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id="toc-Relació_amb_els_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relació_amb_els_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Relació amb els humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relació_amb_els_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Relació amb els humans</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relació_amb_els_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Història_de_la_investigació" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Història_de_la_investigació"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Història de la investigació</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Història_de_la_investigació-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-En_el_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#En_el_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>En el folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-En_el_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bioelectricitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bioelectricitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bioelectricitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bioelectricitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistemàtica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistemàtica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sistemàtica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistemàtica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morfologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morfologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Morfologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morfologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alimentació" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alimentació"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Alimentació</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alimentació-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hàbitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hàbitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hàbitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hàbitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Llistat_de_famílies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Llistat_de_famílies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Llistat de famílies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Llistat_de_famílies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Llistat de famílies</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Llistat_de_famílies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Segons_ITIS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Segons_ITIS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Segons ITIS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Segons_ITIS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Segons_FishBase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Segons_FishBase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Segons FishBase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Segons_FishBase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Taula de continguts" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Torpediniformes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 55 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" title="Torpediniformes - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Torpediniformes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="أسماك الرعاد - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسماك الرعاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="اسماك الرعاد - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسماك الرعاد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" title="Torpediniformes - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Torpediniformes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrik_skatlar%C4%B1" title="Elektrik skatları - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektrik skatları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Электрычныя скаты - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электрычныя скаты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Электрычныя скаты - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Электрычныя скаты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Електрически скатове - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електрически скатове" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" title="Torpediniformes - cebuà" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Torpediniformes" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parejnoci" title="Parejnoci - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Parejnoci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_rokke" title="Elektrisk rokke - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektrisk rokke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitterrochenartige" title="Zitterrochenartige - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zitterrochenartige" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_ray" title="Electric ray - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Electric ray" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" title="Torpediniformes - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Torpediniformes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaraio" title="Ikaraio - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ikaraio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C" title="سفره‌ماهی برقی - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سفره‌ماهی برقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6rauskukalat" title="Sähkörauskukalat - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähkörauskukalat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" title="Torpediniformes - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Torpediniformes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roc_nimhe" title="Roc nimhe - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Roc nimhe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" title="Torpediniformes - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Torpediniformes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חשמלנאים - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חשמלנאים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drhtulje" title="Drhtulje - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Drhtulje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2pedinif%C3%B2m" title="Tòpedinifòm - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tòpedinifòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromosr%C3%A1ja-alak%C3%BAak" title="Elektromosrája-alakúak - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektromosrája-alakúak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pari_listrik" title="Pari listrik - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pari listrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hr%C3%B6kkvisk%C3%B6tur" title="Hrökkviskötur - islandès" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hrökkviskötur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" title="Torpediniformes - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Torpediniformes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%93%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A4%E7%9B%AE" title="シビレエイ目 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シビレエイ目" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гнюсотектестер - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гнюсотектестер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0%EA%B0%80%EC%98%A4%EB%A6%AC%EB%AA%A9" title="전기가오리목 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전기가오리목" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" title="Torpediniformes - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Torpediniformes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrin%C4%97s_rajo%C5%BEuv%C4%97s" title="Elektrinės rajožuvės - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektrinės rajožuvės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremmula" title="Tremmula - napolità" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Tremmula" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolità" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" title="Torpediniformes - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Torpediniformes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektriske_skater" title="Elektriske skater - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektriske skater" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3%C3%B3%CA%BCt%CA%BC%C4%85%CC%81h%C3%AD_atsinilt%C5%82%CA%BCish_%C3%AD%C3%AD%C5%82%CA%BC%C3%ADn%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Łóóʼtʼą́hí atsiniltłʼish ííłʼínígíí - navaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Łóóʼtʼą́hí atsiniltłʼish ííłʼínígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navaho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BF_%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%9A" title="ବିଜୁଳି ଶାଙ୍କୁଚ - oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିଜୁଳି ଶାଙ୍କୁଚ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C4%99twokszta%C5%82tne" title="Drętwokształtne - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Drętwokształtne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" title="Torpediniformes - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Torpediniformes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniforme" title="Torpediniforme - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Torpediniforme" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Электрические скаты - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электрические скаты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dne_ra%C5%BEe" title="Električne raže - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Električne raže" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_ray" title="Electric ray - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electric ray" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dne_ra%C5%BEe" title="Električne raže - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Električne raže" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrockeartade_rockor" title="Darrockeartade rockor - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Darrockeartade rockor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="மின்திருக்கை - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்திருக்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="ปลากระเบนไฟฟ้า - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปลากระเบนไฟฟ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" title="Torpediniformes - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Torpediniformes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Електричні скати - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електричні скати" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82_%D9%85%DA%86%DA%BE%D9%84%DB%8C" title="برق مچھلی - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برق مچھلی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrli_skatlar" title="Elektrli skatlar - uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektrli skatlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_C%C3%A1_%C4%91u%E1%BB%91i_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n" title="Bộ Cá đuối điện - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ Cá đuối điện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes" title="Torpediniformes - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Torpediniformes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E9%B3%90%E7%9B%AE" title="电鳐目 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电鳐目" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%B0%A9" title="電鰩 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電鰩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41317#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificau enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica 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class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/Torpediniformes" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Torpediniformes" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d'aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpediniformes&oldid=34810968" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta revisió de la pàgina"><span>Enllaç permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpediniformes&action=info" title="Més informació sobre aquesta pàgina"><span>Informació de la 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lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%;width:25em"><caption style="font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background-color: gold; text-align: center; font-size: 1.35em;"><span style="float:left;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Butterfly_icon_(Noun_Project).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Infotaula d'ésser viu"><img alt="Infotaula d'ésser viu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/25px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/38px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/50px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></span>Torpediniformes <span class="penicon" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41317?uselang=ca#P225" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Torpedo_torpedo_corsica3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Torpedo_torpedo_corsica3.jpg/300px-Torpedo_torpedo_corsica3.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Torpedo_torpedo_corsica3.jpg/450px-Torpedo_torpedo_corsica3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Torpedo_torpedo_corsica3.jpg/600px-Torpedo_torpedo_corsica3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Vaca_comuna" title="Vaca comuna">vaca comuna</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41317?uselang=ca#P18" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: start;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;color: #202122; background-color: gold">Taxonomia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: start;"></td></tr><tr><td style="color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Superregne</td><td style="font-style:normal  ;"><a href="/wiki/Holozous" title="Holozous">Holozoa</a></td></tr><tr><td style="color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Regne</td><td style="font-style:normal  ;"><a href="/wiki/Animals" title="Animals">Animalia</a></td></tr><tr><td style="color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Subregne</td><td style="font-style:normal  ;"><a href="/wiki/Bilaterals" title="Bilaterals">Bilateria</a></td></tr><tr><td style="color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Fílum</td><td style="font-style:normal  ;"><a href="/wiki/Cordats" title="Cordats">Chordata</a></td></tr><tr><td style="color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Classe</td><td style="font-style:normal  ;"><a href="/wiki/Peixos_cartilaginosos" title="Peixos cartilaginosos">Chondrichthyes</a></td></tr><tr><td style="color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Superordre</td><td style="font-style:normal  ;"><a href="/wiki/Bato%C3%AFdeus" title="Batoïdeus">Batoidea</a></td></tr><tr><td style="color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Ordre</td><td style="font-style:normal  ;"><b>Torpediniformes <span class="penicon" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41317?uselang=ca#P225" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></b><br /><span style="font-style:normal; font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Buen_Lozano" title="Fernando de Buen Lozano"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lozano</span></a>, 1926</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: start;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Torpedo_fairchildi_(New_Zealand_torpedo).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Torpedo_fairchildi_%28New_Zealand_torpedo%29.gif/250px-Torpedo_fairchildi_%28New_Zealand_torpedo%29.