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{"work":{"id":79811640,"created_at":"2022-05-24T03:45:13.379-07:00","from_world_paper_id":206140602,"updated_at":"2024-11-24T23:24:10.744-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"The Optical Society","grobid_abstract":"We have developed a new depth-graded multilayer system comprising W and SiC layers, suitable for use as hard x-ray reflective coatings operating in the energy range 100-200 keV. Grazing-incidence x-ray reflectance at E ϭ 8 keV was used to characterize the interface widths, as well as the temporal and thermal stability in both periodic and depth-graded W͞SiC structures, whereas synchrotron radiation was used to measure the hard x-ray reflectance of a depth-graded multilayer designed specifically for use in the range Eϳ150-170 keV. We have modeled the hard x-ray reflectance using newly derived optical constants, which we determined from reflectance versus incidence angle measurements also made using synchrotron radiation, in the range E ϭ 120-180 keV. We describe our experimental investigation in detail, compare the new W͞SiC multilayers with both W͞Si and W͞B 4 C films that have been studied previously, and discuss the significance of these results with regard to the eventual development of a hard x-ray nuclear line telescope.","publication_date":"2003,,","publication_name":"Applied Optics","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"86400461"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"W/SiC X-Ray Multilayers Optimized for Use Above 100 KeV","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [42945619]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":86400461,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “W/SiC X-Ray Multilayers Optimized for Use Above 100 KeV”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/86400461/mini_magick20220524-16245-uoam5e.png?1653389213" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">W/SiC X-Ray Multilayers Optimized for Use Above 100 KeV</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42945619" href="https://independent.academia.edu/zieglereric"><img alt="Profile image of eric ziegler" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />eric ziegler</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2003, Applied Optics</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">7 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 79811640; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=79811640"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">We have developed a new depth-graded multilayer system comprising W and SiC layers, suitable for use as hard x-ray reflective coatings operating in the energy range 100-200 keV. Grazing-incidence x-ray reflectance at E ϭ 8 keV was used to characterize the interface widths, as well as the temporal and thermal stability in both periodic and depth-graded W͞SiC structures, whereas synchrotron radiation was used to measure the hard x-ray reflectance of a depth-graded multilayer designed specifically for use in the range Eϳ150-170 keV. We have modeled the hard x-ray reflectance using newly derived optical constants, which we determined from reflectance versus incidence angle measurements also made using synchrotron radiation, in the range E ϭ 120-180 keV. We describe our experimental investigation in detail, compare the new W͞SiC multilayers with both W͞Si and W͞B 4 C films that have been studied previously, and discuss the significance of these results with regard to the eventual development of a hard x-ray nuclear line telescope.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":86400461,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/79811640/W_SiC_X_Ray_Multilayers_Optimized_for_Use_Above_100_KeV"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":86400461,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/79811640/W_SiC_X_Ray_Multilayers_Optimized_for_Use_Above_100_KeV"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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To go to higher energies, in the range of 100 keV to 250 keV, one needs coatings with smaller d-spacings than can currently be made with these material combinations, and a lower interfacial roughness. With the new material combinations of WC/SiC the interface roughness can be reduced down to between 0.23 nm and 0.25 nm enabling bi-layer thicknesses down to 1.0 nm to reflect efficiently. The production of thinner period coatings thus enables the possibility for focusing optic designs with reasonable focal lengths and throughput up to 250 keV.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Small D-Spacing WC/SiC Multilayers for Future Hard X-Ray Telescope Designs","attachmentId":115958933,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/120969985/Small_D_Spacing_WC_SiC_Multilayers_for_Future_Hard_X_Ray_Telescope_Designs","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/120969985/Small_D_Spacing_WC_SiC_Multilayers_for_Future_Hard_X_Ray_Telescope_Designs"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="120970029" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/120970029/W_SiC_and_Pt_SiC_multilayers_for_the_NuSTAR_hard_x_ray_telescope">W/SiC and Pt/SiC multilayers for the NuSTAR hard x-ray telescope</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="310179356" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KristinMadsen3">Kristin Madsen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">SPIE Proceedings, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper will discuss the coatings for the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) and describe the updates of the coating facility at the Danish National Space Center, necessary to make all the coatings in the required time frame. The inner part of the three NuSTAR telescopes will be coated with Pt/SiC and the outer part with W/SiC. To understand the roughness of the flight coatings, we will present results from 10 bilayer constant d-spacing coatings for both types of flight coatings. Also, data showing the homogeneity over the octant mirror segments as well as X-ray data from realistic depth graded coatings will be presented. The long time stability and stress in the coatings will be discussed.