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id="toc-Later_parliamentary_career:_1754–1768" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_parliamentary_career:_1754–1768"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later parliamentary career: 1754–1768</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_parliamentary_career:_1754–1768-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life:_1768–1788" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life:_1768–1788"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later life: 1768–1788</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life:_1768–1788-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_years:_1788–1797" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_years:_1788–1797"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Last years: 1788–1797</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_years:_1788–1797-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rumours_of_paternity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rumours_of_paternity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Rumours of paternity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rumours_of_paternity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Personal characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walpole_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walpole_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Walpole Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walpole_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Horace Walpole" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="هوراس والبول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هوراس والبول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2" title="হোরেস ওয়ালপোল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হোরেস ওয়ালপোল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Хорас Уолпал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хорас Уолпал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Хорас Уолпоул – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хорас Уолпоул" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Horace Walpole" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Horace Walpole" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Horace Walpole" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Horace Walpole" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole,_4._Earl_of_Orford" title="Horace Walpole, 4. Earl of Orford – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Horace Walpole, 4. Earl of Orford" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB" title="Οράτιος Ουόλπολ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οράτιος Ουόλπολ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Horace Walpole" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Horace Walpole" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Horace Walpole" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84" title="هورس والپول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هورس والپول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Horace Walpole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Horace Walpole" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Horace Walpole" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B8%D5%AC%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AC" title="Հորաս Ուոլփոլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հորաս Ուոլփոլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="हरोशियो वालपोल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हरोशियो वालपोल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Horace Walpole" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Horace Walpole" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C" title="הוראס וולפול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הוראס וולפול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatius_Walpole" title="Horatius Walpole – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Horatius Walpole" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Horace Walpole" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Horace Walpole" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Хорас Волпол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хорас Волпол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="هوراس والبول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هوراس والبول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7_%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9C%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="ဟိုရေ့ ဝါလပို – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟိုရေ့ ဝါလပို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Horace Walpole" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ホレス・ウォルポール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホレス・ウォルポール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Horace Walpole" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84" title="هريس والپول – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هريس والپول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Horace Walpole" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Horace Walpole" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Horace Walpole" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB,_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Уолпол, Хорас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уолпол, Хорас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Хорас Волпол – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хорас Волпол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Horace Walpole" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Horace Walpole" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole,_4:e_earl_av_Orford" title="Horace Walpole, 4:e earl av Orford – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Horace Walpole, 4:e earl av Orford" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Horace Walpole" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Горас Волпол – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English writer and politician (1717–1797)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Horatio Walpole, see <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Walpole_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Horatio Walpole (disambiguation)">Horatio Walpole</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Earl of Orford</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Horace_Walpole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Horace Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Horace_Walpole.jpg/220px-Horace_Walpole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Horace_Walpole.jpg/330px-Horace_Walpole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Horace_Walpole.jpg/440px-Horace_Walpole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by Sir <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a>, 1756</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="King's Lynn (UK Parliament constituency)">King's Lynn</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 February 1757 – 16 March 1769<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Turner,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir John Turner, 3rd Baronet">Sir John Turner, 3rd Baronet</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Walpole,_1st_Earl_of_Orford" title="Horatio Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford">Horatio Walpole the Elder</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walpole" title="Thomas Walpole">Thomas Walpole</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Castle_Rising_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Castle Rising (UK Parliament constituency)">Castle Rising</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />21 May 1754 – 25 February 1757<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_14th_Earl_of_Suffolk" title="Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Suffolk">Thomas Howard</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Knight,_1st_Earl_of_Catherlough" title="Robert Knight, 1st Earl of Catherlough">Robert Knight</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boone_(died_1819)" title="Charles Boone (died 1819)">Charles Boone</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Callington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Callington (UK Parliament constituency)">Callington</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 June 1741 – 18 April 1754<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coplestone" title="Thomas Coplestone">Thomas Coplestone</a> (1741–1748), <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bacon_(died_1786)" title="Edward Bacon (died 1786)">Edward Bacon</a> (1748–1754)</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_le_Heup" title="Isaac le Heup">Isaac le Heup</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">John Sharpe</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Horatio Walpole</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1717-09-24</span>)</span>24 September 1717<br />London, England, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 March 1797<span style="display:none">(1797-03-02)</span> (aged 79)<br /><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Square" title="Berkeley Square">Berkeley Square</a>, London, Great Britain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>St Martin's Church,</li><li><a href="/wiki/Houghton,_Norfolk" title="Houghton, Norfolk">Houghton, Norfolk</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine,_Lady_Walpole" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine, Lady Walpole">Catherine Shorter</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Hill_House" title="Strawberry Hill House">Strawberry Hill</a>, London</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Writer</li><li>Art Historian</li><li>Man of Letters</li><li>Antiquarian</li><li>Politician</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horace_Walpole_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Horace Walpole's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Horace_Walpole_signature.svg/128px-Horace_Walpole_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Horace_Walpole_signature.svg/192px-Horace_Walpole_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Horace_Walpole_signature.svg/256px-Horace_Walpole_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Horatio Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>; 24 September 1717 – 2 March 1797), better known as <b>Horace Walpole</b>, was an English writer, <a href="/wiki/Art_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Art historian">art historian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Man_of_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Man of letters">man of letters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian">antiquarian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> politician.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangford2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He had <a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Hill_House" title="Strawberry Hill House">Strawberry Hill House</a> built in <a href="/wiki/Twickenham" title="Twickenham">Twickenham</a>, southwest London, reviving the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic</a> style some decades before his <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> successors. His literary reputation rests on the first <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic novel</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Castle_of_Otranto" title="The Castle of Otranto">The Castle of Otranto</a></i> (1764), and his <i>Letters</i>, which are of significant social and political interest.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC20141213_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC20141213-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have been published by <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a> in 48 volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith198317–28_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith198317–28-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, a volume of Walpole's selected letters was published.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The youngest son of the first British Prime Minister, Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a>, 1st Earl of Orford, he became the 4th and last Earl of Orford of the second creation on his nephew's death in 1791. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life:_1717–1739"><span id="Early_life:_1717.E2.80.931739"></span>Early life: 1717–1739</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Walpole&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life: 1717–1739"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horace_Walpole_(1735)_-_Jonathan_Richardson_the_Elder_(Casa-Museu_Medeiros_e_Almeida).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Horace_Walpole_%281735%29_-_Jonathan_Richardson_the_Elder_%28Casa-Museu_Medeiros_e_Almeida%29.png/170px-Horace_Walpole_%281735%29_-_Jonathan_Richardson_the_Elder_%28Casa-Museu_Medeiros_e_Almeida%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Horace_Walpole_%281735%29_-_Jonathan_Richardson_the_Elder_%28Casa-Museu_Medeiros_e_Almeida%29.png/255px-Horace_Walpole_%281735%29_-_Jonathan_Richardson_the_Elder_%28Casa-Museu_Medeiros_e_Almeida%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Horace_Walpole_%281735%29_-_Jonathan_Richardson_the_Elder_%28Casa-Museu_Medeiros_e_Almeida%29.png/340px-Horace_Walpole_%281735%29_-_Jonathan_Richardson_the_Elder_%28Casa-Museu_Medeiros_e_Almeida%29.png 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Walpole by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Richardson" title="Jonathan Richardson">Jonathan Richardson</a>, 1735.