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Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistan&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country in South Asia. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pakistan (disambiguation)">Pakistan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style>Pakistan,<a href="#cite_note-14">[e]</a> officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan,<a href="#cite_note-15">[f]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">fifth-most populous country</a>, with a population of over 241.5 million,<a href="#cite_note-16">[g]</a> having the <a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country#Countries" title="Islam by country">second-largest Muslim population</a> as of 2023. <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> is the nation's capital, while <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> is <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan_by_population" title="List of cities in Pakistan by population">its largest city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a>. Pakistan is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">33rd-largest country by area</a>. Bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> on the south, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a> on the southwest, and the <a href="/wiki/Sir_Creek" title="Sir Creek">Sir Creek</a> on the southeast, it shares land borders with <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border" title="India–Pakistan border">the east</a>; <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">the west</a>; <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Pakistan_border" title="Iran–Pakistan border">the southwest</a>; and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> to <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_border" title="China–Pakistan border">the northeast</a>. It shares a maritime border with <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> in the Gulf of Oman, and is separated from <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> in the northwest by Afghanistan's narrow <a href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</a>. <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Islamic Republic of Pakistan</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اسلامی جمہوریہ پاكستان (<a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>)</li><li>Islāmī Jumhūriyah Pākistān<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2009-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Pakistan"><img alt="Flag of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/125px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/188px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/250px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Pakistan" title="Flag of Pakistan">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State emblem (Coat of arms) of Pakistan"><img alt="State emblem (Coat of arms) of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/85px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/128px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/170px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/State_emblem_of_Pakistan" title="State emblem of Pakistan">State emblem (Coat of arms)</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%AAm%C4%81n,_Ittih%C4%81d,_Nazam" class="mw-redirect" title="Īmān, Ittihād, Nazam">Īmān, Ittihād, Nazam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>)</li> <li><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ایمان، اتحاد، نظم</li> <li>"Faith, Unity, Discipline"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot201597-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qaumi_Taranah" title="Qaumi Taranah">Qaumī Tarānah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>)</li> <li><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">قَومی ترانہ</li> <li><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">"The National Anthem" <audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="83" data-mwtitle="National-Anthem-_instrumental.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/National-Anthem-_instrumental.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/National-Anthem-_instrumental.ogg/National-Anthem-_instrumental.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational-Anthem-_instrumental.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational-Anthem-_instrumental.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational-Anthem-_instrumental.ogg&lang=ur&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ur" label="اردو ‪(ur)‬" data-dir="rtl"></track></audio></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:PAK_orthographic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Land controlled by Pakistan shown in dark green; land claimed but not controlled shown in light green (see Kashmir conflict and Annexation of Junagadh)"><img alt="Land controlled by Pakistan shown in dark green; land claimed but not controlled shown in light green (see Kashmir conflict and Annexation of Junagadh)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PAK_orthographic.svg/250px-PAK_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PAK_orthographic.svg/375px-PAK_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PAK_orthographic.svg/500px-PAK_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553"></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Land controlled by Pakistan shown in dark green; land claimed but not controlled shown in light green (see <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Junagadh" title="Annexation of Junagadh">Annexation of Junagadh</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pakistan&params=33_41_30_N_73_3_0_E_type:city_region:PK-IS">33°41′30″N 73°3′0″E / 33.69167°N 73.05000°E / 33.69167; 73.05000</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pakistan&params=24_51_36_N_67_0_36_E_type:city(20,000,000)_region:PK-SD">24°51′36″N 67°0′36″E / 24.86000°N 67.01000°E / 24.86000; 67.01000</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">English</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Over 77 languages</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberhardSimonsFennig2022-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">96.3% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)</li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">2.2% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Hinduism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.4% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan" title="Christianity in Pakistan">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.1% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani people">Pakistani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Federal parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Asif Ali Zardari</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shehbaz_Sharif" title="Shehbaz Sharif">Shehbaz Sharif</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan">Chairman of the Senate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Raza_Gilani" title="Yusuf Raza Gilani">Yusuf Raza Gilani</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan">Speaker of the National Assembly</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ayaz_Sadiq" title="Ayaz Sadiq">Ayaz Sadiq</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Afridi" title="Yahya Afridi">Yahya Afridi</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Declaration</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 March 1940</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Recognized dominion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 August 1947</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan#Abolition" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 March 1956</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Gwadar_Purchase" title="Gwadar Purchase">Last territory's acquisition</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 December 1958</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Eastern territory withdrawn</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 December 1971</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 August 1973</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">881,913 km2 (340,509 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-7">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhandari2022-8">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">33rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.86</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan" title="Demographics of Pakistan">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/2023_Pakistani_census" title="2023 Pakistani census">2023</a> census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346"> 241,499,431<a href="#cite_note-9">[c]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">5th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">273.8/km2 (709.1/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">56th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $1.584 trillion<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIMF2024-10">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">24th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $6,715<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIMF2024-10">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">141st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $374.595 billion<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIMF2024-10">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">43rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $1,588<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIMF2024-10">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">158th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2018)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 29.6<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIMF2023-11">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.540<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIMF2023-11">[8]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">low (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">164th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">Pakistani rupee</a> (₨) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">PKR</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+05:00 (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Standard_Time" title="Pakistan Standard Time">PKT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a> is not observed.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><abbr title="day">dd</abbr>-<abbr title="month">mm</abbr>-<abbr title="year">yyyy</abbr><a href="#cite_note-12">[d]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaleem2013-13">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Pakistan" title="Telephone numbers in Pakistan">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Pakistan" title="Telephone numbers in Pakistan">+92</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:PK" title="ISO 3166-2:PK">PK</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.pk" title=".pk">.pk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/.pk" title=".pk">پاکستان.</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Urdu_example.svg/40px-Urdu_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Urdu_example.svg/60px-Urdu_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Urdu_example.svg/80px-Urdu_example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="857"></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">You may need <a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">rendering support</a> to display the <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu text</a> in this article correctly.</div></div> </div> Pakistan is the site of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">several ancient cultures</a>, including the 8,500-year-old <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> site of <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wright-2009-17">[10]</a> and the ancient <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhara civilisation">Gandhara civilisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian1987-18">[11]</a> The regions that compose the modern state of Pakistan were the realm of multiple empires and dynasties, including the <a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ra_(kingdom)" title="Gandhāra (kingdom)">Gandhāra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paratarajas" title="Paratarajas">Paratarajas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt2009-19">[12]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> in its southern regions, the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Hindu Shahis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Samma_dynasty" title="Samma dynasty">Samma</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shah_Miris" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Miris">Shah Miris</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpuler1969-20">[13]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durranis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikhs</a> and most recently, the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> from 1858 to 1947. Spurred by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a>, which sought a homeland for the Muslims of <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British India</a>, and election victories in 1946 by the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a>, Pakistan gained independence in 1947 after the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of the British Indian Empire</a>, which awarded separate statehood to its Muslim-majority regions and was accompanied by an unparalleled mass migration and loss of life.<a href="#cite_note-Copland-2001-21">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Metcalf-2006-22">[15]</a> Initially a <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a>, Pakistan officially drafted <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">its constitution</a> in 1956, and emerged as a declared <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a>. In 1971, the exclave of <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> seceded as the new country of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">nine-month-long civil war</a>. In the following four decades, Pakistan has been ruled by governments whose descriptions, although complex, commonly alternated between civilian and military, democratic and authoritarian, relatively <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Pakistan" title="Secularism in Pakistan">secular</a> and Islamist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2016-23">[16]</a> Pakistan is considered a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a> nation,<a href="#cite_note-Middle_power_nation-24">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-RSCT-25">[h]</a> with the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel" title="List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel">sixth-largest standing armed forces</a>. It is a declared <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">nuclear-weapons state</a>, and is ranked amongst the emerging and growth-leading economies,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiaBurton2023-26">[18]</a> with a large and rapidly-growing middle class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERais2017-27">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornwallEdwards2014-28">[20]</a> Pakistan's political history since independence has been characterized by periods of significant economic and military growth as well as those of political and economic instability. It is an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Ethnic groups in Pakistan">ethnically</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">linguistically</a> diverse country, with similarly diverse <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">geography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Pakistan" title="Wildlife of Pakistan">wildlife</a>. The country continues to face challenges, including <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Pakistan" title="Poverty in Pakistan">poverty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literate_Pakistan_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Literate Pakistan Foundation">illiteracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Pakistan" title="Corruption in Pakistan">corruption</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Pakistan" title="Terrorism in Pakistan">terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2016-29">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaqir2018-30">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESATP2024-31">[23]</a> Pakistan is a member of the United Nations, the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition" title="Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition">Islamic Military Counter-Terrorism Coalition</a>, and is designated as a <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a> by the United States. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Indus_Valley_Civilisation">2.1 Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Vedic_period">2.2 Vedic period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Classical_period">2.3 Classical period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Islamic_conquest">2.4 Islamic conquest</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Colonial_rule">2.5 Colonial rule</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Independence">2.6 Independence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Post_Independence">2.7 Post Independence</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Flora_and_fauna">3.1 Flora and fauna</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Government_and_politics">4 Government and politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Role_of_Islam">4.1 Role of Islam</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Administrative_units">4.2 Administrative units</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Foreign_relations">4.3 Foreign relations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Relations_with_China">4.3.1 Relations with China</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Relations_with_the_Muslim_world">4.3.2 Relations with the Muslim world</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Kashmir_conflict">4.4 Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Military">4.5 Military</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Military_history">4.5.1 Military history</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Law_enforcement">4.6 Law enforcement</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Human_rights">4.7 Human rights</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Agriculture_and_mining_sector">5.1 Agriculture and mining sector</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Industry">5.2 Industry</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Services">5.3 Services</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Tourism">5.4 Tourism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Infrastructure">6 Infrastructure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Power_and_energy">6.1 Power and energy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Transport">6.2 Transport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Science_and_technology">6.3 Science and technology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Demographics">7 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Urbanisation">7.1 Urbanisation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Ethnicity_and_languages">7.2 Ethnicity and languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Immigration">7.3 Immigration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Diaspora">7.4 Diaspora</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Religion">7.5 Religion</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-38"><a href="#Islam">7.5.1 Islam</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a href="#Hinduism">7.5.2 Hinduism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40"><a href="#Christianity_and_other_religions">7.5.3 Christianity and other religions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Education">7.6 Education</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Culture">8 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Architecture">8.1 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Clothing,_arts,_and_fashion">8.2 Clothing, arts, and fashion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Literature_and_philosophy">8.3 Literature and philosophy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Media_and_entertainment">8.4 Media and entertainment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Cuisine">8.5 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Sports">8.6 Sports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#Notes">10 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="#Bibliography">12 Bibliography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="#Overview">12.1 Overview</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54"><a href="#Etymology_2">12.2 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55"><a href="#History_2">12.3 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-56"><a href="#Geography_2">12.4 Geography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-57"><a href="#Government_and_politics_2">12.5 Government and politics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="#Further_reading">13 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-59"><a href="#External_links">14 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-60"><a href="#Government">14.1 Government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-61"><a href="#General_information">14.2 General information</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The name Pakistan was coined by <a href="/wiki/Choudhry_Rahmat_Ali" title="Choudhry Rahmat Ali">Choudhry Rahmat Ali</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a> activist, who in January 1933 first published it (originally as "Pakstan") in a pamphlet <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Declaration" title="Pakistan Declaration">Now or Never</a>, using it as an <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAziz1987-32">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaqibMalik2018-33">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahiri2023-34">[26]</a> Rahmat Ali explained: "It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our homelands, Indian and Asian, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Panjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%932010)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)">Afghania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sind_Division" title="Sind Division">Sindh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baluchistan_Agency" title="Baluchistan Agency">Baluchistan</a>." He added, "Pakistan is both a <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> word... It means the land of the Paks, the spiritually pure and clean."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETummala1996-35">[27]</a> Etymologists note that <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:پاک">پاک</a> pāk, is 'pure' in Persian and <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> and the Persian suffix <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%80%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ـستان">ـستان</a> <a href="/wiki/-stan" title="-stan">-stan</a> means 'land' or 'place of'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaqibMalik2018-33">[25]</a> Rahmat Ali's concept of Pakistan only related to the northwestern area of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. He also proposed the name "Banglastan" for the Muslim areas of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and "Osmanistan" for <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a>, as well as a political federation between the three.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnand1991-36">[28]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History of Pakistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pakistani_history" title="Timeline of Pakistani history">Timeline of Pakistani history</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indus_Valley_Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg/170px-Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="754"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg/170px-Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg" data-width="170" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg/255px-Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg/340px-Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Priest-king_(sculpture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priest-king (sculpture)">Priest-King</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2500 BCE)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2017-37">[29]</a></figcaption></figure> Some of the earliest ancient human civilisations in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> originated from areas encompassing present-day Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllchinPetraglia2007-38">[30]</a> The earliest known inhabitants in the region were <a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a>, of whom <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artefacts</a> have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Soan_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Soan Valley">Soan Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2014-39">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus region</a>, which covers most of the present-day Pakistan, was the site of several successive ancient cultures including the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> (7000–4300 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>) site of <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Coningham-Young-2015-40">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fisher-2018-41">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dyson-2018-42">[34]</a> and the 5,000-year history of urban life in South Asia to the various sites of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Allchin-1982-43">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalesKenoyerAlcock1986-44">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vedic_period">Vedic period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cremation_Urn_with_Lid_LACMA_AC1994.234.8a-b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cremation_Urn_with_Lid_LACMA_AC1994.234.8a-b.jpg/170px-Cremation_Urn_with_Lid_LACMA_AC1994.234.8a-b.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="2100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 187px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cremation_Urn_with_Lid_LACMA_AC1994.234.8a-b.jpg/170px-Cremation_Urn_with_Lid_LACMA_AC1994.234.8a-b.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cremation_Urn_with_Lid_LACMA_AC1994.234.8a-b.jpg/255px-Cremation_Urn_with_Lid_LACMA_AC1994.234.8a-b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cremation_Urn_with_Lid_LACMA_AC1994.234.8a-b.jpg/340px-Cremation_Urn_with_Lid_LACMA_AC1994.234.8a-b.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Cremation urn, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave culture</a>, Swat Valley, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1200 BCE<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrison2017-45">[37]</a></figcaption></figure> Following the decline of the Indus valley civilization, <a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigvedic tribes">Indo-Aryan tribes</a> moved into the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> in several <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan migration theory">waves of migration</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> (1500–500 BCE),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOursel2015-46">[38]</a> bringing with them their distinctive religious traditions and practices which fused with local culture.<a href="#cite_note-Vedic_period-47">[39]</a> The Indo-Aryans religious beliefs and practices from the <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana culture</a> and the native Harappan Indus beliefs of the former Indus Valley civilization eventually gave rise to Vedic culture and tribes.<a href="#cite_note-Vedic_period-47">[39]</a> Most notable among them was <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhara civilization">Gandhara civilization</a>, which flourished at the crossroads of India, Central Asia, and the Middle East, connecting <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">trade routes</a> and absorbing cultural influences from diverse civilizations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrendt2007-48">[40]</a> The initial early Vedic culture was a tribal, <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoral</a> society centered in the Indus Valley, of what is today Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahmaan2017-49">[41]</a> During this period, the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, the oldest <a href="/wiki/Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Scriptures">scriptures</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, were composed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberlies2023-50">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rigveda-51">[i]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_period">Classical period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhara_Buddha_(tnm).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/170px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="282" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2894"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 282px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/170px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg" data-width="170" data-height="282" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/255px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/340px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Standing_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Buddha">Standing Buddha</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> (1st–2nd century CE)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStonard2017-52">[43]</a></figcaption></figure> The western regions of Pakistan <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">became part</a> of <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> around 517 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamaev2023-53">[44]</a> In 326 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> conquered the region by defeating various local rulers, most notably, the King <a href="/wiki/Porus" title="Porus">Porus</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hydaspes" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hydaspes">Jhelum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadasivan2011-54">[45]</a> It was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> and extended by <a href="/wiki/Ashoka_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashoka the Great">Ashoka the Great</a>, until 185 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1980-55">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2022114-56">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke2017-57">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius of Bactria</a> (180–165 BCE) included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under <a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander</a> (165–150 BCE), prospering the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhist</a> culture in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollitt1986-58">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuintanilla2007-59">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubica2023-60">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> had one of the earliest universities and centres of higher education in the world, which was established during the late Vedic period in the 6th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestmoreland2019-61">[52]</a> The ancient university was documented by the invading forces of Alexander the Great and was also recorded by Chinese pilgrims in the 4th or 5th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-Needham-1994-62">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kulke-Rothermund-2016-63">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMookerji1989-64">[55]</a> At its zenith, the <a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai dynasty</a> (489–632 CE) ruled <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> and the surrounding territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanerjee2022-65">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_conquest">Islamic conquest</h3></div> The Arab conqueror <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Qasim">Muhammad ibn Qasim</a> conquered Sindh and some regions of Punjab in 711 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1980-55">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMufti2013-66">[57]</a> The Pakistan government's official chronology claims this as the time when the foundation of Pakistan was laid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoodbhoy2023-67">[58]</a> The Early Medieval period (642–1219 CE) witnessed the spread of Islam in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavendish2006318-68">[59]</a> Before the arrival of Islam beginning in the 8th century, the region of Pakistan was home to a diverse plethora of faiths, including <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stubbs-Thomson-2016-69">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik200647-70">[61]</a> During this period, <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">missionaries</a> played a pivotal role in converting a majority of the regional population to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidus2014-71">[62]</a> Upon the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Shahi">Hindu Shahi</a> dynasties which governed the <a href="/wiki/Kabul_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabul Valley">Kabul Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), and western Punjab in the 7th to 11th centuries CE, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent">several successive Muslim empires</a> ruled over the region, including the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Empire</a> (975–1187 CE), the <a href="/wiki/Ghorid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghorid">Ghorid</a> Kingdom, and the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> (1206–1526 CE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamad2011-72">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a>, the last of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the Mughal Empire (1526–1857 CE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaroqhi2019-73">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_mosque_Lahore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Royal_mosque_Lahore.jpg/220px-Royal_mosque_Lahore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3316"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Royal_mosque_Lahore.jpg/220px-Royal_mosque_Lahore.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Royal_mosque_Lahore.jpg/330px-Royal_mosque_Lahore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Royal_mosque_Lahore.jpg/440px-Royal_mosque_Lahore.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a>, Lahore</figcaption></figure> The Mughals introduced Persian literature and high culture, establishing the roots of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian culture</a> in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanfield2002-74">[65]</a> In the region of modern-day Pakistan, key cities during the Mughal period were <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra2005-75">[66]</a> which were chosen as the site of impressive <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal buildings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik200679-76">[67]</a> In the early 16th century, the region remained under the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006-77">[68]</a> In the 18th century, the slow disintegration of the Mughal Empire was hastened by the emergence of the rival powers of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Confederacy</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>, as well as invasions by <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a> from Iran in 1739 and the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a> of Afghanistan in 1759.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaleem2013-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2017-78">[69]</a> The growing political power of the British in Bengal had not yet reached the territories of modern Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson2007-79">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_rule">Colonial rule</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Movement" title="Aligarh Movement">Aligarh Movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:324px;max-width:324px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Syed1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898), whose vision (Two-nation theory) formed the basis of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sir_Syed1.jpg/146px-Sir_Syed1.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="223" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 146px;height: 223px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sir_Syed1.jpg/146px-Sir_Syed1.jpg" data-alt="Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898), whose vision (Two-nation theory) formed the basis of Pakistan" data-width="146" data-height="223" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sir_Syed1.jpg/219px-Sir_Syed1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Sir_Syed1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sir <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a> (1817–1898), whose <a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">vision</a> formed the basis of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Wolpert-1984-80">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sengupta-2023-81">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltCurta2016-82">[73]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinnah1945b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948) served as Pakistan's first Governor-General and the leader of the Pakistan Movement" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Jinnah1945b.jpg/170px-Jinnah1945b.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="853"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 223px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Jinnah1945b.jpg/170px-Jinnah1945b.jpg" data-alt="Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948) served as Pakistan's first Governor-General and the leader of the Pakistan Movement" data-width="170" data-height="223" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Jinnah1945b.jpg/255px-Jinnah1945b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Jinnah1945b.jpg/340px-Jinnah1945b.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> (1876–1948) served as Pakistan's first Governor-General and the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert1984-83">[74]</a></div></div></div></div></div> None of modern Pakistan was under British rule until 1839 when <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, a small fishing village governed by <a href="/wiki/Talpur_dynasty" title="Talpur dynasty">Talpurs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> with a mud fort guarding the harbour, was <a href="/wiki/History_of_Karachi#Company_rule" title="History of Karachi">taken</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERustomji1952-84">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalbridge2012-85">[76]</a> and used as an enclave with a port and <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Cantonment" title="Karachi Cantonment">military base</a> for the <a href="/wiki/First_Afghan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Afghan War">First Afghan War</a> that ensued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGayer2014-86">[77]</a> The remainder of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> was acquired in 1843,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharmaD'AngeloGiri2020-87">[78]</a> and subsequently, through a series of wars and treaties, the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">East India Company</a>, and later, after the post-<a href="/wiki/Sepoy_Mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepoy Mutiny">Sepoy Mutiny</a> (1857–1858), direct rule by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, acquired most of the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirbhai2009-88">[79]</a> Key conflicts included those against the <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a> <a href="/wiki/Talpur_dynasty" title="Talpur dynasty">Talpur dynasty</a>, resolved by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Miani" title="Battle of Miani">Battle of Miani</a> (1843) in Sindh,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarjani2018-89">[80]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Sikh_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Anglo-Sikh War (disambiguation)">Anglo-Sikh Wars</a> (1845–1849),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1975-90">[81]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Anglo-Afghan War">Anglo-Afghan Wars</a> (1839–1919).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2022119-91">[82]</a> By 1893, all modern Pakistan was part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British Indian Empire</a>, and remained so until independence in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavendish2006365-92">[83]</a> Under British rule, modern Pakistan was primarily divided into the <a href="/wiki/Sind_Division" title="Sind Division">Sind Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Baluchistan_Agency" title="Baluchistan Agency">Baluchistan Agency</a>. The region also included various <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a>, with the largest being <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw1999-93">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain2015-94">[85]</a> The major armed struggle against the British in the region was the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">rebellion</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Sepoy_Mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepoy Mutiny">Sepoy Mutiny</a> in 1857.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalleson2016-95">[86]</a> Divergence in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">relationship</a> between <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and Islam resulted in significant tension in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>, leading to religious violence. The <a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">language controversy</a> further exacerbated tensions between Hindus and Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltCurta2016-82">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaliAkhtar1993-96">[87]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Movement" title="Aligarh Movement">Muslim intellectual movement</a>, led by Sir <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmed_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Syed Ahmed Khan">Syed Ahmed Khan</a> to counter the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Renaissance">Hindu renaissance</a>, advocated for the <a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">two-nation theory</a> and led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a> in 1906.<a href="#cite_note-Wolpert-1984-80">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sengupta-2023-81">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltCurta2016-82">[73]</a> In March 1929, in response to the <a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>, the founder of Pakistan, issued his <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">fourteen points</a>, which included proposals to safeguard the interests of the Muslim minority in a united India. These proposals were rejected.<a href="#cite_note-Hardy-1972-97">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wuthnow-2013-98">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Singh-Shani-2021-99">[90]</a> In his December 29, 1930 address, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Allama Iqbal</a> advocated the amalgamation of Muslim-majority states in <a href="/wiki/Northwest_India_(pre-1947)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest India (pre-1947)">North-West</a> India, including <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%9355)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)">North-West Frontier Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sind_Province_(1936%E2%80%9355)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sind Province (1936–55)">Sind</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baluchistan_(Chief_Commissioner%27s_Province)" title="Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)">Baluchistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Singh-Shani-2021-99">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iqbal-100">[91]</a> The perception that Congress-led British <a href="/wiki/1937_Indian_provincial_elections" title="1937 Indian provincial elections">provincial governments</a> neglected the Muslim League from 1937 to 1939 motivated Jinnah and other Muslim League leaders to embrace the two-nation theory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPandeya2003-101">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasuMiroshnik2017-102">[93]</a> This led to the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a> of 1940, presented by <a href="/wiki/Sher-e-Bangla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sher-e-Bangla">Sher-e-Bangla</a> <a href="/wiki/A.K._Fazlul_Haque" class="mw-redirect" title="A.K. Fazlul Haque">A.K. Fazlul Haque</a>, also known as the Pakistan Resolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._H._Khan2016-103">[94]</a> By 1942, Britain faced considerable strain during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, with India directly threatened by Japanese forces. Britain had pledged voluntary independence for India in exchange for support during the war. However, this pledge included a clause stating that no part of British India would be compelled to join the resulting dominion, which could be interpreted as support for an independent Muslim nation. Congress under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a>, demanding an immediate end to British rule. In contrast, the Muslim League chose to support the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom in World War II">UK's war efforts</a>, thereby nurturing the possibility of establishing a Muslim nation.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker-2020-104">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra2008-105">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan">History of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partition_of_India_1947_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Partition_of_India_1947_en.svg/260px-Partition_of_India_1947_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="1170"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 256px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Partition_of_India_1947_en.svg/260px-Partition_of_India_1947_en.svg.png" data-width="260" data-height="256" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Partition_of_India_1947_en.svg/390px-Partition_of_India_1947_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Partition_of_India_1947_en.svg/520px-Partition_of_India_1947_en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a>: green regions were all part of Pakistan by 1948, and orange ones part of India. The darker-shaded regions represent the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> provinces partitioned by the Radcliffe Line. The grey areas represent some of the key <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> that were eventually integrated into India or Pakistan.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/1946_Indian_provincial_elections" title="1946 Indian provincial elections">1946 elections</a> saw the Muslim League secure 90 percent of the Muslim seats, supported by the landowners of Sindh and Punjab. This forced the Indian National Congress, initially skeptical of the League's representation of Indian Muslims, to acknowledge its significance.<a href="#cite_note-Mohiuddin-2007-1-106">[97]</a> Jinnah's emergence as the voice of the Indian Muslims,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoodbhoy2023-67">[58]</a> compelled the British to consider their stance, despite their <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_partition_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the partition of India">reluctance to partition India</a>. In a final attempt to prevent partition, they proposed the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Mission_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Mission Plan">Cabinet Mission Plan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mohiuddin-2007-2-107">[98]</a> As the Cabinet Mission failed, the British announced their intention to end rule by June 1948.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert1984309-108">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkovits2012-109">[100]</a> Following rigorous discussions involving <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Viceroy of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Lord Mountbatten of Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> of Congress, the formal declaration to partition British India into two independent dominions—namely Pakistan and India—was issued by Mountbatten on the evening of 3 June 1947. In Mountbatten's oval office, the prime ministers of around a dozen major princely states gathered to receive their copies of the plan before its worldwide broadcast. At 7:00 P.M., <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> transmitted the public announcement, starting with the viceroy's address, followed by individual speeches from Nehru, and Jinnah. The founder of Pakistan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> concluded his address with the slogan Pakistan Zindabad (Long Live Pakistan).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert1984328%E2%80%93329-110">[101]</a> As the United Kingdom agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partitioning of India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert1984328%E2%80%93329-110">[101]</a> the modern state of Pakistan was established on <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Independence Day (Pakistan)">14 August 1947</a> (27th of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> in 1366 of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Calendar">Islamic Calendar</a>, considered to be the most blessed date from an Islamic perspective).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasanie2013-111">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkbarzadeh2020-112">[103]</a> This new nation amalgamated the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Muslim-majority</a> eastern and <a href="/wiki/Northwest_India_(pre-1947)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest India (pre-1947)">northwestern regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, comprising the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan (Pakistan)">Balochistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%931955)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)">North-West Frontier Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">West Punjab</a>, and Sindh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20046-113">[104]</a> In the riots that accompanied the partition in Punjab Province, between 200,000 and 2,000,000 people were killed in what some have described as a retributive genocide between the religions.<a href="#cite_note-Riots-1-114">[105]</a> Around 50,000 Muslim women were <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women_during_the_partition_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence against women during the partition of India">abducted and raped</a> by Hindu and Sikh men, while 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women experienced the same fate at the hands of Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Riots-2-115">[106]</a> Around 6.5 million Muslims moved from India to West Pakistan and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from West Pakistan to India.<a href="#cite_note-Hasan-Raza-2009-116">[107]</a> It was the largest mass migration in human history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiggs2024-117">[108]</a> A subsequent dispute over the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> eventually sparked the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhaumik1996-118">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_Independence">Post Independence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History of Pakistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Monarchy of Pakistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liaquat_Ali_Khan_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Liaquat_Ali_Khan_1945.jpg/180px-Liaquat_Ali_Khan_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="903"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 248px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Liaquat_Ali_Khan_1945.jpg/180px-Liaquat_Ali_Khan_1945.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="248" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Liaquat_Ali_Khan_1945.jpg/270px-Liaquat_Ali_Khan_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Liaquat_Ali_Khan_1945.jpg/360px-Liaquat_Ali_Khan_1945.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a> was elected 1st Prime Minister of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazmi2003-119">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2017-120">[111]</a></figcaption></figure> After <a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation of Pakistan">independence</a> in 1947, Jinnah, the <a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">President</a> of the Muslim League, became Pakistan's first <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan">President-Speaker</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament</a>, but he succumbed to tuberculosis on 11 September 1948.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2017-120">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkbar2018-121">[112]</a> Meanwhile, Pakistan's founding fathers agreed to appoint <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General">secretary-general</a> of the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">party</a>, the nation's <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan">first</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazmi2003-119">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2017-120">[111]</a> From 1947 to 1956, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan was a monarchy</a> within the Commonwealth of Nations, and had two monarchs before it became a republic.<a href="#cite_note-Kumarasingham-2013-122">[113]</a> The creation of Pakistan was never fully accepted by many British leaders including <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Lord Mountbatten</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McGrath-1996-123">[114]</a> Mountbatten expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League's idea of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-1997-124">[115]</a> Jinnah refused Mountbatten's offer to serve as Governor-General of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Wolpert-2009-125">[116]</a> When Mountbatten was asked by <a href="/wiki/Larry_Collins_(writer)" title="Larry Collins (writer)">Collins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Lapierre" title="Dominique Lapierre">Lapierre</a> if he would have sabotaged Pakistan had he known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis, he replied 'most probably'.<a href="#cite_note-Lapierre-Collins-2015-126">[117]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pakistan.ogv/220px--Pakistan.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="1069" data-mwtitle="Pakistan.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Pakistan.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Pakistan.ogv" type='video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"' data-width="400" data-height="300"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Pakistan.ogv/Pakistan.ogv.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="300"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Pakistan.ogv/Pakistan.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240"></source></video><figcaption>The American <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> film on Pakistan, made in 1950, examines the history and geography of Pakistan.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; border-width: 1px; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed – that has nothing to do with the business of the State." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>'s first speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009-127">[118]</a></cite> </div> Maulana <a href="/wiki/Shabbir_Ahmad_Usmani" title="Shabbir Ahmad Usmani">Shabbir Ahmad Usmani</a>, a respected Deobandi alim (scholar) who held the position of Shaykh al-Islam in Pakistan in 1949, and <a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Maulana Mawdudi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-i-Islami</a> played key roles in advocating for an Islamic constitution. Mawdudi insisted that the Constituent Assembly declare the "supreme sovereignty of God" and the supremacy of the shariah in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Hussain-2008-1-128">[119]</a> The efforts of Jamaat-i-Islami and the <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a> led to the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Objectives_Resolution" title="Objectives Resolution">Objectives Resolution</a> in March 1949. This resolution, described by Liaquat Ali Khan as the second most significant step in Pakistan's history, affirmed that "sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust". It was later included as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973.<a href="#cite_note-Hussain-2008-2-129">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Pakistan" title="Democracy in Pakistan">Democracy</a> faced setbacks due to the <a href="/wiki/1958_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Pakistani coup d'état">martial law</a> imposed by President <a href="/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskander Mirza">Iskander Mirza</a>, who was succeeded by General <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(President_of_Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)">Ayub Khan</a>. After adopting a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1962" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1962">presidential system</a> in 1962, Pakistan witnessed significant growth until the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">second war</a> with India in 1965, resulting in an economic downturn and widespread public discontent in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt2009190%E2%80%93197-130">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChowdhuryMahmud2008-131">[122]</a> In 1969, President <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a> consolidated control, but faced a devastating <a href="/wiki/1970_Bhola_cyclone" title="1970 Bhola cyclone">cyclone</a> in East Pakistan resulting in 500,000 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKathpalia1986-132">[123]</a> In 1970, Pakistan conducted its <a href="/wiki/1970_Pakistani_general_election" title="1970 Pakistani general election">first democratic elections</a> since independence, intending to transition from <a href="/wiki/Legal_Framework_Order,_1970" title="Legal Framework Order, 1970">military rule</a> to democracy. However, after the East Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a> emerged victorious over the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> (PPP), Yahya Khan and the military refused to transfer power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoumar2023-133">[124]</a> This led to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a>, a military crackdown, and eventually sparked the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">war of liberation</a> by Bengali <a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a> forces in East Pakistan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2011-134">[125]</a> described in West Pakistan as a civil war rather than a liberation struggle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose2005-135">[126]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayubkhanandbhutto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ayubkhanandbhutto.jpg/170px-Ayubkhanandbhutto.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="774"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 263px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ayubkhanandbhutto.jpg/170px-Ayubkhanandbhutto.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="263" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ayubkhanandbhutto.jpg/255px-Ayubkhanandbhutto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ayubkhanandbhutto.jpg/340px-Ayubkhanandbhutto.