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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>National Revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics_of_Armenians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics_of_Armenians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Demographics of Armenians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics_of_Armenians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Founding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Founding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Founding subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russo-Turkish_War_of_1877-1878" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russo-Turkish_War_of_1877-1878"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russo-Turkish_War_of_1877-1878-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Armenian diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_(Ottoman_Empire)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Activities (Ottoman Empire)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activities_(Ottoman_Empire)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Activities (Ottoman Empire) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Activities_(Ottoman_Empire)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hamidian_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hamidian_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hamidian Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hamidian_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capitol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capitol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Capitol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capitol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lake_Van_Region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lake_Van_Region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Lake Van Region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lake_Van_Region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diyarbekir/Aleppo_Vilayets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diyarbekir/Aleppo_Vilayets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Diyarbekir/Aleppo Vilayets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diyarbekir/Aleppo_Vilayets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_reform_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_reform_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Armenian reform program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_reform_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Security,_Reform,_Order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security,_Reform,_Order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4.1</span> <span>Security, Reform, Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security,_Reform,_Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abdul_Hamid_II's_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abdul_Hamid_II's_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Abdul Hamid II's position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abdul_Hamid_II's_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Constitutional_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Constitutional_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Second Constitutional Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Constitutional_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenian_Nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_Nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Armenian Nationalism in the Ottoman parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_Nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Balkans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.1</span> <span>Balkans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_reform_package" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_reform_package"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>The reform package</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_reform_package-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities_(Russian_Empire)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_(Russian_Empire)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Activities (Russian Empire)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activities_(Russian_Empire)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Activities (Russian Empire) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Activities_(Russian_Empire)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Edict_on_Armenian_church_property_1903-1904" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edict_on_Armenian_church_property_1903-1904"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Edict on Armenian church property 1903-1904</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edict_on_Armenian_church_property_1903-1904-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian-Azeri_massacres_1904-1905" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian-Azeri_massacres_1904-1905"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Armenian-Azeri massacres 1904-1905</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian-Azeri_massacres_1904-1905-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribune_of_People,_1912" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribune_of_People,_1912"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tribune of People, 1912</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribune_of_People,_1912-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities_during_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_during_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Activities during World War I</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activities_during_World_War_I-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Activities during World War I subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Activities_during_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armed_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armed_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Armed movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armed_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1914-1915" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1914-1915"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>1914-1915</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1914-1915-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1916" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1916"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>1916</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1916-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>1917</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>1918</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Path_to_Unified_Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Path_to_Unified_Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Path to Unified Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Path_to_Unified_Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities_during_Interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_during_Interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Activities during Interwar period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activities_during_Interwar_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Activities during Interwar period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Activities_during_Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Territorial_disputes_of_Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_disputes_of_Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Territorial disputes of Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_disputes_of_Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sovietization_and_exile_of_Armenian_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovietization_and_exile_of_Armenian_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sovietization and exile of Armenian leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sovietization_and_exile_of_Armenian_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cilicia_and_French_Armenian_Legion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cilicia_and_French_Armenian_Legion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Cilicia