i>tei</i> to the end of the positive form, whereas in the plural <i>tei</i> is added to the suffix -<i>ta</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> </p><p>Negative third person dual irrealis modality: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(p. 40)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="common noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">esio</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kingfisher</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">peser</p><p style="margin: 0px;">with</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="common noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">maji</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fish</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">moratei</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="irrealis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IRR</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, dual" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3D</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">vai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">do</p></div><p style="display: none;">Ia esio peser ia maji moratei vai</p><p style="display: none;">ART.CN kingfisher with ART.CN fish IRR.3D.NEG do</p><p style="clear: left;">'The kingfisher and the fish did not do (it)'<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Negation in <a href="/wiki/Verbless_clause" title="Verbless clause">verbless equative clauses</a> is marked by the irrealis marker <i>mo</i> or <i>mu</i> followed by the negative marker <i>tei.</i> This comes before the second noun phrase, the particle <i>mo</i> or <i>mu</i> is used for all persons.<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(p. 37)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">I</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="personal noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nau</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">motei</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="irrealis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IRR</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="common noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tasale</p><p style="margin: 0px;">white-man</p></div><p style="display: none;">I nau motei na tasale</p><p style="display: none;">ART.PN 1 IRR.3.NEG ART.CN white-man</p><p style="clear: left;">'I am not a white-man'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(p. 38)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">I</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="personal noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nie</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">motei</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="irrealis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IRR</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="common noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tija</p><p style="margin: 0px;">teacher</p></div><p style="display: none;">I nie motei na tija</p><p style="display: none;">ART.PN 3 IRR.3.NEG ART.CN teacher</p><p style="clear: left;">'He is not a teacher'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Negative existential clauses are formed in Merei by following the basic intransitive structure of a verbal clause. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Verbal clause structure<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>(Subject noun phrase) </td> <td>Verb phrase </td> <td>(Object noun phrase) </td> <td>(Prepositional phrase) </td> <td>(Location phrase) </td> <td>(Time phrase) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>To form a negative existential clause the predicate slot is replaced by the verb <i>va</i> 'go' which is followed by the negative deictic <i>merei</i> and the clause takes only a single subject.<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup> </p><p>Existential clause<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(p. 38)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="common noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pig</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ø</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ta</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REAL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dauva</p><p style="margin: 0px;">exist</p></div><p style="display: none;">Ia bo ø ta dauva</p><p style="display: none;">ART.CN pig 3SG REAL exist</p><p style="clear: left;">'There is a pig'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Negative existential clause<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(p. 39)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="common noun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pig</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">va</p><p style="margin: 0px;">g</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">merei</p><p style="margin: 0px;">use</p></div><p style="display: none;">Ia bo va merei</p><p style="display: none;">ART.CN pig g use</p><p style="clear: left;">‘There is no pig’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>By adding the particle of prohibition <i>tla</i> after the subject pronoun, imperative and hortative clauses can be negated. This can function as either prohibition or pleading, depending on context and intonation. The distinction between prohibition and pleading depends on the meaning of the verbs and intonation or it may require a more specific declaration. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(p. 47)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ko</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tla</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="prohibition" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROHIB</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">an</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat</p></div><p style="display: none;">Ko tla an</p><p style="display: none;">2SG PROHIB eat</p><p style="clear: left;">'Don't eat'<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47">: 47 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(p. 47)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IN</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tla</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="prohibition" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROHIB</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">voro</p><p style="margin: 0px;">leave</p></div><p style="display: none;">Te tla voro</p><p style="display: none;">IN.PL PROHIB leave</p><p style="clear: left;">'Let's not leave'<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47">: 47 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(p. 47)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Kamara</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="exclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EX</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dual number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DU</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tla</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="prohibition" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROHIB</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bat-voro-in</p><p style="margin: 0px;">head-empty-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="outwards directional clitic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OD</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Kamara tla bat-voro-in</p><p style="display: none;">EX.DU PROHIB head-empty-OD</p><p style="clear: left;">'Let's us not be naughty'<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_4-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47">: 47 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merei-Tiale_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/mnl/">Tiale</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lmb/">Merei</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTryon1973" class="citation journal cs1">Tryon, Darrell T. (1973). "Linguistic subgrouping in the new Hebrides: a preliminary approach". <i>Oceanic Linguistics</i>. <b>12</b> (1/2): 303–352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3622859">10.2307/3622859</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3622859">3622859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Linguistic+subgrouping+in+the+new+Hebrides%3A+a+preliminary+approach.&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=303-352&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3622859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3622859%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tryon&rft.aufirst=Darrell+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerei-Tiale+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynchCrowley2001" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, John; Crowley, Terry (2001). <i>Languages of Vanuatu: a new survey and bibliography</i>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+Vanuatu%3A+a+new+survey+and+bibliography.