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"W/SiC and Pt/SiC multilayers for the NuSTAR hard x-ray telescope","attachmentId":115958936,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/120970029/W_SiC_and_Pt_SiC_multilayers_for_the_NuSTAR_hard_x_ray_telescope","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/120970029/W_SiC_and_Pt_SiC_multilayers_for_the_NuSTAR_hard_x_ray_telescope"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="22310550" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22310550/_title_X_ray_multilayer_coatings_for_use_at_energies_above_100_keV_title_"><title>X-ray multilayer coatings for use at energies above 100 keV</title></a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43632912" href="https://utk.academia.edu/RamkiKalyanaraman">Ramki Kalyanaraman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions III, 2000</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We discuss the development of X-ray multilayer coatings for use as broad-band reflectors operating at energies above 100 keV. Such coatings can be used to produce hard X-ray telescopes that will make possible a variety of entirely new astronomical observations. We summarize our recent investigation into the growth, structure and hard X-ray performance of depth-graded W/Si multilayers, present follow-up information on Cu/Si multilayers, and discuss preliminary results obtained with Ni/Si, Ni .8 Cr .2 /Si, and Ni .93 V .07 /Si multilayers.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\u003ctitle\u003eX-ray multilayer coatings for use at energies above 100 keV\u003c/title\u003e","attachmentId":42950295,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22310550/_title_X_ray_multilayer_coatings_for_use_at_energies_above_100_keV_title_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22310550/_title_X_ray_multilayer_coatings_for_use_at_energies_above_100_keV_title_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="79811647" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79811647/_title_X_ray_study_of_W_Si_multilayers_for_the_HEFT_hard_x_ray_telescope_title_"><title>X-ray study of W/Si multilayers for the HEFT hard x-ray telescope</title></a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42945619" href="https://independent.academia.edu/zieglereric">eric ziegler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper outlines an in-depth study of the W/Si coated mirrors for the High Energy Focussing Telescope (HEFT). We present data taken at 8, 40 and 60 keV obtained at the Danish Space Research Institute and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble. The set of samples were chosen to cover the parameter space of sample type, sample size and coating type. The investigation includes a study of the interfacial roughness across the sample surface, as substrates and later as coated, and an analysis of the roughness correlation in the W/Si coatings for N=10 deposited bilayers. The powerlaw graded flight coating for the HEFT mirrors is studied for uniformity and scatter, as well as its performance at high energies.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\u003ctitle\u003eX-ray study of W/Si multilayers for the HEFT hard x-ray telescope\u003c/title\u003e","attachmentId":86400454,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79811647/_title_X_ray_study_of_W_Si_multilayers_for_the_HEFT_hard_x_ray_telescope_title_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79811647/_title_X_ray_study_of_W_Si_multilayers_for_the_HEFT_hard_x_ray_telescope_title_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="22310499" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22310499/Growth_structure_and_performance_of_depth_graded_W_Si_multilayers_for_hard_x_ray_optics">Growth, structure, and performance of depth-graded W/Si multilayers for hard x-ray optics</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43632912" href="https://utk.academia.edu/RamkiKalyanaraman">Ramki Kalyanaraman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Applied Physics, 2000</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We describe the development of depth-graded W/Si multilayer films prepared by magnetron sputtering for use as broad-band reflective coatings for hard x-ray optics. We have used specular and nonspecular x-ray reflectance analysis to characterize the interface imperfections in both periodic and depth-graded W/Si multilayer structures, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy ͑TEM͒ and selected area electron diffraction ͑SAED͒ to characterize the interface structure and layer morphology as a function of depth in an optimized depth-graded multilayer. From x-ray analysis we find interface widths in the range ϭ0.275-0.35 nm for films deposited at low argon pressure ͑with a slight increase in interface width for multilayers having periods greater than ϳ20 nm, possibly due to the transition from amorphous to polycrystalline metal layers identified by TEM and SAED͒, and somewhat larger interface widths ͑i.e., ϭ0.35-0.4 nm͒ for structures grown at higher Ar pressures, higher background pressures, or with larger target-to-substrate distances. We find no variation in interface widths with magnetron power. Nonspecular x-ray reflectance analysis and TEM suggest that the dominant