</figcaption></figure> <p>Walpole was born in London, the youngest son of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Prime Minister</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a> and his wife, Catherine. Like his father, he received early education in <a href="/wiki/Bexley" title="Bexley">Bexley</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-richmond.gov.uk_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richmond.gov.uk-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in part under <a href="/wiki/Edward_Weston_(politician)" title="Edward Weston (politician)">Edward Weston</a>. He was also educated at <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> and <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ACAD_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACAD-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walpole's first friends were probably his cousins Francis and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Seymour_Conway" title="Henry Seymour Conway">Henry Conway</a>, to whom he became strongly attached, especially Henry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196434_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196434-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Eton he formed a schoolboy confederacy, the "Triumvirate", with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyttelton_(bishop)" title="Charles Lyttelton (bishop)">Charles Lyttelton</a> (later an antiquary and bishop) and <a href="/wiki/George_Montagu_(died_1780)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Montagu (died 1780)">George Montagu</a> (later a member of parliament and Private Secretary to Lord North). More important were another group of friends dubbed the "Quadruple Alliance": Walpole, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gray" title="Thomas Gray">Thomas Gray</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_West_(poet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard West (poet) (page does not exist)">Richard West</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ashton_(divine)" title="Thomas Ashton (divine)">Thomas Ashton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196435_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196435-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Cambridge, Walpole came under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Conyers_Middleton" title="Conyers Middleton">Conyers Middleton</a>, an unorthodox theologian. Walpole came to accept the sceptical nature of Middleton's attitude to some essential Christian doctrines for the rest of his life, including a hatred of superstition and bigotry even though he was a nominal Anglican. Ceasing to reside at Cambridge at the end of 1738, Walpole left without taking a degree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196448–49_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196448–49-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1737, Walpole's mother died. According to one biographer, his love for his mother "was the most powerful emotion of his entire life ... the whole of his psychological history was dominated by it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196444_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196444-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walpole did not have any serious relationships with women; he has been called "a natural celibate".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196447_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196447-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> has been the subject of speculation. He never married, engaging in a succession of unconsummated flirtations with unmarriageable women, and counted among his close friends a number of women such as <a href="/wiki/Anne_Seymour_Damer" title="Anne Seymour Damer">Anne Seymour Damer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Berry_(writer,_born_1763)" title="Mary Berry (writer, born 1763)">Mary Berry</a> named by a number of sources as lesbian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many contemporaries described him as effeminate (one political opponent called him "a <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodite</a> horse").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2011_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangford2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographers, such as <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Walpole_Library" title="Lewis Walpole Library">W. S. Lewis</a>, Brian Fothergill, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wyndham_Ketton-Cremer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Wyndham Ketton-Cremer">Robert Wyndham Ketton-Cremer</a>, interpreted Walpole as <a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">asexual</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaggerty2006543–561_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaggerty2006543–561-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walpole's father secured for him three <a href="/wiki/Sinecure" title="Sinecure">sinecures</a> which afforded him an income: in 1737 he was appointed Inspector of the Imports and Exports in the Custom House, which he resigned to become Usher of the Exchequer, which gave him at first £3900 per annum but this increased over the years. Upon coming of age he became Comptroller of the Pipe and Clerk of the <a href="/wiki/Estreat" title="Estreat">Estreats</a> which gave him an income of £300 per annum. Walpole decided to go travelling with Thomas Gray and wrote a will in which he left Gray all his belongings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196449,_98_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196449,_98-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1744, he wrote in a letter to Conway that these offices gave him nearly £2,000 per annum; after 1745 when he was appointed Collectorship of Customs, his total income from these offices was around £3,400 per annum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196498_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196498-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grand_Tour:_1739–1741"><span id="Grand_Tour:_1739.E2.80.931741"></span>Grand Tour: 1739–1741</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Walpole&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Grand Tour: 1739–1741"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horace_Walpole_by_Rosalba_Carriera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Horace_Walpole_by_Rosalba_Carriera.jpg/170px-Horace_Walpole_by_Rosalba_Carriera.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Horace_Walpole_by_Rosalba_Carriera.jpg/255px-Horace_Walpole_by_Rosalba_Carriera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Horace_Walpole_by_Rosalba_Carriera.jpg/340px-Horace_Walpole_by_Rosalba_Carriera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Walpole by <a href="/wiki/Rosalba_Carriera" title="Rosalba Carriera">Rosalba Carriera</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1741</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Walpole went on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a> with Gray, but as Walpole recalled in later life: "We had not got to <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> before Gray was dissatisfied, for I was a boy, and he, though infinitely more a man, was not enough to make allowances".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196450_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196450-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They left <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a> on 29 March and arrived at Calais later that day. They then travelled through <a href="/wiki/Boulogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulogne">Boulogne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a>, arriving at Paris on 4 April. Here they met many aristocratic Englishmen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196451_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196451-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early June they left Paris for <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>, then in September going to <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Dauphiné">Dauphiné</a>, Savoy, <a href="/wiki/Aix-les-Bains" title="Aix-les-Bains">Aix-les-Bains</a>, Geneva, and then back to Lyons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In October they left for Italy, arriving in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> in November, then going to <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Emilia" title="Reggio Emilia">Reggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, and in December arriving at <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. Here he struck up a friendship with <a href="/wiki/Sir_Horace_Mann,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Horace Mann, 1st Baronet">Horace Mann</a>, an assistant to the British Minister at the Court of Tuscany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196453_ff._18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196453_ff.-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Florence he also wrote <i>Epistle from Florence to Thomas Ashton, Esq., Tutor to the Earl of Plymouth</i>, a mixture of Whig history and Middleton's teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196460_ff._19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196460_ff.-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1740, Walpole and Gray left for Rome with the intention of witnessing the papal conclave upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Pope Clement XII</a> but never saw it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196461_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196461-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walpole wanted to attend fashionable parties and Gray wanted to visit antiquities. At social occasions in Rome, he saw the Old Pretender, <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Francis Edward Stuart</a>, and his two sons, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">Charles Edward Stuart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">Henry Stuart</a>, although there is no record of them conversing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196462_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196462-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walpole and Gray returned to Florence in July. However, Gray disliked the idleness of Florence as compared to the educational pursuits in Rome, and animosity grew between them, eventually leading to an end to their friendship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196468_ff._22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196468_ff.-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On their way back to England they had a furious argument, although it is unknown what it was about. Gray went to Venice, leaving Walpole at Reggio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196472–73_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196472–73-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later life Walpole admitted that the fault lay primarily with himself: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I was too young, too fond of my own diversions, nay, I do not doubt, too much intoxicated by indulgence, vanity, and the insolence of my situation, as a Prime Minister's son, not to have been inattentive and insensible to the feelings of one I thought below me; of one, I blush to say it, that I knew was obliged to me; of one whom presumption and folly perhaps made me deem not my superior <i>then</i> in parts, though I have since felt my infinite inferiority to him.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, p. 71</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Walpole then visited <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antibes" title="Antibes">Antibes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, Aix, <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a> and Paris. He returned to England on 12 September 1741, reaching London on the 14th.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196477_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196477-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_parliamentary_career:_1741–1754"><span id="Early_parliamentary_career:_1741.E2.80.931754"></span>Early parliamentary career: 1741–1754</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Walpole&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early parliamentary career: 1741–1754"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1735, Walpole was a student at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a>. He had long periods of absence from the college, often returning to Norwich to live at <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Hall" title="Houghton Hall">Houghton Hall</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>. Interested in local politics, he and the "wealthy" <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Norwich" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Norwich">Mayor of Norwich</a>, Philip Meadows, encouraged local merchant Thomas Vere to run for a seat in Parliament "in the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> interest" with Vere becoming the <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">MP</a> for Norwich in 1735.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/1741_British_general_election" title="1741 British general election">1741 general election</a> Walpole was elected Whig Member of Parliament for the <a href="/wiki/Rotten_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotten borough">rotten borough</a> of <a href="/wiki/Callington,_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Callington, Cornwall">Callington, Cornwall</a>. He held this seat for thirteen years although he never visited Callington.