&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Crowley%2C+Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerei-Tiale+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chung-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-47"><sup><i><b>av</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-48"><sup><i><b>aw</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-49"><sup><i><b>ax</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-50"><sup><i><b>ay</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-51"><sup><i><b>az</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-52"><sup><i><b>ba</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-53"><sup><i><b>bb</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-54"><sup><i><b>bc</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-55"><sup><i><b>bd</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_4-56"><sup><i><b>be</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chung">Chung (2005)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGivón1984" class="citation book cs1">Givón, T. (1984). <i>Syntax: A functional-typological introduction</i>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fz.17">10.1075/z.17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027230133" title="Special:BookSources/9789027230133"><bdi>9789027230133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syntax%3A+A+functional-typological+introduction&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fz.17&rft.isbn=9789027230133&rft.aulast=Giv%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerei-Tiale+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merei-Tiale_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Chung" class="citation book cs1">Chung, Ying Shing Anthony (2005). <i>A descriptive grammar of Merei (Vanuatu)</i>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85883-560-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85883-560-6"><bdi>0-85883-560-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70282773">70282773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+descriptive+grammar+of+Merei+%28Vanuatu%29&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70282773&rft.isbn=0-85883-560-6&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Ying+Shing+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerei-Tiale+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merei-Tiale_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dominicweb.eu/en/endictionaries/exotic-languages-prayers?mnl">Database of audio recordings in Malmariv (Wusiroro) - basic Catholic prayers</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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/>Oceanic</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North <br />Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torres%E2%80%93Banks_languages" title="Torres–Banks languages">Torres–Banks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorig_language" title="Dorig language">Dorig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiw_language" title="Hiw language">Hiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Koro language (Vanuatu)">Koro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakon_language" title="Lakon language">Lakon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehali_language" title="Lehali language">Lehali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemerig_language" title="Lemerig language">Lemerig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-Toga_language" title="Lo-Toga language">Lo-Toga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6y%C3%B6p_language" title="Löyöp language">Löyöp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mota_language" title="Mota language">Mota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwerlap_language" title="Mwerlap language">Mwerlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwesen_language" title="Mwesen language">Mwesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwotlap_language" title="Mwotlap language">Mwotlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nume_language" title="Nume language">Nume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olrat_language" title="Olrat language">Olrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vera'a language">Vera'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volow_language" title="Volow language">Volow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vur%C3%ABs_language" title="Vurës language">Vurës</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penama_Province" title="Penama Province">Penama</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ambae <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Ambae_language" title="East Ambae language">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ambae_language" title="West Ambae language">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ambrym_language" title="North Ambrym language">North Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apma_language" title="Apma language">Apma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetora_language" title="Baetora language">Baetora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanbak_language" title="Fanbak language">Fanbak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_language" title="Raga language">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saa_language" title="Saa language">Saa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ske_language" title="Ske language">Ske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sowa_language" title="Sowa language">Sowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungwadaga_language" title="Sungwadaga language">Sungwadaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungwadia_language" title="Sungwadia language">Sungwadia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo_languages" title="Espiritu Santo languages">Espiritu Santo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akei_language" title="Akei language">Akei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amblong_language" title="Amblong language">Amblong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ande_language" title="Ande language">Ande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aore_language" title="Aore language">Aore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araki_language" title="Araki language">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butmas_language" title="Butmas language">Butmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiai_language" title="Kiai language">Kiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavea_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mavea language">Mavea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Merei-Tiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores_language" title="Mores language">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narango_language" title="Narango language">Narango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navut_language" title="Navut language">Navut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nethalp_language" title="Nethalp language">Nethalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngen_language" title="Ngen language">Ngen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokuku_language" title="Nokuku language">Nokuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piamatsina_language" title="Piamatsina language">Piamatsina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonombauk_language" title="Polonombauk language">Polonombauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakao_language" title="Sakao language">Sakao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamambo_language" title="Tamambo language">Tamambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambotalo_language" title="Tambotalo language">Tambotalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangoa_language" title="Tangoa language">Tangoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmate_language" title="Tasmate language">Tasmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toksiki_language" title="Toksiki language">Toksiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolomako_language" title="Tolomako language">Tolomako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutuba_language" title="Tutuba language">Tutuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpei_language" title="Valpei language">Valpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vunapu_language" title="Vunapu language">Vunapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wailapa_language" title="Wailapa language">Wailapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusi_language" title="Wusi language">Wusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moiso_language" title="Moiso language">Moiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kene_language" title="Kene language">Kene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daruru_language" title="Daruru