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Torpedo_fairchildi_%28New_Zealand_torpedo%29.gif/330px-Torpedo_fairchildi_%28New_Zealand_torpedo%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Torpedo_fairchildi_%28New_Zealand_torpedo%29.gif/500px-Torpedo_fairchildi_%28New_Zealand_torpedo%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="1313" /></a><figcaption><i>Torpedo fairchildi</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Els <b>torpediniformes</b> (Torpediniformes) són un <a href="/wiki/Ordre" title="Ordre">ordre</a> de <a href="/wiki/Peixos_cartilaginosos" title="Peixos cartilaginosos">peixos cartilaginosos</a> del <a href="/wiki/Ordre" title="Ordre">superordre</a> dels <a href="/wiki/Bato%C3%AFdeus" title="Batoïdeus">batoïdeus</a>, anomenades comunament <b>tremoloses</b> o <b>vaques</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tenen la propietat de produir <a href="/wiki/Desc%C3%A0rrega_el%C3%A8ctrica" class="mw-redirect" title="Descàrrega elèctrica">descàrregues elèctriques</a>, que oscil·len entre 8 i 220 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volts</a>, depenent de l'espècie, que s'utilitzen per atordir les preses i per a la defensa.<sup id="cite_ref-martin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hi ha 69 espècies en quatre famílies. </p><p>Potser els membres més coneguts són els del <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A8nere_(biologia)" title="Gènere (biologia)">gènere</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_(g%C3%A8nere)" title="Torpedo (gènere)">Torpedo</a></i>. L'arma submarina del <a href="/wiki/Torpede" title="Torpede">torpede</a> porta el seu nom. El nom prové del <a href="/wiki/Llat%C3%AD" title="Llatí">llatí</a> <span lang="la">torpere</span>, 'estar rígid o paralitzat', de l'efecte sobre algú que toca el peix.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descripció"><span id="Descripci.C3.B3"></span>Descripció</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpediniformes&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Descripció"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els torpediniformes tenen un disc pectoral arrodonit amb dues <a href="/wiki/Aleta_dorsal" title="Aleta dorsal">aletes dorsals</a> arrodonides i angulars moderadament grans (no punxegudes ni enganxades) (reduïdes en alguns <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcinidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narcinidae (encara no existeix)">Narcinidae</a>), i una cua musculosa robusta amb una <a href="/wiki/Aleta_(anatomia_animal)" title="Aleta (anatomia animal)">aleta caudal</a> ben desenvolupada. El cos és gruixut i flàccid, amb una pell suau solta i sense <a href="/wiki/Escata_de_peix" title="Escata de peix">denticles dèrmics</a> ni espines. A la base de les aletes pectorals hi ha un parell d'<a href="/wiki/Electr%C3%B2cit" title="Electròcit">òrgans elèctrics</a> en forma de <a href="/wiki/Rony%C3%B3" title="Ronyó">ronyó</a>. El musell és ample, gran en els Narcinidae, però reduït en totes les altres famílies. La boca, <a href="/wiki/Nariu" title="Nariu">les fosses nasals</a> i cinc parells de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gill_slit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gill slit (encara no existeix)">ranures branquials</a> es troben a sota del disc.<sup id="cite_ref-martin3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hamlett_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamlett-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Els torpediniformes es troben des d'aigües costaneres poc profundes fins a almenys 1.000m profund. Són lents i es mouen lentament, s'impulsen amb la cua, no utilitzant les aletes pectorals com ho fan altres raigs. S'alimenten d'invertebrats i peixos petits. Estan a l'espera de les preses sota la sorra o un altre substrat, utilitzant la seva electricitat per atordir-les i capturar-les.<sup id="cite_ref-EoF_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoF-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relació_amb_els_humans"><span id="Relaci.C3.B3_amb_els_humans"></span>Relació amb els humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpediniformes&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Relació amb els humans"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Història_de_la_investigació"><span id="Hist.C3.B2ria_de_la_investigaci.C3.B3"></span>Història de la investigació</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpediniformes&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Història de la investigació"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les propietats electrogèniques dels torpediniformes es coneixen des de l'antiguitat, encara que no se'n coneixia la naturalesa. Els antics grecs utilitzaven els torpediniformes per adormir el dolor del <a href="/wiki/Treball_de_part" title="Treball de part">part</a> i les operacions.<sup id="cite_ref-martin4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En el seu diàleg <i><a href="/wiki/Men%C3%B3_(di%C3%A0leg)" title="Menó (diàleg)">Menó</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Plat%C3%B3" title="Plató">Plató</a> fa que el personatge Menó acusa <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B2crates" title="Sòcrates">Sòcrates</a> d'"impressionar" la gent amb les seves preguntes desconcertants, d'una manera semblant a la manera com el <a href="/wiki/Vaca_comuna" title="Vaca comuna">peix torpede</a> atordit amb l'electricitat.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Escriboni_Llarg" title="Escriboni Llarg">Scribonius Largus</a>, un metge romà, va registrar l'ús del peix torpede per al tractament dels <a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%A0lgia" title="Cefalàlgia">mals de cap</a> i <a href="/wiki/Gota_(malaltia)" title="Gota (malaltia)">la gota</a> a les seves <i>Compositiones Medicae</i> de l'any 46. AD.<sup id="cite_ref-BullockHopkins2006_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BullockHopkins2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A la dècada de 1770, els òrgans elèctrics del <a href="/wiki/Vaca_comuna" title="Vaca comuna">peix torpede</a> van ser objecte dels articles de <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">la Royal Society</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Walsh_(scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Walsh (scientist) (encara no existeix)">John Walsh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i <a href="/wiki/John_Hunter" title="John Hunter">John Hunter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sembla que van influir en el pensament de <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a> i <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a>, els fundadors de l'electrofisiologia i l'electroquímica.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_1969_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander_1969-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edwards_2021_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards_2021-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a> va proposar que els raigs elèctrics utilitzen electricitat; va construir un raig artificial que consistia en <a href="/wiki/Ampolla_de_Leiden" title="Ampolla de Leiden">pots de Leyden</a> amb forma de peix per imitar amb èxit el seu comportament el 1773.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="En_el_folklore">En el folklore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpediniformes&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: En el folklore"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El peix torpede, o raig elèctric, apareix contínuament a les històries naturals premodernes com una criatura màgica, i la seva capacitat per adormir els pescadors sense semblar tocar-los va ser una font important d'evidència de la creença en les <a href="/wiki/Ocultisme" title="Ocultisme">qualitats ocultes</a> de la natura durant les èpoques anteriors al descobriment de l'electricitat com a mode explicatiu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bioelectricitat">Bioelectricitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpediniformes&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Bioelectricitat"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r30997230">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Article principal: <a href="/wiki/Peix_el%C3%A8ctric" title="Peix elèctric">Peix elèctric</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r32548069/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Torpedo_electric_organs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Torpedo_electric_organs.jpg/176px-Torpedo_electric_organs.