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196480_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196480-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walpole entered Parliament shortly before his father's fall from power. In December 1741 the Opposition won its first majority vote in the Commons for twenty years. In January 1742 Walpole's government was still struggling in Parliament although by the end of the month Horace and other family members had successfully urged the Prime Minister to resign after a parliamentary defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196482_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196482-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walpole's philosophy mirrored that of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, who was his contemporary. He was a classical liberal on issues such as <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">abolitionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">the agitations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American colonists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2017_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2017-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walpole delivered his <a href="/wiki/Maiden_speech" title="Maiden speech">maiden speech</a> on 19 March against the successful motion that a Secret Committee be set up to enquire into Sir Robert Walpole's last ten years as prime minister. For the next three years, Walpole spent most of his time with his father at his country house <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Hall" title="Houghton Hall">Houghton Hall</a> in Norfolk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196484_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196484-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father died in 1745 and left Walpole the remainder of the lease of his house in Arlington Street, London; £5,000 in cash; and the office of Collector of the Customs (worth £1,000 per annum). However, he had died in debt, the total of which was in between £40,000 and £50,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196497_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196497-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1745 Walpole and Gray resumed their friendship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964100–101_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964100–101-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also that year the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Rising_of_1745" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite Rising of 1745">Jacobite Rising</a> began. The position of Walpole was the fruit of his father's support for the Hanoverian dynasty and he knew that he was in danger: </p> <dl><dd>"Now comes the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">Pretender's boy</a>, and promises all my comfortable apartments in the Exchequer and Custom House to some forlorn Irish peer, who chooses to remove his pride and poverty out of some large old unfurnished gallery at St. Germain's. Why really, Mr. Montagu, this is not pleasant! I shall wonderfully dislike being a loyal sufferer in a threadbare coat, and shivering in an antechamber at Hanover, or reduced to teach Latin and English to the young princes at Copenhagen".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964102_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964102-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strawberry_Hill">Strawberry Hill</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Walpole&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Strawberry Hill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strawberry_Hill_House_from_garden_in_2012_after_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Strawberry_Hill_House_from_garden_in_2012_after_restoration.jpg/290px-Strawberry_Hill_House_from_garden_in_2012_after_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Strawberry_Hill_House_from_garden_in_2012_after_restoration.jpg/435px-Strawberry_Hill_House_from_garden_in_2012_after_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Strawberry_Hill_House_from_garden_in_2012_after_restoration.jpg/580px-Strawberry_Hill_House_from_garden_in_2012_after_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2490" data-file-height="1455" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Hill_House" title="Strawberry Hill House">Strawberry Hill House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Twickenham" title="Twickenham">Twickenham</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Walpole's lasting architectural creation is <a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Hill_House" title="Strawberry Hill House">Strawberry Hill</a>, the home he built from 1749 onward in <a href="/wiki/Twickenham" title="Twickenham">Twickenham</a>, southwest of London, which at the time overlooked the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a>. Here he revived the Gothic style many decades before his Victorian successors. Derided thereafter by his friends as "The Abbot of Strawberry", this fanciful <a href="/wiki/Neo-Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Gothic">neo-Gothic</a> concoction began a new architectural trend.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerberckmoes200777_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerberckmoes200777-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long-connected with the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Stockings_Society" title="Blue Stockings Society">Blue Stockings Society</a>, Walpole played host to its members and associates at Strawberry Hill, including <a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Anna Laetitia Barbauld</a> in 1774.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_parliamentary_career:_1754–1768"><span id="Later_parliamentary_career:_1754.E2.80.931768"></span>Later parliamentary career: 1754–1768</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Walpole&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later parliamentary career: 1754–1768"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horace_Walpole_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Horace_Walpole_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg/170px-Horace_Walpole_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Horace_Walpole_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg/255px-Horace_Walpole_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Horace_Walpole_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg/340px-Horace_Walpole_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2172" /></a><figcaption>Horace Walpole by <a href="/wiki/John_Giles_Eccardt" title="John Giles Eccardt">John Giles Eccardt</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1755</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the House of Commons, Walpole represented one of the many <a href="/wiki/Rotten_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotten borough">rotten boroughs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castle_Rising_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Castle Rising (UK Parliament constituency)">Castle Rising</a>, which consisted of underlying freeholds in four villages near <a href="/wiki/Kings_Lynn" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings Lynn">Kings Lynn</a>, Norfolk, from 1754 until 1757. At his home, he hung a copy of the warrant for the execution of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> with the inscription "Major Charta" and wrote of "the least bad of all murders, that of a King".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964126–127_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964126–127-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1756 he wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I am sensible that from the prostitution of patriotism, from the art of ministers who have had the address to exalt the semblance while they depressed the reality of royalty, and from the bent of the education of the young nobility, which verges to French maxims and to a military spirit, nay, from the ascendant which the nobility itself acquires each day in this country, from all these reflections, I am sensible, that prerogative and power have been exceedingly fortified of late within the circle of the palace; and though fluctuating ministers by turns exercise the deposit, yet there it is; and whenever a prince of design and spirit shall sit in the regal chair, he will find a bank, a hoard of power, which he may lay off most fatally against this constitution. [I am] a quiet republican, who does not dislike to see the shadow of monarchy, like <a href="/wiki/Banquo" title="Banquo">Banquo</a>'s ghost, fill the empty chair of state, that the ambitious, the murderer, the tyrant, may not aspire to it; in short, who approves the name of a King, when it excludes the essence.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, p. 127</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Walpole worried that while his fellow <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a> fought amongst themselves, the <a href="/wiki/Tory_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Tory Party">Tories</a> were gaining power, the result of which would be England delivered to an unlimited, absolute monarchy, "that authority, that torrent which I should in vain extend a feeble arm to stem".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964127_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964127-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1757, he wrote the anonymous pamphlet <i>A Letter from Xo Ho, a Chinese Philosopher at London, to his Friend Lien Chi at Peking</i>, the first of his works to be widely reviewed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabor20134_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabor20134-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1757, old Horace Walpole of Wolterton died and was succeeded in the peerage by his son, who was then an MP for <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="King's Lynn (UK Parliament constituency)">King's Lynn</a>, thereby creating a vacancy. The electors of King's Lynn did not wish to be represented by a stranger and instead wanted someone with a connection to the Walpole family. The new Lord Walpole, therefore, wrote to his cousin requesting that he stand for the seat, saying his friends "were all unanimously of opinion that you were the only person who from your near affinity to my grandfather, whose name is still in the greatest veneration, and your own known personal abilities and qualifications, could stand in the gap on this occasion and prevent opposition and expense and perhaps disgrace to the family".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964200_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964200-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1757, Walpole was out of Parliament after vacating Castle Rising until his election that year to King's Lynn, a seat he would hold until his retirement from the Commons in 1768.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964201_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964201-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walpole became a prominent opponent of the 1757 decision to execute Admiral <a href="/wiki/John_Byng" title="John Byng">John Byng</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964201_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964201-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life:_1768–1788"><span id="Later_life:_1768.E2.80.931788"></span>Later life: 1768–1788</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Walpole&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later life: 1768–1788"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Without a seat in Parliament, Walpole recognised his limitations as to political influence. </p><p> He wrote to Mann critical of the activities of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> on 13 July 1773: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What is England now? – A sink of Indian wealth, filled by nabobs and emptied by Maccaronis! A senate sold and despised! A country overrun by horse-races! A gaming, robbing, wrangling, railing nation without principles, genius, character or allies.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFWalpole1844">Walpole 1844</a>, p. 339, <a href="#CITEREFCarson2012">Carson 2012</a>, pp. 18–33</cite></div></blockquote> <p>He opposed the recent <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Emancipation">Catholic accommodative measures</a>, writing to Mann in 1784: "You know I have ever been averse to toleration of an intolerant religion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2011_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangford2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote to the same correspondent in 1785 that "as there are continually allusions to parliamentary speeches and events, they are often obscure to me till I get them explained; and besides, I do not know several of the satirized heroes even by sight".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2011_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangford2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His political sympathies were with the <a href="/wiki/Foxite" title="Foxite">Foxite</a> Whigs, the successors of the Rockingham Whigs, who were themselves the successors of the Whig Party as revived by Walpole's father. He wrote to <a href="/wiki/William_Mason_(poet)" title="William Mason (poet)">William Mason</a>, expounding his political philosophy: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>I have for five and forty years acted upon the principles of the constitution as it was settled at the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Revolution</a>, the best form of government that I know of in the world, and which made us a free people, a rich people, and a victorious people, by diffusing liberty, protecting property and encouraging commerce; and by the combination of all, empowering us to resist the ambition of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a>, and to place ourselves on a level with that formidable neighbour. The narrow plan of <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">royalty</a>, which had so often preferred the aggrandizement of the Crown to the dignity of presiding over a great and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/puissant" class="extiw" title="wikt:puissant">puissant</a> free kingdom, threw away one predominant source of our potency by <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">aspiring to enslave America</a>—and would now compensate for that <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">blunder and its consequence</a> by assuming a despotic tone at home. It has found a tool in the light and juvenile son of the great minister who carried our glory to its highest pitch—but it shall never have the insignificant approbation of an old and worn out son of another minister, who though less brilliant, maintained this country in the enjoyment of the twenty happiest years that England ever enjoyed. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFLangford2011">Langford 2011</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_years:_1788–1797"><span id="Last_years:_1788.E2.80.931797"></span>Last years: 1788–1797</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Walpole&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Last years: 1788–1797"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldhorry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Oldhorry.jpg/170px-Oldhorry.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Oldhorry.jpg/255px-Oldhorry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Oldhorry.jpg/340px-Oldhorry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Horace Walpole by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Lawrence">Sir Thomas Lawrence</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1795</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Walpole was horrified by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and commended <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i>: "Every page shows how sincerely he is in earnest — a wondrous merit in a political pamphlet—All other party writers <i>act</i> zeal for the public, but it never seems to flow from the heart".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2011_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangford2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He admired the purple passage in the book on <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>: "I know the tirade on the Queen of France is condemned and yet I must avow I admire it much. It paints her exactly as she appeared to me the first time I saw her when Dauphiness. She...shot through the room like an aerial being, all brightness and grace and without seeming to touch earth".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock200034–35_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock200034–35-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> After he heard of the execution of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a> he wrote to <a href="/wiki/Lady_Ossory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Ossory">Lady Ossory</a> on 29 January 1793:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Indeed, Madam, I write unwillingly; there is not a word left in my Dictionary that can express what I feel. <i>Savages</i>, <i>barbarians</i>, &c., were terms for poor ignorant Indians and Blacks and Hyaenas, or, with some superlative epithets, for Spaniards in Peru and Mexico, for Inquisitors, or for Enthusiasts of every breed in religious wars. It remained for the enlightened eighteenth century to baffle language and invent horrors that can be found in no vocabulary. What tongue could be prepared to paint a Nation that should avow Atheism, profess Assassination, and practice Massacres on Massacres for four years together: and who, as if they had destroyed God as well as their King, and established Incredulity by law, give no symptoms of repentance! These Monsters talk of settling a Constitution—it may be a brief one, and couched in one Law, "Thou shalt reverse every Precept of Morality and Justice, and do all the Wrong thou canst to all Mankind".</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, pp. 305–306</cite></div></blockquote> <p>He was not impressed with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>'s reply to Burke, <i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i>, writing that it was "so coarse, that you would think he means to degrade the language as much as the government".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2000159_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2000159-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His father was created <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Orford" title="Earl of Orford">Earl of Orford</a> in 1742. Horace's elder brother, the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole,_2nd_Earl_of_Orford" title="Robert Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford">2nd Earl of Orford</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1701–1751</span>), passed the title on to his son, the <a href="/wiki/George_Walpole,_3rd_Earl_of_Orford" title="George Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford">3rd Earl of Orford</a> (1730–1791). When the 3rd Earl died unmarried, Horace Walpole became, at the age of 74, the 4th Earl of Orford, and the title died with him in 1797. The massive amount of correspondence he left behind has been published in many volumes, starting in 1798. Likewise, a large collection of his works, including historical writings, was published immediately after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegouis1957906_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegouis1957906-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Horace Walpole was buried in the same location as his father Sir Robert Walpole, at the <a href="/wiki/St_Martin_at_Tours%27_Church,_Houghton" title="St Martin at Tours' Church, Houghton">Church of St Martin at Tours</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Hall" title="Houghton Hall">Houghton Hall</a> estate.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rumours_of_paternity">Rumours of paternity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Walpole&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rumours of paternity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SIR_ROBERT_WALPOLE_1676-1745_Prime_Minister_and_his_son_HORACE_WALPOLE_1717-1797_Connoisseur_and_Man_of_Letters_lived_here.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/SIR_ROBERT_WALPOLE_1676-1745_Prime_Minister_and_his_son_HORACE_WALPOLE_1717-1797_Connoisseur_and_Man_of_Letters_lived_here.jpg/170px-SIR_ROBERT_WALPOLE_1676-1745_Prime_Minister_and_his_son_HORACE_WALPOLE_1717-1797_Connoisseur_and_Man_of_Letters_lived_here.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/SIR_ROBERT_WALPOLE_1676-1745_Prime_Minister_and_his_son_HORACE_WALPOLE_1717-1797_Connoisseur_and_Man_of_Letters_lived_here.jpg/255px-SIR_ROBERT_WALPOLE_1676-1745_Prime_Minister_and_his_son_HORACE_WALPOLE_1717-1797_Connoisseur_and_Man_of_Letters_lived_here.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/SIR_ROBERT_WALPOLE_1676-1745_Prime_Minister_and_his_son_HORACE_WALPOLE_1717-1797_Connoisseur_and_Man_of_Letters_lived_here.jpg/340px-SIR_ROBERT_WALPOLE_1676-1745_Prime_Minister_and_his_son_HORACE_WALPOLE_1717-1797_Connoisseur_and_Man_of_Letters_lived_here.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">Blue plaque</a> at Arlington Street, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a>, London commemorating Horace and his father Robert</figcaption></figure> <p>After Walpole's death, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Louisa_Stuart" title="Lady Louisa Stuart">Lady Louisa Stuart</a>, in the introduction to the letters of her grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Mary_Wortley_Montagu" title="Lady Mary Wortley Montagu">Lady Mary Wortley Montagu</a> (1837), wrote of rumours that Horace's biological father was not Sir Robert Walpole but Carr, Lord Hervey (1691–1723), elder half-brother of the more famous <a href="/wiki/John_Hervey,_2nd_Baron_Hervey" title="John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey">John Hervey</a>. <a href="/wiki/T._H._White" title="T. H. White">T. H. White</a> writes: "Catherine Shorter, Sir Robert Walpole's first wife, had five children. Four of them were born in a sequence after the marriage; the fifth, Horace, was born eleven years later, at a time when she was known to be on bad terms with Sir Robert, and known to be on romantic terms with Carr, Lord Hervey."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite195084–89_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite195084–89-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of physical resemblance between Horace and Sir Robert,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite195088_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite195088-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his close resemblance to members of the Hervey family, encouraged these rumours. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cunningham_(British_writer)" title="Peter Cunningham (British writer)">Peter Cunningham</a>, in his introduction to the letters of Horace Walpole (1857), vol. 1, p. x, wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"[Lady Louisa Stuart] has related it in print in the Introductory Anecdotes to Lady Mary's Works ; and there is too much reason to believe that what she tells is true. Horace was born eleven years after the birth of any other child that Sir Robert had by his wife; in every respect he was unlike a Walpole, and in every respect, figure and formation of mind, very like a Hervey. Lady Mary Wortley divided mankind into men, women, and Herveys, and the division has been generally accepted. Walpole was certainly of the Hervey class. Lord Hervey's Memoirs and Horace Walpole's Memoires are most remarkably alike, yet Walpole never saw them. [Yet] we have no evidence whatever that a suspicion of spurious parentage ever crossed the mind of Horace Walpole. His writings, from youth to age, breathe the most affectionate love for his mother, and the most unbounded filial regard for Sir Robert Walpole."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_characteristics">Personal characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Walpole&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Walpole had formed a number of lifelong friendships with a number of men and women notable for their looks, wit or social standing. Principal amongst those in his inner circle was arguably Conway, who he had looked up to since his Eton days and corresponded with for the rest of his life. He entertained himself with others who were like himself, and who possessed notoriety and wit, such as such as <a href="/wiki/Etheldreda_Townshend" title="Etheldreda Townshend">Etheldreda Townshend</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Selwyn_(politician)" title="George Selwyn (politician)">George Selwyn</a> with whom he jousted and derided with streams of invective. The "<i>Abbot of Strawberry</i>" immortalised himself in his own words but also inspired the characters of <i>Sir Benjamin Backbite</i> in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan" title="Richard Brinsley Sheridan">Richard Brinsley Sheridan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_School_for_Scandal" title="The School for Scandal">The School for Scandal</a> and <i>Monsieur Le Sage</i> in the satire <i>Ranelagh House: a Satire in prose after the manner of Monsieur Le Sage</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The novelist <a href="/wiki/Laetitia_Matilda_Hawkins" title="Laetitia Matilda Hawkins">Laetitia Matilda Hawkins</a>, a younger contemporary of Walpole, wrote of him as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite195089–90_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite195089–90-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His entrance into a room was in that style of affected delicacy, which fashion had made almost natural, <a href="/wiki/Bicorne" title="Bicorne"><i>chapeau bras</i></a> between his hands as if he wished to compress it, or under his arm; knees bent, and feet on tip-toe, as if afraid of a wet floor. His summer dress of ceremony was usually a lavender suit, the waistcoat embroidered with a little silver, or of white silk worked in the <a href="/wiki/Tambour_lace" title="Tambour lace">tambour</a>, partridge silk stockings, gold buckles, <a href="/wiki/Ruffle_(sewing)" title="Ruffle (sewing)">ruffles</a> and lace frill. In the winter he wore powder ... His appearance at the breakfast table was proclaimed, and attended, by a fat and favourite little dog, the legacy of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Anne_de_Vichy-Chamrond,_marquise_du_Deffand" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Anne de Vichy-Chamrond, marquise du Deffand">Madame du Deffand</a>; the dog and favourite squirrel partook of his breakfast. He generally dined at four ... His dinner when at home was of chicken, pheasant, or any light food, of which he ate sparingly. Pastry he disliked, as difficult of digestion, though he would taste a morsel of <a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">venison</a> pie. Iced water, then a London dislike, was his favourite drink. The scent of dinner was removed by a censer or pot of <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>. The wine that was drunk during dinner. After his coffee he would take pinch of snuff, and nothing more that night.</p></blockquote> <p>In his old age, according to G. G. Cunningham, he "was afflicted with fits of an hereditary gout which a rigid temperance failed to remove".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham1834207–213_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham1834207–213-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Walpole&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strawberry Hill had its own <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Hill_Press" title="Strawberry Hill Press">Strawberry Hill Press</a>, which supported Horace Walpole's intensive literary activity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerberckmoes200777_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerberckmoes200777-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1764, not using his own press, he anonymously published his <a href="/wiki/Gothic_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic novel">Gothic novel</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Castle_of_Otranto" title="The Castle of Otranto">The Castle of Otranto</a></i>, claiming on its title page that it was a translation "from the Original Italian of Onuphrio Muralto". The second edition's preface, according to James Watt, "has often been regarded as a manifesto for the modern Gothic romance, stating that his work, now subtitled 'A Gothic Story', sought to restore the qualities of imagination and invention to contemporary fiction".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2004120_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2004120-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is a playfulness in the prefaces to both editions and in the narration within the text itself. The novel opens with the son of Manfred (the Prince of Otranto) being crushed under a massive helmet that appears as a result of supernatural causes. However, that moment, along with the rest of the unfolding plot, includes a mixture of both ridiculous and sublime supernatural elements. The plot finally reveals how Manfred's family is tainted in a way that served as a model for successive Gothic plots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2004120–121_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2004120–121-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1762 on, Walpole published his <i>Anecdotes of Painting in England</i>, based on <a href="/wiki/George_Vertue" title="George Vertue">George Vertue</a>'s manuscript notes. His memoirs of the Georgian social and political scene, though heavily biased, are a useful primary source for historians. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Montagu_Eccardt_Peterborough.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/George_Montagu_Eccardt_Peterborough.JPG/170px-George_Montagu_Eccardt_Peterborough.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/George_Montagu_Eccardt_Peterborough.JPG/255px-George_Montagu_Eccardt_Peterborough.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/George_Montagu_Eccardt_Peterborough.JPG/340px-George_Montagu_Eccardt_Peterborough.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="1566" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <i>George Montagu</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Giles_Eccardt" title="John Giles Eccardt">John Giles Eccardt</a> after <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_van_Loo" title="Jean-Baptiste van Loo">Jean-Baptiste van Loo</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1713–1780</span>)<br />Peterborough Museum and Art Gallery<br />A close friend and correspondent of Horace Walpole</figcaption></figure> <p>Smith, noting that Walpole never did any work for his well-paid government sinecures, turns to the letters and argues that: </p> <blockquote><p>Walpole served his country, not by drudgery in the Exchequer and Customs, which paid him, but by transmitting to posterity an incomparable vision of England as it was in his day – London and Westminster with all their festivities and riots, the machinations of politicians and the turmoil of elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith198325_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith198325-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Walpole's numerous letters are often used as a historical resource. In one, dating from 28 January 1754, he coined the word <a href="/wiki/Serendipity" title="Serendipity">serendipity</a> which he said was derived from a "silly fairy tale" he had read, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Princes_of_Serendip" title="The Three Princes of Serendip">The Three Princes of Serendip</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMertonBarber20111_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMertonBarber20111-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oft-quoted <a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">epigram</a>, "This world is a comedy to those that think, a tragedy to those that feel", is from a letter of Walpole's to <a href="/wiki/Anne_FitzPatrick,_Countess_of_Upper_Ossory" title="Anne FitzPatrick, Countess of Upper Ossory">Anne, Countess of Upper Ossory</a>, on 16 August 1776. The original, fuller version appeared in a letter to Sir Horace Mann on 31 December 1769: "I have often said, and oftener think, that this world is a comedy to those that think, a tragedy to those that feel – a solution of why <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a> laughed and <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a> wept." </p><p>In <i>Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of King Richard III</i> (1768), Walpole defended <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a> against the common belief that he murdered the <a href="/wiki/Princes_in_the_Tower" title="Princes in the Tower">Princes in the Tower</a>. In this he has been followed by other writers, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Daughter_of_Time" title="The Daughter of Time">Josephine Tey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Anand" title="Valerie Anand">Valerie Anand</a>. This work, according to Emile Legouis, shows that Walpole was "capable of critical initiative".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegouis1957906_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegouis1957906-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Walpole later changed his views following <a href="/wiki/The_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="The Terror">The Terror</a> and declared that Richard could have committed the crimes he was accused of.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabor2013223_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabor2013223-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1991216_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1991216-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Walpole_Society">Walpole Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Walpole&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Walpole Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Walpole_Society" title="Walpole Society">Walpole Society</a> was formed in 1911 to promote the study of the history of British art. Its headquarters is located in the Department of Prints and Drawings at The <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> and its director is <a href="/wiki/Simon_Swynfen_Jervis" title="Simon Swynfen Jervis">Simon Swynfen Jervis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Walpole&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Walpole&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Non-fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalpole1757" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aletterfromxoho00walpgoog/page/n7/mode/1up"><i>A Letter from Xo Ho, a Chinese Philosopher at London, to his Friend Lien Chi at Peking</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Printed for J. Graham, Strand. 1757.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Letter+from+Xo+Ho%2C+a+Chinese+Philosopher+at+London%2C+to+his+Friend+Lien+Chi+at+Peking&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Printed+for+J.+Graham%2C+Strand&rft.date=1757&rft.aulast=Walpole&rft.aufirst=Horace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faletterfromxoho00walpgoog%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalpole1879" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anecdotesofpai1879walp/page/n5/mode/1up"><i>Anecdotes of Painting in England</i></a>. London: Ward Lock & Co. 1879 [1762–71].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anecdotes+of+Painting+in+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ward+Lock+%26+Co.&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Walpole&rft.aufirst=Horace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanecdotesofpai1879walp%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalpole1782" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catalogueofengra00walp/page/n6/mode/1up"><i>A Catalogue of Engravers who have been born, or resided in England</i></a>. London: Printed for J. Dodsley, Pall Mall. 1782 [1763].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catalogue+of+Engravers+who+have+been+born%2C+or+resided+in+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Printed+for+J.+Dodsley%2C+Pall+Mall&rft.date=1782&rft.aulast=Walpole&rft.aufirst=Horace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcatalogueofengra00walp%2Fpage%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalpole1904" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essayonmodernga00walpgoog/page/n9/mode/1up"><i>Essay on Modern Gardening</i></a>. <i>With a faithful translation into French by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jules_Mancini,_Duke_of_Nevers" title="Louis Jules Mancini, Duke of Nevers">The Duke of Nivernois</a> and an introduction by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Morse_Earle" title="Alice Morse Earle">Alice Morse Earle</a></i> (Facsimile reprint ed.). Canton, Pa.: Kirgate Press. 1904 [1780].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essay+on+Modern+Gardening&rft.place=Canton%2C+Pa.&rft.edition=Facsimile+reprint&rft.pub=Kirgate+Press&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Walpole&rft.aufirst=Horace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessayonmodernga00walpgoog%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalpole1784" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/descriptionofvil00walp_0/page/n10/mode/1up"><i>A Description of the Villa of Mr. Horace Walpole</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Hill_House" title="Strawberry Hill House">Strawberry Hill</a>, Twickenham: Printed by Thomas Kirgate. 1784.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Description+of+the+Villa+of+Mr.+Horace+Walpole&rft.place=Strawberry+Hill%2C+Twickenham&rft.pub=Printed+by+Thomas+Kirgate&rft.date=1784&rft.aulast=Walpole&rft.aufirst=Horace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdescriptionofvil00walp_0%2Fpage%2Fn10%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalpole1768" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicdoubtso00dodsgoog/page/n10/mode/1up"><i>Historic Doubts on the life and Reign of King Richard the Third</i></a> (Second ed.). London: Printed by J. Dodsley in Pall Mall. 1768.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Doubts+on+the+life+and+Reign+of+King+Richard+the+Third&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Printed+by+J.+Dodsley+in+Pall+Mall&rft.date=1768&rft.aulast=Walpole&rft.aufirst=Horace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricdoubtso00dodsgoog%2Fpage%2Fn10%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalpole1806" class="citation book cs1">Park, Thomas, ed. (1806) [1758]. <i>A Catalogue of the Royal and Noble Authors of England, Scotland, and Ireland, enlarged and continued to the present time</i>. London: Printed for John Scott, Strand.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catalogue+of+the+Royal+and+Noble+Authors+of+England%2C+Scotland%2C+and+Ireland%2C+enlarged+and+continued+to+the+present+time&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Printed+for+John+Scott%2C+Strand&rft.date=1806&rft.aulast=Walpole&rft.aufirst=Horace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acatalogueroyal08parkgoog/page/n9/mode/1up">Vol. 1</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acatalogueroyal02parkgoog/page/n11/mode/1up">Vol. 2</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acatalogueroyal06parkgoog/page/n7/mode/1up">Vol. 3</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acatalogueroyal00parkgoog/page/n7/mode/1up">Vol. 4</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acatalogueroyal04parkgoog/page/n7/mode/1up">Vol. 5</a> • (1st edition: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catalogueofroyal01walprich/page/n8/mode/1up">Vol. 1</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catalogueofroyal02walprich/page/n6/mode/1up">Vol. 2</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalpole1847" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Vassall-Fox,_3rd_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland">Vassall-Fox, Henry, 3rd Baron Holland</a>, ed. (1847) [1822]. <i>Memoirs of the Last Ten Years of the Reign of King <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George the Second</a></i>. (posthumously published.) (3 vols.: 2nd, revised ed.). London: Henry Colburn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Last+Ten+Years+of+the+Reign+of+King+George+the+Second&rft.place=London&rft.series=%28posthumously+published.%29&rft.edition=3+vols.%3A+2nd%2C+revised&rft.pub=Henry+Colburn&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Walpole&rft.aufirst=Horace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsofreignof0001walp/page/n8/mode/1up">Vol. 1</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsreignkingg02walp/page/n10/mode/1up">Vol. 2</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24498/page/n7/mode/1up">Vol. 3 (reprint of 1st ed., 1846)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalpole2000" class="citation book cs1">Jarrett, Keith, ed. (2000) [1845]. <i>Memoirs of the Reign of King <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of Great Britain">George III</a></i>. (4 vols). New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07014-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07014-4"><bdi>0-300-07014-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Reign+of+King+George+III&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.series=%284+vols%29&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-300-07014-4&rft.aulast=Walpole&rft.aufirst=Horace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsofreignof0001walp_x8h1/page/n6/mode/1up">Vol. 1</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsofreignof0002walp_c7f2/page/n6/mode/1up">Vol. 2</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsofreignof0003walp/page/n6/mode/1up">Vol. 3</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsofreignof0000walp_q3u8/page/n6/mode/1up">Vol. 4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalpole1903–1925" class="citation book cs1">Walpole, Horace (1903–1925). <a href="/wiki/Paget_Toynbee" title="Paget Toynbee">Toynbee, Helen Wrigley</a> (ed.). <i>Letters of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford</i>. (16 vols. 1903-5, Supplement, ed. <a href="/wiki/Paget_Toynbee" title="Paget Toynbee">Paget Toynbee</a>, 3 vols., 1918–1925). Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+Horace+Walpole%2C+Earl+of+Orford&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=%2816+vols.+1903-5%2C+Supplement%2C+ed.+Paget+Toynbee%2C+3+vols.