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Signing of the <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Declaration" title="Tashkent Declaration">Tashkent Declaration</a> to end <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">hostilities</a> with India in 1965 in <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_(USSR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)">USSR</a>, by President <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal_Ayub_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal Ayub Khan">Ayub</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a> (centre) and <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Ahmed_(civil_servant)" title="Aziz Ahmed (civil servant)">Aziz Ahmed</a> (left)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2008-136">[127]</a></figcaption></figure> Independent researchers estimate that between 300,000 and 500,000 civilians died during this period while the Bangladesh government puts the number of dead at three million,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunkaraWalterRojas2024-137">[128]</a> a figure that is now nearly universally regarded as excessively inflated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiro2015-138">[129]</a> Some academics such as <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Rummel">Rudolph Rummel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rounaq_Jahan" title="Rounaq Jahan">Rounaq Jahan</a> say both sides committed genocide;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERummel1998-139">[130]</a> others such as <a href="/wiki/John_Richard_Sisson" title="John Richard Sisson">Richard Sisson</a> and Leo E. Rose believe there was no genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeachler2011-140">[131]</a> In response to India's support for the insurgency in East Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Preemptive_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Preemptive strikes">preemptive strikes</a> on India by Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">air force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">navy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Marines" title="Pakistan Marines">marines</a> sparked <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">a conventional war</a> in 1971 that resulted in an Indian victory and East Pakistan gaining <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Bangladesh" title="Independence of Bangladesh">independence</a> as <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotten2000-141">[132]</a> With Pakistan <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Surrender_(1971)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrument of Surrender (1971)">surrendering</a> in the war,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgha2021-142">[133]</a> Yahya Khan was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> as president; the country worked towards promulgating <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">its constitution</a> and putting the country on the road to democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton2016-143">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldenburg2010-144">[135]</a> In 1972 Pakistan embarked on an ambitious plan to develop its <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_its_Nuclear_Deterrent_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program">nuclear deterrence</a> capability with <a href="/wiki/Mutually_assured_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually assured destruction">the goal of preventing</a> any <a href="/wiki/Foreign_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign interventionism">foreign invasion</a>; the country's <a href="/wiki/KANUPP" class="mw-redirect" title="KANUPP">first</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plant</a> was inaugurated in that same year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick2007-145">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoodbhoy2011-146">[137]</a> India's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Smiling_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Smiling Buddha">first nuclear test</a> in 1974 gave Pakistan additional justification to accelerate its <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_Nuclear_Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan and Nuclear Weapons">nuclear program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoodbhoy2011-146">[137]</a> Democracy ended with a <a href="/wiki/Operation_Fair_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Fair Play">military coup</a> in 1977 against the <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">leftist</a> PPP, which saw <a href="/wiki/General_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="General Zia-ul-Haq">General Zia-ul-Haq</a> become the president in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrasnoLaPides2015-147">[138]</a> From 1977 to 1988, President Zia's <a href="/wiki/Corporate_sector_of_Pakistan" title="Corporate sector of Pakistan">corporatisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization of Economy">economic Islamisation</a> initiatives led to Pakistan becoming one of the fastest-growing economies in South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhanna2002-148">[139]</a> While building up the country's <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_its_Nuclear_Deterrent_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program">nuclear program</a>, increasing <a href="/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq%27s_Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization">Islamisation</a>, and the rise of a homegrown <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">conservative</a> philosophy, Pakistan helped subsidise and distribute US <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">resources to factions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">mujahideen</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">intervention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Communist_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Afghanistan">communist Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajari2015-149">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColl2004-150">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestad2005-151">[142]</a> Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">North-West Frontier Province</a> became a base for the anti-Soviet Afghan fighters, with the province's influential <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a> ulama playing a significant role in encouraging and organising the 'jihad'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaroon2008-152">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">President Zia died</a> in a plane crash in 1988, and <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a>, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the country's <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Muslim societies">first female</a> Prime Minister. The PPP was followed by conservative <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">Pakistan Muslim League (N)</a> (PML (N)), and over the next decade the leaders of the two parties fought for power, alternating in office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2015-153">[144]</a> This period is marked by prolonged <a href="/wiki/Periods_of_stagflation_in_Pakistan" title="Periods of stagflation in Pakistan">stagflation</a>, political instability, <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Pakistan" title="Corruption in Pakistan">corruption</a>, misgovernment, <a href="/wiki/Geostrategy" title="Geostrategy">geopolitical</a> rivalry with India, and the clash of <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">left wing</a>-<a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">right wing</a> ideologies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman2018-154">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHusain2010-155">[146]</a> As PML (N) secured a <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a> in <a href="/wiki/1997_Pakistani_general_election" title="1997 Pakistani general election">elections</a> in 1997,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYapAbeyratne202368-156">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> authorised <a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_Pakistan" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of Pakistan">nuclear testings</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Tit-for-tat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tit-for-tat">retaliation</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">second nuclear tests</a> conducted by India in May 1998.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2012-157">[148]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Prime_Minister_Shri_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_meets_the_President_of_Pakistan_Mr._Pervez_Musharraf_on_the_sidline_of_12th_SAARC_Summit_in_Islmabad_on_January_5,_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/The_Prime_Minister_Shri_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_meets_the_President_of_Pakistan_Mr._Pervez_Musharraf_on_the_sidline_of_12th_SAARC_Summit_in_Islmabad_on_January_5%2C_2003.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="761"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 186px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/The_Prime_Minister_Shri_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_meets_the_President_of_Pakistan_Mr._Pervez_Musharraf_on_the_sidline_of_12th_SAARC_Summit_in_Islmabad_on_January_5%2C_2003.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/The_Prime_Minister_Shri_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_meets_the_President_of_Pakistan_Mr._Pervez_Musharraf_on_the_sidline_of_12th_SAARC_Summit_in_Islmabad_on_January_5%2C_2003.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/The_Prime_Minister_Shri_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_meets_the_President_of_Pakistan_Mr._Pervez_Musharraf_on_the_sidline_of_12th_SAARC_Summit_in_Islmabad_on_January_5%2C_2003.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Musharraf</a> meets with Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> at the sidelines of 12th <a href="/wiki/SAARC" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC">SAARC</a> summit in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmad2023-158">[149]</a></figcaption></figure> Military tension between the two countries in the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_district" title="Kargil district">Kargil district</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a> of 1999,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazari2003-159">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakma2014-160">[151]</a> and turmoil in <a href="/wiki/Civil-military_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil-military relations">civil-military relations</a> allowed General <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> to take over through a <a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Pakistani coup d'état">bloodless coup d'état</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYarbakhsh2019-161">[152]</a> Musharraf governed Pakistan as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">chief executive</a> from 1999 to 2002 and as president from 2001 to 2008<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhoja-Moolji2021-162">[153]</a>—a period of <a href="/wiki/Enlightened_moderation" title="Enlightened moderation">enlightenment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair2014-163">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2021-164">[155]</a> social <a href="/wiki/Liberal_islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal islam">liberalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZulfiqar2011-165">[156]</a> extensive <a href="/wiki/Economic_reforms_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic reforms in Pakistan">economic reforms</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohiuddin2007219-166">[157]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan%27s_role_in_the_War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan's role in the War on Terror">direct involvement in the US-led war on terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2021-164">[155]</a> By its own financial calculations, Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Pakistan%27s_role_in_the_War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan's role in the War on Terror">involvement in the war on terrorism</a> has cost up to $118 billion, over <a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_since_2001" title="List of terrorist incidents in Pakistan since 2001">eighty one thousand casualties</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartiniFordJackson2020-167">[158]</a> and more than 1.8 million displaced civilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansbachPirroTaylor2017-168">[159]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Pakistan)">National Assembly</a> historically completed its first full five-year term on 15 November 2007.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations2008-169">[160]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Benazir_Bhutto" title="Assassination of Benazir Bhutto">assassination of Benazir Bhutto</a> in 2007, the PPP secured the <a href="/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">most votes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Pakistani_general_election" title="2008 Pakistani general election">elections</a> of 2008, appointing party member <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Raza_Gilani" title="Yusuf Raza Gilani">Yusuf Raza Gilani</a> as Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot2015261-170">[161]</a> Threatened with <a href="/wiki/Movement_to_impeach_Pervez_Musharraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement to impeach Pervez Musharraf">impeachment</a>, President Musharraf resigned on 18 August 2008, and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Asif Ali Zardari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapoor2009-171">[162]</a> Clashes with the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Pakistan" title="Judiciary of Pakistan">judicature</a> prompted Gilani's disqualification from the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament</a> and as the Prime Minister in June 2012.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaseem2022-172">[163]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2013_Pakistani_general_election" title="2013 Pakistani general election">general election</a> held in 2013 saw the PML (N) achieve victory,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedeSadioglu2016-173">[164]</a> following which Nawaz Sharif was elected as Prime Minister for the third time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuhland2019-174">[165]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Tehreek-e-Insaf" title="Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf">PTI</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2018_Pakistan_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Pakistan general election">general election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a> became the 22nd Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnett2020-175">[166]</a> In April 2022, <a href="/wiki/Shehbaz_Sharif" title="Shehbaz Sharif">Shehbaz Sharif</a> was elected as prime minister, after Imran Khan lost a no-confidence vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECentral_Intelligence_Agency2023-176">[167]</a> During <a href="/wiki/2024_Pakistani_general_election" title="2024 Pakistani general election">2024 general election</a>, PTI-backed independents became the largest bloc,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfzal2024-177">[168]</a> but Shehbaz Sharif was elected prime minister for a second term, as a result of a coalition between PML (N) and PPPP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETariqStenson2024-178">[169]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">Geography of Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Pakistan" title="Environment of Pakistan">Environment of Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Pakistan" title="Climate of Pakistan">Climate of Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_weather_records_in_Pakistan" title="List of extreme weather records in Pakistan">Extreme weather records in Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_tropical_cyclones_in_Pakistan" title="List of tropical cyclones in Pakistan">List of tropical cyclones in Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Pakistan" title="List of beaches in Pakistan">List of beaches in Pakistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PAK_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Koppen-Geiger_Map_PAK_present.svg/300px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_PAK_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1448" data-file-height="850"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Koppen-Geiger_Map_PAK_present.svg/300px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_PAK_present.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Koppen-Geiger_Map_PAK_present.svg/450px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_PAK_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Koppen-Geiger_Map_PAK_present.svg/600px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_PAK_present.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> of Pakistan</figcaption></figure> Pakistan's diverse <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">geography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Pakistan" title="Climate of Pakistan">climate</a> host a wide array of <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Pakistan" title="Wildlife of Pakistan">wildlife</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng_et_al.2022-179">[170]</a> Covering 881,913 km2 (340,509 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgarwalAhmad2021-180">[171]</a> Pakistan's size is comparable to France and the UK combined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik2015-181">[172]</a> It ranks as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by area">33rd-largest nation by total area</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMordiAdisa2022-182">[173]</a> but this varies based on Kashmir's disputed status. Pakistan boasts a 1,046 km (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaque2002-183">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritannica_(Gulf_of_Oman)2024-184">[175]</a> and shares land borders totaling 6,774 km (4,209 mi), including 2,430 km (1,510 mi) with Afghanistan, 523 km (325 mi) with China, 2,912 km (1,809 mi) with India, and 909 km (565 mi) with Iran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFactbook2024-185">[176]</a> It has a maritime border with Oman,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaraman2012-186">[177]</a> and shares a border with Tajikistan via the <a href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanerjee2019-187">[178]</a> Situated at the crossroads of South Asia, the Middle East, and Central Asia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohiuddin20073,_317,_323%E2%80%93324-188">[179]</a> Pakistan's location is geopolitically significant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreft2007-189">[180]</a> Geologically, Pakistan straddles the Indus–Tsangpo Suture Zone and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian tectonic plate</a> in Sindh and Punjab, while Balochistan and most of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa sit on the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a>, primarily on the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a>. Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir, along the Indian plate's edge, are <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Pakistan" title="List of earthquakes in Pakistan">susceptible to powerful earthquakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Geology-190">[181]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indus.A2002274.0610.1km.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Indus.A2002274.0610.1km.jpg/180px-Indus.A2002274.0610.1km.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="235" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 235px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Indus.A2002274.0610.1km.jpg/180px-Indus.A2002274.0610.1km.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="235" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Indus.A2002274.0610.1km.jpg/270px-Indus.A2002274.0610.1km.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Indus.A2002274.0610.1km.jpg/360px-Indus.A2002274.0610.1km.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A satellite image showing the topography of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDescloitres2002-191">[182]</a></figcaption></figure> Pakistan's landscapes vary from coastal plains to glaciated mountains, offering deserts, forests, hills, and plateaus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavendish2006297-192">[183]</a> Pakistan is divided into three major geographic areas: the northern highlands, the Indus River plain, and the Balochistan Plateau.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlood199682-193">[184]</a> The northern highlands feature the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir</a> mountain ranges, hosting some of the world's highest peaks, including five of the fourteen <a href="/wiki/Eight-thousanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-thousanders">eight-thousanders</a> (mountain peaks over 8,000 metres or 26,250 feet), notably <a href="/wiki/K2" title="K2">K2</a> (8,611 m or 28,251 ft) and <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a> (8,126 m or 26,660 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiwani2021-194">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright2017-195">[186]</a> The Balochistan Plateau lies in the west and the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a> in the east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlood199683-196">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmad2009-197">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasanRaza200910-198">[189]</a> The 1,609 km (1,000 mi) Indus River and its tributaries traverse the nation from Kashmir to the Arabian Sea, sustaining alluvial plains along the Punjab and Sindh regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2016-199">[190]</a> The climate varies from tropical to temperate, with arid conditions in the coastal south. There is a monsoon season with frequent flooding due to heavy rainfall, and a dry season with significantly less rainfall or none at all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandrappaGuptaKulshrestha2011-200">[191]</a> Pakistan experiences four distinct seasons: a cool, dry winter from December through February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlood199687-201">[192]</a> Rainfall varies greatly from year to year, with patterns of alternate flooding and drought common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaneNortonRyan2017-202">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Pakistan" title="Wildlife of Pakistan">Wildlife of Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Pakistan" title="Flora of Pakistan">Flora of Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Pakistan" title="Fauna of Pakistan">Fauna of Pakistan</a></div> The diverse landscape and climate in Pakistan support a wide range of trees and plants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Esawi2019-203">[194]</a> From coniferous <a href="/wiki/Alpine_plant" title="Alpine plant">alpine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subalpine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subalpine">subalpine</a> trees like <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deodar_cedar" class="mw-redirect" title="Deodar cedar">deodar cedar</a> in the northern mountains to <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciduous trees">deciduous trees</a> like <a href="/wiki/Shisham" class="mw-redirect" title="Shisham">shisham</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Mountains" title="Sulaiman Mountains">Sulaiman Mountains</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandrappaGuptaKulshrestha2011-200">[191]</a> and palms such as <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix dactylifera">date</a> in the southern regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbul-Soad2011-204">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDescals_et_al.2023-205">[196]</a> The western hills boast <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamarisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamarisk">tamarisk</a>, coarse grasses, and scrub plants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpateLearmonth2017-206">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a> forests dominate the coastal wetlands in the south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandhu2010-207">[198]</a> Coniferous forests span altitudes from 1,000 to 4,000 metres (3,300 to 13,100 feet) in most northern and northwestern highlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNEP-WCMC2024-208">[199]</a> In Balochistan's xeric regions, date palms and <a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephedra (genus)">Ephedra</a> are prevalent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbul-Soad2011-204">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhtarMirza2006-209">[200]</a> In Punjab and Sindh's Indus plains, tropical and subtropical dry and moist broadleaf forests as well as tropical and xeric shrublands thrive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPEPA2016-210">[201]</a> Approximately 4.8% or 36,845.6 square kilometres (3,684,560 ha) of Pakistan was forested in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2024-211">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[j]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Markhor_Horns_(5779055412).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Markhor_Horns_%285779055412%29.jpg/220px-Markhor_Horns_%285779055412%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 331px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Markhor_Horns_%285779055412%29.jpg/220px-Markhor_Horns_%285779055412%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="331" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Markhor_Horns_%285779055412%29.jpg/330px-Markhor_Horns_%285779055412%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Markhor_Horns_%285779055412%29.jpg/440px-Markhor_Horns_%285779055412%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">Markhor</a> is the national animal of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFatima2020-213">[203]</a></figcaption></figure> Pakistan's fauna mirrors its diverse climate. The country boasts around 668 bird species,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaridah-HanumHakeem%C3%96zt%C3%BCrkEfe2015-214">[204]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_World_sparrow" title="Old World sparrow">sparrows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acridotheres" title="Acridotheres">mynas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palas,_Kohistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Palas, Kohistan">Palas, Kohistan</a>, is home to the <a href="/wiki/Western_tragopan" title="Western tragopan">western tragopan</a>, with many migratory birds visiting from Europe, Central Asia, and India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmettInskipp2021-215">[205]</a> The southern plains harbor <a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">mongooses</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter2018-216">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_civet" title="Small Indian civet">small Indian civet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanBelantSatoSomers2021-217">[207]</a> hares,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFluxChapman1990-218">[208]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_jackal" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic jackal">Asiatic jackal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESrinivasuluSrinivasulu2012-219">[209]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Indian_pangolin" title="Indian pangolin">Indian pangolin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaseem_et_al.2020-220">[210]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">jungle cat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunquistSunquist2014-221">[211]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sand_cat" title="Sand cat">sand cat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunquistSunquist2017-222">[212]</a> Indus is home to <a href="/wiki/Mugger_crocodile" title="Mugger crocodile">mugger crocodiles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman2021-223">[213]</a> while surrounding areas host <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETisdell2013-224">[214]</a> deer,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESrinivasulu2018-225">[215]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_porcupine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian porcupine">porcupines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoze2012-226">[216]</a> Central Pakistan's sandy scrublands shelter Asiatic jackals,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESrinivasuluSrinivasulu2012-219">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">striped hyenas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomerville2021-227">[217]</a> wildcats, and <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopards</a>. The mountainous north hosts a variety of animals like the <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_sheep" title="Marco Polo sheep">Marco Polo sheep</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyrop1975-228">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Urial" title="Urial">urial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">markhor</a> goat, <a href="/wiki/Ibex" title="Ibex">ibex</a> goat, <a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_brown_bear" title="Himalayan brown bear">Himalayan brown bear</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandrappaGuptaKulshrestha2011-200">[191]</a> The lack of vegetative cover, severe climate, and grazing impact on deserts have endangered wild animals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECBD_Report2009-229">[219]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">chinkara</a> is the only animal found in significant numbers in <a href="/wiki/Cholistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholistan">Cholistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallonKingswood2001-230">[220]</a> with a few <a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">nilgai</a> along the Pakistan–India border and in some parts of Cholistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodsMuftiHasan1997-231">[221]</a> Rare animals include the <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">snow leopard</a> and the blind <a href="/wiki/Indus_river_dolphin" title="Indus river dolphin">Indus river dolphin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandrappaGuptaKulshrestha2011-200">[191]</a> of which there are believed to be about 1,816 remaining, protected at the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Dolphin_Reserve" title="Indus Dolphin Reserve">Indus Dolphin Reserve</a> in Sindh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWWF2024-232">[222]</a> In total, 174 species of mammals, 177 species of reptiles, 22 species of amphibians, 198 species of freshwater fish, 668 species of birds, over 5,000 species of insects, and over 5,700 species of plants have been recorded in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaridah-HanumHakeem%C3%96zt%C3%BCrkEfe2015-214">[204]</a> Pakistan faces deforestation, hunting, and pollution, with a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 7.42/10, ranking 41st globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrantham_et_al.2020-233">[223]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Government of Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Politics of Pakistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_House,_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Parliament_House%2C_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/220px-Parliament_House%2C_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="1164"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Parliament_House%2C_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/220px-Parliament_House%2C_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Parliament_House%2C_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/330px-Parliament_House%2C_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Parliament_House%2C_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/440px-Parliament_House%2C_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament House</a></figcaption></figure> Pakistan operates as a democratic <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" title="Federal parliamentary republic">federal republic</a>, with Islam designated as the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInter-Parliamentary_Union1973-234">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunir1975-235">[225]</a> Initially adopting a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1956" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1956">constitution in 1956</a>, Pakistan saw it suspended by Ayub Khan in 1958, replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1962" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1962">second constitution</a> in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200465-236">[226]</a> A comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">constitution</a> emerged in 1973, suspended by Zia-ul-Haq in 1977 but reinstated in 1985, shaping the country's governance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFactbook2024-185">[176]</a> The military's influence in mainstream politics has been significant throughout Pakistan's history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2004-237">[227]</a> The eras of 1958–1971, <a href="/wiki/1977_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Pakistani coup d'état">1977–1988</a>, and 1999–2008 witnessed <a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">military coups</a>, leading to <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial law in Pakistan">martial law</a> and military leaders governing de facto as presidents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETertraisSokolski2013-238">[228]</a> Presently, Pakistan operates a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeBreenAllison-Reumann2023-239">[229]</a> with distinct <a href="/wiki/Check_and_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Check and balance">checks and balances</a> among government branches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloor2023-240">[230]</a> The first successful <a href="/wiki/2013_Pakistani_general_election" title="2013 Pakistani general election">democratic transition</a> occurred in May 2013.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEB._Chakma2014-241">[231]</a> Pakistani politics revolves around a blend of <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">conservatism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Third_way" class="mw-redirect" title="Third way">third way</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChengappa2002-242">[232]</a> with the three main political parties being the conservative PML (N), socialist PPP, and <a href="/wiki/Centre_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre politics">centrist</a> PTI.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRS2023-243">[233]</a> Constitutional amendments in 2010 curtailed presidential powers, enhancing the role of the prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERafiqAhmad2016-244">[234]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of State">Head of State</a>: The ceremonial head of the state and civilian <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a> is the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a>, elected by an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College of Pakistan">Electoral College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRS2023-243">[233]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> advises the President on key appointments, including military and judicial positions, and the President is constitutionally bound to act on this advice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAziz2018-245">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEF._Hussain2015-246">[236]</a> The President also holds powers to pardon and grant clemency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahmood1965-247">[237]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">Legislative</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> legislature includes a 96-member <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Senate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper House">upper house</a>) and a 336-member <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lower_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower House">lower house</a>). <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly members</a> are elected via <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post">first-past-the-post</a> under <a href="/wiki/Universal_adult_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal adult suffrage">universal adult suffrage</a>, representing National Assembly <a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituencies of Pakistan">constituencies</a>. The constitution reserves 70 seats for women and religious minorities, allocated to political parties based on proportional representation. Senate members are elected by provincial legislators, ensuring equal representation across all provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYapAbeyratne2023272-248">[238]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_night_side_view_of_Prime_Minister%27s_Secretariat_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/A_night_side_view_of_Prime_Minister%27s_Secretariat_Building.jpg/220px-A_night_side_view_of_Prime_Minister%27s_Secretariat_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/A_night_side_view_of_Prime_Minister%27s_Secretariat_Building.jpg/220px-A_night_side_view_of_Prime_Minister%27s_Secretariat_Building.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/A_night_side_view_of_Prime_Minister%27s_Secretariat_Building.jpg/330px-A_night_side_view_of_Prime_Minister%27s_Secretariat_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/A_night_side_view_of_Prime_Minister%27s_Secretariat_Building.jpg/440px-A_night_side_view_of_Prime_Minister%27s_Secretariat_Building.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_(Pakistan)" title="Prime Minister's Office (Pakistan)">Prime Minister's Office</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Executive: The Prime Minister, typically the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a> party or coalition in the National Assembly (the lower house),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowdingDumont2014-249">[239]</a> serves as the country's chief executive and head of government. Responsibilities include forming a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Pakistan" title="Cabinet of Pakistan">cabinet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZierkeStockmannMeyer2023-250">[240]</a> making executive decisions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAziz2018-245">[235]</a> and appointing senior civil servants, subject to executive confirmation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstablishment_Division2013-251">[241]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_provincial_governments_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of provincial governments of Pakistan">Provincial governments</a>: Each of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Provinces_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Provinces (Pakistan)">four provinces</a> follows a similar governance system, with a directly elected <a href="/wiki/Category:Provincial_Assemblies_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Provincial Assemblies of Pakistan">Provincial Assembly</a> choosing the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister (Pakistan)">Chief Minister</a>, usually from the largest party or coalition. Chief Ministers lead the provincial cabinet and oversee provincial governance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahmood2007-252">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIFES2013-253">[243]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Secretary (Pakistan)">Chief Secretary</a>, appointed by the Prime Minister, heads the provincial bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstablishment_Division2021-254">[244]</a> Provincial assemblies legislate and approve the provincial budget, typically presented by the provincial finance minister annually.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIFES2013-253">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmadAsif2007-255">[245]</a> Ceremonial heads of provinces, the Provincial Governors, are appointed by the President based on the binding advice of the Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahmood2007-252">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenate_of_Pakistan2018-256">[246]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan,_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan%2C_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/220px-Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan%2C_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan%2C_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/220px-Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan%2C_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan%2C_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/330px-Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan%2C_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan%2C_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/440px-Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan%2C_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court of Pakistan</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Pakistan" title="Judiciary of Pakistan">Judicature</a>: The judiciary in Pakistan has two classes: the superior and subordinate judiciary. The superior judiciary includes the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court of Pakistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWuBandyopadhyayLee2021-257">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Shariat_Court" title="Federal Shariat Court">Federal Shariat Court</a>, and five <a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_Pakistan" title="High courts of Pakistan">high courts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJha2016-258">[248]</a> with the Supreme Court at the top. It's responsible for safeguarding the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWuBandyopadhyayLee2021-257">[247]</a> Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan have their own court systems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberst2018-259">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEjaz2022-260">[250]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_Islam">Role of Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Islam in Pakistan</a></div> Pakistan, the only country established in the name of Islam,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito2003-261">[251]</a> had overwhelming support among Muslims, especially in provinces like the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_(1937%E2%80%9350)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Provinces (1937–50)">United Provinces</a>, where Muslims were a minority.<a href="#cite_note-Dhulipala-2015-1-262">[252]</a> This idea, articulated by the Muslim League, the <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Islamic clergy</a>, and Jinnah, envisioned an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dhulipala-2015-2-263">[253]</a> Jinnah, closely associated with the ulama, was described upon his death by <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Shabbir_Ahmad_Usmani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani">Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani</a> as the greatest Muslim after <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, aspiring to unite Muslims worldwide under Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Dhulipala-2015-3-264">[254]</a> The Objectives Resolution of March 1949 marked the initial step towards this goal, affirming God as the sole sovereign.<a href="#cite_note-Hussain-2008-2-129">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haqqani-2010-1-265">[255]</a> Muslim League leader <a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Khaliquzzaman" title="Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman">Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman</a> asserted that Pakistan could only truly become an Islamic state after bringing all believers of Islam into a single political unit.<a href="#cite_note-Dhulipala-2015-4-266">[256]</a> Keith Callard observed that Pakistanis believed in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world, expecting similar views on religion and nationality from Muslims worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-Haqqani-2010-2-267">[257]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eid_prayers_at_the_Badshahi_Mosque.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eid_prayers_at_the_Badshahi_Mosque.JPG/327px-Eid_prayers_at_the_Badshahi_Mosque.JPG" decoding="async" width="327" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="735"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 327px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eid_prayers_at_the_Badshahi_Mosque.JPG/327px-Eid_prayers_at_the_Badshahi_Mosque.JPG" data-width="327" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eid_prayers_at_the_Badshahi_Mosque.JPG/491px-Eid_prayers_at_the_Badshahi_Mosque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eid_prayers_at_the_Badshahi_Mosque.JPG/654px-Eid_prayers_at_the_Badshahi_Mosque.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Eid Prayers at the <a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a> in Lahore</figcaption></figure> Pakistan's desire for a united Islamic bloc, called Islamistan, wasn't supported by other Muslim governments,<a href="#cite_note-Haqqani-2010-3-268">[258]</a> though figures like the Grand Mufti of Palestine, <a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Al-Haj Amin al-Husseini</a>, and leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> were drawn to the country. Pakistan's desire for an international organization of Muslim countries was fulfilled in the 1970s when the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organization of Islamic Conference</a> (OIC) was formed.<a href="#cite_note-Haqqani-2010-4-269">[259]</a> East Pakistan's Bengali Muslims, opposed to an Islamist state, clashed with West Pakistanis who leaned towards Islamic identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani201019-270">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cochrane-2009-271">[261]</a> The Islamist party <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a> backed an Islamic state and opposed <a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintner2002-272">[262]</a> After the 1970 general elections, the Parliament crafted the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">1973 Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Diamantides-Gearey-2011-1-273">[263]</a> It declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic, with Islam as the state religion, and mandated laws to comply with Islamic teachings laid down in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> and that no law repugnant to such injunctions could be enacted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIqbal2009-274">[264]</a> Additionally, it established institutions like the Shariat Court and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Islamic_Ideology" title="Council of Islamic Ideology">Council of Islamic Ideology</a> to interpret and apply Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Diamantides-Gearey-2011-2-275">[265]</a> Zulfikar Ali Bhutto faced opposition under the banner of Nizam-e-Mustafa ("Rule of the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Prophet</a>"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr1996-276">[266]</a> advocating an Islamic state. Bhutto conceded to some Islamist demands before being ousted in a coup.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKepel2006-277">[267]</a> General Zia-ul-Haq, after seizing power, committed to establishing an Islamic state and enforcing <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKepel2006-277">[267]</a> He instituted Shariat judicial courts,<a href="#cite_note-Diamantides-Gearey-2011-3-278">[268]</a> and court benches,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2010400-279">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsia_Watch_Committee_(U.S.)1992-280">[270]</a> to adjudicate using Islamic doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-Wynbrandt-2009-281">[271]</a> Zia aligned with Deobandi institutions,<a href="#cite_note-Syed-Pio-Kamran-Zaidi-2016-1-282">[272]</a> exacerbating sectarian tensions with anti-Shia policies.<a href="#cite_note-Syed-Pio-Kamran-Zaidi-2016-2-283">[273]</a> Most Pakistanis, according to a <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> (PEW) poll, favor Sharia law as the official law,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiegfeld2016-284">[274]</a> and 94 percent of them identify more with religion than nationality compared to Muslims in other nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPRC2011-285">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_units">Administrative units</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Administrative units of Pakistan</a></div> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:200px;">Administrative unit<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENee2013-286">[276]</a> </th> <th style="width:100px;">Capital<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasti2009-287">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuurmans202363-288">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer-TahirNaumann2013-289">[279]</a> </th> <th style="width:100px; text-align:right;">Population<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBS2023-290">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain2020-291">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2023-292">[282]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Balochistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Balochistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="756"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Balochistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Balochistan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Balochistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Balochistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Balochistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Balochistan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,894,402 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Punjab.svg/23px-Flag_of_Punjab.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="528"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Punjab.svg/23px-Flag_of_Punjab.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Punjab.svg/35px-Flag_of_Punjab.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Punjab.svg/45px-Flag_of_Punjab.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">127,688,922 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Sindh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sindh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Sindh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sindh.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Sindh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sindh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Sindh.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sindh.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">55,696,147 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="528"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg/45px-Flag_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">40,856,097 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,492,924 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Azad_Kashmir.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azad_Kashmir.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="432"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Azad_Kashmir.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azad_Kashmir.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Azad_Kashmir.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azad_Kashmir.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Azad_Kashmir.svg/45px-Flag_of_Azad_Kashmir.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarabad" title="Muzaffarabad">Muzaffarabad</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,179,428 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad Capital Territory</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,363,863 </td></tr></tbody></table> Pakistan, a <a href="/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" title="Federal parliamentary republic">federal parliamentary republic</a>, consists of <a href="/wiki/Four_Provinces_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Provinces (Pakistan)">four provinces</a>: Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, and Balochistan, along with three <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">territories</a>: <a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad Capital Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdibelli_et_al.2022-293">[283]</a> The Government of Pakistan governs the <a href="/wiki/Western_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Kashmir">western parts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir Region">Kashmir Region</a>, organized into separate political entities, Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJan2015-294">[284]</a> In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">constitutional assignment</a> (the Gilgit–Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order) granted Gilgit-Baltistan <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Pakistan">semi-provincial status</a>, providing it with self-government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansfordMuller2012-295">[285]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Pakistan" title="Local government in Pakistan">local government</a> system consists of <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">districts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">tehsils</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Union_Councils_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Councils of Pakistan">union councils</a>, with an elected body at each tier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermanSabharwal2017-296">[286]</a> <div class="center">Clickable map of the four provinces and three federal territories of Pakistan.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-left" typeof="mw:File"><noscript><img alt="A clickable map of Pakistan exhibiting its administrative units." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/PAK_AU_T1.svg/350px-PAK_AU_T1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="280" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" usemap="#ImageMap_43b31873bfc523f9" resource="/wiki/File:PAK_AU_T1.svg"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 280px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/PAK_AU_T1.svg/350px-PAK_AU_T1.svg.png" data-alt="A clickable map of Pakistan exhibiting its administrative units." data-width="350" data-height="280" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/PAK_AU_T1.svg/525px-PAK_AU_T1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/PAK_AU_T1.svg/700px-PAK_AU_T1.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element" data-usemap="#ImageMap_43b31873bfc523f9"> <map name="ImageMap_43b31873bfc523f9"><area href="/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)" shape="rect" coords="11,141,114,257" alt="Balochistan (Pakistan)" title="Balochistan (Pakistan)"><area href="/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" shape="rect" coords="170,124,240,189" alt="Punjab (Pakistan)" title="Punjab (Pakistan)"><area href="/wiki/Sindh" shape="rect" coords="109,192,187,266" alt="Sindh" title="Sindh"><area href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" shape="rect" coords="214,72,223,77" alt="Islamabad Capital Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory"><area href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" shape="rect" coords="152,50,179,119" alt="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa"><area href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" shape="rect" coords="174,14,223,81" alt="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa"><area href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" shape="rect" coords="224,43,242,91" alt="Azad Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir"><area href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" shape="rect" coords="216,3,288,44" alt="Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan"></map><figcaption>A clickable map of Pakistan exhibiting its administrative units.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign relations of Pakistan">Foreign relations of Pakistan</a></div> Since independence, Pakistan has aimed to maintain an independent foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELodhi2022-297">[287]</a> Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of Pakistan">foreign policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_geostrategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani geostrategy">geostrategy</a> focus on the economy, security, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalism in Pakistan">national identity</a>, and territorial integrity, as well as building close ties with other Muslim nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamid_et_al.2023-298">[288]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Askari_Rizvi" title="Hasan Askari Rizvi">Hasan Askari Rizvi</a>, a foreign policy expert, "Pakistan highlights sovereign equality of states, bilateralism, mutuality of interests, and non-interference in each other's domestic affairs as the cardinal features of its foreign policy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERizvi2004-299">[289]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a> remains a major issue between Pakistan and India, with three of their <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">four wars</a> fought over it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart-IngersollFrazier2012-300">[290]</a> Due partly to strained relations with India, Pakistan has close ties with Turkey and Iran, both focal points in its foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnwar2006-301">[291]</a> Saudi Arabia also holds importance in Pakistan's foreign relations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande2011167-302">[292]</a> As a non-signatory of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on Nuclear Non-Proliferation</a>, Pakistan holds influence in the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakma2012-303">[293]</a> For years, Pakistan has blocked an <a href="/wiki/Fissile_Material_Cut-off_Treaty" title="Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty">international treaty</a> to limit <a href="/wiki/Fissile_material" title="Fissile material">fissile material</a>, arguing that its stockpile does not meet its long-term needs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKmentt2021-304">[294]</a> Pakistan's nuclear program in the 20th century aimed to counter India's nuclear ambitions in the <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">region</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan%27s_nuclear_testing_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan's nuclear testing series">reciprocal nuclear tests</a> ensued after India's <a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">nuclear tests</a>, solidifying Pakistan as a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan" title="Nuclear power in Pakistan">nuclear power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIzuyamaOgawa2003-305">[295]</a> Pakistan maintains a policy of <a href="/wiki/N-deterrence" class="mw-redirect" title="N-deterrence">Full spectrum deterrence</a>, considering its nuclear program vital for <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_its_Nuclear_Deterrent_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program">deterring</a> foreign aggression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoor2023-306">[296]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SCO_meeting_(2022-09-16).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SCO_meeting_%282022-09-16%29.jpg/220px-SCO_meeting_%282022-09-16%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1153"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 115px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SCO_meeting_%282022-09-16%29.jpg/220px-SCO_meeting_%282022-09-16%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="115" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SCO_meeting_%282022-09-16%29.jpg/330px-SCO_meeting_%282022-09-16%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SCO_meeting_%282022-09-16%29.jpg/440px-SCO_meeting_%282022-09-16%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shehbaz_Sharif" title="Shehbaz Sharif">Shehbaz Sharif</a> at the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a> summit<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmbassy_of_the_Russian_Federation_to_the_Republic_of_Malta2022-307">[297]</a></figcaption></figure> Located strategically in the world's major maritime oil supply lines and communication <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">fiber optic corridors</a>, Pakistan also enjoys proximity to the natural resources of Central Asian countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah1997-308">[298]</a> Pakistan actively participates in the United Nations with a <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_Pakistan_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations">Permanent Representative</a> representing its positions in international politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasi2005-309">[299]</a> It has advocated for the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Enlightened_moderation" title="Enlightened moderation">enlightened moderation</a>" in the Muslim world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZahraBouckaertJadoonJabeen2022-310">[300]</a> Pakistan is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">ECO</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2016-311">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemal2004-312">[302]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/G20_developing_nations" title="G20 developing nations">G20 developing nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoekmanKostecki2009-313">[303]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorcade_in_Arrival_Ceremonies_for_Muhammad_Ayub_Khan,_President_of_Pakistan_use.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt='(L–R) English: Motorcade for President Mohammad Ayub Khan of Pakistan. In open car (Lincoln-Mercury Continental with bubble top): Secret Service agent William Greer (driving); Military Aide to the President General Chester V. Clifton (front seat, centre); Secret Service Agent Gerald "Jerry" Behn (front seat, right, partially hidden); President Mohammad Ayub Khan (standing); President John F. Kennedy (standing). Crowd watching. 14th Street, Washington, D.C.' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Motorcade_in_Arrival_Ceremonies_for_Muhammad_Ayub_Khan%2C_President_of_Pakistan_use.jpg/180px-Motorcade_in_Arrival_Ceremonies_for_Muhammad_Ayub_Khan%2C_President_of_Pakistan_use.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="277" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="685"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 277px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Motorcade_in_Arrival_Ceremonies_for_Muhammad_Ayub_Khan%2C_President_of_Pakistan_use.jpg/180px-Motorcade_in_Arrival_Ceremonies_for_Muhammad_Ayub_Khan%2C_President_of_Pakistan_use.jpg" data-alt='(L–R) English: Motorcade for President Mohammad Ayub Khan of Pakistan. In open car (Lincoln-Mercury Continental with bubble top): Secret Service agent William Greer (driving); Military Aide to the President General Chester V. Clifton (front seat, centre); Secret Service Agent Gerald "Jerry" Behn (front seat, right, partially hidden); President Mohammad Ayub Khan (standing); President John F. Kennedy (standing). Crowd watching. 14th Street, Washington, D.C.' data-width="180" data-height="277" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Motorcade_in_Arrival_Ceremonies_for_Muhammad_Ayub_Khan%2C_President_of_Pakistan_use.jpg/270px-Motorcade_in_Arrival_Ceremonies_for_Muhammad_Ayub_Khan%2C_President_of_Pakistan_use.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Motorcade_in_Arrival_Ceremonies_for_Muhammad_Ayub_Khan%2C_President_of_Pakistan_use.jpg/360px-Motorcade_in_Arrival_Ceremonies_for_Muhammad_Ayub_Khan%2C_President_of_Pakistan_use.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> President of Pakistan <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (general)">Ayub Khan</a> with US President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> in 1961<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicone2020-314">[304]</a></figcaption></figure> Pakistan is designated as an "Iron Brother" by China, emphasizing the significance of their close and supportive <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">relationship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQingyan2021-315">[305]</a> In the 1950s, Pakistan opposed the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> for geopolitical reasons. During the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> in the 1980s, it was a close ally of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERizvi2004-299">[289]</a> Relations with Russia have improved since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClary2022-316">[306]</a> but Pakistan's relationship with the United States has been "on-and-off."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERizvi2004-299">[289]</a> Initially a close ally during the Cold War,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarat2007-317">[307]</a> Pakistan's relations with the US soured in the 1990s due to <a href="/wiki/Pressler_amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressler amendment">sanctions</a> over its secretive nuclear program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazzetti2013-318">[308]</a> Since <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a>, Pakistan has been a US ally on <a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism" title="Counterterrorism">counterterrorism</a>, but their relationship has been strained due to diverging interests and mistrust during the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">20-year war</a> and terrorism issues. Although Pakistan was granted <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a> status by the U.S. in 2004,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaidiAhmad2021-319">[309]</a> it faced accusations of supporting the <a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgents</a> in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYousafzai2021-320">[310]</a> Pakistan does not have formal <a href="/wiki/Pakistan-Israel_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan-Israel relations">diplomatic relations</a> with <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>; nonetheless, an exchange occurred between the two countries in 2005, with Turkey acting as an intermediary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZelnick2013-321">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_China">Relations with China</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">China–Pakistan relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy_and_Zhou_Enlai_signing_the_Treaty_of_Friendship_Between_China_and_Pakistan_in_Beijing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy_and_Zhou_Enlai_signing_the_Treaty_of_Friendship_Between_China_and_Pakistan_in_Beijing.jpg/180px-Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy_and_Zhou_Enlai_signing_the_Treaty_of_Friendship_Between_China_and_Pakistan_in_Beijing.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="911"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 256px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy_and_Zhou_Enlai_signing_the_Treaty_of_Friendship_Between_China_and_Pakistan_in_Beijing.jpg/180px-Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy_and_Zhou_Enlai_signing_the_Treaty_of_Friendship_Between_China_and_Pakistan_in_Beijing.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="256" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy_and_Zhou_Enlai_signing_the_Treaty_of_Friendship_Between_China_and_Pakistan_in_Beijing.jpg/270px-Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy_and_Zhou_Enlai_signing_the_Treaty_of_Friendship_Between_China_and_Pakistan_in_Beijing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy_and_Zhou_Enlai_signing_the_Treaty_of_Friendship_Between_China_and_Pakistan_in_Beijing.jpg/360px-Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy_and_Zhou_Enlai_signing_the_Treaty_of_Friendship_Between_China_and_Pakistan_in_Beijing.