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Torpedo_electric_organs.jpg/264px-Torpedo_electric_organs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Torpedo_electric_organs.jpg/352px-Torpedo_electric_organs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="769" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Posició dels dos òrgans elèctrics</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Elektroplax_Rochen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Elektroplax_Rochen.png/208px-Elektroplax_Rochen.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Elektroplax_Rochen.png/312px-Elektroplax_Rochen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Elektroplax_Rochen.png/416px-Elektroplax_Rochen.png 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="416" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Esquema d'estructura d'òrgans elèctrics i electròcits apilats</div></div></div></div></div><p>Els raigs elèctrics tenen <a href="/wiki/Electr%C3%B2cit" title="Electròcit">òrgans elèctrics</a> especialitzats. Moltes espècies de raigs i patins fora de la família tenen òrgans elèctrics a la cua; tanmateix, el raig elèctric té dos grans òrgans elèctrics en forma de ronyó a cada costat del seu cap, on el corrent passa de la superfície inferior a la superior del cos. Els nervis que indiquen que l'òrgan es descarregui repetidament, després s'uneixen a la part inferior de cada placa de les bateries.<sup id="cite_ref-martin2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquests estan formats per columnes hexagonals, molt empaquetades en una formació de bresca. Cada columna consta de 500 a més de 1000 plaques de múscul estriat modificat, adaptades dels músculs <a href="/wiki/Arcs_branquials" title="Arcs branquials">branquials</a> (arc branquial).<sup id="cite_ref-martin2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bigelow_Schroeder_1953_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bigelow_Schroeder_1953-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peix_el%C3%A8ctric" title="Peix elèctric">En els peixos marins</a>, aquestes bateries estan connectades com un circuit paral·lel, mentre que les bateries d'aigua dolça estan disposades en sèrie. Això permet que els raigs d'aigua dolça transmetin descàrregues de major tensió, ja que l'aigua dolça no pot conduir l'electricitat tan bé com l'aigua salada.<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer_2008_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer_2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amb aquesta bateria, un raig elèctric pot electrocutar preses més grans amb un voltatge d'entre 8 volts en alguns narcínids i 220 volts en <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpedo_nobiliana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torpedo nobiliana (encara no existeix)">Torpedo nobiliana</a></i>, el torpede atlàntic.<sup id="cite_ref-martin2_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sistemàtica"><span id="Sistem.C3.A0tica"></span>Sistemàtica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpediniformes&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Sistemàtica"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les unes 60 espècies de raigs elèctrics s'agrupen en 12 gèneres i dues famílies.<sup id="cite_ref-nelson_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els Narkinae de vegades s'eleven a una família, els Narkidae. Els torpèdíns s'alimenten de preses grans, que són atordides amb els seus òrgans elèctrics i s'empassa senceres, mentre que els narcínids s'especialitzen en preses petites al substrat inferior o al substrat. Tots dos grups utilitzen electricitat per a la defensa, però no és clar si els narcínids utilitzen electricitat per alimentar-se.<sup id="cite_ref-compagno_and_heemstra_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compagno_and_heemstra-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>El Catàleg de llistes de peixos d'Eschmeyer</i> classifica les famílies següents dels Torpediniformes:<sup id="cite_ref-ECoF_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECoF-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Família <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platyrhinidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platyrhinidae (encara no existeix)">Platyrhinidae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan" title="David Starr Jordan">DS Jordan</a>, 1923</small> (espines o fanrays)</li> <li>Família <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narkidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narkidae (encara no existeix)">Narkidae</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Weed_Fowler" title="Henry Weed Fowler">Fowler</a>, 1934 (raigs dormitoris)</li> <li>Família <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcinidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narcinidae (encara no existeix)">Narcinidae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Nicholas_Gill" title="Theodore Nicholas Gill">Gill</a>, 1862</small> (raigs elèctrics)</li> <li>Família <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypnidae (encara no existeix)">Hypnidae</a> <small>Gill, 1862</small> (raigs de taüt)</li> <li>Família <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpedinidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torpedinidae (encara no existeix)">Torpedinidae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gustav_Jakob_Henle" title="Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle">Henle</a>, 1834</small> (raigs elèctrics torpedes o raigs torpedes)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Narcine_tasmaniensis_csiro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="'Narcinops tasmaniensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Narcine_tasmaniensis_csiro.jpg/250px-Narcine_tasmaniensis_csiro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Narcine_tasmaniensis_csiro.jpg/330px-Narcine_tasmaniensis_csiro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Narcine_tasmaniensis_csiro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="179" /></a><figcaption>Narcine tasmaniensis</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Discopyge_tschudii_245447726.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Discopyge tschudii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Discopyge_tschudii_245447726.jpg/250px-Discopyge_tschudii_245447726.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Discopyge_tschudii_245447726.jpg/330px-Discopyge_tschudii_245447726.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Discopyge_tschudii_245447726.jpg/500px-Discopyge_tschudii_245447726.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1467" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>La divisió de les rajades elèctriques en quatre famílies està <a href="/wiki/Morfologia_(biologia)" title="Morfologia (biologia)">morfològicament</a> ben fundada, però les dades de biologia molecular mostren que consten de sis llinatges (vegeu el <a href="/wiki/Cladograma" title="Cladograma">cladograma</a> a continuació).<sup id="cite_ref-«Lastetal»_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-«Lastetal»-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es tracta de les rajades elèctriques (Torpedinidae) i les rajades elèctriques pera (Hypnidae), dues de les famílies tradicionals, un terç basal format pels gèneres <i>Benthobatis</i>, <i>Discopyge</i> i <i>Typhlonarke</i>, el gènere <i>Narcinops</i> com a quart, els gèneres <i>Narcin</i> i <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temera_hardwickii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temera hardwickii (encara no existeix)">Temera</a></i> com a cinquè i els gèneres <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplobatis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diplobatis (encara no existeix)">Diplobatis</a></i> i <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narcine (encara no existeix)">Narcine</a></i> com a sisè. La posició dels gèneres <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrolux_addisoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electrolux addisoni (encara no existeix)">Electrolux</a></i> i <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heteronarce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heteronarce (encara no existeix)">Heteronarce</a></i> (Narcidae) encara no s'ha determinat mitjançant dades biològiques moleculars.