interface imperfection in these films is interfacial diffuseness; interfacial roughness is minimal ( r ϳ0.175 nm) in structures prepared under optimal conditions, but can increase under conditions in which the beneficial effects of energetic bombardment during growth are compromised. X-ray reflectance analysis was also used to measure the variation in the W and Si deposition rates with bilayer thickness: we find that the W and Si layer thicknesses are nonlinear with the deposition times, and we discuss possible mechanisms responsible for this nonlinearity. Finally, hard x-ray reflectance measurements made with synchrotron radiation were used to quantify the performance of optimized depth-graded W/Si structures over the photon energy range from 18 to 212 keV. We find good agreement between the synchrotron measurements and calculations made using either 0.3 nm interface widths, or with a depth-graded distribution of interface widths in the range ϭ0.275-0.35 nm ͑as suggested by 8 keV x-ray and TEM analyses͒ for a structure containing 150 bilayers, and designed for high reflectance over the range 20 keV ϽEϽ70 keV. We also find for this structure good agreement between reflectance measurements and calculations made for energies up to 170 keV, as well as for another graded W/Si structure containing 800 bilayers, designed for use above 100 keV, where the peak reflectance was measured at Eϭ212 keV to be Rϭ76.5Ϯ4% at a graze angle of ϭ0.08°.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Growth, structure, and performance of depth-graded W/Si multilayers for hard x-ray optics","attachmentId":42950276,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22310499/Growth_structure_and_performance_of_depth_graded_W_Si_multilayers_for_hard_x_ray_optics","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22310499/Growth_structure_and_performance_of_depth_graded_W_Si_multilayers_for_hard_x_ray_optics"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="79811644" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79811644/Optical_constants_for_hard_x_ray_multilayers_over_the_energy_range_E_35_180_keV">Optical constants for hard x-ray multilayers over the energy range E = 35 - 180 keV</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42945619" href="https://independent.academia.edu/zieglereric">eric ziegler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">SPIE Proceedings, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We have determined experimentally optical constants for eight thin film materials that can be used in hard Xray multilayer coatings. Thin film samples of Ni .97 V .03 , Mo, W, Pt, C, B 4 C, Si and SiC were deposited by magnetron sputtering onto superpolished optical flats. Optical constants were determined from fits to reflectance-vs-incidence angle measurements made using synchrotron radiation over the energy range E=35-180 keV. We have also measured the Xray reflectance of a prototype W/SiC multilayer coating over the energy range E=35-100 keV, and we compare the measured reflectance with a calculation using the newly derived optical constants.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Optical constants for hard x-ray multilayers over the energy range E = 35 - 180 keV","attachmentId":86400452,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79811644/Optical_constants_for_hard_x_ray_multilayers_over_the_energy_range_E_35_180_keV","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79811644/Optical_constants_for_hard_x_ray_multilayers_over_the_energy_range_E_35_180_keV"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="120970020" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/120970020/Novel_multilayer_designs_for_future_hard_X_ray_missions">Novel multilayer designs for future hard X-ray missions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="310179356" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KristinMadsen3">Kristin Madsen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Current multilayer designs for 10-80 keV hard X-ray telescope missions have focused primarily on the proven properties of W and Pt based multilayer coatings. Recently a number of new material combinations and coating capabilities have emerged which allows for more elaborate designs that can further extend the energy band of current mission designs as well as avoid some of the unwanted absorption edge effects in the effective area near potentially important line emission energies. These new design possibilities are investigated for current hard X-ray mission designs. The new material combinations to be considered are recently proven capabilities of enhanced NiV/C coatings and NiV/SiC coatings in conjuction with the well-established W based coatings.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Novel multilayer designs for future hard X-ray missions","attachmentId":115958922,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/120970020/Novel_multilayer_designs_for_future_hard_X_ray_missions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/120970020/Novel_multilayer_designs_for_future_hard_X_ray_missions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="104751744" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/104751744/On_the_Properties_of_WC_SiC_Multilayers">On the Properties of WC/SiC Multilayers</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="30253304" href="https://desy.academia.edu/SasaBajt">Sasa Bajt</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Applied Sciences, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A study of the materials properties of WC/SiC multilayer coatings is presented. We investigated the dependence of interface and surface roughness, intrinsic stress, microstructure, chemical composition, and stoichiometry as a function of multilayer period and in some cases compared these to W/SiC multilayer systems. The WC/SiC material pair forms multilayers with extremely smooth and sharp interfaces and both materials remain amorphous over a wide range of thicknesses. These properties are desirable for multilayer-based high-resolution diffractive x-ray optics, such as multilayer Laue lenses (MLLs), which require very thick films in which the layer spacing varies considerably. Thermal and structural stability studies show that WC/SiC multilayers have exceptional thermal stability, making this an extremely robust and favorable material pair for MLLs and other multilayer-based X-ray optical elements.