%2C+1918%E2%80%931925%29&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1903%2F1925&rft.aulast=Walpole&rft.aufirst=Horace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersofhoracew12walp_0/page/n10/mode/1up">Vol. 1</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924087993519/page/n12/mode/1up">Vol. 2</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924087993527/page/n10/mode/1up">Vol. 3</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersofhoracew34walp/page/n486/mode/1up">Vol. 4</a> (bound with Vol. 3) • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924087993543/page/n8/mode/1up">Vol. 5</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924087993550/page/n8/mode/1up">Vol. 6</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924087993568/page/n8/mode/1up">Vol. 7</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924087993576/page/n8/mode/1up">Vol. 8</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924087993519/page/n12/mode/1up">Vol. 9</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924087993592/page/n8/mode/1up">Vol. 10</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924087993600/page/n8/mode/1up">Vol. 11</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924087993618/page/n8/mode/1up">Vol. 12</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924087993626/page/n12/mode/1up">Vol. 13</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924087993659/page/n6/mode/1up">Vol. 14</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924087993642/page/n10/mode/1up">Vol. 15</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924087993634/page/n8/mode/1up">Vol. 16</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supplementtolett01walp_0/page/n7/mode/1up">Suppl. Vol. 1</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supplementtolett02walp/page/n7/mode/1up">Suppl. Vol. 2</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supplementtolett02walp_0/page/n8/mode/1up">Suppl. Vol. 3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToynbee1912" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Paget_Toynbee" title="Paget Toynbee">Toynbee, Helen Wrigley</a>, ed. (1912). <i>Lettres de la Marquise du Deffand à Horace Walpole (1766–1780)</i>. 3 vols. (Completed by her husband Paget Toynbee after her death in 1910) (in French). Methuen & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lettres+de+la+Marquise+du+Deffand+%C3%A0+Horace+Walpole+%281766%E2%80%931780%29&rft.series=3+vols.+%28Completed+by+her+husband+Paget+Toynbee+after+her+death+in+1910%29&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+Co.&rft.date=1912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettreshoracew01dudeuoft/page/n8/mode/1up">Vol. 1</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettreshoracew02dudeuoft/page/n8/mode/1up">Vol. 2</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettreshoracew03dudeuoft/page/n8/mode/1up">Vol. 3</a></li> <li><i>Selected Letters</i>, edited and introduced by Stephen Clarke. New York: Everyman's Library, Alfred A. Knopf, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/horace-walpole-margaret-drabble/">Reviewed by Margaret Drabble</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Walpole&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Castle_of_Otranto" title="The Castle of Otranto">The Castle of Otranto</a></i> (1764)</li> <li><i>The Mysterious Mother: A Tragedy</i> (1768)</li> <li><i>Hieroglyphic Tales</i> (1785)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Walpole&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Walpole&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangford2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2011_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2011_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2011_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2011_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2011_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangford2011">Langford 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC20141213-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC20141213_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-30313775">"The Castle of Otranto: The creepy tale that launched gothic fiction"</a>. BBC News. 13 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Castle+of+Otranto%3A+The+creepy+tale+that+launched+gothic+fiction&rft.date=2014-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-30313775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith198317–28-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith198317–28_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1983">Smith 1983</a>, pp. 17–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Selected Letters</i>, edited and introduced by Stephen Clarke. New York: Everyman's Library, Alfred A. Knopf, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-richmond.gov.uk-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-richmond.gov.uk_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103000307/http://www.richmond.gov.uk/home/leisure_and_culture/local_history_and_heritage/local_studies_collection/local_history_notes/horace_walpole_and_strawberry_hill.htm">"Horace Walpole and Strawberry Hill – London Borough of Richmond upon Thames"</a>. Government of the United Kingdom. 3 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richmond.gov.uk/home/leisure_and_culture/local_history_and_heritage/local_studies_collection/local_history_notes/horace_walpole_and_strawberry_hill.htm">the original</a> on 3 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horace+Walpole+and+Strawberry+Hill+%E2%80%93+London+Borough+of+Richmond+upon+Thames&rft.pub=Government+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2009-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richmond.gov.uk%2Fhome%2Fleisure_and_culture%2Flocal_history_and_heritage%2Flocal_studies_collection%2Flocal_history_notes%2Fhorace_walpole_and_strawberry_hill.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACAD-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACAD_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACADWLPL734HH" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=WLPL734HH&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Walpole, Horace (WLPL734HH)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Walpole%2C+Horace+%28WLPL734HH%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DWLPL734HH%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196434-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196434_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196435-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196435_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196448–49-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196448–49_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196444-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196444_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196447-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196447_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton2003-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196450_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196451-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196451_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196453_ff.-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196453_ff._18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, pp. 53 ff..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196460_ff.-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196460_ff._19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, pp. 60 ff..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196461-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196461_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196462-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196462_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196468_ff.-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196468_ff._22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, pp. 68 ff..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196472–73-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196472–73_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, pp. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196477-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196477_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1995" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Kathleen (28 July 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P5yioX_tv58C&dq=mary+meadows+norwich+mayor+philip+meadows&pg=PA396"><i>The Sense of the People</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521340724" title="Special:BookSources/9780521340724"><bdi>9780521340724</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sense+of+the+People&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995-07-28&rft.isbn=9780521340724&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP5yioX_tv58C%26dq%3Dmary%2Bmeadows%2Bnorwich%2Bmayor%2Bphilip%2Bmeadows%26pg%3DPA396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/vere-thomas-1681-1766">"Vere, Thomas (c.1681–1766), of Thorpe Hall, Norf"</a>. History of Parliament<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vere%2C+Thomas+%28c.1681%E2%80%931766%29%2C+of+Thorpe+Hall%2C+Norf.&rft.pub=History+of+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofparliamentonline.org%2Fvolume%2F1715-1754%2Fmember%2Fvere-thomas-1681-1766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalpole1884" class="citation book cs1">Walpole, H. (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/53519/53519-h/53519-h.htm"><i>Horace Walpole and his World</i></a>. SEELEY, JACKSON, AND HALLIDAY, 54, FLEET STREET<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2023</span>. <q>In 1735, young Horace proceeded from Eton to King's College, Cambridge, where he resided, though with long intervals of absence, until after he came of age.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace+Walpole+and+his+World&rft.pub=SEELEY%2C+JACKSON%2C+AND+HALLIDAY%2C+54%2C+FLEET+STREET&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Walpole&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F53519%2F53519-h%2F53519-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalpole" class="citation web cs1">Walpole, H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/368703">"A Description of Houghton Hall, continued: The Embroidered Bed-chamber, the Cabinet (partial) Author Horace Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford, 1743"</a>. © 2000–2023 The Metropolitan Museum of Art<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Description+of+Houghton+Hall%2C+continued%3A+The+Embroidered+Bed-chamber%2C+the+Cabinet+%28partial%29+Author+Horace+Walpole%2C+4th+Earl+of+Orford%2C+1743&rft.pub=%C2%A9+2000%E2%80%932023+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art.&rft.aulast=Walpole&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F368703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.literarynorfolk.co.uk/houghton_hall.htm#:~:text=Houghton%20Hall%20lies%209%20miles,Colen%20Campbell%20and%20Thomas%20Ripley.&text=Walpole's%20son%2C%20the%20prolific%20letter,not%20over%20enamoured%20with%20Norfolk.">"Literary Norfolk"</a>. ©Cameron Self 2007–2014 (Supported by Norfolk Tourism)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2023</span>. <q>Walpole's son, the prolific letter writer Sir Horace Walpole (1717–97), lived at Houghton Hall but was not over enamoured with Norfolk.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Literary+Norfolk&rft.pub=%C2%A9Cameron+Self+2007%E2%80%932014+%28Supported+by+Norfolk+Tourism%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.literarynorfolk.co.uk%2Fhoughton_hall.htm%23%3A~%3Atext%3DHoughton%2520Hall%2520lies%25209%2520miles%2CColen%2520Campbell%2520and%2520Thomas%2520Ripley.%26text%3DWalpole%27s%2520son%252C%2520the%2520prolific%2520letter%2Cnot%2520over%2520enamoured%2520with%2520Norfolk.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196480-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196480_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196482-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196482_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2017-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2017_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2017">Allen 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196484-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196484_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196497-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer196497_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964100–101-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964100–101_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, pp. 100–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964102-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964102_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherson1926" class="citation book cs1">Sherson, Errol (1926). <i>The Lively Lady Townshend and her Friends</i>. London: William Heinemann Ltd. p. 178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lively+Lady+Townshend+and+her+Friends&rft.place=London&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=William+Heinemann+Ltd&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Sherson&rft.aufirst=Errol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerberckmoes200777-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerberckmoes200777_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerberckmoes200777_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerberckmoes2007">Verberckmoes 2007</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalpole1891" class="citation book cs1">Walpole, Horace (1891). Cunningham, P. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=brU_AAAAYAAJ&dq=horace+walpole+blue+stockings+strawberry+hill&pg=PR20"><i>The Letters of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford</i></a>. The Letters of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford. Vol. 8. Richard Bentley and Son, London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2023</span>. <q>To The Countess of Ossory – July 15, 1783...I have given one or two dinners to blue-stockings...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Horace+Walpole%2C+Earl+of+Orford&rft.series=The+Letters+of+Horace+Walpole%2C+Earl+of+Orford&rft.pub=Richard+Bentley+and+Son%2C+London&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Walpole&rft.aufirst=Horace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbrU_AAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Dhorace%2Bwalpole%2Bblue%2Bstockings%2Bstrawberry%2Bhill%26pg%3DPR20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2006" class="citation book cs1">Russell, G. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_FhPV1zaccoC&dq=barbould+Horace++had+been+pleased+in+1774&pg=PA71"><i>Romantic Sociability: Social Networks and Literary Culture...</i></a> Cambridge University Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521026093" title="Special:BookSources/9780521026093"><bdi>9780521026093</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2023</span>. <q>...of a new literary and personal identity for Anna Barbauld. Horace Walpole had been pleased, in 1774, to show Anna and [her husband] Rochemont around Strawberry Hill, and a few years later to praise her poetry in a letter to William Mason.