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="font-size:85%]]."> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><b>Torpediniformes</b></span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narke (encara no existeix)">Narke</a></i> i <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temera_hardwickii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temera hardwickii (encara no existeix)">Temera</a></i> (Narcidae) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplobatis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diplobatis (encara no existeix)">Diplobatis</a></i> i <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narcine (encara no existeix)">Narcine</a></i> (Narcinidae) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Vaca_tremolosa" title="Vaca tremolosa">Vaca tremolosa</a> (Hypnidae) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p>Torpediniformes (Torpedinidae) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benthobatis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benthobatis (encara no existeix)">Benthobatis</a></i> (Narcinidae) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typhlonarke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Typhlonarke (encara no existeix)">Typhlonarke</a></i> (Narcidae) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discopyge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discopyge (encara no existeix)">Discopyge</a></i> (Narcinidae) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>El grup de germans i parent més proper de les rajades elèctriques és el de les rajades de guitarra espinosa (Platyrhinidae),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pel qual s'han col·locat recentment a <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a> i al Catàleg de peixos com a cinquena família en l'ordre de les rajades elèctriques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morfologia">Morfologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpediniformes&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Morfologia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>El cos és deprimit.</li> <li>Presenten el disc arrodonit i el <a href="/wiki/Rostre" title="Rostre">rostre</a> truncat o recte, però no és angulós en cap cas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musell" title="Musell">Musell</a> arrodonit.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ull" title="Ull">Ulls</a> són petits.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boca" title="Boca">Boca</a> petita i arquejada.</li> <li>Entre el <a href="/wiki/Crani" title="Crani">crani</a> i la part anterior de les dues <a href="/wiki/Aletes_pectorals" class="mw-redirect" title="Aletes pectorals">aletes pectorals</a> hi ha un òrgan <a href="/wiki/El%C3%A8ctric" class="mw-redirect" title="Elèctric">elèctric</a> a cada costat, format per nombrosos discs musculars disposats en forma de <a href="/wiki/Prisma_(geometria)" title="Prisma (geometria)">prisma</a> que constitueixen una mena de <a href="/wiki/Condensador" title="Condensador">condensador</a> capaç d'emetre fins a 220<a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">V</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Les dues <a href="/wiki/Aleta_(fisiologia_animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleta (fisiologia animal)">aletes</a> dorsals es troben ben desenvolupades i situades a la <a href="/wiki/Cua_(anatomia)" title="Cua (anatomia)">cua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alimentació"><span id="Alimentaci.C3.B3"></span>Alimentació</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpediniformes&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Alimentació"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Es nodreixen d'<a href="/wiki/Animals" title="Animals">animals</a> <a href="/wiki/Bentos" title="Bentos">bentònics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-enciclopedia_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enciclopedia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hàbitat"><span id="H.C3.A0bitat"></span>Hàbitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpediniformes&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la secció: Hàbitat"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Viuen sobre fons <a href="/wiki/Sorra" title="Sorra">sorrencs</a> i <a href="/wiki/Fang_(geologia)" title="Fang (geologia)">fangosos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-enciclopedia_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enciclopedia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Llistat_de_famílies"><span id="Llistat_de_fam.C3.ADlies"></span>Llistat de <a href="/wiki/Fam%C3%ADlia_(biologia)" title="Família (biologia)">famílies</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpediniformes&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la secció: Llistat de famílies"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Segons_ITIS">Segons <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpediniformes&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la secció: Segons ITIS"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypnidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypnidae (encara no existeix)">Hypnidae</a> (Gill, <a href="/wiki/1862" title="1862">1862</a>) (no reconegut per <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>, que classifica aquests gèneres a sota de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpedinidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torpedinidae (encara no existeix)">Torpedinidae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcinidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narcinidae (encara no existeix)">Narcinidae</a> (Gill, <a href="/wiki/1862" title="1862">1862</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narkidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narkidae (encara no existeix)">Narkidae</a> (Fowler, <a href="/wiki/1934" title="1934">1934</a>) (no reconegut per <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>, que classifica aquests gèneres a sota de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcinidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narcinidae (encara no existeix)">Narcinidae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpedinidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torpedinidae (encara no existeix)">Torpedinidae</a> (Bonaparte, <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Segons_FishBase">Segons <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpediniformes&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifica la secció: Segons FishBase"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcinidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narcinidae (encara no existeix)">Narcinidae</a> (Gill, <a href="/wiki/1862" title="1862">1862</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpedinidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torpedinidae (encara no existeix)">Torpedinidae</a> (Bonaparte, <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpediniformes&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">de Sostoa, Adolf, 1990. <i>Peixos</i>. Historia Natural dels Països Catalans, 11. Enciclopèdia Catalana, S. A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-martin_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Martin</span>, R. Aidan. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015174241/http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/torpediniformes.htm">Electric Rays</a>».  ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/torpediniformes.htm">original</a> el 15 October 2008. [Consulta: 12 octubre 2008].