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On the Properties of WC/SiC Multilayers","attachmentId":104396815,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/104751744/On_the_Properties_of_WC_SiC_Multilayers","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/104751744/On_the_Properties_of_WC_SiC_Multilayers"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="120970030" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/120970030/Investigation_of_new_material_combinations_for_hard_x_ray_telescope_designs">Investigation of new material combinations for hard x-ray telescope designs</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="310179356" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KristinMadsen3">Kristin Madsen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">SPIE Proceedings, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The materials chosen for depth graded multilayer designs for hard x-ray telescopes (10 keV to 80 keV) have until now been focusing on W/Si, W/SiC, Pt/C, and Pt/SiC. These material combinations have been chosen because of good stability over time and low interface roughness, However both W and Pt have absorption edges in the interesting energy range from 70-80 keV. If looking at the optical constants Cu and Ni would be good alternative high-Z candidates since the k-absorption edges in Cu and Ni is below 10 keV. We have investigated both of these materials as the reflecting layer in combination with SiC as the spacer layer and give the performance in terms of roughness, minimum obtainable d-spacing and stability over time as deposited in our planar magnetron sputtering facility. Likewise we review the same properties of WC/SiC coatings which we have previously developed and which allow for very small d-spacings. The combination of WC/SiC or the well established W/SiC with the above mentioned Cu and Ni-containing multilayers in the same stack allows for novel telescope designs operating up to and above 100 keV without the absorption edge structure.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Investigation of new material combinations for hard x-ray telescope designs","attachmentId":115958950,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/120970030/Investigation_of_new_material_combinations_for_hard_x_ray_telescope_designs","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/120970030/Investigation_of_new_material_combinations_for_hard_x_ray_telescope_designs"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="127041082" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127041082/W_C_W_Ti_Ni_Ti_and_Ni_V_multilayers_for_the_soft_x_ray_range_experimental_investigation_with_synchrotron_radiation">W/C, W/Ti, Ni/Ti, and Ni/V multilayers for the soft-x-ray range: experimental investigation with synchrotron radiation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37331542" href="https://fh-muenster.academia.edu/HansChristophMertins">Hans-Christoph Mertins</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Applied Optics, 1998</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">An experimental investigation of W͞C, W͞Ti, Ni͞Ti, and Ni͞V multilayers is presented that uses synchrotron radiation in the soft-x-ray energy region between 100 and 1500 eV with special emphasis on the water window. The multilayers were designed as normal incidence reflectors and for polarimetry purposes around the Brewster angle. Both reflection and transmission multilayers were prepared for use as linear polarizers and phase retarders, respectively, to produce or analyze circularly polarized light. Their period was optimized to achieve maximum reflectance at the 1s absorption edge of C ͑284 eV͒ and the 2p edges of Ti ͑454 eV͒ and V ͑512 eV͒, respectively. At these edges the multilayers show an enhancement of reflectance and energy resolution that is in accordance with theoretical calculations.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"W/C, W/Ti, Ni/Ti, and Ni/V multilayers for the soft-x-ray range: experimental investigation with synchrotron radiation","attachmentId":120832539,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/127041082/W_C_W_Ti_Ni_Ti_and_Ni_V_multilayers_for_the_soft_x_ray_range_experimental_investigation_with_synchrotron_radiation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/127041082/W_C_W_Ti_Ni_Ti_and_Ni_V_multilayers_for_the_soft_x_ray_range_experimental_investigation_with_synchrotron_radiation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":86400461,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":86400461,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_86400461" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/75525195/X_ray_multilayer_optics_for_Indus_synchrotrons_application">X-ray multilayer optics for Indus synchrotrons application</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34459677" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MaheswarNayak">Maheswar Nayak</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">AIP Conference Proceedings, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"X-ray