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romantic+Sociability%3A+Social+Networks+and+Literary+Culture...&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521026093&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_FhPV1zaccoC%26dq%3Dbarbould%2BHorace%2B%2Bhad%2Bbeen%2Bpleased%2Bin%2B1774%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964126–127-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964126–127_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, pp. 126–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964127-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964127_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabor20134-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabor20134_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSabor2013">Sabor 2013</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964200-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964200_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964201-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964201_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1964201_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964">Ketton-Cremer 1964</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock200034–35-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock200034–35_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLock2000">Lock 2000</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2000159-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2000159_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLock2000">Lock 2000</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELegouis1957906-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegouis1957906_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegouis1957906_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLegouis1957">Legouis 1957</a>, p. 906.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1077787" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1077787?section=official-list-entry">"St Martin's Church (Grade I) (1077787)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=St+Martin%27s+Church+%28Grade+I%29+%281077787%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1077787%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite195084–89-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite195084–89_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1950">White 1950</a>, pp. 84–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite195088-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite195088_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1950">White 1950</a>, p. 88: No beings in human shape could resemble each other less than the two passing for father and son." (Lady Louisa Stuart)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherson1926" class="citation book cs1">Sherson, Errol (1926). <i>The Lively Lady Townshend and her Friends</i>. London: William Heinemann Ltd. p. 314.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lively+Lady+Townshend+and+her+Friends&rft.place=London&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=William+Heinemann+Ltd&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Sherson&rft.aufirst=Errol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite195089–90-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite195089–90_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1950">White 1950</a>, pp. 89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham1834207–213-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham1834207–213_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunningham1834">Cunningham 1834</a>, pp. 207–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2004120-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2004120_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatt2004">Watt 2004</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2004120–121-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2004120–121_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatt2004">Watt 2004</a>, pp. 120–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith198325-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith198325_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1983">Smith 1983</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMertonBarber20111-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMertonBarber20111_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMertonBarber2011">Merton & Barber 2011</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabor2013223-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabor2013223_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSabor2013">Sabor 2013</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1991216-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1991216_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard1991">Pollard 1991</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Walpole&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2017" class="citation news cs1">Allen, Brooke (9 September 2017). "The Word from Strawberry Hill". <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Word+from+Strawberry+Hill&rft.date=2017-09-09&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Brooke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2012" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Penelope (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/east-india-company-and-religion-16981858/east-india-company-britain-and-india-17701790/763DF2E53E1C412A57958E36001E2F19#"><i>The East India Company and Religion, 1698–1858</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 18–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782040279" title="Special:BookSources/9781782040279"><bdi>9781782040279</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+India+Company+and+Religion%2C+1698%E2%80%931858&rft.pages=18-33&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781782040279&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Penelope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Feast-india-company-and-religion-16981858%2Feast-india-company-britain-and-india-17701790%2F763DF2E53E1C412A57958E36001E2F19%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1834" class="citation cs2">Cunningham, G. G. (1834), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023211041/http://spenserians.cath.vt.edu/BiographyRecord.php?action=GET&bioid=34070">"Horace Walpole"</a>, <i>Memoirs of Illustrious Englishmen (1834-37)</i>, vol. 6, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spenserians.cath.vt.edu/BiographyRecord.php?action=GET&bioid=34070">the original</a> on 23 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+Illustrious+Englishmen+%281834-37%29&rft.atitle=Horace+Walpole&rft.volume=6&rft.date=1834&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspenserians.cath.vt.edu%2FBiographyRecord.php%3Faction%3DGET%26bioid%3D34070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaggerty2006" class="citation journal cs1">Haggerty, George E. (2006). "Queering Horace Walpole". <i>SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 543–561. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsel.2006.0026">10.1353/sel.2006.0026</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1522-9270">1522-9270</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3844520">3844520</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154410341">154410341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SEL%3A+Studies+in+English+Literature+1500%E2%80%931900&rft.atitle=Queering+Horace+Walpole&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=543-561&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1522-9270&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154410341%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3844520%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsel.2006.0026&rft.aulast=Haggerty&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKetton-Cremer1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wyndham_Ketton-Cremer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Wyndham Ketton-Cremer">Ketton-Cremer, Robert Wyndham</a> (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A1kKAQAAMAAJ"><i>Horace Walpole: a Biography</i></a>. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787270010670" title="Special:BookSources/9787270010670"><bdi>9787270010670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace+Walpole%3A+a+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=9787270010670&rft.aulast=Ketton-Cremer&rft.aufirst=Robert+Wyndham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA1kKAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangford2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Langford, Paul (19 May 2011). "Walpole, Horatio, fourth earl of Orford (1717–1797)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F28596">10.1093/ref:odnb/28596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Walpole%2C+Horatio%2C+fourth+earl+of+Orford+%281717%E2%80%931797%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-05-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F28596&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegouis1957" class="citation book cs1">Legouis, Emile (1957). <i>A History of English Literature</i>. Translated by Louis Cazamian. New York: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+English+Literature&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Legouis&rft.aufirst=Emile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLock2000" class="citation book cs1">Lock, F. P. (2000). "Rhetoric and representation in Burke's Reflections". In Whale, John (ed.). <i>Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France. New Interdisciplinary Essays</i>. Manchester: University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rhetoric+and+representation+in+Burke%27s+Reflections&rft.btitle=Edmund+Burke%27s+Reflections+on+the+Revolution+in+France.+New+Interdisciplinary+Essays&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Lock&rft.aufirst=F.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMertonBarber2011" class="citation book cs1">Merton, Robert K.; Barber, Elinor (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ORJVDALLF0kC&pg=PA1"><i>The Travels and Adventures of Serendipity: A Study in Sociological Semantics and the Sociology of Science</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4152-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4152-3"><bdi>978-1-4008-4152-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+and+Adventures+of+Serendipity%3A+A+Study+in+Sociological+Semantics+and+the+Sociology+of+Science&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4152-3&rft.aulast=Merton&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rft.au=Barber%2C+Elinor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DORJVDALLF0kC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMowl2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Mowl" title="Timothy Mowl">Mowl, Timothy</a> (2010) [1996]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horacewalpolegre0000mowl"><i>Horace Walpole: The Great Outsider</i></a></span>. London: Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5619-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5619-7"><bdi>978-0-7195-5619-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace+Walpole%3A+The+Great+Outsider&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Murray&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-5619-7&rft.aulast=Mowl&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhoracewalpolegre0000mowl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton2003" class="citation book cs1">Norton, Rictor, ed. (23 February 2003) [1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613220104/http://www.infopt.demon.co.uk/sapphick.htm">"A Sapphick Epistle, 1778"</a>. <i>Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infopt.demon.co.uk/sapphick.htm">the original</a> on 13 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Sapphick+Epistle%2C+1778&rft.btitle=Homosexuality+in+Eighteenth-Century+England%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.date=2003-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infopt.demon.co.uk%2Fsapphick.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard1991" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, A. J. (1991). <i>Richard III and the Princes in the Tower</i>. Stroud: Alan Sutton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III+and+the+Princes+in+the+Tower&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1983" class="citation cs2">Smith, W. H. (1983), "Horace Walpole's Correspondence", <i>The Yale University Library Gazette</i>, <b>58</b> (1/2): 17–28, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40858823">40858823</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+University+Library+Gazette&rft.atitle=Horace+Walpole%27s+Correspondence&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=17-28&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40858823%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabor2013" class="citation book cs1">Sabor, Peter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jXzhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA4"><i>Horace Walpole: The Critical Heritage</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-17217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-17217-5"><bdi>978-1-136-17217-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace+Walpole%3A+The+Critical+Heritage&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-17217-5&rft.aulast=Sabor&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjXzhAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalpole1844" class="citation book cs1">Walpole, Horace (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QoE4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA339"><i>Letters of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford, to Sir Horace Mann: His ...</i></a> Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+Horace+Walpole%2C+Earl+of+Orford%2C+to+Sir+Horace+Mann%3A+His+...