language">Daruru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retlatur_language" title="Retlatur language">Retlatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atin_language" title="Atin language">Atin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Bura language (Vanuatu)">Bura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnanto_language" title="Farnanto language">Farnanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanafo_language" title="Fanafo language">Fanafo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Vanuatu_languages" title="Central Vanuatu languages">Central <br />Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Efate_language" title="North Efate language">North Efate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafsan_language" title="Nafsan language">Nafsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efatese_language" title="Efatese language">Efatese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Eton language (Vanuatu)">Eton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelepa_language" title="Lelepa language">Lelepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makura_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Makura language">Makura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daakaka_language" title="Daakaka language">Daakaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalkalaen_language" title="Dalkalaen language">Dalkalaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonwolwol_language" title="Lonwolwol language">Lonwolwol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paamese_language" title="Paamese language">Paamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Vato_language" title="Port Vato language">Port Vato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Ambrym_language" title="Southeast Ambrym language">Southeast Ambrym</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epi_languages" title="Epi languages">Epi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baki_language" title="Baki language">Baki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bierebo_language" title="Bierebo language">Bierebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bieria_language" title="Bieria language">Bieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamen_language" title="Lamen language">Lamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewo_language" title="Lewo language">Lewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maii_language" title="Maii language">Maii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malakula_languages" title="Malakula languages">Malakula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aulua_language" title="Aulua language">Aulua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avava_language" title="Avava language">Avava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aveteian_language" title="Aveteian language">Aveteian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axamb_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Axamb language">Axamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Nambas_language" title="Big Nambas language">Big Nambas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botovro_language" title="Botovro language">Botovro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmbar_language" title="Burmbar language">Burmbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwenelang_language" title="Bwenelang language">Bwenelang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lar%C3%ABvat_language" title="Larëvat language">Larëvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendamboi_language" title="Lendamboi language">Lendamboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litzlitz_language" title="Litzlitz language">Litzlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malfaxal_language" title="Malfaxal language">Malfaxal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malua_Bay_language" title="Malua Bay language">Malua Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskelynes_language" title="Maskelynes language">Maskelynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahavaq_language" title="Nahavaq language">Nahavaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasarian_language" title="Nasarian language">Nasarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasvang_language" title="Nasvang language">Nasvang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ti_language" title="Nāti language">Nāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navwien_language" title="Navwien language">Navwien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nese_language" title="Nese language">Nese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neve%27ei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neve'ei language">Neve'ei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neverver_language" title="Neverver language">Neverver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninde_language" title="Ninde language">Ninde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisvai_language" title="Nisvai language">Nisvai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitita_language" title="Nitita language">Nitita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Sandwich_language" title="Port Sandwich language">Port Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rerep_language" title="Rerep language">Rerep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6rs%C3%B6rian_language" title="Sörsörian language">Sörsörian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_language" title="Tape language">Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirax_language" title="Tirax language">Tirax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unua_language" title="Unua language">Unua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Malakula_language" title="Northeast Malakula language">Northeast Malakula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vao_language" title="Vao language">Vao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivti_language" title="Vivti language">Vivti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutan_language" title="Rutan language">Rutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alovas_language" title="Alovas language">Alovas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najit_language" title="Najit language">Najit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njav_language" title="Njav language">Njav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages" title="South Vanuatu languages">South Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneityum_language" title="Aneityum language">Aneityum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifo language">Ifo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwamera_language" title="Kwamera language">Kwamera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenakel_language" title="Lenakel language">Lenakel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tanna_language" title="North Tanna language">North Tanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sie language">Sie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorung_language" title="Sorung language">Sorung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Tanna_language" title="Southwest Tanna language">Southwest Tanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ura_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Ura language (Vanuatu)">Ura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitesands_language" title="Whitesands language">Whitesands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emae_language" title="Emae language">Emae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuna-Aniwa_language" title="Futuna-Aniwa language">Futuna-Aniwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mele-Fila_language" title="Mele-Fila language">Mele-Fila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southern_Oceanic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Template:Southern Oceanic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Template talk:Southern Oceanic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southern Oceanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_Oceanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern Oceanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North<br />Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torres-Banks_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres-Banks languages">Torres–Banks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiw_language" title="Hiw language">Hiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-Toga_language" title="Lo-Toga language">Lo-Toga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehali_language" title="Lehali language">Lehali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6y%C3%B6p_language" title="Löyöp language">Löyöp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwotlap_language" title="Mwotlap