multilayer optics for Indus synchrotrons application","attachmentId":83547189,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75525195/X_ray_multilayer_optics_for_Indus_synchrotrons_application","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="63364169" href="https://stanford.academia.edu/JasonKoglin">Jason Koglin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy IV, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\u003ctitle\u003eOptimizations of Pt/SiC and W/Si multilayers for the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array\u003c/title\u003e","attachmentId":52776065,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32601775/_title_Optimizations_of_Pt_SiC_and_W_Si_multilayers_for_the_Nuclear_Spectroscopic_Telescope_Array_title_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a 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class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42945619" href="https://independent.academia.edu/zieglereric">eric ziegler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Applied Physics, 1991</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Stability of tungsten/carbon and tungsten/silicon multilayer x‐ray mirrors under thermal annealing and x‐radiation exposure","attachmentId":81702082,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73008966/Stability_of_tungsten_carbon_and_tungsten_silicon_multilayer_x_ray_mirrors_under_thermal_annealing_and_x_radiation_exposure","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a 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ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42945619" href="https://independent.academia.edu/zieglereric">eric ziegler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Measured reflectance of graded multilayer mirrors designed for astronomical hard X-ray telescopes","attachmentId":83891259,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73016724/Measured_reflectance_of_graded_multilayer_mirrors_designed_for_astronomical_hard_X_ray_telescopes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/JeffreyKortright">Jeffrey Kortright</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Acta Materialia, 1998</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"X-ray optical multilayers: microstructure limits on reflectivity at ultra-short periods","attachmentId":45285753,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24954589/X_ray_optical_multilayers_microstructure_limits_on_reflectivity_at_ultra_short_periods","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">AIP Conference Proceedings, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"State-of-the-art Thin Film X-ray Optics for Conventional Synchrotrons and FEL Sources","attachmentId":94293880,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90842844/State_of_the_art_Thin_Film_X_ray_Optics_for_Conventional_Synchrotrons_and_FEL_Sources","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90842844/State_of_the_art_Thin_Film_X_ray_Optics_for_Conventional_Synchrotrons_and_FEL_Sources"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View 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Joensen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Experimental Astronomy, 1995</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A hard X-ray telescope/concentrator design based on graded period multilayer coatings","attachmentId":40501991,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19225760/A_hard_X_ray_telescope_concentrator_design_based_on_graded_period_multilayer_coatings","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19225760/A_hard_X_ray_telescope_concentrator_design_based_on_graded_period_multilayer_coatings"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="12" data-entity-id="123746780" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/123746780/Design_and_development_of_the_multilayer_optics_for_the_new_hard_x_ray_mission">Design and development of the multilayer optics for the new hard x-ray mission</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59781238" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PAttina">P. Attinà</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Conference on Space Optics — ICSO 2010, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Design and development of the multilayer optics for the new hard x-ray mission","attachmentId":118106991,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123746780/Design_and_development_of_the_multilayer_optics_for_the_new_hard_x_ray_mission","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/123746780/Design_and_development_of_the_multilayer_optics_for_the_new_hard_x_ray_mission"><span 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Hoghoj</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Review of Scientific Instruments, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Applications of non-periodic multilayer optics for high-resolution x-ray microscopes below 30 keV","attachmentId":104326722,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/104656377/Applications_of_non_periodic_multilayer_optics_for_high_resolution_x_ray_microscopes_below_30_keV","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/NORIOOHTOMO">NORIO OHTOMO</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 1994</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Development and Surface Evaluation of Large SiC X-Ray Mirrors for High-Brilliance Synchrotron Radiation","attachmentId":120469472,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/126619159/Development_and_Surface_Evaluation_of_Large_SiC_X_Ray_Mirrors_for_High_Brilliance_Synchrotron_Radiation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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