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKidd1973"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kidd</span>, D. A.. «Collins Latin Gem Dictionary: Latin-English, English-Latin». A: <i>Collins Latin Gem Dictionary</i>.  London: Collins, 1973. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-00-458641-7" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-00-458641-7">ISBN 0-00-458641-7</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collins+Latin+Gem+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Collins+Latin+Gem+Dictionary%3A+Latin-English%2C+English-Latin&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rft.date=1973&rft.pub=Collins&rft.place=London&rft.isbn=0-00-458641-7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-martin3_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Martin</span>, R. Aidan. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015174241/http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/torpediniformes.htm">Electric Rays</a>».  ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/torpediniformes.htm">original</a> el 15 October 2008. [Consulta: 12 octubre 2008].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hamlett-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hamlett_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHamlett1999"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hamlett</span>, William C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sharksskatesrays0000unse"><i>Sharks, Skates, and Rays: The Biology of Elasmobranch Fishes</i></a>.  Baltimore and London: JHU Press, 1999. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-8018-6048-2" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-8018-6048-2">ISBN 0-8018-6048-2</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sharks%2C+Skates%2C+and+Rays%3A+The+Biology+of+Elasmobranch+Fishes&rft.aulast=Hamlett&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft.date=1999&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.place=Baltimore+and+London&rft.isbn=0-8018-6048-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsharksskatesrays0000unse"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoF-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EoF_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFStevensLast1998"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Stevens</span>, J.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Last</span>, P. K.. Paxton, J. R.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffi00unse"><i>Encyclopedia of Fishes</i></a>.  San Diego: Academic Press, 1998, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffi00unse/page/n69">66</a>. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-12-547665-5" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-12-547665-5">ISBN 0-12-547665-5</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Fishes&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.date=1998&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaoffi00unse%2Fpage%2Fn69+66%5D&rft.isbn=0-12-547665-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaoffi00unse"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-martin4_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Martin</span>, R. Aidan. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015174241/http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/torpediniformes.htm">Electric Rays</a>».  ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/torpediniformes.htm">original</a> el 15 October 2008. [Consulta: 12 octubre 2008].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Meno" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Meno">Wikisource:Meno</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BullockHopkins2006-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BullockHopkins2006_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Theodore Holmes Bullock. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d1-rak1asv0C&q=roman"><i>Electroreception</i></a>.  Springer Science & Business Media, 28 September 2006, p. 6. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-387-28275-6" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-387-28275-6">ISBN 978-0-387-28275-6</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electroreception&rft.au=Theodore+Holmes+Bullock&rft.date=28+September+2006&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.pages=6&rft.isbn=978-0-387-28275-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd1-rak1asv0C%26q%3Droman"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFWalsh1773"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Walsh_(scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Walsh (scientist) (encara no existeix)"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Walsh</span>, John</a> <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>, 64, 1773, pàg. 461–480.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHunter1773"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hunter_(surgeon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hunter (surgeon) (encara no existeix)"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hunter</span>, John</a> <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>, 63, 1773, pàg. 481–489.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHunter1775"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hunter</span>, John <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>, 65, 1775, pàg. 395–407.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander_1969-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_1969_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAlexander1969"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Alexander</span>, Mauro <i>Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences</i>, XXIV, 2, 1969, pàg. 140–150. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhmas%2Fxxiv.2.140">10.1093/jhmas/xxiv.2.140</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4895861?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:4895861">4895861</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards_2021-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards_2021_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFEdwards2021"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Edwards</span>, Paul. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03423498/document">A Correction to the Record of Early Electrophysiology Research on the 250 th An- niversary of a Historic Expedition to Île de Ré</a>».  HAL open-access archive, 10-11-2021. [Consulta: 6 maig 2022].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Al-Khalili</span>, Jim. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00kjq6d">Shock and Awe: The Story of Electricity</a>».  BBC. [Consulta: 9 juny 2022].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-martin2_16-0">16,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-martin2_16-1">16,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-martin2_16-2">16,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Martin</span>, R. Aidan. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015174241/http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/torpediniformes.htm">Electric Rays</a>».  ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/torpediniformes.htm">original</a> el 15 October 2008. [Consulta: 12 octubre 2008].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bigelow_Schroeder_1953-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bigelow_Schroeder_1953_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBigelow1953"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bigelow</span>, H. B.. <i>Fishes of the Western North Atlantic, Part 2</i>.  Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale University, 1953, p. 80–104.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishes+of+the+Western+North+Atlantic%2C+Part+2&rft.aulast=Bigelow&rft.aufirst=H.+B.&rft.date=1953&rft.pub=Sears+Foundation+for+Marine+Research%2C+Yale+University&rft.pages=80%E2%80%93104"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFLangstroth,_L.2000"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Langstroth, L.</span>. <i>A Living Bay: the Underwater World of Monterey Bay</i>.  University of California Press, 2000, p. 222. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-520-22149-4" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-520-22149-4">ISBN 0-520-22149-4</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Living+Bay%3A+the+Underwater+World+of+Monterey+Bay&rft.aulast=Langstroth%2C+L.&rft.date=2000&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.pages=222&rft.isbn=0-520-22149-4"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kramer_2008-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kramer_2008_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKramer2008"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kramer</span>, Bernd. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epub.uni-regensburg.de/124/">Electric Organ Discharge</a>». A: Marc D. Binder. <i>Encyclopedia of Neuroscience</i>.  Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2008, p. 1050–1056. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-3-540-23735-8" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-3-540-23735-8">ISBN 978-3-540-23735-8</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Electric+Organ+Discharge&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=Springer&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pages=1050%E2%80%931056&rft.isbn=978-3-540-23735-8"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nelson-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nelson_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFNelson,_J.S.2006"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Nelson, J.S.</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fishesworld00nels"><i>Fishes of the World</i></a>. fourth.  John Wiley, 2006, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fishesworld00nels/page/n89">69</a>–82. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-471-25031-7" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-471-25031-7">ISBN 0-471-25031-7</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishes+of+the+World&rft.aulast=Nelson%2C+J.S.&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=fourth&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffishesworld00nels%2Fpage%2Fn89+69%5D%E2%80%9382&rft.isbn=0-471-25031-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffishesworld00nels"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-compagno_and_heemstra-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-compagno_and_heemstra_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Compagno, Leonard J.V. and Heemstra, Phillip C. (May 2007) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioline.org.br/request?sm07003">Electrolux addisoni, a new genus and species of electric ray from the east coast of South Africa (Rajiformes: Torpedinoidei: Narkidae), with a review of torpedinoid taxonomy</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECoF-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ECoF_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/catalog-of-fishes-classification/">Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification</a>». <i>Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes</i>.  <a href="/wiki/California_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="California Academy of Sciences">California Academy of Sciences</a>. [Consulta: 29 octubre 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-«Lastetal»-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-«Lastetal»_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Last, P.R., White, W.T., Carvalho, M.R., Séret, B., Stehmann, M. & Naylor, G.J.P. Rays of the World. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9780643109131" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-643-10913-1</a>, Seite 10–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFLastWhiteCarvalhoSeret2016"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Last</span>, P. R.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">White</span>, William Toby; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Carvalho</span>, Marcelo R. de; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Seret</span>, Bernard; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Stehmann</span>, Matthias. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?vid=ISBN978-0-643-10913-1&redir_esc=y"><i>Rays of the World</i></a> (en anglès).  CSIRO Publishing, 2016, p. 10-15. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-643-10913-1" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-643-10913-1">ISBN 978-0-643-10913-1</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rays+of+the+World&rft.aulast=Last&rft.aufirst=P.+R.&rft.date=2016&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.pages=10-15&rft.isbn=978-0-643-10913-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fvid%3DISBN978-0-643-10913-1%26redir_esc%3Dy"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAschlimanNishidaMiyaInoue2012"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Aschliman</span>, Neil C.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Nishida</span>, Mutsumi; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Miya</span>, Masaki; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Inoue</span>, Jun G.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Rosana</span>, Kerri M. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790311005252">Body plan convergence in the evolution of skates and rays (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)</a>». <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>, 63, 1, 01-04-2012, pàg. 28–42. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2011.12.012">10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1055-7903">1055-7903</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGaitán-EspitiaSolano-IguaranTejada-MartinezQuintero-Galvis2016"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Gaitán-Espitia</span>, Juan Diego; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Solano-Iguaran</span>, Jaiber J.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Tejada-Martinez</span>, Daniela; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Quintero-Galvis</span>, Julian F. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/zoj.12417">Mitogenomics of electric rays: evolutionary considerations within Torpediniformes (Batoidea; Chondrichthyes)</a>» (en anglès). <i>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>, 178, 2, 10-2016, pàg. 257–266. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fzoj.12417">10.1111/zoj.12417</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFNaylorCairaJensenRosana2012"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Naylor</span>, Gavin JP; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Caira</span>, Janine N; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Jensen</span>, Kirsten; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Rosana</span>, Kerri AM; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Straube</span>, Nicolas; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lakner</span>, Clemens. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gavin-Naylor/publication/289995314_Elasmobranch_Phylogeny/links/569e0cd108ae16fdf07b38d2/Elasmobranch-Phylogeny.pdf">Elasmobranch Phylogeny: A Mitochondrial Estimate Based on 595 Species</a>». A: Jeffrey C. Carrier, John A. Musick, Michael R. Heithaus (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.es/books/edition/Biology_of_Sharks_and_Their_Relatives_Se/cdJKdj2JoLIC?hl=ca&gbpv=0"><i>Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives, Second Edition</i></a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33780657">.mw-parser-output .linkformat{position:relative;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:0.85em;font-weight:bold;cursor:default;color:#808080;background-color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .linkformat{background-color:inherit;color:#009400}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .linkformat{background-color:inherit;color:#009400}}</style><span class="linkformat" title="És PDF"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PDF_icon_bold.svg/14px-PDF_icon_bold.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PDF_icon_bold.svg/21px-PDF_icon_bold.