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pakistan Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</a> with Chinese Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Tonder2018-322">[312]</a> Pakistan is host to China's largest embassy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuurmans202373-323">[313]</a></figcaption></figure> Pakistan was among the first nations to establish formal diplomatic ties with the China,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2011-324">[314]</a> forging a strong relationship since China's <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">1962 conflict</a> with India, culminating in a special bond.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwinghammer2018-325">[315]</a> During the 1970s, Pakistan acted as an intermediary in U.S.-China rapprochement,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfridiBajoria2010-326">[316]</a> facilitating US President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1972_Nixon_visit_to_China" class="mw-redirect" title="1972 Nixon visit to China">historic visit</a> to China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoos2024-327">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELordMastroNaftaliBrinkley2022-328">[318]</a> Despite changes in Pakistani governance and regional/global dynamics, China's influence in Pakistan remains paramount.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfridiBajoria2010-326">[316]</a> In reciprocation, China stands as Pakistan's largest trading partner, with substantial investment in Pakistani infrastructure, notably the <a href="/wiki/Gwadar_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwadar port">Gwadar port</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju2021-329">[319]</a> In 2015 alone, they inked 51 agreements and Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) for cooperative efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERimmer2020-330">[320]</a> Both nations signed a <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="China–Pakistan Free Trade Agreement">Free Trade Agreement</a> in 2006,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZreik2024-331">[321]</a> with China making its largest investment in Pakistan's history through <a href="/wiki/CPEC" class="mw-redirect" title="CPEC">CPEC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorsey2018-332">[322]</a> Pakistan acts as China's liaison to the Muslim world,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShih2022-333">[323]</a> and both nations support each other on sensitive issues like Kashmir, Taiwan, Xinjiang, and more.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPant2011-334">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_the_Muslim_world">Relations with the Muslim world</h4></div> After Independence, Pakistan vigorously pursued bilateral relations with other Muslim countries.<a href="#cite_note-Pasha-2005-1-335">[325]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Muhammad_Ali_Jauhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar">Ali</a> brothers sought to project Pakistan as the natural leader of the Islamic world, partly due to its significant manpower and military strength.<a href="#cite_note-Pasha-2005-2-336">[326]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Khaliquzzaman" title="Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman">Khaliquzzaman</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> leader, declared Pakistan's ambition to unite all Muslim countries into <a href="/wiki/Islamistan" title="Islamistan">Islamistan</a>, a pan-Islamic entity.<a href="#cite_note-Dhulipala-2015-5-337">[327]</a> These developments, alongside Pakistan's creation, didn't receive approval from the United States, with British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> expressing a hope for India and Pakistan to reunite.<a href="#cite_note-Haqqani-2013-1-338">[328]</a> However, due to a nationalist awakening in the Arab world at that time, there was little interest in Pakistan's Pan-Islamic aspirations.<a href="#cite_note-Haqqani-2013-2-339">[329]</a> Some Arab countries perceived the 'Islamistan' project as Pakistan's bid to dominate other Muslim states.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts-2003-340">[330]</a> Pakistan's founder, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>, consistently advocated for the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian cause</a>, shaping Pakistan's foreign policy to support Palestinian rights within the broader framework of Muslim solidarity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafriSultanaIjaz2021-341">[331]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967 Arab-Israel war</a>, Pakistan supported the Arab states and played a key role in securing Iran's backing for the Arab cause both within the U.N. and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAroraGrover1995-342">[332]</a> Pakistan's relations with Iran have been strained by sectarian tensions,<a href="#cite_note-Hunter-2010-343">[333]</a> with both Iran and Saudi Arabia using Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy sectarian war.<a href="#cite_note-Pande-2011-2-344">[334]</a> Since the early days of the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran–Iraq war">Iran–Iraq war</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a> played an important mediatory role, with Pakistan actively engaging in efforts to end the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2020-345">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoseHusain1985-346">[336]</a> Pakistan provided support to Saudi Arabia during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalladayMateiBruneau2021-347">[337]</a> Pakistan chose to remain neutral during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Decisive_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Decisive Storm">Operation Decisive Storm</a>, refraining from sending military support to Saudi Arabia in its offensive against <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. Instead, Pakistan aimed to play a proactive diplomatic role in resolving the crisis,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanda2019-348">[338]</a> which led to tensions between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalladayMateiBruneau2021-347">[337]</a> In 2016, Pakistan mediated between Saudi Arabia and Iran following the execution of Shia cleric <a href="/wiki/Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Nimr al-Nimr">Nimr al-Nimr</a>, with visits to both countries by then Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> and the Chief of Army Staff, <a href="/wiki/Raheel_Sharif" title="Raheel Sharif">Raheel Sharif</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasharat2023-349">[339]</a> Pakistan provided refuge to millions of displaced Afghans after the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion</a> and supported the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Afghan mujahideen</a> in their efforts to expel Soviet forces from Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedel2010-350">[340]</a> After the Soviets withdrew, <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">infighting erupted among Mujahideen factions</a> over control of Afghanistan. Pakistan facilitated <a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Accord" title="Peshawar Accord">peace talks</a> to help end the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisokaRichmond2022-351">[341]</a> After four years of unresolved conflict between rival Mujahideen groups, Pakistan helped establish the Taliban as a stabilizing force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaizland2023-352">[342]</a> Pakistan's support for the Sunni Taliban in Afghanistan challenged Shia-led Iran, which opposed a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-Pande-2011-2-344">[334]</a> Pakistan vigorously advocated for self-determination among Muslims globally. Its efforts in supporting independence movements in countries like Indonesia, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> fostered strong ties.<a href="#cite_note-Pande-2011-1-353">[343]</a> Due to its support for <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a>, Pakistan has not established <a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Armenia–Pakistan relations">diplomatic relations</a> with <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergKursani2021-354">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabayevSchochSpanger2019-355">[345]</a> Pakistan and Bangladesh have experienced strained relations, particularly under the <a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a> governments led by <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina" title="Sheikh Hasina">Sheikh Hasina</a>, driven by her pro-India stance and historical grievances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmedZahoor2019-356">[346]</a> Pakistan, a prominent member of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC), prioritizes maintaining cultural, political, social, and economic relations with Arab and other Muslim-majority nations in its foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande2011-357">[347]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kashmir_conflict">Kashmir conflict</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashmir_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kashmir_map.jpg/180px-Kashmir_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="207" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="1120"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 207px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kashmir_map.jpg/180px-Kashmir_map.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="207" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kashmir_map.jpg/270px-Kashmir_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kashmir_map.jpg/360px-Kashmir_map.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The areas shown in green are the Pakistani-controlled areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA1988-358">[348]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, a Himalayan region at the northern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, was governed as the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> in August 1947. This sparked a <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">major territorial dispute</a> between India and Pakistan, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">several conflicts</a> over the region. India controls about 45.1% of Kashmir, including <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, while Pakistan controls roughly 38.2%, comprising <a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Jammu and Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit−Baltistan</a>. Additionally, about 20% of the region, known as <a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Shaksgam Valley</a>, is under Chinese control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKudaisyaYong2004-359">[349]</a> India claims the entire Kashmir region based on the <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" title="Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)">Instrument of Accession</a> signed by the princely state's ruler, Maharaja Hari Singh,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZahoorRumi2020-360">[350]</a> while Pakistan argues for its Muslim-majority population,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya2023-361">[351]</a> and geographical proximity to Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaghavan2012-362">[352]</a> The United Nations was involved in resolving the conflict, leading to a ceasefire in 1949 and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a> (LoC) as a de facto border.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2017-363">[353]</a> India, fearing Kashmir's secession, did not hold the promised plebiscite, as it believed Kashmiris would vote to join Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Endrst-1965-364">[354]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neelum_Valley,_Azad_Jammu_%26_Kashmir,_Pakistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Neelum_Valley%2C_Azad_Jammu_%26_Kashmir%2C_Pakistan.jpg/220px-Neelum_Valley%2C_Azad_Jammu_%26_Kashmir%2C_Pakistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Neelum_Valley%2C_Azad_Jammu_%26_Kashmir%2C_Pakistan.jpg/220px-Neelum_Valley%2C_Azad_Jammu_%26_Kashmir%2C_Pakistan.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Neelum_Valley%2C_Azad_Jammu_%26_Kashmir%2C_Pakistan.jpg/330px-Neelum_Valley%2C_Azad_Jammu_%26_Kashmir%2C_Pakistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Neelum_Valley%2C_Azad_Jammu_%26_Kashmir%2C_Pakistan.jpg/440px-Neelum_Valley%2C_Azad_Jammu_%26_Kashmir%2C_Pakistan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neelum_District" title="Neelum District">Neelum Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a> is part of Pakistani-controlled Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanguly2019-365">[355]</a></figcaption></figure> Pakistan claims that its position is for the right of the <a href="/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiri people</a> to determine their future through impartial elections as mandated by the United Nations, while India has stated that Kashmir is an "<a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">integral part</a>" of India, referring to the <a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">1972 Simla Agreement</a> and to the fact that <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Elections in Jammu and Kashmir">regional elections</a> take place regularly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhurshid2016-366">[356]</a> Certain Kashmiri independence groups believe that Kashmir should be independent of both India and Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldenburg2019-367">[357]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_Air_Force_JF-17_Thunder_flies_in_front_of_the_26,660_ft_high_Nanga_Parbat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF-17_Thunder_flies_in_front_of_the_26%2C660_ft_high_Nanga_Parbat.jpg/220px-Pakistan_Air_Force_JF-17_Thunder_flies_in_front_of_the_26%2C660_ft_high_Nanga_Parbat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF-17_Thunder_flies_in_front_of_the_26%2C660_ft_high_Nanga_Parbat.jpg/220px-Pakistan_Air_Force_JF-17_Thunder_flies_in_front_of_the_26%2C660_ft_high_Nanga_Parbat.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF-17_Thunder_flies_in_front_of_the_26%2C660_ft_high_Nanga_Parbat.jpg/330px-Pakistan_Air_Force_JF-17_Thunder_flies_in_front_of_the_26%2C660_ft_high_Nanga_Parbat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF-17_Thunder_flies_in_front_of_the_26%2C660_ft_high_Nanga_Parbat.jpg/440px-Pakistan_Air_Force_JF-17_Thunder_flies_in_front_of_the_26%2C660_ft_high_Nanga_Parbat.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Pakistan Air Force</a>'s <a href="/wiki/JF-17_Thunder" class="mw-redirect" title="JF-17 Thunder">JF-17 Thunder</a> flying in front of the 8,130-metre-high (26,660-foot) <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a></figcaption></figure> The armed forces of Pakistan <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_troops" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by number of troops">rank sixth</a> globally in personnel size, with about 660,000 on active duty and 291,000 paramilitary personnel as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2024-368">[358]</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">Established in 1947</a>, they've wielded significant influence over <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">national politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomees2008-369">[359]</a> The main branches include the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Navy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Air Force</a>, supported by numerous <a href="/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces" title="Civil Armed Forces">paramilitaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2005-370">[360]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee</a> (CJCSC) is the highest-ranking military officer, advising the civilian government. However, they lack direct command over the branches and serve as intermediaries, ensuring communication between the military and civilian leadership. Overseeing the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff_Headquarters_(Pakistan)" title="Joint Staff Headquarters (Pakistan)">Joint Staff Headquarters</a>, they coordinate inter-service cooperation and joint military missions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlood1996287-371">[361]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_command_and_control" title="Nuclear command and control">Command and control</a> over Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Pakistan%27s_nuclear_testing_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan's nuclear testing series">strategic arsenal</a> development and employment is vested in the <a href="/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)" title="National Command Authority (Pakistan)">National Command Authority</a>, overseeing work on <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Doctrine_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Doctrine of Pakistan">nuclear doctrine</a> to maintain <a href="/wiki/Full_spectrum_deterrence" title="Full spectrum deterrence">Full spectrum deterrence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2012-157">[148]</a> The United States, Turkey, and China maintain close military relations with <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a>, regularly exporting military equipment and <a href="/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">technology transfer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Military_relations-372">[362]</a> Pakistan was the 5th-largest recipient and importer of arms between 2019 and 2023.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWezeman_et_al.2024-373">[363]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_history">Military history</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">Military history of Pakistan</a></div> Since 1947, Pakistan has been involved in <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">four</a> <a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">conventional wars</a> with India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatesRoy2016-374">[364]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pak_war_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pak war of 1947">first conflict</a> took place in Kashmir and ended in a United Nations-mediated ceasefire, with Pakistan gaining control of one-third of the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOetzelTing-Toomey2006-375">[365]</a> Territorial disputes led to <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">another war in 1965</a>. In 1971, India and Pakistan fought <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">another war</a> over <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, with Indian forces aiding its independence, leading to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECenter_for_Preventive_Action2024-376">[366]</a> Tensions in Kargil brought the two countries to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1999">brink of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch2014-377">[367]</a> Since 1947, unresolved territorial problems with Afghanistan saw <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes">border skirmishes</a> kept mostly at the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_Pakistan_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan Pakistan border">mountainous border</a>. In 1961, the military and <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_intelligence_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani intelligence community">intelligence community</a> repelled an <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan#Pakistan-Afghanistan_border_clash_of_1961" title="Military history of Pakistan">Afghan incursion</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a> border.<a href="#cite_note-378">[368]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Afghan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Afghan War">Soviet-Afghan War</a>, Pakistan's intelligence community, mostly the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">ISI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">coordinated</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">US resources</a> to support <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Afghan mujahideen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Arabs" title="Afghan Arabs">foreign fighters</a> against Soviet presence. The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">PAF</a> engaged with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Air_Force" title="Afghan Air Force">Afghan Air Forces</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_war_in_afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian war in afghanistan">conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-379">[369]</a> Pakistan has been an active <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions_involving_Pakistan" title="United Nations peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan">participant in UN peacekeeping missions</a>, playing a major role in operations like the rescue mission in <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>, Somalia, in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-israel-380">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[371]</a> According to UN reports, the Pakistani military is the third largest troop contributor to UN peacekeeping missions after <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and India.<a href="#cite_note-382">[372]</a> Pakistan has <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces_deployments" title="Pakistan Armed Forces deployments">deployed its military</a> in some Arab countries, providing defense, training, and advisory roles.<a href="#cite_note-383">[373]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">PAF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Navy</a>'s fighter pilots served in Arab nations' militaries against Israel in the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-israel-380">[370]</a> Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Special_Service_Group" title="Special Service Group">special forces</a> assisted <a href="/wiki/Saudi_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi forces">Saudi forces</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_Seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Mosque Seizure">Grand Mosque Seizure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-384">[374]</a> Pakistan also sent 5,000 troops as part of a US-led coalition for the defense of Saudi Arabia during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-385">[375]</a> Despite the UN arms embargo on <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a>, the ISI under General <a href="/wiki/Javed_Nasir" title="Javed Nasir">Javed Nasir</a> airlifted anti-tank weapons and missiles to Bosnian mujahideen, shifting the tide in favor of Bosnian Muslims. ISI, under Nasir's leadership, supported Chinese Muslims in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, rebel groups in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and religious groups in Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-386">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[377]</a> Since 2004, the military has been engaged in an <a href="/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="War in North-West Pakistan">insurgency</a> in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, primarily against <a href="/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan">Tehrik-i-Taliban factions</a>. Major operations include <a href="/wiki/Operation_Black_Thunderstorm" title="Operation Black Thunderstorm">Operation Black Thunderstorm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rah-e-Nijat" title="Operation Rah-e-Nijat">Operation Rah-e-Nijat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Zarb-e-Azb" title="Operation Zarb-e-Azb">Operation Zarb-e-Azb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-388">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[379]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Law enforcement in Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Intelligence_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Intelligence Community">Pakistani Intelligence Community</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Law enforcement in Pakistan</a> consists of federal and provincial police agencies. Each of the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">four provinces</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a>) has its own police force, while the <a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)</a> has the Islamabad Police.<a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-390">[380]</a> Provincial police forces are led by an Inspector-General of Police (IGP) appointed by provincial governments. However, top officers are from the <a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Police Service of Pakistan">Police Service of Pakistan (PSP)</a>, ensuring national standards across provincial forces. Specialized Units: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Highways_%26_Motorway_Police" title="National Highways & Motorway Police">National Highways & Motorway Police</a> (NHMP): Enforces traffic laws and ensures safety on Pakistan's inter-provincial motorway network.</li> <li>Elite Police Units: Each provincial police force, such as the Punjab Elite Force, focuses on counter-terrorism operations and high-risk situations.</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces" title="Civil Armed Forces">Civil Armed Forces</a> (CAF) support regular law enforcement agencies, aiding in tasks like riot control, counter-insurgency, and border security, enhancing Pakistan's law enforcement capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-npb1-391">[381]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordination_Committee_(Pakistan)" title="National Intelligence Coordination Committee (Pakistan)">National Intelligence Coordination Committee</a> oversees intelligence activities at federal and provincial levels, including the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">ISI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Military Intelligence (Pakistan)">MI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(Pakistan)" title="Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)">IB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Investigation_Agency" title="Federal Investigation Agency">FIA</a>, Police, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces" title="Civil Armed Forces">Civil Armed Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-law-392">[382]</a> Pakistan's primary intelligence agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), was established within a year of Pakistan's independence in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-393">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-394">[384]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights in Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">LGBT rights in Pakistan</a></div> In 2018, Pakistan ranked 139 out of 180 countries in the <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> by <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>, highlighting restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>.<a href="#cite_note-395">[385]</a> Television stations and newspapers face closures for publishing reports critical of the government or military.<a href="#cite_note-396">[386]</a> Male <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> is illegal in Pakistan, punishable with up to life in prison.<a href="#cite_note-397">[387]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Economy of Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Pakistan" title="Economic history of Pakistan">Economic history of Pakistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_International_Monetary_Fund" title="Pakistan and the International Monetary Fund">Pakistan and the International Monetary Fund</a></div> <table class="floatright" style="font-size: 90%; border: 1px solid #999; float: right; margin-left: 1em; width:325px"> <tbody><tr style="background:#f5f5f5"> <th colspan="3">Economic indicators </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_Power_Parity" class="mw-redirect" title="Purchasing Power Parity">PPP</a>)</td> <td>$1.254 trillion (2019)</td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-398">[388]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (nominal)</td> <td>$284.2 billion (2019)</td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-399">[389]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Real GDP growth</td> <td>3.29% (2019)</td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-400">[390]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Consumer_price_index" title="Consumer price index">CPI</a> inflation</td> <td>10.3% (2019)</td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-401">[391]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment in Pakistan">Unemployment</a></td> <td>5.7% (2018)</td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-402">[392]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Labor force participation rate</td> <td>48.9% (2018)</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-403">[393]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_Pakistan" title="National debt of Pakistan">Total public debt</a></td> <td>$106 billion (2019)</td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="National wealth">National wealth</a></td> <td>$465 billion (2019)</td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-404">[394]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Pakistan's economy <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">ranks 24th</a> globally by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> (PPP) and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">43rd by nominal GDP</a>. Historically, Pakistan was part of the wealthiest <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">region</a> in the first millennium CE, but lost ground to regions like China and Western Europe by the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-405">[395]</a> Pakistan is a <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a>,<a href="#cite_note-406">[396]</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Next_Eleven" class="mw-redirect" title="Next Eleven">Next Eleven</a>, poised to become one of the world's largest economies in the 21st century, alongside the <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-407">[397]</a> In recent years, Pakistan has faced social instability and <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroeconomic">macroeconomic</a> imbalances, with deficiencies in services like <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Railways" title="Pakistan Railways">rail transportation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan" title="Electricity sector in Pakistan">electrical energy</a> generation.<a href="#cite_note-408">[398]</a> The semi-industrialized economy has growth centers along the Indus River.<a href="#cite_note-409">[399]</a><a href="#cite_note-siteresources.worldbank.org-410">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-raid-411">[401]</a> The diversified economies of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karachi" title="Economy of Karachi">Karachi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab's urban centers</a> coexist with less-developed areas in other parts of the country, particularly in Balochistan.<a href="#cite_note-siteresources.worldbank.org-410">[400]</a> Pakistan ranks as the 67th-largest export economy and the 106th-most complex economy globally, with a negative trade balance of US$23.96 billion in fiscal year 2015–16.<a href="#cite_note-412">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[403]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamabad_Stock_Exchange_Bull.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Islamabad_Stock_Exchange_Bull.JPG/220px-Islamabad_Stock_Exchange_Bull.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Islamabad_Stock_Exchange_Bull.JPG/220px-Islamabad_Stock_Exchange_Bull.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Islamabad_Stock_Exchange_Bull.JPG/330px-Islamabad_Stock_Exchange_Bull.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Islamabad_Stock_Exchange_Bull.JPG/440px-Islamabad_Stock_Exchange_Bull.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Statue of a bull outside the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Stock_Exchange" title="Pakistan Stock Exchange">Pakistan Stock Exchange</a>, Islamabad, Pakistan</figcaption></figure> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistan&action=edit">[update]</a>, Pakistan's estimated <a href="/wiki/Nominal_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal GDP">nominal GDP</a> is US$376.493 billion.<a href="#cite_note-imf.org-414">[404]</a> The GDP by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a> is US$1.512 trillion. The estimated nominal per capita GDP is US$1,658, the <a href="/wiki/GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP (PPP) per capita">GDP (PPP)/capita</a> is US$6,662 (<a href="/wiki/International_dollar" title="International dollar">international dollars</a>),<a href="#cite_note-imf2-398">[388]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, Pakistan has important strategic endowments and development potential. The increasing proportion of Pakistan's youth provides the country with both a potential demographic dividend and a challenge to provide adequate services and employment.<a href="#cite_note-415">[405]</a> 21.04% of the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day. The unemployment rate among the aged 15 and over population is 5.5%.<a href="#cite_note-416">[406]</a> Pakistan has an estimated 40 million middle class citizens, projected to increase to 100 million by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-417">[407]</a> A 2015 report published by the World Bank ranked Pakistan's economy at 24th-largest<a href="#cite_note-418">[408]</a> in the world by purchasing power and 41st-largest<a href="#cite_note-419">[409]</a> in absolute terms. It is South Asia's second-largest economy, representing about 15.0% of regional GDP.<a href="#cite_note-420">[410]</a> Pakistan's economic growth varied over time, with slow progress during democratic transitions but robust expansion under <a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">martial law</a>, lacking sustainable foundations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChowdhuryMahmud2008-131">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_Pakistan" title="Economic liberalisation in Pakistan">Rapid reforms</a> in the early to mid-2000s, including increased development spending, reduced poverty by 10% and boosted GDP by 3%.<a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-390">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-JohnWall2006-421">[411]</a> The economy cooled post-2007,<a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-390">[380]</a> with inflation peaking at 25.0% in 2008,<a href="#cite_note-422">[412]</a> necessitating <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> intervention to prevent bankruptcy.<a href="#cite_note-423">[413]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a> later noted easing economic strain in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-424">[414]</a> Inflation for fiscal year 2010–11 stood at 14.1%.<a href="#cite_note-425">[415]</a> Since 2013, Pakistan's economy has seen growth under an IMF program. <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a> predicted Pakistan's economy could grow 15 times by 2050,<a href="#cite_note-426">[416]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruchir_Sharma" title="Ruchir Sharma">Ruchir Sharma</a> in his 2016 book anticipated a transformation to a middle-income country by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-427">[417]</a> Pakistan's vast natural commodity production and 10th-largest <a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Pakistan" title="Labour in Pakistan">labour market</a>, along with a US$19.9 billion contribution from its 7-million-strong <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_diaspora" title="Pakistani diaspora">diaspora</a> in 2015–16,<a href="#cite_note-remit-428">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-overseaspakistanis1-429">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-430">[420]</a> position it significantly. However, Pakistan's global export share is declining, accounting for just 0.13% in 2007 according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-431">[421]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_and_mining_sector">Agriculture and mining sector</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pakistan" title="Agriculture in Pakistan">Agriculture in Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuel_extraction_in_Pakistan" title="Fuel extraction in Pakistan">Fuel extraction in Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Pakistan" title="Mining in Pakistan">Mining in Pakistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_Chrome_Mines20120126_16100237_0003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pakistan_Chrome_Mines20120126_16100237_0003.jpg/220px-Pakistan_Chrome_Mines20120126_16100237_0003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="810"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pakistan_Chrome_Mines20120126_16100237_0003.jpg/220px-Pakistan_Chrome_Mines20120126_16100237_0003.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pakistan_Chrome_Mines20120126_16100237_0003.jpg/330px-Pakistan_Chrome_Mines20120126_16100237_0003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pakistan_Chrome_Mines20120126_16100237_0003.jpg/440px-Pakistan_Chrome_Mines20120126_16100237_0003.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">Surface mining</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>. Pakistan has been termed the 'Saudi Arabia of Coal' by <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-432">[422]</a></figcaption></figure> The Pakistani economy has shifted from <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pakistan" title="Agriculture in Pakistan">agriculture</a> to services, with agriculture contributing only 20.9% of the GDP as of 2015.<a href="#cite_note-DSEC-433">[423]</a> Despite this, Pakistan's wheat production in 2005 surpassed Africa's and nearly matched South America's, highlighting its agricultural significance.<a href="#cite_note-434">[424]</a> The sector employs 43.5% of the labor force and is a major source of foreign exchange.<a href="#cite_note-DSEC-433">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-435">[425]</a> Manufactured exports, heavily reliant on agricultural raw materials like cotton and hides, face inflationary pressures due to supply shortages and market disruptions. Pakistan ranks fifth in cotton production, self-sufficient in sugarcane, and the fourth-largest milk producer globally. Though land and water resources haven't increased proportionately, productivity gains, especially from the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> in the late 1960s and 1970s, significantly boosted wheat and rice yields. Private tube wells and High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) further augmented crop yields.<a href="#cite_note-436">[426]</a> Meat industry accounts for 1.4 percent of overall GDP.<a href="#cite_note-437">[427]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan" title="Industry of Pakistan">Industry of Pakistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Textile industry in Pakistan">Textile industry in Pakistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tv_Assembly_Line_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tv_Assembly_Line_1.jpg/180px-Tv_Assembly_Line_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="353"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tv_Assembly_Line_1.jpg/180px-Tv_Assembly_Line_1.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tv_Assembly_Line_1.jpg/270px-Tv_Assembly_Line_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Tv_Assembly_Line_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Television assembly factory in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>. Pakistan's industrial sector accounts for about 20.3% of the GDP, and is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises" title="Small and medium-sized enterprises">small and medium-sized enterprises</a>.<a href="#cite_note-438">[428]</a></figcaption></figure> Industry, constituting 19.74% of GDP and 24% of total employment, is the second-largest sector. Large-scale manufacturing (LSM) dominates, representing 12.2% of GDP, with cement production thriving due to demand from Afghanistan and the domestic real estate sector.<a href="#cite_note-439">[429]</a> In 2013, Pakistan exported 7,708,557 metric tons of cement, with an installed capacity of 44,768,250 metric tons.<a href="#cite_note-440">[430]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Textile industry in Pakistan">textile industry</a>, a key player in Pakistan's manufacturing, contributes 9.5% to GDP and employs around 15 million people. Pakistan ranks fourth globally in cotton production, with substantial spinning capacity, making it a major exporter of textile products in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-441">[431]</a> China is a significant buyer of Pakistani textiles, importing US$1.527 billion worth of textiles last fiscal year.<a href="#cite_note-442">[432]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Services">Services</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Pakistan" title="Real estate in Pakistan">Real estate in Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_Pakistan" title="Information technology in Pakistan">Information technology in Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Pakistan" title="Banking in Pakistan">Banking in Pakistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KHIURBANSKYLINE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KHIURBANSKYLINE.jpg/290px-KHIURBANSKYLINE.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4904" data-file-height="1696"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KHIURBANSKYLINE.jpg/290px-KHIURBANSKYLINE.jpg" data-width="290" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KHIURBANSKYLINE.jpg/435px-KHIURBANSKYLINE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KHIURBANSKYLINE.jpg/580px-KHIURBANSKYLINE.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Rising skyline of <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, with several under construction skyscrapers</figcaption></figure> As of 2014–15, the services sector contributes 58.8% to GDP,<a href="#cite_note-DSEC-433">[423]</a> serving as the main driver of economic growth in Pakistan,<a href="#cite_note-443">[433]</a> with a consumption-oriented society. The sector's growth rate surpasses that of agriculture and industry, accounting for 54% of GDP and over one-third of total employment. It has strong linkages with other sectors, providing essential inputs to agriculture and manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-444">[434]</a> Pakistan's IT sector is one of the fastest-growing, ranked 110th for ICT development by the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-445">[435]</a> With around 82 million internet users as of May 2020, Pakistan <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of countries by number of Internet users">ranks 9th</a> globally,<a href="#cite_note-PTD-446">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-GDI-2020-447">[437]</a> and its ICT industry is projected to exceed $10 billion by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-448">[438]</a> With 12,000 employees, Pakistan is among the top five freelancing nations,<a href="#cite_note-449">[439]</a> and its export performance in telecom, computer, and information services has notably improved.<a href="#cite_note-450">[440]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Pakistan" title="Tourism in Pakistan">Tourism in Pakistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shangrila,_Lower_Kachura_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Shangrila%2C_Lower_Kachura_Lake.jpg/220px-Shangrila%2C_Lower_Kachura_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Shangrila%2C_Lower_Kachura_Lake.jpg/220px-Shangrila%2C_Lower_Kachura_Lake.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Shangrila%2C_Lower_Kachura_Lake.jpg/330px-Shangrila%2C_Lower_Kachura_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Shangrila%2C_Lower_Kachura_Lake.jpg/440px-Shangrila%2C_Lower_Kachura_Lake.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shangrila_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Shangrila Lake">Shangrila Lake</a> and adjoining resort in <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></figcaption></figure> With its diverse cultures, landscapes, and attractions, Pakistan drew around 6.6 million foreign tourists in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-451">[441]</a> However, this was a decline from the peak of tourism in the 1970s driven by the popular <a href="/wiki/Hippie_trail" title="Hippie trail">Hippie trail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-452">[442]</a> Pakistan boasts attractions from <a href="/wiki/Indus_River_Delta-Arabian_Sea_mangroves" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea mangroves">mangroves</a> in the south to Himalayan <a href="/wiki/List_of_hill_stations_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hill stations of Pakistan">hill stations</a> in the northeast, including ancient Buddhist ruins of <a href="/wiki/Takht-i-Bahi" title="Takht-i-Bahi">Takht-i-Bahi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a>, the 5,000-year-old <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> sites such as <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-453">[443]</a> and numerous <a href="/wiki/Mountain_ranges_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain ranges of Pakistan">mountain peaks</a> over 7,000 metres (23,000 feet).<a href="#cite_note-454">[444]</a> The northern part of Pakistan boasts numerous old fortresses, showcasing ancient architecture. It encompasses the <a href="/wiki/Hunza_Valley" title="Hunza Valley">Hunza</a> and Chitral valleys, where the small pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Kalash_people" title="Kalash people">Kalasha</a> community resides, claiming descent from Alexander the Great.<a href="#cite_note-455">[445]</a> Lahore, Pakistan's cultural capital, showcases numerous examples of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Badshahi Masjid">Badshahi Masjid</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens_(Lahore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)">Shalimar Gardens</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jahangir" title="Tomb of Jahangir">Tomb of Jahangir</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/2005_Kashmir_earthquake" title="2005 Kashmir earthquake">2005 Kashmir earthquake</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> highlighted "The top five tourist sites in Pakistan" to boost tourism, featuring destinations like <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram_Highway" title="Karakoram Highway">Karakoram Highway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karimabad_(Hunza)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karimabad (Hunza)">Karimabad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Saiful_Muluk" title="Lake Saiful Muluk">Lake Saiful Muluk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-456">[446]</a> Festivals and government initiatives aim to promote Pakistan's cultural heritage.<a href="#cite_note-457">[447]</a> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> ranked Pakistan 125th out of 141 countries in its Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report.<a href="#cite_note-458">[448]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Pakistan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan">Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan</a></div> Pakistan was lauded as the top nation for infrastructure development in South Asia during the 2016 annual meetings of the IMF and World Bank.<a href="#cite_note-459">[449]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_and_energy">Power and energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan" title="Nuclear power in Pakistan">Nuclear power in Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Pakistan">Energy in Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan" title="Electricity sector in Pakistan">Electricity sector in Pakistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarbela_Dam_during_the_2010_floods.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tarbela_Dam_during_the_2010_floods.jpg/220px-Tarbela_Dam_during_the_2010_floods.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="596"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tarbela_Dam_during_the_2010_floods.jpg/220px-Tarbela_Dam_during_the_2010_floods.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tarbela_Dam_during_the_2010_floods.jpg/330px-Tarbela_Dam_during_the_2010_floods.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tarbela_Dam_during_the_2010_floods.jpg/440px-Tarbela_Dam_during_the_2010_floods.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tarbela_Dam" title="Tarbela Dam">Tarbela Dam</a>, the largest earth filled dam in the world, was constructed in 1968.</figcaption></figure> As of May 2021, Pakistan operates six licensed commercial <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power plants">nuclear power plants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-460">[450]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission">Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission</a> (PAEC) oversees these plants, while the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Nuclear_Regulatory_Authority" title="Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority">Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority</a> ensures their safe operation.<a href="#cite_note-461">[451]</a> These plants contribute approximately 5.8% to Pakistan's electricity supply, while fossil fuels (crude oil and natural gas) provide 64.2%, <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a> provides 29.9%, and <a href="/wiki/Coal_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal power plant">coal</a> contributes 0.1%.<a href="#cite_note-Express_Tribune,_2014-462">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-463">[453]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Nuclear Power Plant">KANUPP-I</a>, Pakistan's first commercial nuclear power plant, was supplied by Canada in 1971. Sino-Pakistani nuclear cooperation began in the 1980s, leading to the establishment of CHASNUPP-I. In 2005, both countries proposed a joint energy security plan, aiming for a generation capacity exceeding 160,000 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">MWe</a> by 2030. Pakistan's Nuclear Energy Vision 2050 targets a capacity of 40,000 MWe,<a href="#cite_note-464">[454]</a> with 8,900 MWe expected by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-465">[455]</a> In June 2008, the nuclear complex at <a href="/wiki/Chashma_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Chashma Nuclear Power Plant">Chashma</a> in Punjab Province expanded with the installation of <a href="/wiki/Chashma_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Chashma Nuclear Power Plant">Chashma-III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chashma_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Chashma Nuclear Power Plant">Chashma–IV</a> reactors, each with 325–340 MWe, costing <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">₨</a>129 billion, with ₨80 billion from international sources, mainly China. Another agreement for China's assistance was signed in October 2008, seen as a response to the <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_Civil_Nuclear_Agreement" title="India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement">US–India agreement</a>. The project's cost was then US$1.7 billion, with a foreign loan of US$1.07 billion. In 2013, Pakistan established a second <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Nuclear_Power_Complex" title="Karachi Nuclear Power Complex">nuclear complex</a> in Karachi with plans for additional reactors, similar to Chashma.<a href="#cite_note-466">[456]</a> <a href="/wiki/Electricity_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity in Pakistan">Electrical energy in Pakistan</a> is generated by <a href="/wiki/Electricity_distribution_companies_of_Pakistan" title="Electricity distribution companies of Pakistan">various corporations</a> and distributed evenly among the <a href="/wiki/Four_Provinces_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Provinces (Pakistan)">four provinces</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Electric_Power_Regulatory_Authority" title="National Electric Power Regulatory Authority">National Electric Power Regulatory Authority</a> (NEPRA). However, Karachi-based <a href="/wiki/K-Electric" title="K-Electric">K-Electric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_and_Power_Development_Authority" title="Water and Power Development Authority">Water and Power Development Authority</a> (WAPDA) generate much of the electricity used in Pakistan and collect revenue nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-467">[457]</a> In 2023, Pakistan's installed <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a> capacity was ~45,885 MWt.<a href="#cite_note-468">[458]</a> Pakistan produced 1,135 megawatts of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> for the month of October 2016. Pakistan expects to produce 10,000 megawatts of renewable energy by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-469">[459]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan" title="Transport in Pakistan">Transport in Pakistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:348px;max-width:348px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:M2-Motorway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/M2-Motorway.jpg/170px-M2-Motorway.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/M2-Motorway.jpg/170px-M2-Motorway.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="170" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/M2-Motorway.jpg/255px-M2-Motorway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/M2-Motorway.jpg/340px-M2-Motorway.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The motorway passes through the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Range" title="Salt Range">Salt Range</a> mountains.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img54_Cantonment_Railway_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img54_Cantonment_Railway_Station.jpg/170px-PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img54_Cantonment_Railway_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="96" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7177" data-file-height="4037"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 96px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img54_Cantonment_Railway_Station.jpg/170px-PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img54_Cantonment_Railway_Station.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="170" data-height="96" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img54_Cantonment_Railway_Station.jpg/255px-PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img54_Cantonment_Railway_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img54_Cantonment_Railway_Station.jpg/340px-PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img54_Cantonment_Railway_Station.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Cantonment_railway_station" title="Karachi Cantonment railway station">Karachi Cantonment railway station</a></div></div></div></div></div> Pakistan boasts 2567 km of motorways and approximately 263,942 km of highways, which handle 92% of passengers and 96% of freight traffic. Despite constituting only 4.6% of the total road length, these north–south links manage 85% of the nation's traffic. They connect southern seaports such as <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Karachi" title="Port of Karachi">Karachi port</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Qasim" title="Port Qasim">Port Qasim</a> in Sindh, along with <a href="/wiki/Gwadar_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwadar port">Gwadar Port</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Pasni" title="Port of Pasni">Port of Pasni</a> in Balochistan, to populous provinces like Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa domestically, and neighboring countries like Afghanistan, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and China through the <a href="/wiki/China_Pakistan_Economic_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="China Pakistan Economic Corridor">China Pakistan Economic Corridor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nation-470">[460]</a><a href="#cite_note-pc-471">[461]</a><a href="#cite_note-472">[462]</a><a href="#cite_note-473">[463]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">WEF's</a> Global Competitiveness Report, Pakistan's port infrastructure quality ratings rose from 3.7 to 4.1 between 2007 and 2016.<a href="#cite_note-474">[464]</a> The railway's share of inland traffic is reduced to below 8% for passengers and 4% for freight.<a href="#cite_note-DSEC-433">[423]</a> This shift led to a decrease in total rail track from 8,775 kilometres (5,453 miles) in 1990–91 to 7,791 kilometres (4,841 miles) in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-pc-471">[461]</a><a href="#cite_note-nation-470">[460]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KKH.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/KKH.png/220px-KKH.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="851"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 315px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/KKH.png/220px-KKH.png" data-width="220" data-height="315" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/KKH.png/330px-KKH.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/KKH.png/440px-KKH.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karakoram_Highway" title="Karakoram Highway">Karakoram Highway</a>, connecting Pakistan to China, is one of the highest paved roads in the world.</figcaption></figure> The transport landscape of Pakistan features various <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">modern transit</a> systems. The <a href="/wiki/Orange_Line_(Lahore_Metro)" title="Orange Line (Lahore Metro)">Orange Line Metro Train</a> in Lahore, inaugurated in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-475">[465]</a> spans 27.1 km (16.8 mi),<a href="#cite_note-476">[466]</a> and includes both elevated and underground sections, accommodating over 250,000 passengers daily.<a href="#cite_note-477">[467]</a> Lahore also boasts the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Metrobus" title="Lahore Metrobus">Lahore Metrobus</a>, the first of its kind in Pakistan, operational since February 2013.<a href="#cite_note-478">[468]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi-Islamabad_Metrobus" title="Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus">Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus</a>, stretching 48.1 km, commenced its first phase in June 2015, with subsequent extensions, and employs e-ticketing and an Intelligent Transportation System.<a href="#cite_note-Orange_line_trial_run-479">[469]</a><a href="#cite_note-PM_Shehbaz_Sharif_inaugurates_metrobus_service-480">[470]</a> <a href="/wiki/Multan_Metrobus" title="Multan Metrobus">Multan Metrobus</a>, inaugurated in January 2017, serves <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> with its rapid transit services.<a href="#cite_note-481">[471]</a><a href="#cite_note-482">[472]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Metrobus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshawar Metrobus">Peshawar's Bus Rapid Transit</a>, inaugurated in August 2020, marks the fourth BRT system in Pakistan. Karachi's <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_-_Karachi_Metrobus" title="Green Line - Karachi Metrobus">Green Line Metrobus</a>, operational since December 2021, is part of a larger metrobus project financed by the Government of Pakistan and initiated in February 2016.<a href="#cite_note-483">[473]</a><a href="#cite_note-484">[474]</a><a href="#cite_note-485">[475]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a> awaits its proposed rapid transit project, the <a href="/wiki/Faisalabad_Metrobus" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisalabad Metrobus">Faisalabad Metrobus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-486">[476]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Circular_Railway" title="Karachi Circular Railway">Karachi Circular Railway</a>, partially revived in November 2020, offers public transit services in the Karachi metropolitan area.<a href="#cite_note-487">[477]</a><a href="#cite_note-488">[478]</a> Additionally, plans are underway to resurrect Karachi's <a href="/wiki/Mohamedali_Tramways_Company" title="Mohamedali Tramways Company">tramway service</a>, which ceased operations in 1975, in collaboration with Austrian experts.<a href="#cite_note-489">[479]</a><a href="#cite_note-490">[480]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA_rendezvous-edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/PIA_rendezvous-edit.jpg/220px-PIA_rendezvous-edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/PIA_rendezvous-edit.jpg/220px-PIA_rendezvous-edit.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/PIA_rendezvous-edit.jpg/330px-PIA_rendezvous-edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/PIA_rendezvous-edit.jpg/440px-PIA_rendezvous-edit.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737</a> owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines" title="Pakistan International Airlines">Pakistan International Airlines</a> (PIA) at <a href="/wiki/Skardu_International_Airport" title="Skardu International Airport">Skardu International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> As of 2013, Pakistan boasts approximately 151 airports and airfields, encompassing both military and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Civil_Aviation_Authority" title="Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority">civilian</a> installations.<a href="#cite_note-491">[481]</a> Despite <a href="/wiki/Jinnah_International_Airport" title="Jinnah International Airport">Jinnah International Airport</a> serving as the primary international gateway, significant international traffic also flows through <a href="/wiki/Allama_Iqbal_International_Airport" title="Allama Iqbal International Airport">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamabad_International_Airport" title="Islamabad International Airport">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peshawar_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshawar International Airport">Peshawar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetta_International_Airport" title="Quetta International Airport">Quetta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faisalabad_International_Airport" title="Faisalabad International Airport">Faisalabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sialkot_International_Airport" title="Sialkot International Airport">Sialkot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multan_International_Airport" title="Multan International Airport">Multan</a> airports. The civil aviation industry, deregulated in 1993, operates with a blend of <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation_in_Pakistan" title="Nationalisation in Pakistan">public</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privatisation_in_Pakistan" title="Privatisation in Pakistan">private</a> entities while <a href="/wiki/State_owned_enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="State owned enterprises">state-owned</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines" title="Pakistan International Airlines">Pakistan International Airlines</a> (PIA) dominates, carrying 73% of domestic passengers and all domestic freight. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Pakistan" title="Science and technology in Pakistan">Science and technology in Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries">List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg/156px-Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="1872"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 156px;height: 192px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg/156px-Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="156" data-height="192" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg/234px-Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg/312px-Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> won the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for his contribution to <a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">electroweak interaction</a>. He was the first Muslim to win a Nobel prize in science.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Atta-Ur-Rahman_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Atta-Ur-Rahman_%28cropped%29.jpg/128px-Atta-Ur-Rahman_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="191" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="1090"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 128px;height: 191px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Atta-Ur-Rahman_%28cropped%29.jpg/128px-Atta-Ur-Rahman_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="128" data-height="191" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Atta-Ur-Rahman_%28cropped%29.jpg/192px-Atta-Ur-Rahman_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Atta-Ur-Rahman_%28cropped%29.jpg/256px-Atta-Ur-Rahman_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Atta_ur_Rahman_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atta ur Rahman (scientist)">Atta-ur-Rahman</a> won the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Science_Prize" title="UNESCO Science Prize">UNESCO Science Prize</a> for pioneering contributions in chemistry in 1999, the first Muslim to win it.