&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Lea+%26+Blanchard&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Walpole&rft.aufirst=Horace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQoE4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt2004" class="citation book cs1">Watt, James (2004). "Gothic". In Keymer, Thomas; Mee, Jon (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to English Literature 1740–1830</i>. Cambridge: University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gothic&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+English+Literature+1740%E2%80%931830&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerberckmoes2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Verberckmoes, Johan (2007). <i>Geschiedenis van de Britse eilanden</i> [<i>The History of the British Isles</i>] (in Dutch). Leuven: Uitgeverij Acco Leuven. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-334-6549-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-334-6549-9"><bdi>978-90-334-6549-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschiedenis+van+de+Britse+eilanden&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Acco+Leuven&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-334-6549-9&rft.aulast=Verberckmoes&rft.aufirst=Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T.H._White" class="mw-redirect" title="T.H. White">White, T.H.</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b1KV1AqECPcC"><i>The Age of Scandal</i></a>. New York: Putnam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Scandal&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=T.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db1KV1AqECPcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Walpole&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Frank, Frederick, "Introduction" in <i>The Castle of Otranto</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwynn1932" class="citation book cs1">Gwynn, Stephen (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176376"><i>The Life of Horace Walpole</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Horace+Walpole&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Gwynn&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.176376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hiller, Bevis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190912044930/https://web.archive.org/web/20050511041837/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_199609/ai_n8739134">findarticles.com Who's Horry now?</a> <i>The Spectator</i>, 14 September 1996</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> Carlo Stasi, <i>Otranto e l'Inghilterra (episodi bellici in Puglia e nel Salento)</i>, in 'Note di Storia e Cultura Salentina', anno XV, pp. 127–159, (Argo, Lecce, 2003)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> Carlo Stasi, <i>Otranto nel Mondo</i>, in 'Note di Storia e Cultura Salentina', anno XVI, pp. 207–224, (Argo, Lecce, 2004)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> Carlo Stasi, <i>Otranto nel Mondo, dal 'Castello' di Walpole al 'Barone' di Voltaire</i> (Editrice Salentina, Galatina 2018) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788831964067" title="Special:BookSources/9788831964067">9788831964067</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Walpole&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole,_4th_Earl_of_Orford" class="extiw" title="commons:Horace Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Horace Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole" class="extiw" title="q:Horace Walpole">Horace Walpole</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Horace_Walpole" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Horace Walpole">Horace Walpole</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/horace-walpole">Works by Horace Walpole in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/358">Works by Horace Walpole</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4609">The Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume 1</a> (1735–1748)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4610">The Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume 2</a> (1749–1759)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4773">The Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume 3</a> (1759–1769)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4919">The Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume 4</a> (1770–1797)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12073">Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume I</a> (1736–1764)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12074">Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume II</a> (1764–1795)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/696">The Castle of Otranto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Walpole%2C%20Horace%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Horace%20Walpole%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Walpole%2C%20Horace%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Horace%20Walpole%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Walpole%2C%20H%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Horace%20Walpole%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Walpole%2C%20Horace%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Horace%20Walpole%22%29%20OR%20%28%221717-1797%22%20AND%20Walpole%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Horace Walpole</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/4690">Works by Horace Walpole</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eighteenthcenturypoetry.org/authors/pers00042.shtml">Horace Walpole</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eighteenthcenturypoetry.org/">Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=4587">The Literary Encyclopedia.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtney1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Prideaux_Courtney" title="William Prideaux Courtney">Courtney, William Prideaux</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Walpole, Horatio"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Walpole,_Horatio">"Walpole, Horatio" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 288–290.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Walpole%2C+Horatio&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=288-290&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Courtney&rft.aufirst=William+Prideaux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927012644/http://www.friendsofstrawberryhill.org/">The Friends of Strawberry Hill</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.org.uk/detail.asp?ContentID=140">The Twickenham Museum – Horace Walpole</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701004905/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/furniture/stories/walpole/index.html">"The Walpole Cabinet"</a>. <i>Furniture</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/furniture/stories/walpole/index.html">the original</a> on 1 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Furniture&rft.atitle=The+Walpole+Cabinet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Ffurniture%2Fstories%2Fwalpole%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp03378">Portraits of Horace Walpole</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309903#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024083930/http://www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk/object/851822">Lord Carr Hervey (1691–1723) as a Youth</a>. (National Trust Collections).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716224147/http://www.walpolesociety.org.uk/index.shtml">"The Walpole Society"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walpolesociety.org.uk/index.shtml">the original</a> on 16 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Walpole+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walpolesociety.org.uk%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HoraceWalpole">"The View From Strawberry Hill: Horace Walpole and the American Revolution"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170328022334/http://walpole.library.yale.edu/collections/digital-collections/horace-walpole-correspondence">Horace Walpole Correspondence | Lewis Walpole Library, Yale University</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F69587">"Archival material relating to Horace Walpole"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Horace+Walpole&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF69587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309903#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coplestone" title="Thomas Coplestone">Thomas Coplestone</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Isaac_le_Heup" title="Isaac le Heup">Isaac le Heup</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Callington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Callington (UK Parliament constituency)">Callington</a> </b><br />1741–1754 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coplestone" title="Thomas Coplestone">Thomas Coplestone</a> (1741–1748)<br /><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bacon_(died_1786)" title="Edward Bacon (died 1786)">Edward Bacon</a> (1748–1754) </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sewallis_Shirley_(1709%E2%80%931765)" title="Sewallis Shirley (1709–1765)">Sewallis Shirley</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sharpe_(MP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Sharpe (MP) (page does not exist)">John Sharpe</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Knight,_1st_Earl_of_Catherlough" title="Robert Knight, 1st Earl of Catherlough">The Lord Luxborough</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_14th_Earl_of_Suffolk" title="Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Suffolk">Thomas Howard</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Castle_Rising_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Castle Rising (UK Parliament constituency)">Castle Rising</a> </b><br />1754–1757 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_14th_Earl_of_Suffolk" title="Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Suffolk">Thomas Howard</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_14th_Earl_of_Suffolk" title="Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Suffolk">Thomas Howard</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boone_(died_1819)" title="Charles Boone (died 1819)">Charles Boone</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Turner,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir John Turner, 3rd Baronet">Sir John Turner, Bt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Walpole,_1st_Earl_of_Orford" title="Horatio Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford">Horatio Walpole</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Kings_Lynn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings Lynn (UK Parliament constituency)">Kings Lynn</a> </b><br />1757–1768 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Turner,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir John Turner, 3rd Baronet">Sir John Turner, Bt</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Turner,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir John Turner, 3rd Baronet">Sir John Turner, Bt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walpole" title="Thomas Walpole">Thomas Walpole</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Peerage of Great Britain</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="4">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Walpole,_3rd_Earl_of_Orford" title="George Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford">George Walpole</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Orford" title="Earl of Orford">Earl of Orford</a> </b><br /><i>2nd creation</i><br />1791–1797 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3"><b>Extinct </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Orford" title="Earl of Orford">Viscount Walpole</a> </b><br />1791–1797 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Walpole" title="Baron Walpole">Baron Walpole</a> </b><br /><i>of Houghton</i><br />1791–1797 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Walpole" title="Baron Walpole">Baron Walpole</a> </b><br /><i>of Walpole</i><br />1791–1797 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Walpole,_1st_Earl_of_Orford" title="Horatio Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford">Horatio Walpole</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/17231985">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/61557/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmHJxwvjqbV4RhT94vCQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118628844">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80126297">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11985448t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11985448t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00460120">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Walpole, Horace <1717-1797>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV000461">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35950998">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0002958&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX994130">Spain</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5444947">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/61282">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068298293">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90833617">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000189339&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=168653">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018O1423">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mqvdht4tp69f8">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810661013105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/6339">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269517205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514968006706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14029589">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02908853?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500126172">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/295259">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1159757">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118628844.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118628844">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027573427">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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