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PDF_icon_bold.svg/28px-PDF_icon_bold.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></span></span> PDF</span>) (en anglès).  CRC Press, 2012-04-09, p. 43. <span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11867-9">10.1201/b11867-9</a></span>. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-4398-3924-9" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-4398-3924-9">ISBN 978-1-4398-3924-9</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+of+Sharks+and+Their+Relatives%2C+Second+Edition&rft.atitle=Elasmobranch+Phylogeny%3A+A+Mitochondrial+Estimate+Based+on+595+Species&rft.aulast=Naylor&rft.aufirst=Gavin+JP&rft.date=2012-04-09&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.pages=43&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-3924-9&rft_id=info:doi/10.1201%2Fb11867-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.es%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FBiology_of_Sharks_and_Their_Relatives_Se%2FcdJKdj2JoLIC%3Fhl%3Dca%26gbpv%3D0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/electric-ray">Electric ray | Marine, Torpedo, Cartilaginous | Britannica</a>» (en anglès). [Consulta: 1r febrer 2025].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mas Ferrà, Xavier i Canyelles Ferrà, Xavier: <i>Peixos de les Illes Balears</i>. <a href="/wiki/Editorial_Moll" title="Editorial Moll">Editorial Moll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palma" title="Palma">Palma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maig" title="Maig">maig</a> del 2000. <a href="/wiki/Manuals_d%27introducci%C3%B3_a_la_naturalesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuals d'introducció a la naturalesa">Manuals d'introducció a la naturalesa</a>, 13. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/84-273-6013-4" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/84-273-6013-4">ISBN 84-273-6013-4</a>. Plana 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/0146987.xml">Torpediniformes</a>». <i><a href="/wiki/Gran_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" title="Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana">Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana</a></i>.  Barcelona:  <a href="/wiki/Grup_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana">Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enciclopedia-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-enciclopedia_31-0">31,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-enciclopedia_31-1">31,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/0146987.xml">Torpediniformes</a>». <i><a href="/wiki/Gran_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" title="Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana">Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana</a></i>.  Barcelona:  <a href="/wiki/Grup_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana">Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=42035&tree=0.1">The Taxonomicon</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33711417">.mw-parser-output .languageicon{font-size:0.95em;color:#555;background-color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}</style><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpediniformes&action=edit&section=14" title="Modifica la secció: Bibliografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMoyleCech2000"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Moyle</span>, P.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Cech</span>, J. <i>Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology</i> (en anglès). 4a edició.  Prentice Hall, 2000. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9780130112828" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9780130112828">ISBN 9780130112828</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishes%3A+An+Introduction+to+Ichthyology&rft.aulast=Moyle&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.date=2000&rft.edition=4a+edici%C3%B3&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.isbn=9780130112828"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFNelson1994"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schieser_Nelson" title="Joseph Schieser Nelson"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Nelson</span>, J. S</a>. <i>Fishes of the World</i> (en anglès). 3a edició.  Wiley, 1994. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-471-54713-6" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-471-54713-6">ISBN 978-0-471-54713-6</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishes+of+the+World&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=J.%C2%A0S&rft.date=1994&rft.edition=3a%C2%A0edici%C3%B3&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.isbn=978-0-471-54713-6"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFWheeler1985"><a href="/wiki/Alwynne_Cooper_Wheeler" title="Alwynne Cooper Wheeler"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Wheeler</span>, A.</a> <i>The World Encyclopedia of Fishes</i> (en anglès). 2a edició.  Macdonald, 1985. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0356107158" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0356107158">ISBN 978-0356107158</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Encyclopedia+of+Fishes&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.date=1985&rft.edition=2a%C2%A0edici%C3%B3&rft.pub=Macdonald&rft.isbn=978-0356107158"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpediniformes&action=edit&section=15" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin:5px; padding: 5px; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align:left;" class="infobox noprint plainlinks"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%">En altres projectes de <a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3_Wikimedia" title="Fundació Wikimedia">Wikimedia</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Torpediniformes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Torpediniformes"><b>Commons</b></a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41317?uselang=ca#sitelinks-special" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Viquiespècies"><img alt="Viquiespècies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/40px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption>Viquiespècies</figcaption></figure></td> <td><a class="external text" href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Torpediniformes?uselang=ca"><b>Viquiespècies</b></a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41317?uselang=ca#sitelinks-special" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id15323/">BioLib</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417" /><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d'autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13334087k">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCCN" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN">LCCN</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2007005422">1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bases d'informació</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Britannica</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/electric-ray">1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bases_de_dades_taxonòmiques" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Bases_de_dades_taxonòmiques" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bases de dades taxonòmiques</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage?taxid=229">BOLD</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/48K">COL</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dyntaxa.se/taxon/info/3000734">Dyntaxa</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eol.org/pages/8898">EOL</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=154073">FW</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gbif.org/species/881">GBIF</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/51325">IN</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=649684">ITIS</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=117888">NCBI</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=356640">OTL</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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