</div></div></div></div></div> Developments in <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Pakistan" title="Science and technology in Pakistan">science and technology</a> have played a significant role in Pakistan's infrastructure, linking the nation to the global community.<a href="#cite_note-492">[482]</a> Each year, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pakistan Academy of Sciences">Pakistan Academy of Sciences</a> and the government invite scientists worldwide to the <a href="/wiki/International_Nathiagali_Summer_College_on_Physics" title="International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics">International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-493">[483]</a> In 2005, Pakistan hosted an international seminar on "Physics in Developing Countries" for the International Year of Physics.<a href="#cite_note-494">[484]</a> Pakistani theoretical physicist <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> won a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for his work on the <a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">electroweak interaction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-495">[485]</a> Pakistani scientists have made notable contributions in mathematics, biology, economics, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-496">[486]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salimuzzaman_Siddiqui" title="Salimuzzaman Siddiqui">Salimuzzaman Siddiqui</a> identified the medicinal properties of the <a href="/wiki/Neem" class="mw-redirect" title="Neem">neem</a> tree's components.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuniapanShaikh2007-497">[487]</a><a href="#cite_note-498">[488]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayub_K._Ommaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub K. Ommaya">Ayub K. Ommaya</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Ommaya_reservoir" title="Ommaya reservoir">Ommaya reservoir</a> for treating brain conditions.<a href="#cite_note-499">[489]</a> Scientific research is integral to <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani universities">Pakistani universities</a>, national laboratories, <a href="/wiki/Science_park" title="Science park">science parks</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan" title="Industry of Pakistan">industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-500">[490]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadeer_Khan" title="Abdul Qadeer Khan">Abdul Qadeer Khan</a> spearheaded Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">HEU</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Zippe-type_centrifuge" title="Zippe-type centrifuge">gas-centrifuge</a> <a href="/wiki/Uranium_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium enrichment">uranium enrichment</a> program for its <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">atomic bomb project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-501">[491]</a> He established the <a href="/wiki/Kahuta_Research_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahuta Research Laboratories">Kahuta Research Laboratories</a> (KRL) in 1976, serving as both its senior scientist and the Director-General until his retirement in 2001. Besides atomic bomb project, he made significant contributions in <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">molecular morphology</a>, physical <a href="/wiki/Martensite" title="Martensite">martensite</a>, and their applications in <a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">condensed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Material_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Material physics">material physics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-502">[492]</a> In 2010, Pakistan ranked 43rd globally in published scientific papers.<a href="#cite_note-503">[493]</a> The influential <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pakistan Academy of Sciences">Pakistan Academy of Sciences</a> guides the government on science policies.<a href="#cite_note-504">[494]</a> Pakistan was ranked 91st in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> by 2024.<a href="#cite_note-505">[495]</a> The 1960s marked the rise of Pakistan's space program, led by <a href="/wiki/Space_and_Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission">SUPARCO</a>, yielding advancements in <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rocketry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronics_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronics Engineering">electronics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aeronomy" title="Aeronomy">aeronomy</a>. Notably, Pakistan launched its <a href="/wiki/Rehbar-I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rehbar-I">first rocket</a> into space, pioneering South Asia's space exploration.<a href="#cite_note-506">[496]</a> In 1990, it successfully launched its <a href="/wiki/Badr-1" title="Badr-1">first satellite</a>, becoming the first Muslim nation and second in South Asia to achieve this milestone.<a href="#cite_note-507">[497]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; border-width: 1px; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Pakistan witnessed a fourfold increase in its scientific productivity in the past decade surging from approximately 2,000 articles per year in 2006 to more than 9,000 articles in 2015. Making Pakistan's cited article's higher than the <a href="/wiki/BRIC" title="BRIC">BRIC</a> countries put together. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters" title="Thomson Reuters">Thomson Reuters</a>'s Another BRIC in the Wall 2016 report<a href="#cite_note-508">[498]</a></cite> </div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">1971 war with India</a>, Pakistan hastily developed <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">atomic weapons</a> to deter foreign intervention and entered the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic age">atomic age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-United_Book_Press.-509">[499]</a> Tensions with India led to Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_Pakistan" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of Pakistan">1998 underground</a> <a href="/wiki/Chagai-I" title="Chagai-I">nuclear tests</a>, making it the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear club">seventh country</a> to possess such weapons.<a href="#cite_note-510">[500]</a> Pakistan is the sole Muslim nation active in Antarctica research, maintaining its <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Antarctic_Programme" title="Pakistan Antarctic Programme">Jinnah Antarctic Research Station</a> since 1992.<a href="#cite_note-511">[501]</a> By May 2020, Pakistan had 82 million internet users, ranking ninth globally.<a href="#cite_note-PTD-446">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-GDI-2020-447">[437]</a> The government invests heavily in <a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_Pakistan" title="Information technology in Pakistan">information technology</a> projects, focusing on e-government and infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-512">[502]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan" title="Demographics of Pakistan">Demographics of Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Pakistan" title="Demographic history of Pakistan">Demographic history of Pakistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Pakistani">Overseas Pakistani</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_Density_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Population_Density_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/200px-Population_Density_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 125px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Population_Density_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/200px-Population_Density_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="125" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Population_Density_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/300px-Population_Density_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Population_Density_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/400px-Population_Density_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Population Density per square kilometre of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Population_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/200px-Population_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 125px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Population_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/200px-Population_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="125" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Population_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/300px-Population_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Population_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/400px-Population_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Population of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan" title="Demographics of Pakistan">Demographics of Pakistan</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Pakistan&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Pakistan had a population of 241,495,112 according to the final results of the <a href="/wiki/2023_Census_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Census of Pakistan">2023 Census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Demographics_of_Pakistan_2017CensusPopulation-513">[503]</a><a href="#cite_note-Demographics_of_Pakistan_AJKPop-514">[504]</a><a href="#cite_note-Demographics_of_Pakistan_GBPop-515">[505]</a> This figure includes Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Pakistan">four provinces</a> e.g. Punjab, Sindh, KPK, Balochistan and <a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad Capital Territory</a>. AJK and Gilgit-Baltistan's census data is yet to be approved by CCI Council of Pakistan. Pakistan is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">fifth most populous country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Demographics_of_Pakistan_UNWPP2019-516">[506]</a> Between 1951 and 2017, Pakistan's population expanded over sixfold, going from 33.7 million to 207.7 million. The country has a relatively high, although declining, growth rate supported by high birth rates and low death rates. Between 1998 and 2017, the average annual population growth rate stood at +2.40%. Dramatic social changes have led to urbanization and the emergence of two <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">megacities</a>: <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>. The country's urban population more than tripled between 1981 and 2017 (from 23.8 million to 75.7 million), as Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Urbanisation_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanisation rate">urbanisation rate</a> rose from 28.2% to 36.4%. Even with this, the nation's urbanisation rate remains one of <a href="/wiki/Urbanization_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanization by country">the lowest in the world</a>, and in 2017, over 130 million Pakistanis (making up nearly 65% of the population) lived in rural areas. Due to a high <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">fertility rate</a>, which was estimated at 3.5 in 2022, Pakistan has one of the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_age" title="List of countries by median age">youngest populations</a>. The 2017 census recorded that 40.3% of the country's population was under the age of 15, while only 3.7% of Pakistanis were aged 65 or more.<a href="#cite_note-Demographics_of_Pakistan_2017CensusAge-517">[507]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Median_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Median age">median age</a> of the country was 19,<a href="#cite_note-Demographics_of_Pakistan_2017CensusAge-517">[507]</a> while its <a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">sex ratio</a> was recorded to be 105 males per 100 females.<a href="#cite_note-Demographics_of_Pakistan_2017CensusPopulation-513">[503]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Pakistan" title="Demographic history of Pakistan">demographic history of Pakistan</a> from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> to the modern era includes the arrival and settlement of many cultures and ethnic groups in the modern region of Pakistan from <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. Because of this, Pakistan has a multicultural, multilinguistic, and multiethnic society. Despite <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> being Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, estimates on how many languages are spoken in the country range from 75 to 85,<a href="#cite_note-518">[508]</a><a href="#cite_note-Demographics_of_Pakistan_GlottologPK-519">[509]</a> and in 2023, the country's three largest <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic groups</a> were the <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a> (making up 36.98% of the total population), the <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> (18.15%), and the <a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a> (14.31%).<a href="#cite_note-520">[510]</a> Pakistan is also thought to have the world's fourth-largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_refugee_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by refugee population">refugee population</a>, estimated at 1.4 million in mid-2021 by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Demographics_of_Pakistan_RefugeesUNHCR-521">[511]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanisation">Urbanisation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urbanisation_in_Pakistan" title="Urbanisation in Pakistan">Urbanisation in Pakistan</a></div> Since <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Pakistan">independence</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urbanisation_in_Pakistan" title="Urbanisation in Pakistan">urbanisation</a> has surged for various reasons. In the south, <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> stands as the most populous commercial hub along the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Urban_Frontier%E2%80%94Karachi-522">[512]</a> In the east, west, and north, a dense population arc spans cities like <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargodha" title="Sargodha">Sargodha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujranwala" title="Gujranwala">Gujranwala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujrat_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujrat city">Gujrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhelum" title="Jhelum">Jhelum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheikhupura" title="Sheikhupura">Sheikhupura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nowshera,_Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nowshera, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa">Nowshera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mardan" title="Mardan">Mardan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>. By 1990–2008, city dwellers constituted 36% of Pakistan's population, making it South Asia's most urbanized nation, with over 50% living in towns of 5,000+ inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Jason_Burke-523">[513]</a> <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Pakistan" title="Immigration to Pakistan">Immigration</a>, both domestic and international, significantly fuels urban growth. Migration from India, especially to Karachi, the largest metropolis, and from nearby countries, accelerates urbanization, posing new political and socio-economic challenges. Economic shifts like the green revolution and political developments also play crucial roles.<a href="#cite_note-Clark-524">[514]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Largest_cities_of_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Largest cities of Pakistan (page does not exist)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Pakistan (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Pakistan <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">According to the 2023 Census<a href="#cite_note-525">[515]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan_by_population" title="List of cities in Pakistan by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Pakistan">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Pakistan">Province</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan_by_population" title="List of cities in Pakistan by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan_by_population" title="List of cities in Pakistan by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Pakistan">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Pakistan">Province</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan_by_population" title="List of cities in Pakistan by population">Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Karachi_from_above.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karachi"><noscript><img alt="Karachi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Karachi_from_above.jpg/120px-Karachi_from_above.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 64px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Karachi_from_above.jpg/120px-Karachi_from_above.jpg" data-alt="Karachi" data-width="120" data-height="64" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Karachi_from_above.jpg/180px-Karachi_from_above.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Karachi_from_above.jpg/240px-Karachi_from_above.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Badshahi_Mosquee,_Lahore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lahore"><noscript><img alt="Lahore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Badshahi_Mosquee%2C_Lahore.jpg/120px-Badshahi_Mosquee%2C_Lahore.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2888"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 87px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Badshahi_Mosquee%2C_Lahore.jpg/120px-Badshahi_Mosquee%2C_Lahore.jpg" data-alt="Lahore" data-width="120" data-height="87" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Badshahi_Mosquee%2C_Lahore.jpg/180px-Badshahi_Mosquee%2C_Lahore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Badshahi_Mosquee%2C_Lahore.jpg/240px-Badshahi_Mosquee%2C_Lahore.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,868,021</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sargodha" title="Sargodha">Sargodha</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">975,886 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_Faisalabad_by_Usman_Nadeem.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Faisalabad"><noscript><img alt="Faisalabad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Clock_Tower_Faisalabad_by_Usman_Nadeem.jpg/120px-Clock_Tower_Faisalabad_by_Usman_Nadeem.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4920" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 84px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Clock_Tower_Faisalabad_by_Usman_Nadeem.jpg/120px-Clock_Tower_Faisalabad_by_Usman_Nadeem.jpg" data-alt="Faisalabad" data-width="120" data-height="84" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Clock_Tower_Faisalabad_by_Usman_Nadeem.jpg/180px-Clock_Tower_Faisalabad_by_Usman_Nadeem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Clock_Tower_Faisalabad_by_Usman_Nadeem.jpg/240px-Clock_Tower_Faisalabad_by_Usman_Nadeem.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Faizabad_Interchange,_Rawalpindi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rawalpindi"><noscript><img alt="Rawalpindi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Faizabad_Interchange%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg/120px-Faizabad_Interchange%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Faizabad_Interchange%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg/120px-Faizabad_Interchange%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg" data-alt="Rawalpindi" data-width="120" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Faizabad_Interchange%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg/180px-Faizabad_Interchange%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Faizabad_Interchange%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg/240px-Faizabad_Interchange%2C_Rawalpindi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,004,135</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">911,817 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,691,999</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur" title="Bahawalpur">Bahawalpur</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">903,795 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,357,612</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jhang" title="Jhang">Jhang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">606,533 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gujranwala" title="Gujranwala">Gujranwala</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,511,118</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sheikhupura" title="Sheikhupura">Sheikhupura</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">591,424 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,215,381</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gujrat,_Pakistan" title="Gujrat, Pakistan">Gujrat</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">574,240 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,921,275</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sukkur" title="Sukkur">Sukkur</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">563,851 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,905,975</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Larkana" title="Larkana">Larkana</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">551,716 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,565,546</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sahiwal" title="Sahiwal">Sahiwal</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">538,344 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Capital Territory</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,108,872</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Okara,_Pakistan" title="Okara, Pakistan">Okara</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">533,693 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity_and_languages">Ethnicity and languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages of Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Pakistan">Ethnic groups of Pakistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a></div><div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1152.9238957154px; border-left-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:White"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1150.4049741394px; border-left-color:#FEEBE2"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FEEBE2"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FEEBE2"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1133.887355271px; border-left-color:Pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Pink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1094.5817424862px; border-left-color:Aqua"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Aqua"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Aqua"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1016.9546432318px; border-left-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 795.60138667955px; border-left-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 644.47261993097px; border-left-color:Violet"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Violet"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Violet"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 433.2855917357px; border-left-color:Lime"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Lime"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Lime"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 255.85319933278px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 150.99188989139px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 42.827003604654px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:93.959707410582px 34.228254166957px 0 0; border-top-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:31.677496309943px 94.850072364408px 0 0; border-top-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 93.67005040155px 100px 0; border-right-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Languages of Pakistan (2023)<a href="#cite_note-auto-526">[516]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> (36.98%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> (18.15%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> (14.31%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a> (12.00%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (9.25%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> (3.38%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a> (2.32%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a> (1.16%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Mewati_language" title="Mewati language">Mewati</a> (0.46%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Kohistani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohistani language">Kohistani</a> (0.43%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> (0.11%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a> (0.05%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a> (0.02%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Kalasha_language" title="Kalasha language">Kalasha</a> (0.003%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Others (1.38%)</div> </div> </div></div>Pakistan is a diverse society with estimates suggesting it has between 75 and 85 languages.<a href="#cite_note-527">[517]</a><a href="#cite_note-GlottologPK-528">[518]</a> Urdu and English serve as the official languages, with Urdu being a unifying force among over 75% of Pakistanis.<a href="#cite_note-2017_Census-529">[519]</a><a href="#cite_note-530">[520]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/2023_Pakistani_census" title="2023 Pakistani census">2023 national census</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic groups</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a> (36.98%), <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> (18.15%), <a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a> (14.31%), <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_people" title="Saraiki people">Saraikis</a> (12%), <a href="/wiki/Urdu_speaking_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu speaking people">Urdu speaking people</a> (9.25%), <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Balochs</a> (3.38%), <a href="/wiki/Hindkowans" title="Hindkowans">Hindkowans</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hazarewal" title="Hazarewal">Hazarewals</a> (2.32%), and <a href="/wiki/Brahuis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahuis">Brahuis</a> (1.16%).<a href="#cite_note-531">[521]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-526">[516]</a> The remaining population consists of various ethnic minorities such as <a href="/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahari_people_(Kashmir)" title="Pahari people (Kashmir)">Paharis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chitralis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitralis">Chitralis</a>, various peoples of <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani_people" title="Indus Kohistani people">Kohistanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torwali_people" title="Torwali people">Torwalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meo_(ethnic_group)" title="Meo (ethnic group)">Meos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalash_people" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-Online-532">[522]</a><a href="#cite_note-533">[523]</a> The Pakistani diaspora, numbering over seven million, is the sixth largest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-ribune-2016-534">[524]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Pakistan" title="Immigration to Pakistan">Immigration to Pakistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Refugees_from_Afghanistan_in_Pakistan,_near_Islamabad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Refugees_from_Afghanistan_in_Pakistan%2C_near_Islamabad.jpg/220px-Refugees_from_Afghanistan_in_Pakistan%2C_near_Islamabad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2104"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Refugees_from_Afghanistan_in_Pakistan%2C_near_Islamabad.jpg/220px-Refugees_from_Afghanistan_in_Pakistan%2C_near_Islamabad.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Refugees_from_Afghanistan_in_Pakistan%2C_near_Islamabad.jpg/330px-Refugees_from_Afghanistan_in_Pakistan%2C_near_Islamabad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Refugees_from_Afghanistan_in_Pakistan%2C_near_Islamabad.jpg/440px-Refugees_from_Afghanistan_in_Pakistan%2C_near_Islamabad.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Afghan children near <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> fetching water from water pump. (Pakistan hosts the second largest refugee population globally after Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-535">[525]</a>)</figcaption></figure> Even post-1947 partition, Indian Muslims kept migrating to Pakistan, especially Karachi and Sindh province.<a href="#cite_note-536">[526]</a> Wars in neighboring Afghanistan in the 1980s and 1990s pushed millions of <a href="/wiki/Afghan_refugees" title="Afghan refugees">Afghan refugees</a> into Pakistan, mainly in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and <a href="/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas" title="Federally Administered Tribal Areas">tribal areas</a>, with some in Karachi and Quetta. Pakistan hosts one of the world's largest refugee populations.<a href="#cite_note-537">[527]</a> Additionally, around 2 million <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshis in Pakistan">Bangladeshis</a> and half a million undocumented individuals, purportedly from <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, Iran, Iraq, and Africa, reside in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-538">[528]</a> In October 2023, Pakistan ordered the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Afghans_from_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Afghans from Pakistan">expulsion of Afghans from Pakistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-539">[529]</a> Migration of Bengalis and <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya</a> to Pakistan started in the 1980s and continued till 1998. Karachi hosts a significant number of Bengali settlements, and large Rohingya migration made it one of their largest populations outside Myanmar.<a href="#cite_note-540">[530]</a> Karachi's <a href="/wiki/Burmese_people" title="Burmese people">Burmese</a> community resides in various slums across the city.<a href="#cite_note-541">[531]</a> Thousands of <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> Muslims sought refuge in Gilgit-Baltistan, fleeing persecution in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, China.<a href="#cite_note-542">[532]</a> Since 1989, thousands of <a href="/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiri</a> Muslim refugees fled to Pakistan, alleging rape and forced displacement by Indian soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-543">[533]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Pakistani">Overseas Pakistani</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nergis_Mavalvala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nergis_Mavalvala.jpg/220px-Nergis_Mavalvala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2928" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 214px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nergis_Mavalvala.jpg/220px-Nergis_Mavalvala.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="214" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nergis_Mavalvala.jpg/330px-Nergis_Mavalvala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nergis_Mavalvala.jpg/440px-Nergis_Mavalvala.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nergis_Mavalvala" title="Nergis Mavalvala">Nergis Mavalvala</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani American</a> Professor of Physics at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> who is known for her role in the first observation of gravitational waves.</figcaption></figure> According to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Pakistan has the sixth-largest diaspora globally.<a href="#cite_note-ribune-2016-534">[524]</a> Approximately 7 million Pakistanis reside abroad, mainly in the Middle East, Europe, and North America.<a href="#cite_note-544">[534]</a> Pakistan ranks 10th globally for remittances sent home.<a href="#cite_note-overseaspakistanis1-429">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-worldbank1-545">[535]</a> Saudi Arabia is the largest source of remittances, contributing $5.9 billion as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistan&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-546">[536]</a> The term <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Pakistani">Overseas Pakistani</a> is officially recognized by the Government of Pakistan, with the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Overseas_Pakistanis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis">Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development</a> addressing their needs, welfare, and issues. Overseas Pakistanis constitute the second-largest source of foreign exchange remittances to Pakistan, with remittances increasing by over 100% from US$8.9 billion in 2009–10 to US$19.9 billion in 2015–16.<a href="#cite_note-remit-428">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-worldbank1-545">[535]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Religion in Pakistan</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Religions in Pakistan</a> (2023 Census) <a href="#cite_note-547">[537]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religions</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:96.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">96.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Hinduism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:2.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan" title="Christianity in Pakistan">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:1.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan#Demographics_of_religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">others</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:0.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Islam</a> is the state religion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunir1975-235">[225]</a> with freedom of religion guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CoP-548">[538]</a><a href="#cite_note-549">[539]</a> The majority are Muslims (96.47%), followed by <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Hindus</a> (2.14%) and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan" title="Christianity in Pakistan">Christians</a> (1.27%). Minorities include <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Sikhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Buddhists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Pakistan" title="Jainism in Pakistan">Jains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsi</a>), and the unique <a href="/wiki/Kalash_people" title="Kalash people">Kalash people</a> who practice <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-550">[540]</a> Additionally, a small percentage profess no faith, as seen in the 1998 census. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Islam in Pakistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sufism_in_Pakistan" title="Sufism in Pakistan">Sufism in Pakistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faisal_Masjid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Faisal_Masjid.jpg/150px-Faisal_Masjid.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1510"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Faisal_Masjid.jpg/150px-Faisal_Masjid.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Faisal_Masjid.jpg/225px-Faisal_Masjid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Faisal_Masjid.jpg/300px-Faisal_Masjid.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Faisal_Mosque" title="Faisal Mosque">Faisal Mosque</a>, built in 1986 by Turkish architect <a href="/wiki/Vedat_Dalokay" title="Vedat Dalokay">Vedat Dalokay</a> on behalf of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Faisal_bin_Abdul-Aziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz">Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz</a> of Saudi Arabia</figcaption></figure> Islam dominates in Pakistan, with about 96.5% of the population being Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-551">[541]</a> Pakistan ranks second globally in Muslim population,<a href="#cite_note-552">[542]</a> and is home to 10.5% of the world's Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-553">[543]</a> Karachi is the largest Muslim city in the world.<a href="#cite_note-554">[544]</a> The majority follow <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, with a significant presence of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, while Shia Muslims constitute a minority.<a href="#cite_note-LoC2-555">[545]</a><a href="#cite_note-556">[546]</a> Shias represent between 5–25%.<a href="#cite_note-LoC2-555">[545]</a><a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-390">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-557">[547]</a> The Shia population in Pakistan was estimated at 42 million in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-558">[548]</a> As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistan&action=edit">[update]</a>, 12% of Pakistani Muslims self-identify as <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-denominational Muslims">non-denominational Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-559">[549]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Pakistan" title="Ahmadiyya in Pakistan">Ahmadis</a> are a minority, officially considered non-Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-560">[550]</a><a href="#cite_note-561">[551]</a> Ahmadis face persecution, banned from calling themselves Muslims since 1974.<a href="#cite_note-562">[552]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Hinduism in Pakistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu_Proportion_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hindu_Proportion_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/300px-Hindu_Proportion_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hindu_Proportion_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/300px-Hindu_Proportion_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hindu_Proportion_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/450px-Hindu_Proportion_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hindu_Proportion_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/600px-Hindu_Proportion_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> <div style="text-align: center">Hindu proportion of each Pakistani District in 2017 according to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics</div></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Hinduism</a> is the second-largest religion, followed by 2.14% of the population according to 2017 census.<a href="#cite_note-2017Census-563">[553]</a><a href="#cite_note-564">[554]</a> Pakistan had the fifth-largest Hindu population globally in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-565">[555]</a> In 2017, Hindus numbered 4,444,437.<a href="#cite_note-566">[556]</a> They reside across Pakistan but are concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, where they make up 8.73% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-2017Census-563">[553]</a> <a href="/wiki/Umerkot_District" title="Umerkot District">Umerkot district</a> is the only Hindu majority area. <a href="/wiki/Tharparkar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharparkar District">Tharparkar district</a> hosts the largest Hindu population. Four districts – Umerkot, Tharparkar, <a href="/wiki/Mirpurkhas_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirpurkhas District">Mirpurkhas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanghar_District" title="Sanghar District">Sanghar</a> – have over half of Pakistan's Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-Districtwise-567">[557]</a> At Pakistan's inception, the 'hostage theory' suggested fair treatment of Hindus to safeguard Muslims in India.<a href="#cite_note-568">[558]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dhulipala-2015-6-569">[559]</a> However, some Pakistani Hindus felt marginalized, leading to emigration to India.<a href="#cite_note-bbc200703022-570">[560]</a> They faced violence post the <a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_the_Babri_Masjid" title="Demolition of the Babri Masjid">Babri Masjid demolition</a>,<a href="#cite_note-571">[561]</a> enduring <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion_of_minority_girls_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced conversion of minority girls in Pakistan">forced conversions</a> and abductions.<a href="#cite_note-572">[562]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity_and_other_religions">Christianity and other religions</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan" title="Christianity in Pakistan">Christianity in Pakistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_Proportion_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Christian_Proportion_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/300px-Christian_Proportion_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Christian_Proportion_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/300px-Christian_Proportion_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Christian_Proportion_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/450px-Christian_Proportion_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Christian_Proportion_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/600px-Christian_Proportion_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> <div style="text-align: center">Christian proportion of each Pakistani District in 2017 according to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics</div></figcaption></figure> Christians are the next largest religious minority after Hindus, constituting 1.27% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-2017_Census-529">[519]</a> They are concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Lahore_District" title="Lahore District">Lahore District</a> (5%) and <a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad Capital Territory</a> (over 4%). Karachi hosts a historic <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Pakistan">Roman Catholic</a> community established by <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> migrants during British colonial rule.<a href="#cite_note-Districtwise-567">[557]</a> Following Christianity, the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith in Pakistan">Bahá'í Faith</a> had 30,000 followers in 2008, followed by Sikhism, Buddhism, and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, each with around 20,000 adherents in 2008,<a href="#cite_note-573">[563]</a> alongside a small <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Pakistan" title="Jainism in Pakistan">Jain community</a>. In 2005, 1% of the population identified as atheist. By 2012, this figure had risen to 2.0% according to <a href="/wiki/WIN/GIA" title="WIN/GIA">Gallup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-574">[564]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Education in Pakistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Commission_(Pakistan)" title="Higher Education Commission (Pakistan)">Higher Education Commission (Pakistan)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Pakistan" title="Rankings of universities in Pakistan">Rankings of universities in Pakistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NUST_MainOffice.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NUST_MainOffice.png/220px-NUST_MainOffice.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 209px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NUST_MainOffice.png/220px-NUST_MainOffice.png" data-width="220" data-height="209" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/NUST_MainOffice.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NUST_School_of_Electrical_Engineering_and_Computer_Science" title="NUST School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science">NUST</a> in Islamabad is a top ranked Engineering University.</figcaption></figure> Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">constitution</a> mandates <a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">free</a> primary and secondary education,<a href="#cite_note-575">[565]</a> with public universities established in each province, including <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab" title="University of the Punjab">Punjab University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindh_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindh University">Sindh University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Peshawar" title="University of Peshawar">Peshawar University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Karachi" title="University of Karachi">Karachi University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Balochistan" title="University of Balochistan">Balochistan University</a>. The country's educational landscape encompasses both <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a> universities, fostering collaboration to enhance research and <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Pakistan">higher education</a> opportunities, albeit with concerns regarding teaching quality in newer institutions.<a href="#cite_note-576">[566]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Technical and vocational institutions</a> in Pakistan number approximately 3,193,<a href="#cite_note-edu2-577">[567]</a> complemented by <a href="/wiki/Madrassas_in_Pakistan" title="Madrassas in Pakistan">madrassahs</a> providing free Islamic education to students,<a href="#cite_note-578">[568]</a> with government efforts to <a href="/wiki/Education_reform" title="Education reform">regulate and monitor</a> their quality amidst concerns over extremists recruitment.<a href="#cite_note-579">[569]</a> <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Education</a> is divided into six main levels, including nursery, primary, <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_school_(upper_secondary)" class="mw-redirect" title="High school (upper secondary)">matriculation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">intermediate</a>, and university programs.<a href="#cite_note-edu2-577">[567]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Schools_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Schools in Pakistan">private schools</a> offer a parallel secondary education system based on the curriculum set by the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_International_Examinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge International Examinations">Cambridge International Examinations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-580">[570]</a> with 439 international schools reported in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-581">[571]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malala_Yousafzai_and_Kaliash_Satyarthi_at_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize_ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Malala_Yousafzai_and_Kaliash_Satyarthi_at_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize_ceremony.jpg/220px-Malala_Yousafzai_and_Kaliash_Satyarthi_at_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize_ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="3098"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Malala_Yousafzai_and_Kaliash_Satyarthi_at_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize_ceremony.jpg/220px-Malala_Yousafzai_and_Kaliash_Satyarthi_at_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize_ceremony.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Malala_Yousafzai_and_Kaliash_Satyarthi_at_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize_ceremony.jpg/330px-Malala_Yousafzai_and_Kaliash_Satyarthi_at_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize_ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Malala_Yousafzai_and_Kaliash_Satyarthi_at_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize_ceremony.jpg/440px-Malala_Yousafzai_and_Kaliash_Satyarthi_at_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize_ceremony.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 2014, alongside <a href="/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a> of India, for her advocacy of educational initiatives, particularly girls' education worldwide.</figcaption></figure> Initiatives since 2007 made <a href="/wiki/English_medium_education" class="mw-redirect" title="English medium education">English medium education</a> mandatory nationwide. Following a 2012 attack on activist <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Tehrik-i_Taliban_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan">Taliban</a>, she became the youngest Nobel laureate for her education advocacy.<a href="#cite_note-582">[572]</a> Reforms in 2013 mandated Chinese language courses in Sindh, reflecting China's growing influence. As of 2018, Pakistan's literacy rate stands at 62.3%, with significant regional and gender disparities.<a href="#cite_note-583">[573]</a> Government initiatives, including computer literacy since 1995, aim to eradicate illiteracy, targeting 100% enrollment among primary school-age children and an ~86% literacy rate by 2015.<a href="#cite_note-584">[574]</a> Pakistan allocates 2.3% of its GDP to education,<a href="#cite_note-585">[575]</a> among the lowest in South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-586">[576]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Culture of Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_heritage_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="British heritage of Pakistan">British heritage of Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan" title="Public holidays in Pakistan">Public holidays in Pakistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceiling_of_Frere_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ceiling_of_Frere_Hall.jpg/220px-Ceiling_of_Frere_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4839" data-file-height="3205"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ceiling_of_Frere_Hall.jpg/220px-Ceiling_of_Frere_Hall.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ceiling_of_Frere_Hall.jpg/330px-Ceiling_of_Frere_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ceiling_of_Frere_Hall.jpg/440px-Ceiling_of_Frere_Hall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Artwork by <a href="/wiki/Sadequain" title="Sadequain">Sadequain</a> on the ceiling of <a href="/wiki/Frere_Hall" title="Frere Hall">Frere Hall</a>. Having painted around 15,000 paintings, Sadequain is considered one of the finest painters and calligraphers Pakistan has ever produced.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Civil society</a> in Pakistan is hierarchical, emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Pakistan" title="Etiquette in Pakistan">local cultural etiquette</a> and traditional Islamic values. The primary family unit is the <a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">extended family</a>, but there's a rising trend towards <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear families</a> due to socio-economic factors.<a href="#cite_note-nuclear-587">[577]</a><a href="#cite_note-588">[578]</a> Both men and women typically wear <a href="/wiki/Shalwar_Kameez" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalwar Kameez">Shalwar Kameez</a>; men also favor trousers, jeans, and shirts.<a href="#cite_note-taxila-589">[579]</a> The middle class has grown to about 35 million, with another 17 million in the upper and upper-middle classes, leading to a shift in power from rural landowners to urban elites.<a href="#cite_note-590">[580]</a> Festivals like <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Fitr">Eid-ul-Fitr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid-ul-Azha</a>, Ramadan, Christmas, <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a>, and Diwali are primarily religious.<a href="#cite_note-nuclear-587">[577]</a> Pakistan ranks 56th on the <a href="/wiki/A.T._Kearney" class="mw-redirect" title="A.T. Kearney">A.T. Kearney</a>/FP <a href="/wiki/Globalization_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalization Index">Globalization Index</a> due to increasing globalization.<a href="#cite_note-591">[581]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_architecture" title="Pakistani architecture">Pakistani architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu,_Jain_and_Buddhist_architectural_heritage_of_Pakistan" title="Hindu, Jain and Buddhist architectural heritage of Pakistan">Hindu, Jain and Buddhist architectural heritage of Pakistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lahore_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lahore_Fort.jpg/220px-Lahore_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="748"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 322px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lahore_Fort.jpg/220px-Lahore_Fort.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="322" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lahore_Fort.jpg/330px-Lahore_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lahore_Fort.jpg/440px-Lahore_Fort.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a>, a landmark built during the Mughal era, is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> Four periods define Pakistani architecture: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan#Early_history" title="History of Pakistan">pre-Islamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan#Muslim_period" title="History of Pakistan">Islamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan#Colonial_era" title="History of Pakistan">colonial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan#Independence" title="History of Pakistan">post-colonial</a>. The onset of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus civilization">Indus civilization</a> around the mid-3rd millennium BCE heralded an urban culture, evidenced by surviving large structures.<a href="#cite_note-592">[582]</a> Notable pre-Islamic settlements include <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kot_Diji" title="Kot Diji">Kot Diji</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mountains-593">[583]</a> The fusion of Buddhism and <a href="/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Indian campaign of Alexander the Great">Greek</a> influences birthed a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhist</a> style from the 1st century CE, exemplified by the renowned <a href="/wiki/Gandara_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandara art">Gandhara style</a>.<a href="#cite_note-594">[584]</a> Notable <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Buddhist architectural</a> remnants include the <a href="/wiki/Takht-i-Bahi" title="Takht-i-Bahi">Takht-i-Bahi</a> monastery in <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-595">[585]</a> The advent of Islam in present-day Pakistan marked the cessation of Buddhist architecture, ushering in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a>. The notable <a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> structure, the <a href="/wiki/Rukn-e-Alam" title="Rukn-e-Alam">tomb of Shah Rukn-i-Alam</a> in Multan, remains significant. During the Mughal era, Persian-Islamic design merged with Hindustani art, seen in Lahore's architectural gems like the <a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a> with the iconic <a href="/wiki/Alamgiri_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamgiri Gate">Alamgiri Gate</a>. Lahore also boasts the vibrant <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque" title="Wazir Khan Mosque">Wazir Khan Mosque</a>,<a href="#cite_note-596">[586]</a> and the lush <a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens_(Lahore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)">Shalimar Gardens</a>. In the British colonial period, Indo-European buildings emerged, blending European and Indian-Islamic styles. Post-colonial identity shines through modern landmarks like the <a href="/wiki/Faisal_Mosque" title="Faisal Mosque">Faisal Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minar-e-Pakistan" title="Minar-e-Pakistan">Minar-e-Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid" title="Mazar-e-Quaid">Mazar-e-Quaid</a>. <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Architecture of the United Kingdom">British architectural</a> influence persists in structures across Lahore, Peshawar, and Karachi.<a href="#cite_note-597">[587]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing,_arts,_and_fashion">Clothing, arts, and fashion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_clothing" title="Pakistani clothing">Pakistani clothing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">Shalwar kameez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherwani" title="Sherwani">Sherwani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jinnah_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah cap">Jinnah cap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peshawari_chappal" title="Peshawari chappal">Peshawari chappal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakol" title="Pakol">Pakol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_topi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi topi">Sindhi topi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_clothing_from_Sindh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Traditional_clothing_from_Sindh.jpg/220px-Traditional_clothing_from_Sindh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="1007"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Traditional_clothing_from_Sindh.jpg/220px-Traditional_clothing_from_Sindh.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Traditional_clothing_from_Sindh.jpg/330px-Traditional_clothing_from_Sindh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Traditional_clothing_from_Sindh.jpg/440px-Traditional_clothing_from_Sindh.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A depiction of traditional clothing of women from <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">Shalwar Kameez</a> is Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/National_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="National dress">national dress</a>, worn in all provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Azad Kashmir. Each province has its own style. Pakistanis wear a variety of fabrics like silk, <a href="/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)" title="Chiffon (fabric)">chiffon</a>, and cotton. In addition to the national dress, men often wear domestically tailored suits and <a href="/wiki/Necktie" title="Necktie">neckties</a>, especially in offices, schools, and social gatherings.<a href="#cite_note-598">[588]</a> Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_clothing" title="Pakistani clothing">fashion industry</a> has thrived, blending traditional and modern styles to create a unique cultural identity. Regional and traditional dress remain significant symbols of native tradition, evolving into both modern and purer forms. Organizations like the Pakistan Fashion Design Council in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> and the Fashion Pakistan Council in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> host events like <a href="/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="PFDC Sunsilk Fashion Week">PFDC Fashion Week</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fashion_Pakistan_Week" title="Fashion Pakistan Week">Fashion Pakistan Week</a>. Pakistan's inaugural fashion week took place in November 2009.<a href="#cite_note-599">[589]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_philosophy">Literature and philosophy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Pakistan">Literature of Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_poetry" title="Urdu poetry">Urdu poetry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Pakistani philosophy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iqbal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Muhammad Iqbal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Iqbal.jpg/140px-Iqbal.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 185px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Iqbal.jpg/140px-Iqbal.jpg" data-alt="Muhammad Iqbal" data-width="140" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Iqbal.jpg/210px-Iqbal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Iqbal.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a>, Pakistan's national poet who conceived the <a href="/wiki/Conception_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conception of Pakistan">idea</a> of Pakistan</figcaption></figure> Pakistan boasts literature in various languages including <a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_literature" title="Punjabi literature">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto_literature_and_poetry" title="Pashto literature and poetry">Pashto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balochi_Academy" title="Balochi Academy">Baluchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English_literature" title="Pakistani English literature">English</a>, and more.<a href="#cite_note-600">[590]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Academy_of_Letters" title="Pakistan Academy of Letters">Pakistan Academy of Letters</a> actively promotes literature and poetry both domestically and internationally.<a href="#cite_note-601">[591]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Pakistan" title="National Library of Pakistan">National Library</a> contributes to literary dissemination. Historically, Pakistani literature consisted mainly of <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sufi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi poetry">religious</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_folklore" title="Pakistani folklore">folkloric</a> works, later diversifying under colonial influence into prose fiction, now widely embraced.<a href="#cite_note-602">[592]</a><a href="#cite_note-granta-603">[593]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national poets">national poet</a> of Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a>, wrote influential poetry in Urdu and Persian, advocating for Islamic civilizational revival.<a href="#cite_note-604">[594]</a> Notable figures in contemporary Urdu literature include <a href="/wiki/Josh_Malihabadi" title="Josh Malihabadi">Josh Malihabadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faiz_Ahmed_Faiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Faiz Ahmed Faiz">Faiz Ahmed Faiz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saadat_Hasan_Manto" title="Saadat Hasan Manto">Saadat Hasan Manto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-granta-603">[593]</a> Popular Sufi poets like <a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Latif" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abdul Latif">Shah Abdul Latif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulleh_Shah" title="Bulleh Shah">Bulleh Shah</a> are revered.<a href="#cite_note-605">[595]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Kalich_Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Kalich Beg">Mirza Kalich Beg</a> is hailed as the father of modern Sindhi prose.<a href="#cite_note-606">[596]</a> Pakistani philosophy has been shaped by influences from British and American philosophy, with notable figures like <a href="/wiki/M._M._Sharif" title="M. M. Sharif">M. M. Sharif</a> contributing to its development.<a href="#cite_note-607">[597]</a> Post-1971, Marxist thought gained prominence in Pakistani philosophy through figures like <a href="/wiki/Jalaludin_Abdur_Rahim" title="Jalaludin Abdur Rahim">Jalaludin Abdur Rahim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-608">[598]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_entertainment">Media and entertainment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Pakistan" title="Mass media in Pakistan">Mass media in Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Cinema of Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Music of Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistani_pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Pakistani pop music">History of Pakistani pop music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pakistan" title="Theatre of Pakistan">Theatre of Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_dramas" title="Pakistani dramas">Pakistani dramas</a></div> The private <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Pakistan" title="List of newspapers in Pakistan">print media</a>, state-owned <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Television_Corporation" title="Pakistan Television Corporation">Pakistan Television Corporation</a> (PTV), and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation">Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation</a> (PBC) dominated media until the 21st century. Pakistan now boasts a vast network of domestic, privately owned 24-hour <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_channels_in_Pakistan" title="List of television channels in Pakistan">news media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Pakistan" title="Television in Pakistan">television channels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-609">[599]</a> A 2021 report by the <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> ranked Pakistan 157th among 180 nations on the <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a>, citing pressures faced by Pakistani reporters, particularly when reporting against the army or government.