language">Mwotlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volow_language" title="Volow language">Volow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemerig_language" title="Lemerig language">Lemerig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vera'a language">Vera’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vur%C3%ABs_language" title="Vurës language">Vurës</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwesen_language" title="Mwesen language">Mwesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mota_language" title="Mota language">Mota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nume_language" title="Nume language">Nume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorig_language" title="Dorig language">Dorig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Koro language (Vanuatu)">Koro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olrat_language" title="Olrat language">Olrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakon_language" title="Lakon language">Lakon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwerlap_language" title="Mwerlap language">Mwerlap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maewo–Ambae–<br />North Pentecost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sungwadia_language" title="Sungwadia language">Sun̄wadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Peterara language">Sun̄wadaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetora_language" title="Baetora language">Baetora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duidui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duidui language">Duidui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Ambae_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Ambae language">Northeast Ambae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_language" title="Raga language">Raga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Pentecost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ske_language" title="Ske language">Ske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apma_language" title="Apma language">Apma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa language">Sa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo_languages" title="Espiritu Santo languages">Espiritu Santo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Cumberland_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Cumberland language">Cape Cumberland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nokuku_language" title="Nokuku language">Nokuku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolomako_language" title="Tolomako language">Tolomako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusi_language" title="Wusi language">Wusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akei_language" title="Akei language">Akei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasiriki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasiriki language">Tasiriki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangoa_language" title="Tangoa language">Tangoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araki_language" title="Araki language">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiale_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiale language">Tiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Merei language">Merei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiai_language" title="Kiai language">Kiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%CC%88av%CC%88ea_language" class="mw-redirect" title="M̈av̈ea language">M̈av̈ea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutuba_language" title="Tutuba language">Tutuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aore_language" title="Aore language">Aore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamambo_language" title="Tamambo language">Tamambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores_language" title="Mores language">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_Bay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark Bay language">Shark Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakao_language" title="Sakao language">Sakao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear<br />Southern<br />Oceanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Vanuatu_languages" title="Central Vanuatu languages">Central Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Malakula_language" title="Northeast Malakula language">Northeast Malakula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vao_language" title="Vao language">Vao</a></li> <li>Vovo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpotovoro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpotovoro language">Mpotovoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirak language">Dirak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malua_Bay_language" title="Malua Bay language">Malua Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%27%C3%ABnen_Taut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="V'ënen Taut language">V’ënen Taut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_language" title="Tape language">Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larevat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Larevat language">Larevat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neve%27ei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neve'ei language">Neve’ei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naman language">Naman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navava_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Navava language">Navava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevwervwer_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevwervwer language">Nevwervwer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unua_language" title="Unua language">Unua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangkumu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangkumu language">Pangkumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banam_Bay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banam Bay language">Banam Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulua_language" title="Aulua language">Aulua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendamboi_language" title="Lendamboi language">Lendamboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasarian_language" title="Nasarian language">Nasarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axamb_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Axamb language">Axamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avok_language" title="Avok language">Avok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskelynes_language" title="Maskelynes language">Maskelynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Sandwich_language" title="Port Sandwich language">Port Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinesip_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinesip language">Sinesip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naha%27ai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naha'ai language">Naha’ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninde_language" title="Ninde language">Ninde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ambrym_language" title="North Ambrym language">North Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ambrym_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Ambrym language">West Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ambrym_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ambrym language">South Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewo_language" title="Lewo language">Lewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamen_language" title="Lamen language">Lamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bierebo_language" title="Bierebo language">Bierebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baki_language" title="Baki language">Baki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkir language">Mkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bieria_language" title="Bieria language">Bieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakanamanga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakanamanga language">Nakanamanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguna language">Nguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namakir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Namakir language">Namakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Efate_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Efate language">South Efate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages" title="South Vanuatu languages">South Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Erromango</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sie language">Sie / Erromangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorung_language" title="Sorung language">Sorung</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifo language">Ifo</a> (Utaha) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ura_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Ura language (Vanuatu)">Ura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tanna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwamera_language" title="Kwamera language">Kwamera (South Tanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Tanna_language" title="Southwest Tanna language">Southwest Tanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenakel_language" title="Lenakel language">Lenakel (West Tanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitesands_language" title="Whitesands language">Whitesands (East Tanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tanna_language" title="North Tanna language">North Tanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneityum_language" title="Aneityum language">Aneityum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loyalties–<br />New Caledonia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loyalty Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drehu_language" title="Drehu language">Drehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaai_language" title="Iaai language">Iaai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nengone_language" title="Nengone language">Nengone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Caledonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndrumbea_language" title="Ndrumbea language">Ndrumbea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A8%C3%A8_language" title="Numèè language">Numèè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A2r%C3%A2c%C3%B9%C3%B9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Xârâcùù language">Xârâcùù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A2r%C3%A2gur%C3%A8_language" title="Xârâgurè language">Xârâgurè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%AEr%C3%AE_language" title="Tîrî language">Tîrî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zire_language" title="Zire language">Zire</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aji%C3%AB_language" title="Ajië language">Ajië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arh%C3%B6_language" title="Arhö language">Arhö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arh%C3%A2_language" title="Arhâ language">Arhâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neku_language" title="Neku language">Neku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orowe_language" title="Orowe language">Orowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vamale_language" title="Vamale language">Vamale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haveke_language" title="Haveke language">Haveke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haeke_language" title="Haeke language">Haeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8muh%C3%AE_language" title="Cèmuhî language">Cèmuhî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paic%C3%AE_language" title="Paicî language">Paicî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwaamei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwaamei language">Pwaamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwapwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwapwa language">Pwapwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwatoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bwatoo">Bwatoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmwaveke_language" title="Hmwaveke language">Hmwaveke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waamwang_language" title="Waamwang language">Waamwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fw%C3%A2i_language" title="Fwâi language">Fwâi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawe_language" title="Jawe language">Jawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_language" title="Nemi language">Nemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pije_language" title="Pije language">Pije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caac_language" title="Caac language">Caac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumak_language" title="Kumak language">Kumak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanga_language" title="Yuanga language">Yuanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C3%A2layu_language" title="Nyâlayu language">Nyâlayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austronesian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austronesian_languages" title="Template talk:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austronesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East Formosan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sumatran*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_language" title="Nasal language">Nasal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali%E2%80%93Sasak%E2%80%93Sumbawa_languages" title="Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa languages">Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon_languages" title="Northern Luzon languages">Northern Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon_languages" title="Central Luzon languages">Central Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindoro_languages" title="Northern Mindoro languages">Northern Mindoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Philippine_languages" title="Greater Central Philippine languages">Greater Central Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamian_languages" title="Kalamian languages">Kalamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mindanao_languages" title="South Mindanao languages">South Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greater Barito*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater North Borneo</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>North Borneo * <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_languages" title="Sabahan languages">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sarawakan_languages" title="North Sarawakan languages">North Sarawakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau%E2%80%93Kajang_languages" title="Melanau–Kajang languages">Melanau–Kajang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li> <li>Malayo–Chamic *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_language" title="Rejang language">Rejang</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moklenic_languages" title="Moklenic languages">Moklenic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bungku%E2%80%93Tolaki_languages" title="Bungku–Tolaki languages">Bungku–Tolaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna%E2%80%93Buton_languages" title="Muna–Buton languages">Muna–Buton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluan%E2%80%93Banggai_languages" title="Saluan–Banggai languages">Saluan–Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomini%E2%80%93Tolitoli_languages" title="Tomini–Tolitoli languages">Tomini–Tolitoli</a>*</li> <li>Kaili–Wolio*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_languages" title="Makassar languages">Makassar</a></li> <li>Seko–Badaic*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Sulawesi_languages" title="Northern South Sulawesi languages">Northern South Sulawesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores%E2%80%93Lembata_languages" title="Flores–Lembata languages">Flores–Lembata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei%E2%80%93Tanimbar_languages" title="Kei–Tanimbar languages">Kei–Tanimbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoric_languages" title="Timoric languages">Timoric</a></li> <li>Kowiai?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">SHWNG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat%E2%80%93South_Halmahera_languages" title="Raja Ampat–South Halmahera languages">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenderawasih_languages" title="Cenderawasih languages">Cenderawasih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands_languages" title="Admiralty Islands languages">Admiralty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Matthias_languages" title="St. Matthias languages">St. Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temotu_languages" title="Temotu languages">Temotu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Solomonic_languages" title="Southeast Solomonic languages">Southeast Solomonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meso-Melanesian_languages" title="Meso-Melanesian languages">Meso-Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_New_Guinea_languages" title="North New Guinea languages">North New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Tip_languages" title="Papuan Tip languages">Papuan Tip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Vanuatu <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vanuatu_languages" title="Central Vanuatu languages">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages" title="South Vanuatu languages">South</a></li></ul></li> <li>Loyalties–New Caledonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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