<a href="#cite_note-610">[600]</a> The BBC describes Pakistani media as "among the most outspoken in South Asia".<a href="#cite_note-611">[601]</a> Pakistani media has been instrumental in exposing corruption.<a href="#cite_note-612">[602]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lollywood" title="Lollywood">Lollywood</a>, Punjabi, and <a href="/wiki/Pashto_cinema" title="Pashto cinema">Pashto</a> film industry is centered in Karachi, Lahore, and Peshawar. Although Bollywood films were banned from public cinemas from 1965 to 2008, they remained influential in Pakistani popular culture.<a href="#cite_note-613">[603]</a> However, in 2019, the screening of Bollywood movies faced an indefinite ban.<a href="#cite_note-614">[604]</a> Despite challenges faced by the Pakistani film industry, Urdu <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_dramas" title="Pakistani dramas">televised dramas</a> and theatrical performances remain popular, frequently broadcast by many entertainment media outlets.<a href="#cite_note-615">[605]</a> Urdu dramas dominate the television entertainment industry, renowned for their quality since the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-616">[606]</a> Pakistani music encompasses diverse forms, from provincial folk music and traditional styles like <a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a> Gayaki to modern fusions of traditional and western music.<a href="#cite_note-617">[607]</a> Pakistan boasts numerous renowned folk singers, and the arrival of Afghan refugees in western provinces has sparked interest in Pashto music, despite occasional intolerance.<a href="#cite_note-618">[608]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_Chapati_warm_and_ready_to_be_eaten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/2_Chapati_warm_and_ready_to_be_eaten.jpg/220px-2_Chapati_warm_and_ready_to_be_eaten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3484" data-file-height="2332"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/2_Chapati_warm_and_ready_to_be_eaten.jpg/220px-2_Chapati_warm_and_ready_to_be_eaten.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/2_Chapati_warm_and_ready_to_be_eaten.jpg/330px-2_Chapati_warm_and_ready_to_be_eaten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/2_Chapati_warm_and_ready_to_be_eaten.jpg/440px-2_Chapati_warm_and_ready_to_be_eaten.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chapati" title="Chapati">Chapatis</a> served with various side dishes are considered a staple food in Pakistan</figcaption></figure> Pakistani cuisine, rooted in the royal kitchens of 16th-century Mughal emperors, blends influences from <a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central Asian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a> culinary traditions.<a href="#cite_note-619">[609]</a> Unlike Middle Eastern fare, Pakistani dishes are heavily spiced with garlic, ginger, turmeric, <a href="/wiki/Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">chili</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garam_masala" title="Garam masala">garam masala</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roti" title="Roti">Roti</a>, a wheat-based flatbread, accompanies most meals, alongside <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curry</a>, meat, vegetables, and lentils. Rice is also common, served plain, spiced, or in sweet dishes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohiuddin20073,_317,_323%E2%80%93324-188">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-620">[610]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lassi" title="Lassi">Lassi</a>, a traditional drink from the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_tea_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani tea culture">black tea with milk and sugar</a> are popular beverages enjoyed nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-taxila-589">[579]</a><a href="#cite_note-621">[611]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sohan_halwa" title="Sohan halwa">Sohan halwa</a>, a beloved sweet dish from southern Punjab, is savored across Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-622">[612]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Pakistan" title="Sport in Pakistan">Sport in Pakistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:348px;max-width:348px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cricket_in_Iqbal_Park_(Lahore)_and_Badshahi_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cricket_in_Iqbal_Park_%28Lahore%29_and_Badshahi_Mosque.jpg/170px-Cricket_in_Iqbal_Park_%28Lahore%29_and_Badshahi_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cricket_in_Iqbal_Park_%28Lahore%29_and_Badshahi_Mosque.jpg/170px-Cricket_in_Iqbal_Park_%28Lahore%29_and_Badshahi_Mosque.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="170" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cricket_in_Iqbal_Park_%28Lahore%29_and_Badshahi_Mosque.jpg/255px-Cricket_in_Iqbal_Park_%28Lahore%29_and_Badshahi_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cricket_in_Iqbal_Park_%28Lahore%29_and_Badshahi_Mosque.jpg/340px-Cricket_in_Iqbal_Park_%28Lahore%29_and_Badshahi_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Locals playing <a href="/wiki/Tape_ball" title="Tape ball">tape ball</a> cricket near <a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Badshahi Masjid">Badshahi Masjid</a>, Lahore</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakvaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Pakvaus.jpg/170px-Pakvaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Pakvaus.jpg/170px-Pakvaus.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="170" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Pakvaus.jpg/255px-Pakvaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Pakvaus.jpg/340px-Pakvaus.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A cricket match between Pakistan and Australia at <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s" title="Lord's">Lord's</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> is the most popular sport in Pakistan, followed by <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>. <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a> is the national sport. Other sports like <a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">squash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_Pakistan" title="Traditional games of Pakistan">traditional games</a> are also enjoyed. In cricket, Pakistan boasts victories in all major <a href="/wiki/International_Cricket_Council" title="International Cricket Council">ICC</a> tournaments, including the <a href="/wiki/ICC_Cricket_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="ICC Cricket World Cup">ICC Cricket World Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICC_World_Twenty20" class="mw-redirect" title="ICC World Twenty20">ICC World Twenty20</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ICC_Champions_Trophy" title="ICC Champions Trophy">ICC Champions Trophy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Super_League" title="Pakistan Super League">Pakistan Super League</a> ranks among the top <a href="/wiki/List_of_T20_cricket_competitions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of T20 cricket competitions">T20 leagues</a> globally.<a href="#cite_note-623">[613]</a><a href="#cite_note-624">[614]</a> In football, Pakistan established the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Football_Federation" title="Pakistan Football Federation">Pakistan Football Federation</a> soon after its creation, and it is known for producing FIFA World Cup balls.<a href="#cite_note-625">[615]</a><a href="#cite_note-626">[616]</a> In field hockey, Pakistan boasts four <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_FIH_Hockey_World_Cup" title="Men's FIH Hockey World Cup">Hockey World Cup</a> wins, eight <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Field hockey at the Asian Games">Asian Games</a> gold medals, and three <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Field hockey at the Summer Olympics">Olympic</a> gold medals. Squash player <a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Khan" title="Jahangir Khan">Jahangir Khan</a> holds the record for the longest winning streak in professional sport history, winning 555 consecutive matches.<a href="#cite_note-627">[617]</a><a href="#cite_note-628">[618]</a> Pakistan has hosted various international events, including Cricket and Hockey World Cups and Asian Games.<a href="#cite_note-ICC-2021-629">[619]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Pakistan" title="Outline of Pakistan">Outline of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Government of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Administrative units of Pakistan</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Article 251 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyres2009-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> "Includes data for Pakistani territories of Kashmir; <a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a> (13,297 km2 or 5,134 sq mi) and <a href="/wiki/Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgit–Baltistan">Gilgit–Baltistan</a> (72,520 km2 or 28,000 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2022-6">[5]</a> Excluding these territories would produce an area figure of 796,095 km2 (307,374 sq mi)." </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> "This figure does not include data for Pakistan-administered areas of Kashmir; Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan." </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Date_and_time_notation_in_Pakistan" title="Date and time notation in Pakistan">Date and time notation in Pakistan</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پَاکِسْتَان, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Urdu pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ˈpɑːkɪst̪ɑːn]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7c\/Ur-Pakistan.oga\/Ur-Pakistan.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ur-Pakistan.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Ur-Pakistan.oga/Ur-Pakistan.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Pakistan.oga" title="File:Ur-Pakistan.oga">ⓘ</a>; Pronounced variably in English as <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈpækɪstæn/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b2\/En-us-Pakistan.ogg\/En-us-Pakistan.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Pakistan.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/En-us-Pakistan.ogg/En-us-Pakistan.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Pakistan.ogg" title="File:En-us-Pakistan.ogg">ⓘ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈpɑːkɪstɑːn/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9f\/En-us-Pakistan-2.ogg\/En-us-Pakistan-2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Pakistan-2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/En-us-Pakistan-2.ogg/En-us-Pakistan-2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Pakistan-2.ogg" title="File:En-us-Pakistan-2.ogg">ⓘ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌpækɪˈstæn/</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌpɑːkɪˈstɑːn/</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO</a>: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اِسْلامی جُمْہُورِیَہ پَاکِسْتَان, Islāmi Jumhūriyāh Pākistān </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> "This figure does not include data for Pakistan-administered areas of Kashmir; Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan." </li> <li id="cite_note-RSCT-25"><a href="#cite_ref-RSCT_25-0">^</a> In the framework of their regional security complex theory (RSCT), Barry Buzan and Ole Waever differentiate between superpowers and great powers which act and influence the global level (or system level) and regional powers whose influence may be large in their regions but have less effect at the global level. This category of regional powers includes Brazil, Egypt, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Turkey. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rigveda-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Rigveda_51-0">^</a> The precise time span of the period is uncertain. <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">linguistic</a> evidence indicates that the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, the oldest of the Vedas, was composed roughly between 1700 and 1100 BCE, also referred to as the early Vedic period. Oberlies gives an estimate of 1200–1100 BCE for the youngest hymns in book ten. Estimates for a terminus post quem of the earliest hymns are more uncertain. Other 'cumulative evidence' sets a wide range of 1700–1100. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> The World Bank data lists the total area of Pakistan as 770,880 km², excluding Gilgit-Baltistan, Azad Kashmir, and water areas. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2009-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2009_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinahan2009">Minahan 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot201597-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot201597_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaffrelot2015">Jaffrelot 2015</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyres2009-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyres2009_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyres2009">Ayres 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberhardSimonsFennig2022-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEberhardSimonsFennig2022_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2022">Eberhard, Simons & Fennig 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2022-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames2022_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJames2022">James 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhandari2022-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhandari2022_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBhandari2022">Bhandari 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIMF2024-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIMF2024_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIMF2024_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIMF2024_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIMF2024_10-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFIMF2024">IMF 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIMF2023-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIMF2023_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIMF2023_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFIMF2023">IMF 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaleem2013-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaleem2013_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaleem2013_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaleem2013">Haleem 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-2009-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Wright-2009_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2009">Wright (2009)</a> "The Indus civilisation is one of three in the 'Ancient East' that, along with Mesopotamia and Pharaonic Egypt, was a cradle of early civilisation in the Old World (Childe, 1950). Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer lived, but coexisted with Indus civilisation during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B.C. Of the three, the Indus was the most expansive, extending from today's northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and India." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian1987-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian1987_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBadian1987">Badian 1987</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt2009-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt2009_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWynbrandt2009">Wynbrandt 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpuler1969-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpuler1969_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpuler1969">Spuler 1969</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Copland-2001-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Copland-2001_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCopland2001">Copland (2001)</a> "However, the real turning point for the new Muslim League came with the general election of December 1945 and January 1946. Despite facing a rejuvenated Congress, the League won four-fifths of all the Muslim-reserved seats ... The result left no one, not least the British, in doubt about where the locus of power within the Muslim community now lay ... In most respects, therefore, the League's success in the elections of 1945–46 can be interpreted as a clear Muslim mandate for Pakistan. (p 72)" </li> <li id="cite_note-Metcalf-2006-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Metcalf-2006_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf (2006)</a> "The loss of life was immense, with estimates ranging from several hundred thousand up to a million. But, even for those who survived, fear generated a widespread perception that one could be safe only among members of one's own community; and this in turn helped consolidate loyalties towards the state, whether India or Pakistan, in which one might find a secure haven. This was especially important for Pakistan, where the succour it offered to Muslims gave that state for the first time a visible territorial reality. Fear too drove forward a mass migration unparalleled in the history of South Asia. ... Overall, partition uprooted some 12.5 million of undivided India's people." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2016-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2016_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalbot2016">Talbot 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Middle_power_nation-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Middle_power_nation_24-0">^</a> Middle power: multiple sources: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBuzan2004">Buzan (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSolomon1997">Solomon (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRajagopalan2011">Rajagopalan (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBuzanWaever2003">Buzan & Waever (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFPaul2012">Paul (2012</a>, p. 11) "The regional powers such as Israel or Pakistan are not simple bystanders of great power politics in their regions; they attempt to asymmetrically influence the major power system often in their own distinct ways."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFVandamme2014">Vandamme (2014</a>, p. 14) "Countries like Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have enough influence to not be considered small, but not enough to be major powers. Within the limits of their regions, they play a significant political role. Thus instinctively, they would qualify as middle powers. While it is not the objective here to question the characteristics of Jordan's definition of middle powers, we argue that Pakistan is in fact a middle power despite its being nuclear-armed. When looking at the numbers, for instance, it appears that Saudi Arabia and Pakistan can be classified as middle powers."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiaBurton2023-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiaBurton2023_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZiaBurton2023">Zia & Burton 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERais2017-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERais2017_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRais2017">Rais 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornwallEdwards2014-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornwallEdwards2014_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCornwallEdwards2014">Cornwall & Edwards 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2016-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph2016_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoseph2016">Joseph 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaqir2018-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaqir2018_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaqir2018">Baqir 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESATP2024-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESATP2024_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSATP2024">SATP 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAziz1987-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAziz1987_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAziz1987">Aziz 1987</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaqibMalik2018-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaqibMalik2018_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaqibMalik2018_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaqibMalik2018">Saqib & Malik 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELahiri2023-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahiri2023_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLahiri2023">Lahiri 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETummala1996-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETummala1996_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTummala1996">Tummala 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnand1991-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnand1991_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnand1991">Anand 1991</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2017-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker2017_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParker2017">Parker 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllchinPetraglia2007-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllchinPetraglia2007_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllchinPetraglia2007">Allchin & Petraglia 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2014-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2014_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed2014">Ahmed 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Coningham-Young-2015-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Coningham-Young-2015_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConinghamYoung2015">Coningham & Young (2015)</a> "Mehrgarh remains one of the key sites in South Asia because it has provided the earliest known undisputed evidence for farming and pastoral communities in the region, and its plant and animal material provide clear evidence for the ongoing manipulation, and domestication, of certain species. Perhaps most importantly in a South Asian context, the role played by zebu makes this a distinctive, localised development, with a character completely different from other parts of the world. Finally, the longevity of the site, and its articulation with the neighbouring site of Nausharo (c. 2800—2000 BCE), provides a very clear continuity from South Asia's first farming villages to the emergence of its first cities (Jarrige, 1984)." </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher-2018-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher-2018_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher2018">Fisher (2018)</a> "The earliest discovered instance in India of well-established, settled agricultural society is at Mehrgarh in the hills between the Bolan Pass and the Indus plain (today in Pakistan) (see Map 3.1). From as early as 7000 BCE, communities there started investing increased labor in preparing the land and selecting, planting, tending, and harvesting particular grain-producing plants. They also domesticated animals, including sheep, goats, pigs, and oxen (both humped zebu [Bos indicus] and unhumped [Bos taurus]). Castrating oxen, for instance, turned them from mainly meat sources into domesticated draft-animals as well." </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyson-2018-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Dyson-2018_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson (2018)</a> "The subcontinent's people were hunter-gatherers for many millennia. There were very few of them. Indeed, 10,000 years ago there may only have been a couple of hundred thousand people, living in small, often isolated groups, the descendants of various 'modern' human incomers. Then, perhaps linked to events in Mesopotamia, about 8,500 years ago agriculture emerged in Baluchistan." </li> <li id="cite_note-Allchin-1982-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Allchin-1982_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllchinAllchin1982">Allchin & Allchin (1982)</a> "During the second half of the fourth and early part of the third millennium B.C., a new development begins to become apparent in the greater Indus system, which we can now see to be a formative stage underlying the Mature Indus of the middle and late third millennium. This development seems to have involved the whole Indus system, and to a lesser extent the Indo-Iranian borderlands to its west, but largely left untouched the subcontinent east of the Indus system." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalesKenoyerAlcock1986-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalesKenoyerAlcock1986_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalesKenoyerAlcock1986">Dales, Kenoyer & Alcock 1986</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrison2017-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrison2017_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrison2017">Burrison 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOursel2015-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOursel2015_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOursel2015">Oursel 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vedic_period-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vedic_period_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vedic_period_47-1">b</a> Vedic period: multiple sources: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFNinan2018">Ninan (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFParmar2018">Parmar (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFConsiglio2015">Consiglio (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCarmichael2022">Carmichael (2022)</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrendt2007-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrendt2007_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBehrendt2007">Behrendt 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERahmaan2017-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahmaan2017_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRahmaan2017">Rahmaan 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberlies2023-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOberlies2023_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOberlies2023">Oberlies 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStonard2017-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStonard2017_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStonard2017">Stonard 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamaev2023-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamaev2023_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDandamaev2023">Dandamaev 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadasivan2011-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadasivan2011_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSadasivan2011">Sadasivan 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1980-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1980_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1980_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJames1980">James 1980</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2022114-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2022114_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan2022">Khan 2022</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke2017-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke2017_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooke2017">Cooke 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollitt1986-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollitt1986_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPollitt1986">Pollitt 1986</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuintanilla2007-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuintanilla2007_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuintanilla2007">Quintanilla 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubica2023-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubica2023_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKubica2023">Kubica 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestmoreland2019-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestmoreland2019_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestmoreland2019">Westmoreland 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Needham-1994-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Needham-1994_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1994">Needham (1994)</a> "When the men of Alexander the Great came to Taxila in India in the fourth century BCE they found a university there the like of which had not been seen in Greece, a university which taught the three Vedas and the eighteen accomplishments and was still existing when the Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hsien went there about CE 400." </li> <li id="cite_note-Kulke-Rothermund-2016-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Kulke-Rothermund-2016_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2016">Kulke & Rothermund (2016)</a> "In the early centuries the centre of Buddhist scholarship was the University of Taxila." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMookerji1989-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMookerji1989_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMookerji1989">Mookerji 1989</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanerjee2022-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanerjee2022_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBanerjee2022">Banerjee 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMufti2013-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMufti2013_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMufti2013">Mufti 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoodbhoy2023-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoodbhoy2023_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoodbhoy2023_67-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoodbhoy2023">Hoodbhoy 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECavendish2006318-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavendish2006318_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCavendish2006">Cavendish 2006</a>, p. 318. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stubbs-Thomson-2016-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Stubbs-Thomson-2016_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStubbsThomson2016">Stubbs & Thomson (2016)</a> "Perhaps best known as home to Asia's earliest cities, the Harappan sites of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, Pakistan's rich history includes contributions from prominent Buddhist, Hindu, Hellenistic, Jain and Zoroastrian civilizations, as well as those connected to its Islamic heritage." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik200647-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik200647_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalik2006">Malik 2006</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidus2014-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidus2014_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLapidus2014">Lapidus 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamad2011-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamad2011_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamad2011">Samad 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaroqhi2019-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaroqhi2019_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaroqhi2019">Faroqhi 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanfield2002-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanfield2002_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanfield2002">Canfield 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra2005-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandra2005_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChandra2005">Chandra 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik200679-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik200679_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalik2006">Malik 2006</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2017-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2017_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald2017">MacDonald 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson2007-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson2007_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimpson2007">Simpson 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolpert-1984-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolpert-1984_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolpert-1984_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert1984">Wolpert (1984</a>, p. 17) "Barrister Jinnah of Bombay remained as remote from such feelings, as out of tune with such reasoning, as he had been in London in 1893, when Sir Sayyid first spoke of Hindus and Muslims as "different nationalities."" </li> <li id="cite_note-Sengupta-2023-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sengupta-2023_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sengupta-2023_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSengupta2023">Sengupta (2023)</a> "Syed Ahmad Khan, the founder of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College (which later became Aligarh Muslim University), had declared in a speech in Meerut what would become famous as the "two nation theory.""......"Is it possible that under these circumstances two nations — the Mahomedans and the Hindus — could sit on the same throne and remain equal in power? Most certainly not." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltCurta2016-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltCurta2016_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltCurta2016_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltCurta2016_82-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoltCurta2016">Holt & Curta 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert1984-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert1984_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert1984">Wolpert 1984</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERustomji1952-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERustomji1952_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRustomji1952">Rustomji 1952</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalbridge2012-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalbridge2012_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalbridge2012">Walbridge 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGayer2014-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGayer2014_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGayer2014">Gayer 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharmaD'AngeloGiri2020-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharmaD'AngeloGiri2020_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharmaD'AngeloGiri2020">Sharma, D'Angelo & Giri 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirbhai2009-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirbhai2009_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPirbhai2009">Pirbhai 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarjani2018-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarjani2018_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarjani2018">Harjani 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1975-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1975_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook1975">Cook 1975</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2022119-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2022119_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan2022">Khan 2022</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECavendish2006365-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavendish2006365_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCavendish2006">Cavendish 2006</a>, p. 365. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw1999-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw1999_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaw1999">Law 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain2015-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussain2015_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHussain2015">Hussain 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalleson2016-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalleson2016_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalleson2016">Malleson 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaliAkhtar1993-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaliAkhtar1993_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaliAkhtar1993">Hali & Akhtar 1993</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hardy-1972-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Hardy-1972_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHardy1972">Hardy (1972)</a> "Much has been made' of the failure of Congress and the Muslim parties to agree over the Nehru Report and of the rejection of Jinnah's 'Fourteen Points' as a significant milestone along the way to the partition of India. A great opportunity was lost, it is thought, for the abandonment of separate electorates by voluntary Muslim agreement." </li> <li id="cite_note-Wuthnow-2013-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Wuthnow-2013_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWuthnow2013">Wuthnow (2013)</a> "To satisfy Muslims' determination to have guaranteed rights in the future political system of India and to maintain territorial unity of the Indian state, by 1929 Jinnah produced the formula known as the Fourteen Points of Mr. Jinnah. The Fourteen Points included separate electorates for Muslims in the provinces of India, parity of electoral representation in the Punjab and Bengal, and electoral considerations for Muslims in those provinces in which they were a minority, although they would retain clear majority in the Northwest Frontier Province, Baluchistan, and Sind." </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh-Shani-2021-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh-Shani-2021_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh-Shani-2021_99-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSinghShani2021">Singh & Shani (2021)</a> "Jinnah's famous 'fourteen points' as a condition for support for India's unity, with strong provinces within a weak Indian federation, marked the parting of ways between the Congress and the Muslim national leadership (Jalal 1994, 10–11). At the 1930 session of the All-Indian Muslim Conference, Sir Mohammed Iqbal proposed a Muslim homeland that would serve 'as a symbolic cultural expression of the common striving of Muslim fulfilment – a political manifestation of a common mission' (Gilmartin 1988, 167). The idea of self-determination for India's Muslims was constructed mainly in fear of the majoritarian 'secular' (Hindu) nationalism of the Congress." </li> <li id="cite_note-Iqbal-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Iqbal_100-0">^</a> Iqbal (two-nation theory): multiple sources: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFN._Khan2012">N. Khan (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBasuMiroshnik2023">Basu & Miroshnik (2023)</a> "Mohammed Iqbal was credited with coming up with the two-nation theory in his speech at Allahabad in 1930 to the Muslim League in a very formal way by saying: "I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind, and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State. Self-government within the British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Moslem State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Moslems, at least of NorthWest India" (Zaidi, 1993; Ahmed, 1970)."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFHussain2018">Hussain (2018)</a> "After repeated demands for stronger constitutional safeguards to protect the rights of minorities, Iqbal eventually opted for a separate Islamic Republic instead. As opposed to putting the free and rational individual at the centre of his democratic theory, Iqbal’s republic primarily required Muslims endowed with a specific character and smelted together by a peculiar vision of individuality. Like a number of his contemporaries, Iqbal warmed up to the two nation-theory. Unlike the mainstream view, however, which read an eternal struggle of Hindus and Muslims back into Indian history, Iqbal’s concept of the Muslim nation was something to be striven towards, not something to be replanted from the past. Iqbal believed that the best way to actualize this national sentiment in the present, was through individual political action."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPandeya2003-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPandeya2003_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPandeya2003">Pandeya 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasuMiroshnik2017-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasuMiroshnik2017_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasuMiroshnik2017">Basu & Miroshnik 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._H._Khan2016-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._H._Khan2016_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFM._H._Khan2016">M. H. Khan 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker-2020-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker-2020_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTucker2020">Tucker (2020)</a> "Gandhi's decision played directly into the hands of Jinnah. Jinnah's Muslim League strongly supported the Allied war effort and thereby greatly advanced the possibility of the creation of a separate Muslim state in the Indian subcontinent after the war." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra2008-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandra2008_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChandra2008">Chandra 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohiuddin-2007-1-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Mohiuddin-2007-1_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMohiuddin2007">Mohiuddin (2007</a>, p. 70) "In the elections of 1946, the Muslim League won 90 percent of the legislative seats reserved for Muslims. It was the power of the big zamindars in Punjab and Sindh behind the Muslim League candidates that led to this massive landslide victory (Alavi 2002, 14). Even Congress, which had always denied the League's claim to be the only true representative of Indian Muslims had to concede the truth of that claim. The 1946 election was, in effect, a plebiscite among Muslims on Pakistan." </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohiuddin-2007-2-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Mohiuddin-2007-2_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMohiuddin2007">Mohiuddin (2007</a>, p. 71) "Despite the League's victory in the elections, the British did not want the partition of British India. As a last attempt to avoid it, Britain put forward the Cabinet Mission Plan, according to which India would become a federation of three large, self-governing provinces and the central government would be limited to power over foreign policy and defense, implying a weak center." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert1984309-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert1984309_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert1984">Wolpert 1984</a>, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkovits2012-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkovits2012_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkovits2012">Markovits 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert1984328–329-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert1984328%E2%80%93329_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert1984328%E2%80%93329_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert1984">Wolpert 1984</a>, pp. 328–329. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasanie2013-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasanie2013_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHasanie2013">Hasanie 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkbarzadeh2020-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkbarzadeh2020_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkbarzadeh2020">Akbarzadeh 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20046-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20046_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2004">Cohen 2004</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Riots-1-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Riots-1_114-0">^</a> Casualties/Genocide: multiple sources: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFSikand2004">Sikand (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFButalia2000">Butalia (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFIsaacs1975">Isaacs (1975)</a> "2,000,000 killed in the Hindu-Muslim holocaust during the partition of British-India and the creation of India and Pakistan"</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBasrur2008">Basrur (2008)</a> "An estimated 12–15 million people were displaced, and some 2 million died. The legacy of Partition (never without a capital P) remains strong today ..."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFD'Costa2011">D'Costa (2011)</a> "Estimates of the dead vary from 200,000 (the contemporary British figure) to 2 million (a subsequent Indian speculation). Today, however, it is widely accepted that nearly a million people died during Partition (Butalia, 1997)."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBrass2003">Brass (2003)</a> "In the event, largely but not exclusively as a consequence of their efforts, the entire Muslim population of the eastern Punjab districts migrated to West Punjab and the entire Sikh and Hindu populations moved to East Punjab in the midst of widespread intimidation, terror, violence, abduction, rape, and murder."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riots-2-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Riots-2_115-0">^</a> Rape figures: multiple sources: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFVisweswaran2011">Visweswaran (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFDaiya2011">Daiya (2011)</a> "The official estimate of the number of abducted women during Partition was placed at 33,000 non-Muslim (Hindu or Sikh predominantly) women in Pakistan, and 50,000 Muslim women in India."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFAbraham2002">Abraham (2002)</a> "In addition thousands of women on both sides of the newly formed borders (estimated range from 29,000 to 50,000 Muslim women and 15,000 to 35,000 Hindu and Sikh women) were abducted, raped, forced to convert, forced into marriage, forced back into what the two States defined as 'their proper homes', torn apart from their families once during partition by those who abducted them, and again, after partition, by the State which tried to 'recover' and 'rehabilitate' them."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSinghIyerGairola2016">Singh, Iyer & Gairola (2016)</a> "The horrific statistics that surround women refugees-between 75,000–100,000 Hindu, Muslim and Sikh women who were abducted by men of the other communities, subjected to multiple rapes, mutilations, and, for some, forced marriages and conversions-is matched by the treatment of the abducted women in the hands of the nation-state. In the Constituent Assembly in 1949 it was recorded that of the 50,000 Muslim women abducted in India, 8,000 of then were recovered, and of the 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women abducted, 12,000 were recovered."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasan-Raza-2009-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Hasan-Raza-2009_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHasanRaza2009">Hasan & Raza (2009</a>, p. 12) "When the British Indian Empire was partitioned in 1947, 4.7 million Sikhs and Hindus left what is today Pakistan for India, and 6.5 million Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiggs2024-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiggs2024_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiggs2024">Riggs 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhaumik1996-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhaumik1996_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBhaumik1996">Bhaumik 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazmi2003-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazmi2003_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazmi2003_119-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKazmi2003">Kazmi 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2017-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2017_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2017_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2017_120-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTucker2017">Tucker 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkbar2018-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkbar2018_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkbar2018">Akbar 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumarasingham-2013-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Kumarasingham-2013_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKumarasingham2013">Kumarasingham (2013)</a> "Few today, including those who work on the subcontinent, recollect that India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka did not become republics the day British rule ended. Even distinguished scholars of Empire like Perry Anderson and A. G. Hopkins have made the common assumption that India naturally became a republic upon independence on 15 August 1947. Instead, all three of these South Asian states began their independent life as Realms within the British Commonwealth and mirrored the style and institutions of the Dominions of Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. Though their sovereignty was in no way impaired by this seemingly ambiguous position they all held the British sovereign as their head of state who was represented in each capital by a governor- general appointed on the advice of the local prime minister. India, Pakistan and Ceylon were Realms from 1947 to 1950, 1947 to 1956 and 1948 to 1972 respectively." </li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath-1996-123"><a href="#cite_ref-McGrath-1996_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGrath1996">McGrath (1996)</a> "Undivided India, their magnificent imperial trophy, was besmirched by the creation of Pakistan, and the division of India was never emotionally accepted by many British leaders, Mountbatten among them." </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed-1997-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed-1997_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed1997">Ahmed (1997)</a> "Mountbatten's partiality was apparent in his own statements. He tilted openly and heavily towards Congress. While doing so he clearly expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League and its Pakistan idea." </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolpert-2009-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Wolpert-2009_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert2009">Wolpert (2009)</a> "Mountbatten tried to convince Jinnah of the value of accepting him, Mountbatten, as Pakistan's first governor-general, but Jinnah refused to be moved from his determination to take that job himself." </li> <li id="cite_note-Lapierre-Collins-2015-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Lapierre-Collins-2015_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLapierreCollins2015">Lapierre & Collins (2015)</a> "Not only was I not aware, but nobody was aware. Nobody had a clue. I'm glad I didn't because I just don't know what I would have done if I'd known that. You see, Jinnah was so much of a one-man band. If somebody had told me he's going to be dead in x months would I then -I am asking myself this question now-would I have said, Let's hold India together and not divide it? Would I have put back the clock, and held the position? Most probably. I have a feeling Jinnah may not have known himself he had tuberculosis. He was a very severe, cold and repressed person. Nothing would have surprised me about him. He was an extraordinary creature." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson2009">Wilson 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hussain-2008-1-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Hussain-2008-1_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHussain2008">Hussain (2008)</a> "Mawlānā Shabbīr Ahmad Usmānī, a respected Deobandī ʿālim (scholar) who was appointed to the prestigious position of Shaykh al-Islām of Pakistan in 1949, was the first to demand that Pakistan become an Islamic state. But Mawdūdī and his Jamāʿat-i Islāmī played the central part in the demand for an Islamic constitution. Mawdūdī demanded that the Constituent Assembly make an unequivocal declaration affirming the "supreme sovereignty of God" and the supremacy of the sharīʿah as the basic law of Pakistan." </li> <li id="cite_note-Hussain-2008-2-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hussain-2008-2_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hussain-2008-2_129-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHussain2008">Hussain (2008)</a> "The first important result of the combined efforts of the Jamāʿat-i Islāmī and the ʿulamāʿ was the passage of the Objectives Resolution in March 1949, whose formulation reflected compromise between traditionalists and modernists. The resolution embodied "the main principles on which the constitution of Pakistan is to be based". It declared that "sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust", that "the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as enunciated by Islam shall be fully observed", and that "the Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accord with the teaching and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Qurʿan and Sunna". The Objectives Resolution has been reproduced as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt2009190–197-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt2009190%E2%80%93197_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWynbrandt2009">Wynbrandt 2009</a>, p. 190–197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChowdhuryMahmud2008-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChowdhuryMahmud2008_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChowdhuryMahmud2008_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChowdhuryMahmud2008">Chowdhury & Mahmud 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKathpalia1986-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKathpalia1986_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKathpalia1986">Kathpalia 1986</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoumar2023-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoumar2023_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoumar2023">Koumar 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2011-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2011_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2011">Lewis 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose2005-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose2005_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBose2005">Bose 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2008-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2008_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan2008">Khan 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESunkaraWalterRojas2024-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESunkaraWalterRojas2024_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSunkaraWalterRojas2024">Sunkara, Walter & Rojas 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiro2015-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiro2015_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHiro2015">Hiro 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERummel1998-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERummel1998_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRummel1998">Rummel 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeachler2011-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeachler2011_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeachler2011">Beachler 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETotten2000-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETotten2000_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTotten2000">Totten 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgha2021-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgha2021_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAgha2021">Agha 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton2016-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaxton2016_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaxton2016">Paxton 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldenburg2010-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldenburg2010_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOldenburg2010">Oldenburg 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick2007-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick2007_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzpatrick2007">Fitzpatrick 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoodbhoy2011-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoodbhoy2011_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoodbhoy2011_146-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoodbhoy2011">Hoodbhoy 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrasnoLaPides2015-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrasnoLaPides2015_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrasnoLaPides2015">Krasno & LaPides 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhanna2002-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhanna2002_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhanna2002">Khanna 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajari2015-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHajari2015_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHajari2015">Hajari 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColl2004-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColl2004_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColl2004">Coll 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestad2005-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestad2005_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestad2005">Westad 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaroon2008-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaroon2008_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaroon2008">Haroon 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2015-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2015_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTucker2015">Tucker 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman2018-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman2018_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChapman2018">Chapman 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHusain2010-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHusain2010_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHusain2010">Husain 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYapAbeyratne202368-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYapAbeyratne202368_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYapAbeyratne2023">Yap & Abeyratne 2023</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2012-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2012_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2012_157-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan2012">Khan 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmad2023-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmad2023_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmad2023">Ahmad 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazari2003-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazari2003_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMazari2003">Mazari 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakma2014-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakma2014_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChakma2014">Chakma 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYarbakhsh2019-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYarbakhsh2019_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYarbakhsh2019">Yarbakhsh 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhoja-Moolji2021-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhoja-Moolji2021_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhoja-Moolji2021">Khoja-Moolji 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFair2014-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFair2014_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFair2014">Fair 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2021-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2021_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2021_164-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy2021">Kennedy 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZulfiqar2011-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZulfiqar2011_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZulfiqar2011">Zulfiqar 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohiuddin2007219-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohiuddin2007219_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMohiuddin2007">Mohiuddin 2007</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartiniFordJackson2020-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartiniFordJackson2020_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartiniFordJackson2020">Martini, Ford & Jackson 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansbachPirroTaylor2017-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMansbachPirroTaylor2017_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMansbachPirroTaylor2017">Mansbach, Pirro & Taylor 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations2008-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations2008_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUnited_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations2008">United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot2015261-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot2015261_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaffrelot2015">Jaffrelot 2015</a>, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapoor2009-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapoor2009_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapoor2009">Kapoor 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaseem2022-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaseem2022_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaseem2022">Waseem 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedeSadioglu2016-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDedeSadioglu2016_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDedeSadioglu2016">Dede & Sadioglu 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuhland2019-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuhland2019_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuhland2019">Ruhland 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnett2020-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnett2020_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurnett2020">Burnett 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECentral_Intelligence_Agency2023-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECentral_Intelligence_Agency2023_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCentral_Intelligence_Agency2023">Central Intelligence Agency 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfzal2024-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfzal2024_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAfzal2024">Afzal 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETariqStenson2024-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETariqStenson2024_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTariqStenson2024">Tariq & Stenson 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng_et_al.2022-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheng_et_al.2022_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheng_et_al.2022">Cheng et al. 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgarwalAhmad2021-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgarwalAhmad2021_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAgarwalAhmad2021">Agarwal & Ahmad 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik2015-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik2015_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalik2015">Malik 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMordiAdisa2022-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMordiAdisa2022_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMordiAdisa2022">Mordi & Adisa 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaque2002-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaque2002_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaque2002">Haque 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritannica_(Gulf_of_Oman)2024-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica_(Gulf_of_Oman)2024_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBritannica_(Gulf_of_Oman)2024">Britannica (Gulf of Oman) 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFactbook2024-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFactbook2024_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFactbook2024_185-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFactbook2024">Factbook 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaraman2012-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaraman2012_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaraman2012">Karaman 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanerjee2019-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanerjee2019_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBanerjee2019">Banerjee 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohiuddin20073,_317,_323–324-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohiuddin20073,_317,_323%E2%80%93324_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohiuddin20073,_317,_323%E2%80%93324_188-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMohiuddin2007">Mohiuddin 2007</a>, p. 3, 317, 323–324. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreft2007-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreft2007_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKreft2007">Kreft 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Geology-190"><a href="#cite_ref-Geology_190-0">^</a> Geology: multiple sources: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFHibbert2015">Hibbert (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFDeVivoLaorPanzaKossobokov2021">DeVivo et al. (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFAlisibramulisi_et_al.2022">Alisibramulisi et al. (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBritannica_(Azad_Kashmir)2024">Britannica (Azad Kashmir) (2024)</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDescloitres2002-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDescloitres2002_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDescloitres2002">Descloitres 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECavendish2006297-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavendish2006297_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCavendish2006">Cavendish 2006</a>, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlood199682-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlood199682_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlood1996">Blood 1996</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiwani2021-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJiwani2021_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJiwani2021">Jiwani 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright2017-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBright2017_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBright2017">Bright 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlood199683-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlood199683_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlood1996">Blood 1996</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmad2009-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmad2009_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmad2009">Ahmad 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasanRaza200910-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasanRaza200910_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHasanRaza2009">Hasan & Raza 2009</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2016-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel2016_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamuel2016">Samuel 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandrappaGuptaKulshrestha2011-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandrappaGuptaKulshrestha2011_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandrappaGuptaKulshrestha2011_200-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandrappaGuptaKulshrestha2011_200-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandrappaGuptaKulshrestha2011_200-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFChandrappaGuptaKulshrestha2011">Chandrappa, Gupta & Kulshrestha 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlood199687-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlood199687_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlood1996">Blood 1996</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaneNortonRyan2017-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaneNortonRyan2017_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaneNortonRyan2017">Lane, Norton & Ryan 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Esawi2019-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-Esawi2019_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEl-Esawi2019">El-Esawi 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbul-Soad2011-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbul-Soad2011_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbul-Soad2011_204-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbul-Soad2011">Abul-Soad 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDescals_et_al.2023-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDescals_et_al.2023_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDescals_et_al.2023">Descals et al. 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpateLearmonth2017-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpateLearmonth2017_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpateLearmonth2017">Spate & Learmonth 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandhu2010-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandhu2010_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSandhu2010">Sandhu 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNEP-WCMC2024-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUNEP-WCMC2024_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUNEP-WCMC2024">UNEP-WCMC 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhtarMirza2006-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkhtarMirza2006_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkhtarMirza2006">Akhtar & Mirza 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPEPA2016-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPEPA2016_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPEPA2016">PEPA 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2024-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2024_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorld_Bank2024">World Bank 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFatima2020-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFatima2020_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFatima2020">Fatima 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaridah-HanumHakeemÖztürkEfe2015-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaridah-HanumHakeem%C3%96zt%C3%BCrkEfe2015_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaridah-HanumHakeem%C3%96zt%C3%BCrkEfe2015_214-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaridah-HanumHakeem%C3%96zt%C3%BCrkEfe2015">Faridah-Hanum et al. 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmettInskipp2021-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmettInskipp2021_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmettInskipp2021">Grimmett & Inskipp 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter2018-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter2018_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHunter2018">Hunter 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanBelantSatoSomers2021-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanBelantSatoSomers2021_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanBelantSatoSomers2021">San et al. 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFluxChapman1990-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFluxChapman1990_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFluxChapman1990">Flux & Chapman 1990</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESrinivasuluSrinivasulu2012-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESrinivasuluSrinivasulu2012_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESrinivasuluSrinivasulu2012_219-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSrinivasuluSrinivasulu2012">Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaseem_et_al.2020-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaseem_et_al.2020_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaseem_et_al.2020">Waseem et al. 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESunquistSunquist2014-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESunquistSunquist2014_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSunquistSunquist2014">Sunquist & Sunquist 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESunquistSunquist2017-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESunquistSunquist2017_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSunquistSunquist2017">Sunquist & Sunquist 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman2021-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman2021_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStoneman2021">Stoneman 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETisdell2013-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETisdell2013_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTisdell2013">Tisdell 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESrinivasulu2018-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESrinivasulu2018_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSrinivasulu2018">Srinivasulu 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoze2012-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoze2012_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoze2012">Roze 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESomerville2021-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomerville2021_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSomerville2021">Somerville 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENyrop1975-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyrop1975_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNyrop1975">Nyrop 1975</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECBD_Report2009-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECBD_Report2009_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCBD_Report2009">CBD Report 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallonKingswood2001-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallonKingswood2001_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallonKingswood2001">Mallon & Kingswood 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodsMuftiHasan1997-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodsMuftiHasan1997_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodsMuftiHasan1997">Woods, Mufti & Hasan 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWWF2024-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWWF2024_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWWF2024">WWF 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrantham_et_al.2020-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrantham_et_al.2020_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrantham_et_al.2020">Grantham et al. 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInter-Parliamentary_Union1973-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInter-Parliamentary_Union1973_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFInter-Parliamentary_Union1973">Inter-Parliamentary Union 1973</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunir1975-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunir1975_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunir1975_235-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMunir1975">Munir 1975</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200465-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200465_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2004">Cohen 2004</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2004-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2004_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2004">Cohen 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETertraisSokolski2013-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETertraisSokolski2013_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTertraisSokolski2013">Tertrais & Sokolski 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeBreenAllison-Reumann2023-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeBreenAllison-Reumann2023_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeBreenAllison-Reumann2023">He, Breen & Allison-Reumann 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloor2023-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloor2023_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBloor2023">Bloor 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEB._Chakma2014-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEB._Chakma2014_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB._Chakma2014">B. Chakma 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChengappa2002-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChengappa2002_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChengappa2002">Chengappa 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECRS2023-243">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECRS2023_243-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECRS2023_243-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCRS2023">CRS 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERafiqAhmad2016-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERafiqAhmad2016_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRafiqAhmad2016">Rafiq & Ahmad 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAziz2018-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAziz2018_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAziz2018_245-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAziz2018">Aziz 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEF._Hussain2015-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEF._Hussain2015_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFF._Hussain2015">F. Hussain 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahmood1965-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahmood1965_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahmood1965">Mahmood 1965</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYapAbeyratne2023272-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYapAbeyratne2023272_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYapAbeyratne2023">Yap & Abeyratne 2023</a>, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowdingDumont2014-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowdingDumont2014_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDowdingDumont2014">Dowding & Dumont 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZierkeStockmannMeyer2023-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZierkeStockmannMeyer2023_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZierkeStockmannMeyer2023">Zierke, Stockmann & Meyer 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstablishment_Division2013-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstablishment_Division2013_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEstablishment_Division2013">Establishment Division 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahmood2007-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahmood2007_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahmood2007_252-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahmood2007">Mahmood 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIFES2013-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIFES2013_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIFES2013_253-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFIFES2013">IFES 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstablishment_Division2021-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstablishment_Division2021_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEstablishment_Division2021">Establishment Division 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmadAsif2007-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmadAsif2007_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmadAsif2007">Ahmad & Asif 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESenate_of_Pakistan2018-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenate_of_Pakistan2018_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSenate_of_Pakistan2018">Senate of Pakistan 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWuBandyopadhyayLee2021-257">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWuBandyopadhyayLee2021_257-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWuBandyopadhyayLee2021_257-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWuBandyopadhyayLee2021">Wu, Bandyopadhyay & Lee 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJha2016-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJha2016_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJha2016">Jha 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberst2018-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOberst2018_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOberst2018">Oberst 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEjaz2022-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEjaz2022_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEjaz2022">Ejaz 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito2003-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito2003_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsposito2003">Esposito 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhulipala-2015-1-262"><a href="#cite_ref-Dhulipala-2015-1_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDhulipala2015">Dhulipala (2015</a>, p. 496) "The idea of Pakistan may have had its share of ambiguities, but its dismissal as a vague emotive symbol hardly illuminates the reasons as to why it received such overwhelmingly popular support among Indian Muslims, especially those in the 'minority provinces' of British India such as U.P." </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhulipala-2015-2-263"><a href="#cite_ref-Dhulipala-2015-2_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDhulipala2015">Dhulipala (2015</a>, p. 497) "As the book has demonstrated, local ML functionaries, (U.P.) ML leadership, Muslim modernists at Aligarh, the ulama and even Jinnah at times articulated their vision of Pakistan in terms of an Islamic state." </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhulipala-2015-3-264"><a href="#cite_ref-Dhulipala-2015-3_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDhulipala2015">Dhulipala (2015</a>, p. 489) "But what is undeniable is the close association he developed with the ulama, for when he died a little over a year after Pakistan was born, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, in his funeral oration, described Jinnah as the greatest Muslim after the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb."……"Similarly, Usmani asked Pakistanis to remember the Qaid's ceaseless message of Unity, Faith and Discipline and work to fulfil his dream to create a solid bloc of all Muslim states from Karachi to Ankara, from Pakistan to Morocco. He [Jinnah] wanted to see the Muslims of the world united under the banner of Islam as an effective check against the aggressive designs of their enemies." </li> <li id="cite_note-Haqqani-2010-1-265"><a href="#cite_ref-Haqqani-2010-1_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaqqani2010">Haqqani (2010</a>, p. 16) "The first formal step toward transforming Pakistan into an Islamic ideological state was taken in March 1949 when the country's first prime minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, presented the Objectives Resolution in the constituent assembly." </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhulipala-2015-4-266"><a href="#cite_ref-Dhulipala-2015-4_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDhulipala2015">Dhulipala (2015</a>, p. 491) "Khaliq drew a sharp distinction between this Islamic state and a Muslim state. He claimed that as of now Pakistan was only a Muslim state in view of the majority of its population being Muslim, and indeed could never be an Islamic state by itself. It could certainly fulfill its promise and destiny by bringing together all the believers of Islam into one political unit and it is only then that an Islamic state would be achieved." </li> <li id="cite_note-Haqqani-2010-2-267"><a href="#cite_ref-Haqqani-2010-2_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaqqani2010">Haqqani (2010</a>, p. 18) "One of the earliest Western scholars of Pakistani politics, Keith Callard, observed that Pakistanis seemed to believe in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world: Pakistan was founded to advance the cause of Muslims. Other Muslims might have been expected to be sympathetic, even enthusiastic. But this assumed that other Muslim states would take the same view of the relation between religion and nationality." </li> <li id="cite_note-Haqqani-2010-3-268"><a href="#cite_ref-Haqqani-2010-3_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaqqani2010">Haqqani (2010</a>, p. 18) "Pakistan's pan-Islamic aspirations, however, were neither shared nor supported by the Muslim governments of the time. Nationalism in other parts of the Muslim world was based on ethnicity, language, or territory." </li> <li id="cite_note-Haqqani-2010-4-269"><a href="#cite_ref-Haqqani-2010-4_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaqqani2010">Haqqani (2010</a>, p. 19) "Although Muslim governments were initially unsympathetic to Pakistan's pan-Islamic aspirations, Islamists from the world over were drawn to Pakistan. Controversial figures such as the pro-Nazi former grand mufti of Palestine, Al-Haj Amin al-Husseini, and leaders of Islamist political movements like the Arab Muslim Brotherhood became frequent visitors to the country." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani201019-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani201019_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaqqani2010">Haqqani 2010</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cochrane-2009-271"><a href="#cite_ref-Cochrane-2009_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCochrane2009">Cochrane (2009)</a> "The social scientist, Nasim Ahmad Jawed has conducted a survey of nationalism in pre-divided Pakistan and identifies the links between religion, politics and nationalism in both wings of Pakistan. His findings are fascinating and go some way to explain the differing attitudes of West and East Pakistan to the relationship between Islam and Pakistani nationalism and how this affected the views of people in both wings, especially the views of the peoples of both wings towards each other. In 1969, Jawed conducted a survey on the type of national identity that was used by educated professional people. He found that just over 60% in the East wing professed to have a secular national identity. However, in the West wing, the same figure professed an Islamic and not a secular identity. Furthermore, the same figure in the East wing described their identity in terms of their ethnicity and not in terms of Islam. He found that the opposite was the case in the West wing where Islam was stated to be more important than ethnicity." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintner2002-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintner2002_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLintner2002">Lintner 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Diamantides-Gearey-2011-1-273"><a href="#cite_ref-Diamantides-Gearey-2011-1_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiamantidesGearey2011">Diamantides & Gearey (2011</a>, p. 196) "The Constitution of 1973 was created by a parliament that was elected in the 1970 elections. In this first ever general elections ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIqbal2009-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIqbal2009_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIqbal2009">Iqbal 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Diamantides-Gearey-2011-2-275"><a href="#cite_ref-Diamantides-Gearey-2011-2_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiamantidesGearey2011">Diamantides & Gearey (2011</a>, p. 198) "The 1973 constitution also created certain institutions to channel the application and interpretation of Islam: the Council of Islamic Ideology and the Shariat Court." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr1996-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr1996_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNasr1996">Nasr 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKepel2006-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKepel2006_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKepel2006_277-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKepel2006">Kepel 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Diamantides-Gearey-2011-3-278"><a href="#cite_ref-Diamantides-Gearey-2011-3_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiamantidesGearey2011">Diamantides & Gearey (2011</a>, p. 198) "The Shariat judicial courts were not present in the original Constitution of 1973 and were later inserted in 1979 by General Zia-ul Haq ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2010400-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2010400_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaqqani2010">Haqqani 2010</a>, p. 400. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsia_Watch_Committee_(U.S.)1992-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsia_Watch_Committee_(U.S.)1992_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsia_Watch_Committee_(U.S.)1992">Asia Watch Committee (U.S.) 1992</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wynbrandt-2009-281"><a href="#cite_ref-Wynbrandt-2009_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWynbrandt2009">Wynbrandt (2009</a>, pp. 216–217) "Zia, however, tried to bolster the influence of Islamic parties and the ulama on government and society." </li> <li id="cite_note-Syed-Pio-Kamran-Zaidi-2016-1-282"><a href="#cite_ref-Syed-Pio-Kamran-Zaidi-2016-1_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSyedPioKamranZaidi2016">Syed et al. (2016</a>, p. 379) "... the military dictator Zia ul Haq (1977–1988) forged a strong alliance between the military and Deobani institutions and movements (e.g. the TJ)." </li> <li id="cite_note-Syed-Pio-Kamran-Zaidi-2016-2-283"><a href="#cite_ref-Syed-Pio-Kamran-Zaidi-2016-2_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSyedPioKamranZaidi2016">Syed et al. (2016</a>, p. 346) "The grave impact of that legacy was compunded by the Iranian Revolution, and Zia-ul Haq's anti-Shia policies, which added the violence and regimentation of the organization." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiegfeld2016-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiegfeld2016_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZiegfeld2016">Ziegfeld 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPRC2011-285"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPRC2011_285-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPRC2011">PRC 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENee2013-286"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENee2013_286-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNee2013">Nee 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasti2009-287"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWasti2009_287-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWasti2009">Wasti 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuurmans202363-288"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuurmans202363_288-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchuurmans2023">Schuurmans 2023</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer-TahirNaumann2013-289"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-TahirNaumann2013_289-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFischer-TahirNaumann2013">Fischer-Tahir & Naumann 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBS2023-290"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBS2023_290-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPBS2023">PBS 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain2020-291"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussain2020_291-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHussain2020">Hussain 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2023-292"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2023_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis2023">Davis 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdibelli_et_al.2022-293"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdibelli_et_al.2022_293-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdibelli_et_al.2022">Adibelli et al. 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJan2015-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJan2015_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJan2015">Jan 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELansfordMuller2012-295"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansfordMuller2012_295-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLansfordMuller2012">Lansford & Muller 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermanSabharwal2017-296"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBermanSabharwal2017_296-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBermanSabharwal2017">Berman & Sabharwal 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELodhi2022-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodhi2022_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLodhi2022">Lodhi 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamid_et_al.2023-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamid_et_al.2023_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamid_et_al.2023">Hamid et al. 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERizvi2004-299">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERizvi2004_299-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERizvi2004_299-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERizvi2004_299-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRizvi2004">Rizvi 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart-IngersollFrazier2012-300"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart-IngersollFrazier2012_300-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStewart-IngersollFrazier2012">Stewart-Ingersoll & Frazier 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnwar2006-301"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnwar2006_301-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnwar2006">Anwar 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande2011167-302"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPande2011167_302-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPande2011">Pande 2011</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakma2012-303"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakma2012_303-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChakma2012">Chakma 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKmentt2021-304"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKmentt2021_304-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKmentt2021">Kmentt 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIzuyamaOgawa2003-305"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIzuyamaOgawa2003_305-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIzuyamaOgawa2003">Izuyama & Ogawa 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoor2023-306"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoor2023_306-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoor2023">Noor 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmbassy_of_the_Russian_Federation_to_the_Republic_of_Malta2022-307"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmbassy_of_the_Russian_Federation_to_the_Republic_of_Malta2022_307-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEmbassy_of_the_Russian_Federation_to_the_Republic_of_Malta2022">Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Malta 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah1997-308"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah1997_308-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShah1997">Shah 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasi2005-309"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWasi2005_309-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWasi2005">Wasi 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZahraBouckaertJadoonJabeen2022-310"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZahraBouckaertJadoonJabeen2022_310-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZahraBouckaertJadoonJabeen2022">Zahra et al. 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2016-311"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2016_311-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner2016">Turner 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemal2004-312"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemal2004_312-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKemal2004">Kemal 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoekmanKostecki2009-313"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoekmanKostecki2009_313-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoekmanKostecki2009">Hoekman & Kostecki 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicone2020-314"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicone2020_314-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPicone2020">Picone 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQingyan2021-315"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQingyan2021_315-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQingyan2021">Qingyan 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClary2022-316"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClary2022_316-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClary2022">Clary 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarat2007-317"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarat2007_317-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarat2007">Karat 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazzetti2013-318"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazzetti2013_318-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMazzetti2013">Mazzetti 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaidiAhmad2021-319"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaidiAhmad2021_319-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaidiAhmad2021">Zaidi & Ahmad 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYousafzai2021-320"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYousafzai2021_320-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYousafzai2021">Yousafzai 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZelnick2013-321"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZelnick2013_321-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZelnick2013">Zelnick 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Tonder2018-322"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Tonder2018_322-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Tonder2018">van Tonder 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuurmans202373-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuurmans202373_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchuurmans2023">Schuurmans 2023</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2011-324"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2011_324-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2011">Cohen 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwinghammer2018-325"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwinghammer2018_325-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwinghammer2018">Schwinghammer 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfridiBajoria2010-326">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfridiBajoria2010_326-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfridiBajoria2010_326-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAfridiBajoria2010">Afridi & Bajoria 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoos2024-327"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoos2024_327-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoos2024">Roos 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELordMastroNaftaliBrinkley2022-328"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELordMastroNaftaliBrinkley2022_328-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLordMastroNaftaliBrinkley2022">Lord et al. 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju2021-329"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju2021_329-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaju2021">Raju 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERimmer2020-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERimmer2020_330-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRimmer2020">Rimmer 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZreik2024-331"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZreik2024_331-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZreik2024">Zreik 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorsey2018-332"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorsey2018_332-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorsey2018">Dorsey 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShih2022-333"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShih2022_333-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShih2022">Shih 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPant2011-334"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPant2011_334-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPant2011">Pant 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pasha-2005-1-335"><a href="#cite_ref-Pasha-2005-1_335-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPasha2005">Pasha (2005</a>, p. 225) "Pakistan's expression of solidarity was followed, after Independence, by a vigorous pursuit of bilateral relations with Muslim countries like Iran and Turkey." </li> <li id="cite_note-Pasha-2005-2-336"><a href="#cite_ref-Pasha-2005-2_336-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPasha2005">Pasha (2005</a>, p. 226) "Following Khaliquzzaman, the Ali brothers had sought to project Pakistan, with its comparatively larger manpower and military strength, as the natural leader of the Islamic world." </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhulipala-2015-5-337"><a href="#cite_ref-Dhulipala-2015-5_337-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDhulipala2015">Dhulipala (2015</a>, p. 18) "As a top ranking ML leader Khaliquzzaman declared, 'Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity'." </li> <li id="cite_note-Haqqani-2013-1-338"><a href="#cite_ref-Haqqani-2013-1_338-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaqqani2013">Haqqani (2013</a>, pp. 20–21) "Within a few years the president of the Muslim League, Chaudhry Khaliq-uz-Zaman, announced that Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity. None of these developments within the new country elicited approval among Americans for the idea of India's partition ... British Prime Minister Clement Attlee voiced the international consensus at the time when he told the House of Commons of his hope that 'this severance may not endure.' He hoped that the proposed dominions of India and Pakistan would in course of time, come together to form one great Member State of the British Commonwealth of Nations." </li> <li id="cite_note-Haqqani-2013-2-339"><a href="#cite_ref-Haqqani-2013-2_339-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaqqani2013">Haqqani (2013</a>, p. 22) "During this time most of the Arab world was going through a nationalist awakening. Pan-Islamic dreams involving the unification of Muslim countries, possibly under Pakistani leadership, had little attraction." </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts-2003-340"><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts-2003_340-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2003">Roberts (2003)</a> "The following year, Choudhry Khaliquzzaman toured the Middle East, pleading for the formation of an alliance or confederation of Muslim states. The Arab states, often citing Pakistan's inability to solve its problems with Muslim neighbor Afghanistan, showed little enthusiasm ... Some saw the effort to form 'Islamistan' as a Pakistani attempt to dominate other Muslim states." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafriSultanaIjaz2021-341"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafriSultanaIjaz2021_341-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJafriSultanaIjaz2021">Jafri, Sultana & Ijaz 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAroraGrover1995-342"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAroraGrover1995_342-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAroraGrover1995">Arora & Grover 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunter-2010-343"><a href="#cite_ref-Hunter-2010_343-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHunter2010">Hunter (2010)</a> "Since then, Pakistan's sectarian tensions have been a major irritant in Iranian-Pakistan relations." </li> <li id="cite_note-Pande-2011-2-344">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pande-2011-2_344-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pande-2011-2_344-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPande2011">Pande (2011</a>, p. 159) "Both Saudi Arabia and Iran used Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy war for the 'hearts and minds' of Pakistani Sunnis and Shias with the resultant rise in sectarian tensions in Pakistan. The rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan in the 1990s further strained Pakistan-Iran relations. Pakistan's support of the Sunni Pashtun organization created problems for Shia Iran for whom a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan was a nightmare." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2020-345"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2020_345-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalbot2020">Talbot 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoseHusain1985-346"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoseHusain1985_346-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoseHusain1985">Rose & Husain 1985</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalladayMateiBruneau2021-347">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalladayMateiBruneau2021_347-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalladayMateiBruneau2021_347-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalladayMateiBruneau2021">Halladay, Matei & Bruneau 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanda2019-348"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanda2019_348-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanda2019">Panda 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasharat2023-349"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasharat2023_349-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasharat2023">Basharat 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedel2010-350"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedel2010_350-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedel2010">Riedel 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisokaRichmond2022-351"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVisokaRichmond2022_351-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVisokaRichmond2022">Visoka & Richmond 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaizland2023-352"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaizland2023_352-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaizland2023">Maizland 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pande-2011-1-353"><a href="#cite_ref-Pande-2011-1_353-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPande2011">Pande (2011</a>, p. 178) "The belief that the creation of Pakistan made Pakistan the true leader of Muslim causes around the world led Pakistan's diplomats to vigorously champion the cause of self-determination for fellow Muslims at the United Nations. Pakistan's founders, including Jinnah, supported anti-colonial movements: "Our heart and soul go out in sympathy with those who are struggling for their freedom ... If subjugation and exploitation are carried on, there will be no peace and there will be no end to wars." Pakistani efforts on behalf of Indonesia (1948), Algeria (1948–1949), Tunisia (1948–1949), Morocco (1948–1956) and Eritrea (1960–1991) were significant and initially led to close ties between these countries and Pakistan." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergKursani2021-354"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergKursani2021_354-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergKursani2021">Berg & Kursani 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabayevSchochSpanger2019-355"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabayevSchochSpanger2019_355-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabayevSchochSpanger2019">Babayev, Schoch & Spanger 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmedZahoor2019-356"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmedZahoor2019_356-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmedZahoor2019">Ahmed & Zahoor 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande2011-357"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPande2011_357-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPande2011">Pande 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA1988-358"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA1988_358-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCIA1988">CIA 1988</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKudaisyaYong2004-359"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKudaisyaYong2004_359-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKudaisyaYong2004">Kudaisya & Yong 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZahoorRumi2020-360"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZahoorRumi2020_360-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZahoorRumi2020">Zahoor & Rumi 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya2023-361"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya2023_361-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBhattacharyya2023">Bhattacharyya 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaghavan2012-362"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaghavan2012_362-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaghavan2012">Raghavan 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2017-363"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2017_363-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStone2017">Stone 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Endrst-1965-364"><a href="#cite_ref-Endrst-1965_364-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEndrst1965">Endrst (1965)</a> "Former Indian Defense Minister Krishna Menon who for years influenced the decisions of late Prime Minister Nehru himself a Kashmiri-put it bluntly last March in an interview with an American newsman when he said India could never agree to a U.N. sponsored plebiscite because 'Kashmir would vote to join Pakistan, and no Indian government responsible for agreeing to the plebiscite could survive.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanguly2019-365"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGanguly2019_365-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGanguly2019">Ganguly 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhurshid2016-366"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhurshid2016_366-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhurshid2016">Khurshid 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldenburg2019-367"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldenburg2019_367-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOldenburg2019">Oldenburg 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2024-368"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2024_368-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIISS2024">IISS 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomees2008-369"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomees2008_369-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartholomees2008">Bartholomees 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2005-370"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2005_370-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeRouenHeo2005">DeRouen & Heo 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlood1996287-371"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlood1996287_371-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlood1996">Blood 1996</a>, p. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-Military_relations-372"><a href="#cite_ref-Military_relations_372-0">^</a> Military relations: multiple sources: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFYadav2024">Yadav (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLalwani2023">Lalwani (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKronstadt2023">Kronstadt (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBrunoBajoria2008">Bruno & Bajoria (2008)</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWezeman_et_al.2024-373"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWezeman_et_al.2024_373-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWezeman_et_al.2024">Wezeman et al. 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatesRoy2016-374"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGatesRoy2016_374-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGatesRoy2016">Gates & Roy 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOetzelTing-Toomey2006-375"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOetzelTing-Toomey2006_375-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOetzelTing-Toomey2006">Oetzel & Ting-Toomey 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECenter_for_Preventive_Action2024-376"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECenter_for_Preventive_Action2024_376-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCenter_for_Preventive_Action2024">Center for Preventive Action 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch2014-377"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusch2014_377-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBusch2014">Busch 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0025)">"Daoud as Prime Minister, 1953–63"</a>. 1997. Retrieved 6 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daoud+as+Prime+Minister%2C+1953%E2%80%9363&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Baf0025%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Talbot1999" class="citation book cs1">Ian Talbot (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pakistanmodernhi00talb/page/99">The Armed Forces of Pakistan</a>. Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pakistanmodernhi00talb/page/99">99</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21606-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21606-1"><bdi>978-0-312-21606-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armed+Forces+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-312-21606-1&rft.au=Ian+Talbot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpakistanmodernhi00talb%2Fpage%2F99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111215075643/http://www.paf.gov.pk/history.html">"HISTORY OF PAF"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Contributors+to+United+Nations+peacekeeping+operations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fpeacekeeping%2Fcontributors%2F2016%2Fdec16_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1215166">"Pakistan's peacekeeping role highlighted"</a>. Dawn. 24 October 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2016. <q>Pakistan has contributed more than 160,000 troops to-date in 41 missions spread over 23 countries in almost all continents, it said. The country has remained one of the largest troop contributing countries consistently for many years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+peacekeeping+role+highlighted&rft.date=2015-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1215166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_H._Cordesman1986" class="citation book cs1">Anthony H. Cordesman (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vJQ9AAAAIAAJ">Western Strategic Interests in Saudi Arabia</a>. Croom Helm. pp. 139–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-4823-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-4823-0"><bdi>978-0-7099-4823-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Strategic+Interests+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=139-140&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-4823-0&rft.au=Anthony+H.+Cordesman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvJQ9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBidanda_M._Chengappa2005" class="citation book cs1">Bidanda M. Chengappa (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iDoMlBd4dYsC&pg=PR2">Pakistan Islamisation</a>. APH Publishing Corporation. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-548-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-548-7"><bdi>978-81-7648-548-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+Islamisation&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=APH+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7648-548-7&rft.au=Bidanda+M.+Chengappa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiDoMlBd4dYsC%26pg%3DPR2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2015" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Flagg (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-nZeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT63">The Audacious Ascetic: What the Bin Laden Tapes Reveal About Al-Qa'ida</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-061339-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-061339-6"><bdi>978-0-19-061339-6</bdi></a>. <q>Not since the tenth century had such a maverick crew occupied Islam's holiest sanctuary, and for nearly two weeks Saudi Special Forces assisted by Pakistani and French commandos fought pitched battles to reclaim the compound.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Audacious+Ascetic%3A+What+the+Bin+Laden+Tapes+Reveal+About+Al-Qa%27ida&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-061339-6&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Flagg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-nZeCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentine2015" class="citation book cs1">Valentine, Simon Ross (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rl9eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT219">Force and Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-616-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-616-9"><bdi>978-1-84904-616-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Force+and+Fanaticism%3A+Wahhabism+in+Saudi+Arabia+and+Beyond&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-616-9&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=Simon+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRl9eCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrfan_Husain2012" class="citation book cs1">Irfan Husain (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tNwzeQAHVJwC">Fatal Faultlines : Pakistan, Islam and the West</a>. Rockville, Maryland: Arc Manor Publishers. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60450-478-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60450-478-1"><bdi>978-1-60450-478-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatal+Faultlines+%3A+Pakistan%2C+Islam+and+the+West&rft.place=Rockville%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Arc+Manor+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60450-478-1&rft.au=Irfan+Husain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtNwzeQAHVJwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/09/24/MN168392.DTL&ao=all">"The 1991 Gulf war"</a>. San Francisco Chronicle. 24 September 2002. Retrieved 16 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=The+1991+Gulf+war&rft.date=2002-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2002%2F09%2F24%2FMN168392.DTL%26ao%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiebes2003" class="citation book cs1">Wiebes, Cees (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TINpAAAAMAAJ">Intelligence and the War in Bosnia, 1992–1995: Volume 1 of Studies in intelligence history</a>. LIT Verlag. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-6347-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-6347-0"><bdi>978-3-8258-6347-0</bdi></a>. <q>Pakistan definitely defied the United Nations ban on supply of arms to the Bosnian Muslims and sophisticated anti-tank guided missiles were airlifted by the Pakistani intelligence agency, ISI, to help Bosnians fight the Serbs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligence+and+the+War+in+Bosnia%2C+1992%E2%80%931995%3A+Volume+1+of+Studies+in+intelligence+history&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-6347-0&rft.aulast=Wiebes&rft.aufirst=Cees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTINpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbas2015" class="citation book cs1">Abbas, Hassan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FHKsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148">Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror</a>. Routledge. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46328-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46328-3"><bdi>978-1-317-46328-3</bdi></a>. <q>Javed Nasir confesses that despite the U.N. ban on supplying arms to the besieged Bosnians, he successfully airlifted sophisticated antitank guided missiles which turned the tide in favour of Bosnian Muslims and forced the Serbs to lift the siege. Under his leadership the ISI also got involved in supporting Chinese Muslims in Xinjiang Province, rebel Muslim groups in the Philippines, and some religious groups in Central Asia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+Drift+Into+Extremism%3A+Allah%2C+the+Army%2C+and+America%27s+War+on+Terror&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-46328-3&rft.aulast=Abbas&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFHKsBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbas2004" class="citation news cs1">Abbas, Zaffar (10 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3645114.stm">"Pakistan's undeclared war"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 19 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+undeclared+war&rft.date=2004-09-10&rft.aulast=Abbas&rft.aufirst=Zaffar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F3645114.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/24/AR2006012401528.html">"The War in Pakistan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 25 January 2006. Retrieved 19 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+War+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2006-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F01%2F24%2FAR2006012401528.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090620145347/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/04-jets-bomb-taliban-hideouts-swaziristan-qs-07">"Troops make gains in Swat and South Waziristan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a>. 21 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/04-jets-bomb-taliban-hideouts-swaziristan-qs-07">the original</a> on 20 June 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Troops+make+gains+in+Swat+and+South+Waziristan&rft.date=2009-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Fdawn-content-library%2Fdawn%2Fnews%2Fpakistan%2F04-jets-bomb-taliban-hideouts-swaziristan-qs-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090502160940/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C04%5C28%5Cstory_28-4-2009_pg1_3">"26 killed as troops hit Taliban hideouts in Dir"</a>. Daily Times. 28 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C04%5C28%5Cstory_28-4-2009_pg1_3">the original</a> on 2 May 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=26+killed+as+troops+hit+Taliban+hideouts+in+Dir&rft.date=2009-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3D2009%5C04%5C28%5Cstory_28-4-2009_pg1_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ciafactbook-390">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ciafactbook_390-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciafactbook_390-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciafactbook_390-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciafactbook_390-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/">"Pakistan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="World Factbook">World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>. Retrieved 13 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Pakistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpakistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-npb1-391"><a href="#cite_ref-npb1_391-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118155449/http://www.npb.gov.pk/partners/">"Our Partners"</a>. National Police Bureau, Government of Pakistan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npb.gov.pk/partners/">the original</a> on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Partners&rft.pub=National+Police+Bureau%2C+Government+of+Pakistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npb.gov.pk%2Fpartners%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-law-392"><a href="#cite_ref-law_392-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsad_Jamal2010" class="citation book cs1">Asad Jamal (2010). Police Organisations in Pakistan. CHRI and HRCP. pp. 9–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88205-79-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-88205-79-0"><bdi>978-81-88205-79-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Police+Organisations+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=9-15&rft.pub=CHRI+and+HRCP&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-88205-79-0&rft.au=Asad+Jamal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManoj_Shrivastava2013" class="citation book cs1">Manoj Shrivastava (2013). Re-Energising Indian Intelligence. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-82573-55-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-82573-55-5"><bdi>978-93-82573-55-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-Energising+Indian+Intelligence&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Vij+Books+India+Pvt+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-93-82573-55-5&rft.au=Manoj+Shrivastava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150105032641/http://www.abcnewspoint.com/top-10-best-intelligence-agencies-in-the-world-2015/">"Top 10 Best Intelligence Agencies in The World 2016"</a>. ABC News Point. 15 December 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abcnewspoint.com/top-10-best-intelligence-agencies-in-the-world-2015/">the original</a> on 5 January 2015. 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International Institute for Strategic Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-in-the-press/press-coverage-2007/may-2007/bhutto-was-father-of-pakistani-bomb/?locale=en">the original</a> on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bhutto+was+father+of+Pakistan%27s+Atom+Bomb+Program&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=%28IISS%29&rft.aufirst=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iiss.org%2Fwhats-new%2Fiiss-in-the-press%2Fpress-coverage-2007%2Fmay-2007%2Fbhutto-was-father-of-pakistani-bomb%2F%3Flocale%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-502"><a href="#cite_ref-502">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/world/asia/16chron-khan.html?pagewanted=all">"Chronology: A.Q. Khan"</a>. The New York Times. 16 April 2006. Retrieved 24 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chronology%3A+A.Q.+Khan&rft.date=2006-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F04%2F16%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F16chron-khan.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-503"><a href="#cite_ref-503">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunaidi2011" class="citation news cs1">Junaidi, Ikram (25 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/683203/pakistan-ranks-43rd-in-scientific-research-publication-2">"Pakistan ranks 43rd in scientific research publication"</a>. Dawn. Retrieved 18 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Pakistan+ranks+43rd+in+scientific+research+publication&rft.date=2011-12-25&rft.aulast=Junaidi&rft.aufirst=Ikram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F683203%2Fpakistan-ranks-43rd-in-scientific-research-publication-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-504"><a href="#cite_ref-504">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150219233435/http://www.paspk.org/Introduction-to-the-Academy-19">"Introduction to the Academy"</a>. Introduction of the Academy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paspk.org/Introduction-to-the-Academy-19">the original</a> on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Academy&rft.pub=Introduction+of+the+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paspk.org%2FIntroduction-to-the-Academy-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-505"><a href="#cite_ref-505">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/assets/67729/2000%20Global%20Innovation%20Index%202024_WEB2.pdf">Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship</a> (PDF). Geneva. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024.+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fassets%2F67729%2F2000%2520Global%2520Innovation%2520Index%25202024_WEB2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-506"><a href="#cite_ref-506">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080417192331/http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/history.asp">"History of SUPARCO"</a>. SUPARCO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/history.asp">the original</a> on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 24 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+SUPARCO&rft.pub=SUPARCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suparco.gov.pk%2Fpages%2Fhistory.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-507"><a href="#cite_ref-507">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLele2012" class="citation book cs1">Lele, Ajey (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=chtAqyOp9OEC&pg=PA46">Asian Space Race: Rhetoric or Reality?</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-322-0733-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-322-0733-7"><bdi>978-81-322-0733-7</bdi></a>. <q>Headquartered in SUPARCO headquarters, Karachi, it has been responsible directly and indirectly for the fabrication, processing and launch of the Muslim Ummah's first experimental satellite, Badr-1. It was a historical event not only for the people of Pakistan but also for the entire Muslim Ummah as it was the first satellite built by any Islamic country based on indigenous resources and manpower.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Space+Race%3A+Rhetoric+or+Reality%3F&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-322-0733-7&rft.aulast=Lele&rft.aufirst=Ajey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DchtAqyOp9OEC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150202005559/http://www.aerospaceguide.net/worldspace/pakistan.html">"The Launching of Badr-I"</a>. Aero Space Guide. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aerospaceguide.net/worldspace/pakistan.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aero+Space+Guide&rft.atitle=The+Launching+of+Badr-I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aerospaceguide.net%2Fworldspace%2Fpakistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-508"><a href="#cite_ref-508">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/1183999/notch-pakistani-articles-cited-brics-put-together-says-report/">"Pakistani articles 'cited more than BRICs put together', says report"</a>. Tribune. 19 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribune&rft.atitle=Pakistani+articles+%27cited+more+than+BRICs+put+together%27%2C+says+report&rft.date=2016-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F1183999%2Fnotch-pakistani-articles-cited-brics-put-together-says-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_Book_Press.-509"><a href="#cite_ref-United_Book_Press._509-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaqqani2005" class="citation book cs1">Haqqani, Husain (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq">"§Chapter 3"</a>. Pakistan : between mosque and military (1. print. ed.). Washington, DC: United Book Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-214-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-214-1"><bdi>978-0-87003-214-1</bdi></a>. <q>The trauma was extremely severe in Pakistan when the news of secession of East Pakistan as Bangladesh arrived—a psychological setback, complete and humiliating defeat that shattered the prestige of Pakistan Armed Forces.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%A7Chapter+3&rft.btitle=Pakistan+%3A+between+mosque+and+military&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=1.+print.&rft.pub=United+Book+Press.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87003-214-1&rft.aulast=Haqqani&rft.aufirst=Husain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpakistanbetweenm00haqq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-510"><a href="#cite_ref-510">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/nuke/index.html">"Pakistan Nuclear Weapons"</a>. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 22 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan+Nuclear+Weapons&rft.pub=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fnuke%2Fguide%2Fpakistan%2Fnuke%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-511"><a href="#cite_ref-511">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayar1995" class="citation journal cs1">Sayar, M.A. (April–June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160215200726/http://www.fountainmagazine.com/Issue/detail/Should-We-Exploit-The-Last-Wilderness">"Should We Exploit The Last Wilderness?"</a>. The Fountain Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fountainmagazine.com/Issue/detail/Should-We-Exploit-The-Last-Wilderness">the original</a> on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016. <q>Pakistan became the first Muslim country to send an official expedition to Antarctica. Pakistan in 1992, established its Jinnah Antarctic Research Station.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Fountain+Magazine&rft.atitle=Should+We+Exploit+The+Last+Wilderness%3F&rft.date=1995-04%2F1995-06&rft.aulast=Sayar&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fountainmagazine.com%2FIssue%2Fdetail%2FShould-We-Exploit-The-Last-Wilderness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PMjsAAAAMAAJ">"Huge Oil Deposits Located Near Coast"</a>. Economic Review. 22. 1991. <q>To a question Dr. Farah said, Pakistan was the first country to carry out research and establish its station at the same time in Antarctica.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Huge+Oil+Deposits+Located+Near+Coast&rft.volume=22&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPMjsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarahRizvi1995" class="citation book cs1">Farah, Abul; Rizvi, S.H. Niaz (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kx1AAAAAIAAJ">Pakistan's Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica</a>. National Institute of Oceanography. p. 15. <q>Pakistan's presence in Antarctica also appears imperative as none of the Muslim countries seem to be in a position to undertake research there.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+Scientific+Expeditions+to+Antarctica&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Oceanography&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Farah&rft.aufirst=Abul&rft.au=Rizvi%2C+S.H.+Niaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkx1AAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarahRizvi1995" class="citation book cs1">Farah, Abul; Rizvi, S.H. Niaz (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kx1AAAAAIAAJ">Pakistan's Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/pakistan#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2020">the original</a> on 23 January 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalreligiousfutures.org&rft.atitle=Religions+in+Pakistan+%7C+PEW-GRF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalreligiousfutures.org%2Fcountries%2Fpakistan%23%2F%3Faffiliations_religion_id%3D0%26affiliations_year%3D2020%26region_name%3DAll%2520Countries%26restrictions_year%3D2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRefugees" class="citation web cs1">Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/5ba0ae0e7.html">"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Pakistan : Christians"</a>. Refworld. Retrieved 14 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=World+Directory+of+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples+%E2%80%93+Pakistan+%3A+Christians&rft.aulast=Refugees&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F5ba0ae0e7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/1719994/headcount-finalised-sans-third-party-audit?amp=1">"Headcount finalised sans third-party audit"</a>. The Express Tribune. 26 May 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Headcount+finalised+sans+third-party+audit&rft.date=2018-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F1719994%2Fheadcount-finalised-sans-third-party-audit%3Famp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-549"><a href="#cite_ref-549">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part2.ch1.html">"The Constitution of Pakistan, Part II: Chapter 1: Fundamental Rights"</a>. Pakistani.org. Retrieved 22 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Pakistan%2C+Part+II%3A+Chapter+1%3A+Fundamental+Rights&rft.pub=Pakistani.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistani.org%2Fpakistan%2Fconstitution%2Fpart2.ch1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-550"><a href="#cite_ref-550">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/28439107.html">"Pakistan's Forgotten Pagans Get Their Due"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 19 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+Forgotten+Pagans+Get+Their+Due&rft.date=2017-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2F28439107.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-551"><a href="#cite_ref-551">^</a> Muhammad Qasim Zaman, Islam in Pakistan: A History (Princeton UP, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=53232">online review</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-552"><a href="#cite_ref-552">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2016" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Dr. Y P (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pbqfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT5">Islam in India and Pakistan – A Religious History</a>. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-85505-63-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-85505-63-8"><bdi>978-93-85505-63-8</bdi></a>. <q>Pakistan has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+India+and+Pakistan+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+A+Religious+History&rft.pub=Vij+Books+India+Pvt+Ltd&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-93-85505-63-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Y+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpbqfCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> - see: <a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-553"><a href="#cite_ref-553">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/">"The Global Religious Landscape"</a>. Pew Research Center. December 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Religious+Landscape&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F12%2F18%2Fglobal-religious-landscape-exec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-554"><a href="#cite_ref-554">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2016" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Nichola (2016). Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-086978-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-086978-6"><bdi>978-0-19-086978-6</bdi></a>. <q>... With a population of over 23 million Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city, the world's seventh largest conurbation ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cityscapes+of+Violence+in+Karachi%3A+Publics+and+Counterpublics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-086978-6&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Nichola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoC2-555">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LoC2_555-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoC2_555-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf">"Country Profile: Pakistan"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a> on Pakistan. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. February 2005. Retrieved 1 September 2010. <q>Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.4 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 95 percent are Sunni follows <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> and 5 percent Shia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies+on+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Country+Profile%3A+Pakistan&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FPakistan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-556"><a href="#cite_ref-556">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143549/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk&regionCode=sas&#pk">"Religions: Muslim 96.4% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other"</a>. Pakistan (includes Christian and Hindu) 5%. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk&regionCode=sas&#pk">the original</a> on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Religions%3A+Muslim+96.4%25+%28Sunni+75%25%2C+Shia+20%25%29%2C+other&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2122.html%3FcountryName%3DPakistan%26countryCode%3Dpk%26regionCode%3Dsas%26%23pk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2009" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Tracy, ed. (7 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327201319/http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx">"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx">the original</a> on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mapping+the+Global+Muslim+Population%3A+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Muslim+Population&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewforum.org%2FMuslim%2FMapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%25286%2529.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2009" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Tracy, ed. (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113140829/http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf">Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+the+Global+Muslim+Population%3A+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Muslim+Population&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewforum.org%2Fnewassets%2Fimages%2Freports%2FMuslimpopulation%2FMuslimpopulation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm">"Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. 19 September 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan+%E2%80%93+International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2008&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=2008-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2008%2F108505.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-557"><a href="#cite_ref-557">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-executive-summary/">"The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity"</a>. Pew Research Center. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2016. <q>On the other hand, in Pakistan, where 6% of the survey respondents identify as Shia, Sunni attitudes are more mixed: 50% say Shias are Muslims, while 41% say they are not.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Muslims%3A+Unity+and+Diversity&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F08%2F09%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-executive-summary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143549/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk&regionCode=sas&#pk">"Field Listing : Religions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk&regionCode=sas&#pk">the original</a> on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Field+Listing+%3A+Religions&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2122.html%3FcountryName%3DPakistan%26countryCode%3Dpk%26regionCode%3Dsas%26%23pk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-558"><a href="#cite_ref-558">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQureshi2019" class="citation web cs1">Qureshi, Ammar Ali (10 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1515823">"Non-fiction: Pakistan's Shia dynamics"</a>. Dawn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Non-fiction%3A+Pakistan%27s+Shia+dynamics&rft.date=2019-11-10&rft.aulast=Qureshi&rft.aufirst=Ammar+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1515823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-559"><a href="#cite_ref-559">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/">"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Religious+Affiliation&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2012%2F08%2F09%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-560"><a href="#cite_ref-560">^</a> The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 (0.22%) Ahmadis in Pakistan. However, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate. Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya population to be somewhere between 2 million and 4 million Ahmadis. However, the 4 million figure is the most quoted figure and is approximately 2.2% of the country. See: <ul><li>over 2 million: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImmigration_and_Refugee_Board_of_Canada2008" class="citation web cs1">Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (4 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/49913b5f2c.html">"Pakistan: The situation of Ahmadis, including legal status and political, education and employment rights; societal attitudes toward Ahmadis (2006 – Nov. 2008)"</a>. Retrieved 28 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+The+situation+of+Ahmadis%2C+including+legal+status+and+political%2C+education+and+employment+rights%3B+societal+attitudes+toward+Ahmadis+%282006+%E2%80%93+Nov.+2008%29&rft.date=2008-12-04&rft.au=Immigration+and+Refugee+Board+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Frefworld%2Fdocid%2F49913b5f2c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>3 million: International Federation for Human Rights: International Fact-Finding Mission. Freedoms of Expression, of Association and of Assembly in Pakistan. Ausgabe 408/2, January 2005, S. 61 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/pk408a-2.pdf">PDF</a>)</li> <li>3–4 million: Commission on International Religious Freedom: Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2005, S. 130</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=IRBC&type=QUERYRESPONSE&coi=PAK&rid=&docid=45f1478f20&skip=0">"Pakistan: Situation of members of the Lahori Ahmadiyya Movement in Pakistan"</a>. 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Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 382. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7548-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7548-8"><bdi>978-0-7546-7548-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unquiet+Pasts%3A+Risk+Society%2C+Lived+Cultural+Heritage%2C+Re-designing+Reflexivity&rft.pages=382&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7548-8&rft.au=Stephanie+Koerner&rft.au=Ian+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7li2jpQgYvAC%26pg%3DPA382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-599"><a href="#cite_ref-599">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichele_Langevine_Leiby2012" class="citation news cs1">Michele Langevine Leiby (25 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-pakistan-fashion-weeks-thrive-beyond-the-style-capitals-of-the-world/2012/04/24/gIQAt3qcgT_story.html">"In Pakistan, fashion weeks thrive beyond the style capitals of the world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. 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Retrieved 25 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolving+World+of+Pakistani+Dramas+Builds+Stronger+Relations+With+India&rft.pub=Brown+Girl&rft.date=2015-01-21&rft.aulast=Shaikh&rft.aufirst=Naila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.browngirlmagazine.com%2F2015%2F01%2Fevolving-world-pakistani-dramas-builds-stronger-relations-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-616"><a href="#cite_ref-616">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150719082117/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/25-Dec-2014/pakistani-dramas-contribute-to-the-evolution-of-indian-television">"Pakistani dramas contribute to the evolution of Indian television"</a>. Daily Times. 25 December 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/25-Dec-2014/pakistani-dramas-contribute-to-the-evolution-of-indian-television">the original</a> on 19 July 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Pakistani+dramas+contribute+to+the+evolution+of+Indian+television&rft.date=2014-12-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fentertainment%2F25-Dec-2014%2Fpakistani-dramas-contribute-to-the-evolution-of-indian-television&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-617"><a href="#cite_ref-617">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmit_BaruahR._Padmanabhan1997" class="citation news cs1">Amit Baruah; R. Padmanabhan (6 September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927003536/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1418/14181230.htm">"The stilled voice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(magazine)" title="Frontline (magazine)">Frontline</a>. Chennai, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1418/14181230.htm">the original</a> on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=The+stilled+voice&rft.date=1997-09-06&rft.au=Amit+Baruah&rft.au=R.+Padmanabhan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Ffline%2Ffl1418%2F14181230.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-618"><a href="#cite_ref-618">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwais_Tohid2005" class="citation news cs1">Owais Tohid (7 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0607/p07s01-wosc.html">"Music soothes extremism along troubled Afghan border"</a>. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 20 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Music+soothes+extremism+along+troubled+Afghan+border&rft.date=2005-06-07&rft.au=Owais+Tohid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2005%2F0607%2Fp07s01-wosc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-619"><a href="#cite_ref-619">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2002" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, William (2002). Pakistan. Lucent Books. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59018-218-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59018-218-5"><bdi>978-1-59018-218-5</bdi></a>. <q>Pakistani food is similar to that of northern India, with a splash of Middle Eastern influence derived from other Muslim cultures over the centuries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Lucent+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-59018-218-5&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-620"><a href="#cite_ref-620">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathleen_W._Deady2001" class="citation book cs1">Kathleen W. Deady (2001). Countries of the world :Pakistan. Capstone Press. pp. 13–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7368-0815-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7368-0815-6"><bdi>978-0-7368-0815-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Countries+of+the+world+%3APakistan&rft.pages=13-15&rft.pub=Capstone+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7368-0815-6&rft.au=Kathleen+W.+Deady&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-621"><a href="#cite_ref-621">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarla_Dalal2007" class="citation book cs1">Tarla Dalal (2007). Punjabi Khana. Sanjay & Co. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89491-54-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89491-54-3"><bdi>978-81-89491-54-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjabi+Khana&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Sanjay+%26+Co&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-89491-54-3&rft.au=Tarla+Dalal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-622"><a href="#cite_ref-622">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1074194/sohan-halwa-a-gift-of-saints-city">"Sohan Halwa a gift of saints' city"</a>. Dawn.com. 16 December 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sohan+Halwa+a+gift+of+saints%27+city&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1074194%2Fsohan-halwa-a-gift-of-saints-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-623"><a href="#cite_ref-623">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayanan2017" class="citation web cs1">Narayanan, Deepu (19 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/95302/ct17-final-stats-pakistan-become-fourth-team-to-win-all-three-icc-crowns">"CT17 final stats: Pakistan become fourth team to win all three ICC crowns"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cricbuzz" title="Cricbuzz">Cricbuzz</a>. Retrieved 21 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cricbuzz&rft.atitle=CT17+final+stats%3A+Pakistan+become+fourth+team+to+win+all+three+ICC+crowns&rft.date=2017-06-19&rft.aulast=Narayanan&rft.aufirst=Deepu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cricbuzz.com%2Fcricket-news%2F95302%2Fct17-final-stats-pakistan-become-fourth-team-to-win-all-three-icc-crowns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-624"><a href="#cite_ref-624">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/431453-n-a">"PSL's brand value stands at $230m or Rs 32.258 bn"</a>. The News International. 13 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+International&rft.atitle=PSL%27s+brand+value+stands+at+%24230m+or+Rs+32.258+bn&rft.date=2019-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fprint%2F431453-n-a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-625"><a href="#cite_ref-625">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhsan2010" class="citation web cs1">Ahsan, Ali (23 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/593095/a-history-of-football-in-pakistan-part-i">"A history of football in Pakistan — Part I"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a>. Retrieved 22 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=A+history+of+football+in+Pakistan+%E2%80%94+Part+I&rft.date=2010-12-23&rft.aulast=Ahsan&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F593095%2Fa-history-of-football-in-pakistan-part-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-626"><a href="#cite_ref-626">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/1620487/7-footballs-made-pakistan-used-fifa-world-cup-2018">"Footballs made in Pakistan to be used in FIFA World Cup 2018"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Express_Tribune" title="The Express Tribune">The Express Tribune</a>. 28 January 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Footballs+made+in+Pakistan+to+be+used+in+FIFA+World+Cup+2018&rft.date=2018-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F1620487%2F7-footballs-made-pakistan-used-fifa-world-cup-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-627"><a href="#cite_ref-627">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_MallonJeroen_Heijmans2011" class="citation book cs1">Bill Mallon; Jeroen Heijmans (2011). Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement (4th revised ed.). Scarecrow. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7249-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7249-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-7249-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Olympic+Movement&rft.pages=291&rft.edition=4th+revised&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7249-3&rft.au=Bill+Mallon&rft.au=Jeroen+Heijmans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-628"><a href="#cite_ref-628">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unsquashable.com/en-us/blogs/world-tour-highlights/jahangir-khan-recognised-as-greatest-squash-player-of-all-time">"Jahangir Khan recognised as greatest squash player of all time"</a>. UNSQUASHABLE. Retrieved 28 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNSQUASHABLE&rft.atitle=Jahangir+Khan+recognised+as+greatest+squash+player+of+all+time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funsquashable.com%2Fen-us%2Fblogs%2Fworld-tour-highlights%2Fjahangir-khan-recognised-as-greatest-squash-player-of-all-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICC-2021-629"><a href="#cite_ref-ICC-2021_629-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2354682">"USA to stage T20 World Cup: 2024–2031 ICC Men's tournament hosts confirmed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Cricket_Council" title="International Cricket Council">International Cricket Council</a>. 16 November 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Cricket+Council&rft.atitle=USA+to+stage+T20+World+Cup%3A+2024%E2%80%932031+ICC+Men%27s+tournament+hosts+confirmed&rft.date=2021-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icc-cricket.com%2Fnews%2F2354682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Pakistan" title="Bibliography of Pakistan">Bibliography of Pakistan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyres2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Ayres" title="Alyssa Ayres">Ayres, Alyssa</a> (23 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FddJQi1dQ30C&pg=PA38">Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51931-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51931-1"><bdi>978-0-521-51931-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+Like+a+State%3A+Language+and+Nationalism+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009-07-23&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51931-1&rft.aulast=Ayres&rft.aufirst=Alyssa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFddJQi1dQ30C%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadian1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Badian" title="Ernst Badian">Badian, Ernst</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/639350">"Alexander at Peucelaotis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Classical_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Classical Quarterly">The Classical Quarterly</a>. 37 (1): 117–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838800031712">10.1017/S0009838800031712</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/639350">639350</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246878679">246878679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Alexander+at+Peucelaotis&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-128&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246878679%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F639350%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009838800031712&rft.aulast=Badian&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F639350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaqir2018" class="citation book cs1">Baqir, Fayyaz (6 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dwtpDwAAQBAJ">Poverty Alleviation and Poverty of Aid: Pakistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-87153-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-87153-5"><bdi>978-0-429-87153-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty+Alleviation+and+Poverty+of+Aid%3A+Pakistan&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018-08-06&rft.isbn=978-0-429-87153-5&rft.aulast=Baqir&rft.aufirst=Fayyaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdwtpDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhandari2022" class="citation book cs1">Bhandari, Medani P. (September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_iGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT241">Getting the Climate Science Facts Right: The Role of the IPCC</a>. River Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-79720-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-79720-6"><bdi>978-1-000-79720-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getting+the+Climate+Science+Facts+Right%3A+The+Role+of+the+IPCC&rft.pub=River+Publishers&rft.date=2022-09&rft.isbn=978-1-000-79720-6&rft.aulast=Bhandari&rft.aufirst=Medani+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw_iGEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuzanWaever2003" class="citation book cs1">Buzan, Barry; Waever, Ole (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N3LfkrrNM4QC&pg=PA55">Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89111-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89111-0"><bdi>978-0-521-89111-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regions+and+Powers%3A+The+Structure+of+International+Security&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89111-0&rft.aulast=Buzan&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Waever%2C+Ole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN3LfkrrNM4QC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuzan2004" class="citation book cs1">Buzan, Barry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XvtS5hKg9jYC&pg=PR8">The United States and the great powers: world politics in the twenty-first century</a>. Polity. pp. 71, 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3374-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3374-9"><bdi>978-0-7456-3374-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+the+great+powers%3A+world+politics+in+the+twenty-first+century&rft.pages=71%2C+99&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-3374-9&rft.aulast=Buzan&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXvtS5hKg9jYC%26pg%3DPR8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopland2001" class="citation book cs1">Copland, Ian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw1uAAAAMAAJ">India, 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire</a>. Seminar Studies in History. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-38173-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-38173-5"><bdi>978-0-582-38173-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%2C+1885%E2%80%931947%3A+The+Unmaking+of+an+Empire&rft.series=Seminar+Studies+in+History&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-582-38173-5&rft.aulast=Copland&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDw1uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornwallEdwards2014" class="citation book cs1">Cornwall, Andrea; Edwards, Jenny, eds. (13 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JOViDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT176">Feminisms, Empowerment and Development: Changing Womens Lives</a>. Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78032-586-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78032-586-6"><bdi>978-1-78032-586-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminisms%2C+Empowerment+and+Development%3A+Changing+Womens+Lives&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2014-03-13&rft.isbn=978-1-78032-586-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJOViDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethnologue.com/country/PK">"Pakistan"</a>. Ethnologue: Languages of the World (25 ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pakistan&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.place=Dallas%2C+Texas&rft.edition=25&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FPK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaleem2013" class="citation book cs1">Haleem, Safia (May 2013). "1, 7". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AcA-AQAAQBAJ">Pakistan – Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture</a>. Kuperard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85733-678-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85733-678-8"><bdi>978-1-85733-678-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%2C+7&rft.btitle=Pakistan+%E2%80%93+Culture+Smart%21%3A+The+Essential+Guide+to+Customs+%26+Culture&rft.pub=Kuperard&rft.date=2013-05&rft.isbn=978-1-85733-678-8&rft.aulast=Haleem&rft.aufirst=Safia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAcA-AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIMF2024" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=564,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Pakistan)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2024+Edition.+%28Pakistan%29&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2024-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D564%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2029%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIMF2023" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0pbMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54">Pakistan: Request for a Stand-by Arrangement-Press Release; Staff Report; Staff Statement; and Statement by the Executive Director for Pakistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 18 July 2023. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-4002-4851-1" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-4002-4851-1"><bdi>979-8-4002-4851-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Request+for+a+Stand-by+Arrangement-Press+Release%3B+Staff+Report%3B+Staff+Statement%3B+and+Statement+by+the+Executive+Director+for+Pakistan&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2023-07-18&rft.isbn=979-8-4002-4851-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0pbMEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2022" class="citation book cs1">James, Orpha (22 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u2WkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT14">Faith Restored: "A Pakistani Women's Journey from Land of Islam to a Nation Under God' a Christian Perspective</a>. WestBow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6642-8702-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6642-8702-0"><bdi>978-1-6642-8702-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+Restored%3A+%22A+Pakistani+Women%27s+Journey+from+Land+of+Islam+to+a+Nation+Under+God%27+a+Christian+Perspective&rft.pub=WestBow+Press&rft.date=2022-12-22&rft.isbn=978-1-6642-8702-0&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Orpha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du2WkEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2016" class="citation book cs1">Mathew Joseph C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6iUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA337">Understanding Pakistan: Emerging Voices from India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-99725-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-99725-6"><bdi>978-1-351-99725-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/958566633">958566633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Pakistan%3A+Emerging+Voices+from+India&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F958566633&rft.isbn=978-1-351-99725-6&rft.au=Mathew+Joseph+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6iUlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC&pg=PA221">A Concise History of Modern India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45887-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45887-0"><bdi>978-1-139-45887-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Modern+India&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-139-45887-0&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Barbara+D.&rft.au=Metcalf%2C+Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmjIfqyY7jlsC%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2009" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D7rOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR19">The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 volumes]</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34497-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34497-8"><bdi>978-0-313-34497-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Guide+to+National+Symbols+and+Emblems+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34497-8&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD7rOEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2012" class="citation book cs1">Paul, T. V. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ofzH6pFO9iUC&pg=PA11">International Relations Theory and Regional Transformation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02021-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02021-4"><bdi>978-1-107-02021-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Relations+Theory+and+Regional+Transformation&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02021-4&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=T.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DofzH6pFO9iUC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRais2017" class="citation book cs1">Rais, Rasul Bakhsh (30 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXwzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA191">Imagining Pakistan: Modernism, State, and the Politics of Islamic Revival</a>. Lexington Books. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-5396-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-5396-4"><bdi>978-1-4985-5396-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+Pakistan%3A+Modernism%2C+State%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Islamic+Revival&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2017-08-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-5396-4&rft.aulast=Rais&rft.aufirst=Rasul+Bakhsh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXwzDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajagopalan2011" class="citation book cs1">Rajagopalan, Rajesh (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l2WrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA193">"Pakistan: regional power, global problem?"</a>. In Nadine Godehardt; Dirk Nabers (eds.). Regional Orders and Regional Powers. Routledge. pp. 193–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-71891-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-71891-5"><bdi>978-1-136-71891-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pakistan%3A+regional+power%2C+global+problem%3F&rft.btitle=Regional+Orders+and+Regional+Powers&rft.pages=193-208&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-71891-5&rft.aulast=Rajagopalan&rft.aufirst=Rajesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl2WrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSATP2024" class="citation web cs1">SATP (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.satp.org/terrorism-assessment/pakistan">"Pakistan: Assessment-2024"</a>. South Asian Terrorism Portal. Retrieved 25 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Asian+Terrorism+Portal&rft.atitle=Pakistan%3A+Assessment-2024&rft.date=2024&rft.au=SATP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.satp.org%2Fterrorism-assessment%2Fpakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon1997" class="citation web cs1">Solomon, Hussein (May 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020624231948/http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html">"South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html">the original</a> on 24 June 2002. Retrieved 27 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+African+Foreign+Policy+and+Middle+Power+Leadership&rft.date=1997-05&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Hussein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iss.co.za%2FPubs%2FMonographs%2FNo13%2FSolomon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpuler1969" class="citation book cs1">Spuler, Bertold (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E2DGzwEACAAJ">The Muslim World: a Historical Survey</a>. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-02104-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-02104-4"><bdi>978-90-04-02104-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+World%3A+a+Historical+Survey&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-90-04-02104-4&rft.aulast=Spuler&rft.aufirst=Bertold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE2DGzwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2016" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Ian (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sXsmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA227">A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 227–240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21659-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21659-2"><bdi>978-0-300-21659-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+South+Asia%3A+Politics%2C+States%2C+Diasporas&rft.pages=227-240&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21659-2&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsXsmCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandamme2014" class="citation web cs1">Vandamme, Dorothee (August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dial.uclouvain.be/downloader/downloader.php?pid=boreal%3A180961&datastream=PDF_01&disclaimer=f0803a73d3d99903e058788b0845d39f9edf476c234aeb6ad3791b5875fa57bd">""Pakistan and Saudi Arabia: Towards Greater Independence in their Afghan Foreign Policy""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain" class="mw-redirect" title="Université catholique de Louvain">Université catholique de Louvain</a>. Retrieved 16 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Pakistan+and+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Towards+Greater+Independence+in+their+Afghan+Foreign+Policy%22&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+catholique+de+Louvain&rft.date=2014-08&rft.aulast=Vandamme&rft.aufirst=Dorothee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdial.uclouvain.be%2Fdownloader%2Fdownloader.php%3Fpid%3Dboreal%253A180961%26datastream%3DPDF_01%26disclaimer%3Df0803a73d3d99903e058788b0845d39f9edf476c234aeb6ad3791b5875fa57bd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2009" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Rita P. (26 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MG2ztAEACAAJ&pg=PA1">The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57219-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57219-4"><bdi>978-0-521-57219-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Indus%3A+Urbanism%2C+Economy%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009-10-26&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57219-4&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Rita+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMG2ztAEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynbrandt2009" class="citation book cs1">Wynbrandt, James (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofpa0000wynb">A Brief History of Pakistan</a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6184-6"><bdi>978-0-8160-6184-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Pakistan&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6&rft.aulast=Wynbrandt&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofpa0000wynb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiaBurton2023" class="citation book cs1">Zia, Nadeem; Burton, Bruce (24 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1hzTEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA2002">Corporate Governance Challenges in Pakistan: Perceptions and Potential Routes Forward</a>. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-077306-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-077306-4"><bdi>978-3-11-077306-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corporate+Governance+Challenges+in+Pakistan%3A+Perceptions+and+Potential+Routes+Forward&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2023-10-24&rft.isbn=978-3-11-077306-4&rft.aulast=Zia&rft.aufirst=Nadeem&rft.au=Burton%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1hzTEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_2">Etymology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnand1991" class="citation book cs1">Anand, Sugam (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aRgcAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA178">Modern Indian Historiography: From Pillai to Azad</a>. MG Publishers. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85532-09-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85532-09-7"><bdi>978-81-85532-09-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Indian+Historiography%3A+From+Pillai+to+Azad&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=MG+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-85532-09-7&rft.aulast=Anand&rft.aufirst=Sugam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaRgcAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAziz1987" class="citation book cs1">Aziz, Khursheed Kamal (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jB5uAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA88">Rahmat Ali: A Biography</a>. Vanguard. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-05051-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-05051-7"><bdi>978-3-515-05051-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rahmat+Ali%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Vanguard&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-3-515-05051-7&rft.aulast=Aziz&rft.aufirst=Khursheed+Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjB5uAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahiri2023" class="citation book cs1">Lahiri, Ashok (23 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NS6iEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT74">India in Search of Glory: Political Calculus and Economy</a>. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5492-837-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5492-837-6"><bdi>978-93-5492-837-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+Search+of+Glory%3A+Political+Calculus+and+Economy&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+India+Private+Limited&rft.date=2023-01-23&rft.isbn=978-93-5492-837-6&rft.aulast=Lahiri&rft.aufirst=Ashok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNS6iEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaqibMalik2018" class="citation book cs1">Saqib, Muhammad Amjad; Malik, Aneeqa (21 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mEBvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT100">Integral Finance – Akhuwat: A Case Study of the Solidarity Economy</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-72767-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-72767-9"><bdi>978-1-351-72767-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integral+Finance+%E2%80%93+Akhuwat%3A+A+Case+Study+of+the+Solidarity+Economy&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018-09-21&rft.isbn=978-1-351-72767-9&rft.aulast=Saqib&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Amjad&rft.au=Malik%2C+Aneeqa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmEBvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTummala1996" class="citation book cs1">Tummala, Krishna K. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HSQZj1_FrosC&pg=PA42">Public Administration in India</a>. Allied Publishers (P) Limited. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-590-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-590-3"><bdi>978-81-7023-590-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Administration+in+India&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers+%28P%29+Limited&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7023-590-3&rft.aulast=Tummala&rft.aufirst=Krishna+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHSQZj1_FrosC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham2002" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, Taisha (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cm4PBNdaFjYC&pg=PA131">Women and the Politics of Violence</a>. Har-Anand Publications. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0847-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0847-5"><bdi>978-81-241-0847-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+the+Politics+of+Violence&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-241-0847-5&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Taisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcm4PBNdaFjYC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfzal2024" class="citation web cs1">Afzal, Madiha (29 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/pakistans-surprising-and-marred-2024-election-and-what-comes-next/">"Pakistan's surprising and marred 2024 election, and what comes next"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>. Retrieved 21 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings+Institution&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+surprising+and+marred+2024+election%2C+and+what+comes+next&rft.date=2024-02-29&rft.aulast=Afzal&rft.aufirst=Madiha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Farticles%2Fpakistans-surprising-and-marred-2024-election-and-what-comes-next%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgha2021" class="citation book cs1">Agha, Karrar Ali (8 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WbNrzgEACAAJ">Fall of East Pakistan: The Forgotten War: Forgotten Yet Never Forgiven</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Digital_Services_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Digital Services LLC">Amazon Digital Services LLC</a> – KDP Print US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-23257-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-23257-0-7"><bdi>978-969-23257-0-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fall+of+East+Pakistan%3A+The+Forgotten+War%3A+Forgotten+Yet+Never+Forgiven&rft.pub=Amazon+Digital+Services+LLC+%E2%80%93+KDP+Print+US&rft.date=2021-05-08&rft.isbn=978-969-23257-0-7&rft.aulast=Agha&rft.aufirst=Karrar+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWbNrzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2023" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Samir (23 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qyHcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66">Track Two Diplomacy Between India and Pakistan: Peace Negotiations and Initiatives</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-99914-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-99914-3"><bdi>978-1-000-99914-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Track+Two+Diplomacy+Between+India+and+Pakistan%3A+Peace+Negotiations+and+Initiatives&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023-11-23&rft.isbn=978-1-000-99914-3&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Samir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqyHcEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1997" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Akbar S. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGdiqF6V8wYC&pg=PA136">Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin</a>. Psychology Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14966-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14966-2"><bdi>978-0-415-14966-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jinnah%2C+Pakistan+and+Islamic+Identity%3A+The+Search+for+Saladin&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14966-2&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Akbar+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYGdiqF6V8wYC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2014" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Mukhtar (29 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qLTBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA113">Ancient Pakistan - An Archaeological History: Volume I: The Stone Age</a>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4954-9047-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4954-9047-7"><bdi>978-1-4954-9047-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Pakistan+-+An+Archaeological+History%3A+Volume+I%3A+The+Stone+Age&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2014-05-29&rft.isbn=978-1-4954-9047-7&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Mukhtar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qLTBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkbar2018" class="citation book cs1">Akbar, M. J. (8 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qaohEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT55">India: The Siege Within</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roli_Books" title="Roli Books">Roli Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-936009-7-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-936009-7-9"><bdi>978-81-936009-7-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+The+Siege+Within&rft.pub=Roli+Books&rft.date=2018-02-08&rft.isbn=978-81-936009-7-9&rft.aulast=Akbar&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqaohEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkbarzadeh2020" class="citation book cs1">Akbarzadeh, Shahram, ed. (29 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bpoMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT378">Routledge Handbook of Political Islam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-75717-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-75717-4"><bdi>978-0-429-75717-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Political+Islam&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020-12-29&rft.isbn=978-0-429-75717-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbpoMEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllchinAllchin1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bridget_Allchin" title="Bridget Allchin">Allchin, Bridget</a>; <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Allchin" title="Raymond Allchin">Allchin, Raymond</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PA131">The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28550-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28550-6"><bdi>978-0-521-28550-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Civilization+in+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-521-28550-6&rft.aulast=Allchin&rft.aufirst=Bridget&rft.au=Allchin%2C+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr4s-YsP6vcIC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllchinPetraglia2007" class="citation book cs1">Allchin, Bridget; Petraglia, Michael D., eds. (22 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&pg=PA5">The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics</a>. Springer Netherlands. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5562-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5562-1"><bdi>978-1-4020-5562-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+and+History+of+Human+Populations+in+South+Asia%3A+Inter-disciplinary+Studies+in+Archaeology%2C+Biological+Anthropology%2C+Linguistics+and+Genetics&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2007-05-22&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-5562-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQm9GfjNlnRwC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee2022" class="citation book cs1">Banerjee, Kanchan (20 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Em17EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT69">The Crash Of A Civilization</a>. Prabhat Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5521-240-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5521-240-5"><bdi>978-93-5521-240-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crash+Of+A+Civilization&rft.pub=Prabhat+Prakashan&rft.date=2022-05-20&rft.isbn=978-93-5521-240-5&rft.aulast=Banerjee&rft.aufirst=Kanchan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEm17EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasrur2008" class="citation book cs1">Basrur, Rajesh M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yqAGKpOe9xMC&pg=PA36">South Asia's Cold War: Nuclear Weapons and Conflict in Comparative Perspective</a>. Routledge. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-16531-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-16531-5"><bdi>978-1-134-16531-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia%27s+Cold+War%3A+Nuclear+Weapons+and+Conflict+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-16531-5&rft.aulast=Basrur&rft.aufirst=Rajesh+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyqAGKpOe9xMC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasuMiroshnik2017" class="citation book cs1">Basu, Dipak; Miroshnik, Victoria (16 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lhUwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158">India as an Organization: Volume One: A Strategic Risk Analysis of Ideals, Heritage and Vision · Volume 1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_International_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer International Publishing">Springer International Publishing</a>. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-53371-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-53371-1"><bdi>978-3-319-53371-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+as+an+Organization%3A+Volume+One%3A+A+Strategic+Risk+Analysis+of+Ideals%2C+Heritage+and+Vision+%C2%B7+Volume+1&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2017-08-16&rft.isbn=978-3-319-53371-1&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Dipak&rft.au=Miroshnik%2C+Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlhUwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasuMiroshnik2023" class="citation book cs1">Basu, Dipak; Miroshnik, Victoria W. (9 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a1mjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125">How Pakistan Was Formed: The Economic Rationale for Partition</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6669-1745-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6669-1745-1"><bdi>978-1-6669-1745-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Pakistan+Was+Formed%3A+The+Economic+Rationale+for+Partition&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2023-01-09&rft.isbn=978-1-6669-1745-1&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Dipak&rft.au=Miroshnik%2C+Victoria+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da1mjEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeachler2011" class="citation book cs1">Beachler, Donald W. 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Har-Anand Publications. p. 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1066-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1066-9"><bdi>978-81-241-1066-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals+Part+II&rft.pages=365&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-241-1066-9&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Rm9MC4DDrcC%26pg%3DPA365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman2018" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Graham P. 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UPenn Museum of Archaeology. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-934718-52-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-934718-52-3"><bdi>978-0-934718-52-3</bdi></a>. 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Routledge. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-56566-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-56566-0"><bdi>978-0-415-56566-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationbuilding%2C+Gender+and+War+Crimes+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-56566-0&rft.aulast=D%27Costa&rft.aufirst=Bina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DivzKjY5LncIC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDedeSadioglu2016" class="citation book cs1">Dede, Kadir; Sadioglu, Ugur, eds. 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AuthorHouse UK. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4817-9113-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4817-9113-7"><bdi>978-1-4817-9113-7</bdi></a>. 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Nation Books. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-503-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-503-1"><bdi>978-1-56858-503-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Longest+August%3A+The+Unflinching+Rivalry+Between+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Nation+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-56858-503-1&rft.aulast=Hiro&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPpPCBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltCurta2016" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Andrew; Curta, Florin, eds. 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Retrieved 15 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+Into+the+Corridors+of+Power&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-08-29&rft.isbn=978-0-19-547354-4&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Gohar+Ayub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxQduAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._H._Khan2016" class="citation book cs1">Khan, M. H. (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dp-QDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">Memoir of M. H. Khan: Turbulence in the Indian Subcontinent</a>. Mereo Books. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86151-569-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86151-569-8"><bdi>978-1-86151-569-8</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 16 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revolutionary+Democracy&rft.atitle=The+Crisis+in+the+Pakistan+Economy&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2002-04&rft.aulast=Khanna&rft.aufirst=Sushil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revolutionarydemocracy.org%2Frdv8n1%2Fpakistan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Khan2012" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Naveeda (22 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cevbpt3SQqQC&pg=PA58">Muslim Becoming: Aspiration and Skepticism in Pakistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5231-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5231-0"><bdi>978-0-8223-5231-0</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 22 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+global+Cold+War%3A+third+world+interventions+and+the+making+of+our+times&rft.pages=348-358&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85364-4&rft.aulast=Westad&rft.aufirst=Odd+Arne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQhFZHRpQdu4C%26pg%3DPT343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestmoreland2019" class="citation book cs1">Westmoreland, Perry L. (9 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cdbHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT105">Life's Wonders</a>. Dorrance Publishing Company, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64426-834-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64426-834-6"><bdi>978-1-64426-834-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life%27s+Wonders&rft.pub=Dorrance+Publishing+Company%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2019-12-09&rft.isbn=978-1-64426-834-6&rft.aulast=Westmoreland&rft.aufirst=Perry+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcdbHDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2009" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, John, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XfI-hEI8a9wC&pg=PA93">Pakistan: The Struggle Within</a>. <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-2504-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-2504-7"><bdi>978-81-317-2504-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+The+Struggle+Within&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-317-2504-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXfI-hEI8a9wC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert1984" class="citation book cs1">Wolpert, Stanley A. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-OFtAAAAMAAJ">Jinnah of Pakistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503412-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503412-7"><bdi>978-0-19-503412-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jinnah+of+Pakistan&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503412-7&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-OFtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert2009" class="citation book cs1">Wolpert, Stanley A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uJHTif-WA6oC&pg=PA163">Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974504-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974504-3"><bdi>978-0-19-974504-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shameful+Flight%3A+The+Last+Years+of+the+British+Empire+in+India&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974504-3&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuJHTif-WA6oC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuthnow2013" class="citation book cs1">Wuthnow, Robert, ed. (4 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOVJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA427">The Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion: 2-volume Set</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 427. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-28493-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-28493-9"><bdi>978-1-136-28493-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Politics+and+Religion%3A+2-volume+Set&rft.pages=427&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013-12-04&rft.isbn=978-1-136-28493-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMOVJAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYapAbeyratne2023" class="citation book cs1">Yap, Po Jen; Abeyratne, Rehan, eds. (24 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YI-rEAAAQBAJ">Routledge Handbook of Asian Parliaments</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-85060-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-85060-4"><bdi>978-1-000-85060-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Asian+Parliaments&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023-03-24&rft.isbn=978-1-000-85060-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYI-rEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarbakhsh2019" class="citation book cs1">Yarbakhsh, Elisabeth (9 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KnWqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA270">The Middle East and South Asia 2019-2020</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4758-5217-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4758-5217-2"><bdi>978-1-4758-5217-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+and+South+Asia+2019-2020&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019-10-09&rft.isbn=978-1-4758-5217-2&rft.aulast=Yarbakhsh&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKnWqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZulfiqar2011" class="citation book cs1">Zulfiqar, Bushra (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7zX3N8HYKbkC&pg=PT78">A Daughter's Heart: Tribute to My Father</a>. <a href="/wiki/Author_Solutions" title="Author Solutions">Author Solutions</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4497-3126-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4497-3126-7"><bdi>978-1-4497-3126-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Daughter%27s+Heart%3A+Tribute+to+My+Father&rft.pub=Author+Solutions&rft.date=2011-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4497-3126-7&rft.aulast=Zulfiqar&rft.aufirst=Bushra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7zX3N8HYKbkC%26pg%3DPT78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography_2">Geography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbul-Soad2011" class="citation cs2">Abul-Soad, Adel Ahmed (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaea333.pdf">Date Palm in Pakistan, Current Status and Prospective</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a>, retrieved 27 May 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Date+Palm+in+Pakistan%2C+Current+Status+and+Prospective&rft.pub=United+States+Agency+for+International+Development&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Abul-Soad&rft.aufirst=Adel+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdf.usaid.gov%2Fpdf_docs%2Fpnaea333.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgarwalAhmad2021" class="citation book cs1">Agarwal, Aakash; Ahmad, Alaaeldin Azmi, eds. (27 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2doMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT196">Early Onset Scoliosis: Guidelines for Management in Resource-Limited Settings</a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-29866-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-29866-6"><bdi>978-1-000-29866-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Onset+Scoliosis%3A+Guidelines+for+Management+in+Resource-Limited+Settings&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2021-01-27&rft.isbn=978-1-000-29866-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2doMEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2009" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Aijazuddin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2QmPHeIowoC&pg=PA24">Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach</a>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-568-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-568-1"><bdi>978-81-8069-568-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography+of+the+South+Asian+Subcontinent%3A+A+Critical+Approach&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-568-1&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Aijazuddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2QmPHeIowoC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhtarMirza2006" class="citation journal cs1">Akhtar, Rubina; Mirza, Sarwat Naz (January–June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030041811/https://www.jle.com/download/sec-270100-5053-arid_steppes_of_balochistan_pakistan_-g.pdf">"Arid steppes of Balochistan (Pakistan)"</a> (PDF). Science et changements planétaires / Sécheresse. 17 (1). John Libbey: 203–209. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1777-5922">1777-5922</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jle.com/download/sec-270100-5053-arid_steppes_of_balochistan_pakistan_-g.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+et+changements+plan%C3%A9taires+%2F+S%C3%A9cheresse&rft.atitle=Arid+steppes+of+Balochistan+%28Pakistan%29&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=203-209&rft.date=2006-01%2F2006-06&rft.issn=1777-5922&rft.aulast=Akhtar&rft.aufirst=Rubina&rft.au=Mirza%2C+Sarwat+Naz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jle.com%2Fdownload%2Fsec-270100-5053-arid_steppes_of_balochistan_pakistan_-g.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlisibramulisi_et_al.2022" class="citation book cs1">Alisibramulisi, Anizahyati; Che Ibrahim, Che Khairil Izam; Mansor, Hazrina; Billah, Muntasir; Belayutham, Sheila, eds. (6 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IrVoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207">Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Sustainable Civil Engineering Structures and Construction Materials: SCESCM 2020</a>. <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-16-7924-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-16-7924-7"><bdi>978-981-16-7924-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+5th+International+Conference+on+Sustainable+Civil+Engineering+Structures+and+Construction+Materials%3A+SCESCM+2020&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2022-04-06&rft.isbn=978-981-16-7924-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIrVoEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee2019" class="citation book cs1">Banerjee, Gautam (2 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6c6PDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT92">China's Great Leap Forward-II: The China Pakistan Economic Corridorand Strategic Reshaping of Indian Neighbourhood</a>. 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Retrieved 8 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+Comparative+Politics&rft.atitle=From+friend+to+foe%3A+Post-9%2F11+Pakistan%E2%80%93US+relations%3B+a+realist+perspective&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=727-743&rft.date=2021-04-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F20578911211007936&rft.issn=2057-8911&rft.aulast=Zaidi&rft.aufirst=Syed+Muhammad+Saad&rft.au=Ahmad%2C+Azhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F20578911211007936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZelnick2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zelnick" title="Robert Zelnick">Zelnick, Robert</a> (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ie9wvGsKyJYC&pg=PA126">Israel's Unilateralism: Beyond Gaza</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Institution Press">Hoover Institution Press</a>. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-4773-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-4773-6"><bdi>978-0-8179-4773-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Unilateralism%3A+Beyond+Gaza&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=2013-09&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-4773-6&rft.aulast=Zelnick&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIe9wvGsKyJYC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiegfeld2016" class="citation book cs1">Ziegfeld, Adam (19 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i0vLCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT414">Why Regional Parties?: Clientelism, Elites, and the Indian Party System</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-53900-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-53900-2"><bdi>978-1-316-53900-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Regional+Parties%3F%3A+Clientelism%2C+Elites%2C+and+the+Indian+Party+System&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016-02-19&rft.isbn=978-1-316-53900-2&rft.aulast=Ziegfeld&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di0vLCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZierkeStockmannMeyer2023" class="citation book cs1">Zierke, Niklas; Stockmann, Reinhard; Meyer, Wolfgang, eds. (21 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BOrkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA274">The Institutionalisation of Evaluation in Asia-Pacific</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_International_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer International Publishing">Springer International Publishing</a>. p. 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-36918-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-36918-6"><bdi>978-3-031-36918-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Institutionalisation+of+Evaluation+in+Asia-Pacific&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2023-11-21&rft.isbn=978-3-031-36918-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBOrkEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZreik2024" class="citation book cs1">Zreik, Mohamad, ed. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qVj_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA209">Soft Power and Diplomatic Strategies in Asia and the Middle East</a>. IGI Global. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-3693-2445-5" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-3693-2445-5"><bdi>979-8-3693-2445-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soft+Power+and+Diplomatic+Strategies+in+Asia+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=IGI+Global&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=979-8-3693-2445-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqVj_EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllchin1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Allchin" title="Raymond Allchin">Allchin, F. Raymond</a> (1993). "The Urban Position of Taxila and Its Place in Northwest India-Pakistan". Studies in the History of Art. 31: 69–81. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42620473">42620473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+the+History+of+Art&rft.atitle=The+Urban+Position+of+Taxila+and+Its+Place+in+Northwest+India-Pakistan&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=69-81&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42620473%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Allchin&rft.aufirst=F.+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieven2012" class="citation book cs1">Lieven, Anatol (2012). Pakistan: A Hard Country. PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-145-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-145-0"><bdi>978-1-61039-145-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+A+Hard+Country&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61039-145-0&rft.aulast=Lieven&rft.aufirst=Anatol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Malik2006" class="citation book cs1">Malik, Hafeez (2006). The Encyclopedia of Pakistan. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-597735-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-597735-6"><bdi>978-0-19-597735-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Pakistan&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-597735-6&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Hafeez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik2005" class="citation book cs1">Malik, Iftikhar (2005). Culture and Customs of Pakistan (Culture and Customs of Asia). Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33126-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33126-8"><bdi>978-0-313-33126-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Pakistan+%28Culture+and+Customs+of+Asia%29&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33126-8&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Iftikhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCartney2011" class="citation book cs1">McCartney, Matthew (2011). Pakistan: The Political Economy of Growth, Stagnation and the State, 1951–2009. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-57747-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-57747-2"><bdi>978-0-415-57747-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Growth%2C+Stagnation+and+the+State%2C+1951%E2%80%932009&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-57747-2&rft.aulast=McCartney&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaja2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Masood_Ashraf_Raja" title="Masood Ashraf Raja">Raja, Masood Ashraf</a> (2010). Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547811-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547811-2"><bdi>978-0-19-547811-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+Pakistan%3A+Foundational+Texts+and+the+Rise+of+Muslim+National+Identity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-547811-2&rft.aulast=Raja&rft.aufirst=Masood+Ashraf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpear2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Percival_Spear" title="Percival Spear">Spear, Percival</a> (2007). India, Pakistan and the West. Read Books Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-1215-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-1215-5"><bdi>978-1-4067-1215-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%2C+Pakistan+and+the+West&rft.pub=Read+Books+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-1215-5&rft.aulast=Spear&rft.aufirst=Percival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStimsonHaynes2012" class="citation book cs1">Stimson, Robert; Haynes, Kingsley E. (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QgiDiR1QQHQC&pg=PA44">Studies in Applied Geography and Spatial Analysis: Addressing Real World Issues</a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78100-796-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78100-796-9"><bdi>978-1-78100-796-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Applied+Geography+and+Spatial+Analysis%3A+Addressing+Real+World+Issues&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-78100-796-9&rft.aulast=Stimson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Haynes%2C+Kingsley+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQgiDiR1QQHQC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Pakistan at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pakistan" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Pakistan">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_/_Pakistan" class="extiw" title="c:پاکستان / Pakistan">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Pakistan" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Pakistan">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pakistan" class="extiw" title="q:Pakistan">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pakistan" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Pakistan">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pakistan" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Pakistan">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Pakistan" class="extiw" title="v:Pakistan">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Pakistan" class="extiw" title="voy:Pakistan">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843" class="extiw" title="d:Q843">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pakistan.gov.pk">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809164516/http://pakpublicpolicy.org/">Pakistan Public Policies & Researches</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_information">General information</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/">Pakistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829212601/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/pakistan.htm">Pakistan</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12965779">Pakistan</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Pakistan" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Pakistan">Wikimedia Atlas of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=PK">Key Development Forecasts for Pakistan</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/307573">Pakistan</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pakistan&params=30_N_70_E_type:country_region:PK">30°N 70°E / 30°N 70°E / 30; 70</a>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistan&oldid=1258482413">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistan&oldid=1258482413</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistan&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 20 November 2024, at 00:08 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Пакистэн – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Пакистэн" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%93%E1%8A%AA%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ፓኪስታን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፓኪስታን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पाकिस्तान – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacistan" title="Pacistan – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Pacistan" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باكستان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باكستان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakist%C3%A1n" title="Pakistán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pakistán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%90%DC%A9%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%90%DC%A2" title="ܦܐܩܣܛܐܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܐܩܣܛܐܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquistan" title="Paquistan – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Paquistan" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পাকিস্তান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পাকিস্তান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquist%C3%A1n" title="Paquistán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Paquistán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पाकिस्तान – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakit%C3%A3" title="Pakitã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pakitã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاکیستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاکیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পাকিস্তান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাকিস্তান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакістан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пакістан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакістан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пакістан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पाकिस्तान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%93" title="པ་ཀི་སི་ཐན – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པ་ཀི་སི་ཐན" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1kist%C3%A1n" title="Pákistán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pákistán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacistan" title="Pacistan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pacistan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاكيستان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پاكيستان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%A7%DE%86%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ޕާކިސްތާން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕާކިސްތާން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%CA%BCe%CA%BCaahj%C3%AD_Naakaii_Doot%C5%82%CA%BCizh%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Eʼeʼaahjí Naakaii Dootłʼizhí Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Eʼeʼaahjí Naakaii Dootłʼizhí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पाकिस्तान – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Πακιστάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πακιστάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakist%C3%A1n" title="Pakistán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pakistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistano" title="Pakistano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pakistano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquist%C3%A1n" title="Paquistán – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Paquistán" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاکستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاکستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Phacast%C3%A1in" title="An Phacastáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Phacastáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Phakistaan" title="Yn Phakistaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Phakistaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagast%C3%A0n" title="Pagastàn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pagastàn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquist%C3%A1n" title="Paquistán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paquistán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="巴基斯坦" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="પાકિસ્તાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પાકિસ્તાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पाकिस्तान – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="पाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%ED%82%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84" title="파키스탄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파키스탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakitana" title="Pakitana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pakitana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Պակիստան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պակիստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पाकिस्तान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পাকিস্তান – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পাকিস্তান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B8%E1%91%AD%E1%94%85%E1%91%95%E1%93%90" title="ᐸᑭᔅᑕᓐ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐸᑭᔅᑕᓐ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPakistani" title="IPakistani – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IPakistani" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F" title="פקיסטן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פקיסטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakisitaan%C9%A9" title="Pakisitaanɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pakisitaanɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პაკისტანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პაკისტანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%B2%DA%A9%D9%90%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پٲکِستان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پٲکِستان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пәкістан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пәкістан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakisitani" title="Pakisitani – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Pakisitani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachistan" title="Pachistan – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pachistan" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດປາກິດສະຖານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດປາກິດສະຖານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistania" title="Pakistania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pakistania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakist%C4%81na" title="Pakistāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pakistāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanas" title="Pakistanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pakistanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakist%C3%A1ni" title="Pakistáni – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Pakistáni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacistan" title="Pacistan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pacistan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistuanu" title="Pakistuanu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Pakistuanu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kisygu%27e" title="kisygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kisygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakiszt%C3%A1n" title="Pakisztán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pakisztán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पाकिस्तान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakist%C3%A0na" title="Pakistàna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pakistàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="പാകിസ്താൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാകിസ്താൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakit%C4%81ne" title="Pakitāne – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pakitāne" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पाकिस्तान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პაკისტანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პაკისტანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باكستان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باكستان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پاکستون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پاکستون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯄꯥꯀꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯥꯀꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquistan" title="Paquistan – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Paquistan" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%80%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ပါကစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပါကစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पाकिस्तान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पाकिस्तान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="パキスタン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パキスタン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistaan" title="Pakistaan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pakistaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistaan" title="Pakistaan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Pakistaan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquistan" title="Paquistan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paquistan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ପାକିସ୍ତାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପାକିସ୍ତାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paakistaan" title="Paakistaan – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Paakistaan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokiston" title="Pokiston – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pokiston" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पाकिस्तान – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="पाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاکستان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پاکستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاکستان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پاکستان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="ប៉ាគីស្ថាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប៉ាគីស្ថាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquist%C3%A3o" title="Paquistão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paquistão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakisuyu" title="Pakisuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pakisuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакістан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пакістан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистаан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пакистаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakisitana" title="Pakisitana – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Pakisitana" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="पाकिस्थानम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पाकिस्थानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاکستان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="پاکستان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani" title="Pakistani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pakistani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="පාකිස්ථානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පාකිස්ථානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاڪستان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پاڪستان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhakhistani" title="IPhakhistani – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IPhakhistani" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Пакистанъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Пакистанъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakistaan" title="Bakistaan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bakistaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاکستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاکستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பாக்கித்தான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாக்கித்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baksitan" title="Baksitan – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Baksitan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D2%96%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%BB%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Пакистан Ислам Җөмһүрияте – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пакистан Ислам Җөмһүрияте" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းပႃႇၵိတ်ႈသတၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပႃႇၵိတ်ႈသတၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="పాకిస్తాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పాకిస్తాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistaun" title="Pakistaun – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Pakistaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศปากีสถาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศปากีสถาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%93%E1%8A%AA%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ፓኪስታን – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ፓኪስታን" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Покистон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Покистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81kisitani" title="Pākisitani – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Pākisitani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%86%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%96%E1%8F%82" title="ᏆᎩᏍᏖᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏆᎩᏍᏖᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paki%CC%B1si%CC%B1tan" title="Paki̱si̱tan – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Paki̱si̱tan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨄᨀᨗᨔᨈᨊ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨄᨀᨗᨔᨈᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاکستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاکستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AC%DB%87%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="پاكىستان ئىسلام جۇمھۇرىيىتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پاكىستان ئىسلام جۇمھۇرىيىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakist%C3%A4n" title="Pakistän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Pakistän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="巴基斯坦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistaan" title="Pakistaan – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Pakistaan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴基斯坦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="פאקיסטאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאקיסטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak%C3%ADst%C3%A0n" title="Pakístàn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pakístàn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴基斯坦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak%C4%B1stan" title="Pakıstan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pakıstan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak%C4%97stans" title="Pakėstans – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pakėstans" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴基斯坦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 00:08 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a 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class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-67tlc","wgBackendResponseTime":9149,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"7.711","walltime":"8.676","ppvisitednodes":{"value":78835,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1748991,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":89053,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":120,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":2151661,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 7172.219 1 -total"," 21.93% 1573.193 5 Template:Reflist"," 20.57% 1475.168 322 Template:Cite_book"," 15.19% 1089.134 347 Template:Sfn"," 10.84% 777.787 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 9.85% 706.373 177 Template:Cite_web"," 6.01% 431.389 2 Template:Ubl"," 4.15% 297.870 78 Template:Cite_news"," 3.07% 220.320 1 Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation"," 2.85% 204.050 35 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"4.897","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25368321,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF(IISS)2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF(PAEC)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbbas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbbas2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbbas2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbraham2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbul-Soad2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdibelli_et_al.2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdnan,_Imran2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAfridiBajoria2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAfzal2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgarwalAhmad2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgha2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmad1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmad2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmad2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmadAsif2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmedZahoor2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed_Jamal_Pirzada2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhsan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkbar2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkbarzadeh2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkhtarMirza2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlamgir_Hashmi1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAli\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlisibramulisi_et_al.2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllchin1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllchinAllchin1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllchinPetraglia2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmit_BaruahR._Padmanabhan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnand1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnnemarie_Schimmel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnthony_H._Cordesman1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnwar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnwar_Alam2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAroraGrover1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsad_Jamal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsia_Watch_Committee_(U.S.)1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyres2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAziz1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAziz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB._Chakma2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabayevSchochSpanger2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBadian1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaig2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanerjee2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanerjee2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaqir2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartholomees2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasharat2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasrur2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasuMiroshnik2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasuMiroshnik2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeachler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBehrendt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergKursani2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBermanSabharwal2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBezhan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhandari2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhattacharyya2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhatti2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhaumik1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhutta2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBidanda_M._Chengappa2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBill_MallonJeroen_Heijmans2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlood1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloor2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBose2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraj_B._KachruYamuna_KachruS.N._Sridhar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrass2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBright2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritannica_(Azad_Kashmir)2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritannica_(Gulf_of_Oman)2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunoBajoria2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnett2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurrison2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBusch2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButalia2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuzan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuzanWaever2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCBD_Report2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCIA1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCRS2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanfield2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarmichael2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavendish2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCenter_for_Preventive_Action2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCentral_Intelligence_Agency2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakma2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakma2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandra2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandra2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandrappaGuptaKulshrestha2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheng_et_al.2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChengappa2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChetan_Karnani2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChowdhuryMahmud2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClary2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCochrane2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColeman1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColl2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConinghamYoung2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConsiglio2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooke2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopland2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornwallEdwards2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Costa2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaiya2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalesKenoyerAlcock1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDandamaev2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawn.com2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeRouenHeo2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeVivoLaorPanzaKossobokov2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeclan_Walsh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDedeSadioglu2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDescals_et_al.2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDescloitres2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhulipala2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamantidesGearey2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorsey2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowdingDumont2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEjaz2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl-Esawi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmbassy_of_the_Russian_Federation_to_the_Republic_of_Malta2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndrst1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEstablishment_Division2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEstablishment_Division2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFF._Hussain2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFactbook2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFair2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarahRizvi1995\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFaridah-HanumHakeemÖztürkEfe2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaroqhi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaryal_Leghari2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFatima2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer-TahirNaumann2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrick2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFluxChapman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanguly2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGatesRoy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGayer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilani_Kamran2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodwin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrantham_et_al.2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimmettInskipp2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGwillim_Law1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH._Malik2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHajari2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaleem2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaliAkhtar1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalladayMateiBruneau2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHameed_A._KhanM._M._QurashiTajammul_HussainIrfan_Hayee2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamid_et_al.2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamza2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaqqani2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaqqani2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaqqani2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaque2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardy1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarjani2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaroon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasanRaza2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasanie2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeBreenAllison-Reumann2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenneberry2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHibbert2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiro2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoekmanKostecki2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoltCurta2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoodbhoy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoodbhoy2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuma_Imtiaz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHusain2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHusain2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussain2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussain2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussain2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussain2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIFES2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIISS2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIMF2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIMF2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIan_Talbot1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIjaz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImmigration_and_Refugee_Board_of_Canada2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInter-Parliamentary_Union1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIqbal2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIqbal2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrfan_Husain2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrfan_Husain2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaacs1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsambard_Wilkinson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIstvan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIzuyamaOgawa2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffrelot2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffrey2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJafriSultanaIjaz2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJason_Burke2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJha2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiwani2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Wall\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJon_Boone2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJunaidi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJunaidi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamil_Khan_Mumtaz1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapoor2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaraman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarat2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKathleen_W._Deady2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKathpalia1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazmi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazmi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKemal2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKepel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalidi1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhanna2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhoja-Moolji2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhurshid2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKmentt2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoumar2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrasnoLaPides2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKreft2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKronstadt2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubica2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKudaisyaYong2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulkeRothermund2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumarasingham2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLahiri2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLalwani2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaneNortonRyan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLansfordMuller2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLapidus2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLapierreCollins2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaw1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLele2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonidas_C._Goudas1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieven2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLintner2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLodhi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLordMastroNaftaliBrinkley2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._H._Khan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddison2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahmood1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahmood2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaity1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaizland2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalik2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalik2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalik2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalleson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallonKingswood2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManoj_Shrivastava2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansbachPirroTaylor2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkovits2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartiniFordJackson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazari2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazzetti2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCartney2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrath1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNicoll\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMianKothari2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichele_Langevine_Leiby2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Science_and_Technology\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohiuddin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMookerji1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMordiAdisa2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMufti2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhammad_Zahid_Rifat2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuniapanShaikh2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunir1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN._Khan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarayanan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasr1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNee2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeedham1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNinan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoor2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNyrop1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOberlies2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOberst2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOetzelTing-Toomey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOldenburg2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOldenburg2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsamaNajamKassim-LakhaZulfiqar_Gilani2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOursel2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwais_Tohid2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPBS2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPEPA2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPRC2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanda2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPande2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandeya2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPant2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParmar2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPasha2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaxton2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPicone2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPirbhai2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollitt1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQingyan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuintanilla2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQureshi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRafi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRafiqAhmad2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaghavan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahmaan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRais2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaja2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajagopalan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaju2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRana2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandhava2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRefugees\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRehman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiazul_Haq_and_Shahbaz_Rana2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_V._DeSemet\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiedel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiggs2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRimmer2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRizvi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoos2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoseHusain1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy_Greenslade2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoze2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuhland2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRummel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRustomji1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSATP2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSadasivan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSajid_Chaudhry2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamad2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanBelantSatoSomers2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandhu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaqibMalik2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarina_SinghLindsay_BrowPaul_ClammerRodney_Cocks2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSayar1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuurmans2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwinghammer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenate_of_Pakistan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSengupta2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaikh2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharmaD\u0026#039;AngeloGiri2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShih2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSikand2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimonsFennig2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghIyerGairola2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghShani2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSohail2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomon1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSomerville2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpateLearmonth2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpear2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpuler1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasulu2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasuluSrinivasulu2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephanie_KoernerIan_Russell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart-IngersollFrazier2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStimsonHaynes2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStonard2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoneman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStubbsThomson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunkaraWalterRojas2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunquistSunquist2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunquistSunquist2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyed2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyedPioKamranZaidi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyed_Yousaf2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSynovitz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbot2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbot2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTariqStenson2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarla_Dalal2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTavia_Grant2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTertraisSokolski2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTisdell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTotten2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTummala1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNEP-WCMC2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValentine2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValentine2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVandamme2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVidja_Dehejia\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVisokaRichmond2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVisweswaran2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWWF2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalbridge2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaseem2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaseem_et_al.2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWasi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWasti2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestad2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestmoreland2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWezeman_et_al.2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiebes2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWindsor2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolpert1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolpert2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodsMuftiHasan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWuBandyopadhyayLee2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWuthnow2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynbrandt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYadav2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYapAbeyratne2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYarbakhsh2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYasir_kamal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYousafzai2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZahoorRumi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZahraBouckaertJadoonJabeen2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaidiAhmad2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZamindar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeb2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZelnick2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiaBurton2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiegfeld2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZierkeStockmannMeyer2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZreik2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZulfikar2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZulfiqar2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Tonder2018\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 7,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 3,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Administrative units of Pakistan\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 4,\n [\"Bare URL PDF\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 322,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 35,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 78,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 169,\n [\"Clear\"] = 4,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 21,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries bordering the Arabian Sea\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Economic Cooperation Organization\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 12,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 5,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 34,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 83,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-ur\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 4,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"List of districts of Pakistan\"] = 1,\n [\"Lower\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 40,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 5,\n [\"Nastaliq\"] = 5,\n [\"Native name\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes bottom\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes top\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobr\"] = 3,\n [\"Not a typo\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 2,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"OSM relation\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Organisation of Islamic Cooperation\"] = 1,\n [\"Pakistan Administrative Units Image Map\"] = 1,\n [\"Pakistan topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Plain list\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"R\"] = 47,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 6,\n [\"Refend\"] = 6,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 3,\n [\"Refn\"] = 17,\n [\"See also\"] = 10,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 347,\n [\"Shanghai Cooperation Organisation\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Snd\"] = 4,\n [\"South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation\"] = 1,\n [\"South Asian topics\"] = 1,\n [\"The Commonwealth\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 6,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Pakistani English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 2,\n [\"World Constitutional Convention call signatories\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","760","15.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","580","11.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","460","9.1"],["recursiveClone 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