and French Armenian Legion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cilicia_and_French_Armenian_Legion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Mountainous_Armenia,_1922" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Mountainous_Armenia,_1922"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Republic of Mountainous Armenia, 1922</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Mountainous_Armenia,_1922-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Nemesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Nemesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Operation Nemesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Nemesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achievements_of_the_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achievements_of_the_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Achievements of the movement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Achievements_of_the_movement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Achievements of the movement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Achievements_of_the_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_an_Armenian_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_an_Armenian_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Establishment of an Armenian State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_an_Armenian_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_the_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_the_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Timeline of the movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_the_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Armenian national movement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحركة الوطنية الأرمينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحركة الوطنية الأرمينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erm%C9%99ni_milli_h%C9%99r%C9%99kat%C4%B1" title="Erməni milli hərəkatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Erməni milli hərəkatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%87%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ارم‌نی اۇلوسال حرکتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ارم‌نی اۇلوسال حرکتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85" title="Армянскі нацыянальна-вызваленчы рух – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Армянскі нацыянальна-вызваленчы рух" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Armenia" title="Movimiento de Liberación Nacional de Armenia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Movimiento de Liberación Nacional de Armenia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movado_por_Nacia_Liberigado_de_Armenio" title="Movado por Nacia Liberigado de Armenio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Movado por Nacia Liberigado de Armenio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B4_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جنبش آزادی‌بخش ملی ارمنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنبش آزادی‌بخش ملی ارمنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_de_lib%C3%A9ration_nationale_arm%C3%A9nien" title="Mouvement de libération nationale arménien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouvement de libération nationale arménien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5_%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Հայ ֆիդայական շարժում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայ ֆիդայական շարժում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenski_nacionalni_pokret_oslobo%C4%91enja" title="Armenski nacionalni pokret oslobođenja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Armenski nacionalni pokret oslobođenja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergerakan_kemerdekaan_bangsa_Armenia" title="Pergerakan kemerdekaan bangsa Armenia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pergerakan kemerdekaan bangsa Armenia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_di_liberazione_nazionale_dell%27Armenia" title="Movimento di liberazione nazionale dell'Armenia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Movimento di liberazione nazionale dell'Armenia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99" title="התנועה הארמנית לשחרור לאומי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התנועה הארמנית לשחרור לאומי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="სომხეთის ეროვნულ-განმათავისუფლებელი მოძრაობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სომხეთის ეროვნულ-განმათავისუფლებელი მოძრაობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D9%88%DA%81%DA%9A%D8%AA" title="ارمينيايي ملي خوځښت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ارمينيايي ملي خوځښت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C8%99carea_armean%C4%83_de_eliberare_na%C8%9Bional%C4%83" title="Mișcarea armeană de eliberare națională – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mișcarea armeană de eliberare națională" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Армянское национально-освободительное движение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Армянское национально-освободительное движение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Јерменски национални покрет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јерменски национални покрет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermeni_Ulusal_Hareketi" title="Ermeni Ulusal Hareketi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ermeni Ulusal Hareketi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2403063#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Armenia" title="Category:History of Armenia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">History of <span class="fn org label">Armenia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Armenia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of Armenia"><img alt="Coat of Arms of Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption>Coat of Arms of Armenia</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee; text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Armenia" title="Prehistoric Armenia">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayk" title="Hayk">Legend of Hayk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti%E2%80%93Vanadzor_culture" title="Trialeti–Vanadzor culture">Trialeti–Vanadzor culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armani_(kingdom)" title="Armani (kingdom)">Armani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lchashen%E2%80%93Metsamor_culture" title="Lchashen–Metsamor culture">Lchashen–Metsamor culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shupria" title="Shupria">Arme–Shupria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urumeans" title="Urumeans">Urumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairi" title="Nairi">Nairi Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu (Kingdom of Van)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiuni" title="Etiuni">Etiuni</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee; text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Armenia" title="Ancient Armenia">Antiquity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Satrapy of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Armenia" title="Lesser Armenia">Armenia Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Armenian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Christianization of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sophene" title="Kingdom of Sophene">Kingdom of Sophene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Byzantine Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Armenia" title="Muslim conquest of Armenia">Muslim conquest of Armenia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee; text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Armenia" title="Medieval Armenia">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Emirate of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hamamshen" title="Principality of Hamamshen">Principality of Hamamshen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Kingdom of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Kingdom of Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tashir-Dzoraget" title="Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget">Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Syunik" title="Kingdom of Syunik">Kingdom of Syunik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Kingdom of Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khachen" title="Principality of Khachen">Principality of Khachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Armenia" title="Mongol Armenia">Mongol Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee; text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia#Early_Modern_period" title="History of Armenia">Early modern age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">Iranian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melikdoms_of_Karabakh" title="Melikdoms of Karabakh">Five Melikdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Oblast" title="Armenian Oblast">Armenian Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_question" title="Armenian question">Armenian question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee; text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia#20th_century" title="History of Armenia">Modern age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian S.S.R.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mountainous_Armenia" title="Republic of Mountainous Armenia">Republic of Mountainous Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Contemporary Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Armenian_history" title="Timeline of Armenian history">Timeline</a> • <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Armenians" title="Origin of the Armenians">Origins</a> • <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Armenia" title="Name of Armenia">Etymology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Armenia" title="Template:History of Armenia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Armenia" title="Template talk:History of Armenia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Armenia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Armenia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Battles involving Armenian National movement</div> <div 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armenian_national_movement_(1862–1921)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Armenian_national_movement_(1862-1921)" title="Template:Campaignbox Armenian national movement (1862-1921)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Campaignbox_Armenian_national_movement_(1862-1921)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Armenian national movement (1862-1921) (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Armenian_national_movement_(1862-1921)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Armenian national movement (1862-1921)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armenian_national_movement_(1862–1921)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Armenian national movement</span></a> (1862–1921)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Zeitun_Resistance" title="First Zeitun Resistance">Zeitun</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_Bashkale_clash" title="1889 Bashkale clash">Bashkale</a> (1889)</li></ul> <p><big><b>Armenian resistance during <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a></b></big> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gugunian_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Gugunian Expedition">Gugunian</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum_Kapu_demonstration" title="Kum Kapu demonstration">Kum Kapu</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_Sasun_rebellion" title="1894 Sasun rebellion">1st Sasun</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitun_rebellion_(1895%E2%80%9396)" title="Zeitun rebellion (1895–96)">Zeitun</a> (1895-96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ottoman_Bank" title="Occupation of the Ottoman Bank">Ottoman bank</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanasor_Expedition" title="Khanasor Expedition">Khanasor</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holy_Apostles_Monastery" title="Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery">Holy Apostoles Monastery</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Sasun_uprising" title="1904 Sasun uprising">2nd Sasun</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II_assassination_attempt_in_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z" title="Abdul Hamid II assassination attempt in Yıldız">Assassination Attempt in Yıldız</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sulukh" title="Battle of Sulukh">Sulukh</a> (1907)<br /></li></ul> <p><big><b><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></b></big> <br /><b><a href="/wiki/Armenian_resistance_during_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian resistance during the Armenian genocide">Armenian resistance</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeitun_Resistance_(1915)" title="Zeitun Resistance (1915)">Zeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1915)" title="Defense of Van (1915)">Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabin-Karahisar_uprising" title="Shabin-Karahisar uprising">Shabin-Karahisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Dagh" title="Musa Dagh">Musa Dagh</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus campaign</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ardahan" title="Battle of Ardahan">Ardahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitlis" title="Battle of Bitlis">Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mu%C5%9F" title="Battle of Muş">Mush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Trabzon_(1918)" title="Capture of Trabzon (1918)">Trabzon</a></li></ul> <p><big><b><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></b></big><br /><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus campaign</a><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sardarabad" title="Battle of Sardarabad">Sardarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mastara" title="Battle of Mastara">Mastara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abaran" title="Battle of Abaran">Bash-Aparan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karakilisa" title="Battle of Karakilisa">Karakilisa</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_Days" title="March Days">March Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Goychay</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Karamaryan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Karamaryan (page does not exist)">Karamaryan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kurdamir" title="Battle of Kurdamir">Kurdamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Binagadi" title="Battle of Binagadi">Bingadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baku" title="Battle of Baku">Baku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)#Fight_for_Baku_and_Karabakh,_1918–19" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">1st Karabakh</a></li> <li>Aras <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sharur_(1919)" title="Battle of Sharur (1919)">Sharur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nakhchivan" title="Battle of Nakhchivan">Nakhichevan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)#Fight_for_Zangezur_/_Syunik,_November_1919" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Zangezur/Syunik</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Goris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Goris (page does not exist)">Goris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_uprisings_in_Kars_and_Sharur%E2%80%93Nakhichevan" title="Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan">Muslim Uprisings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oltu#First_battle_of_Oltu" title="Battle of Oltu">1st Oltu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)#Fight_for_Karabakh,_early_1920" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">2nd Karabakh</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadakhlo" title="Battle of Sadakhlo">Sadakhlo</a></li> <li><i>others</i></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oltu#Second_battle_of_Oltu" title="Battle of Oltu">2nd Oltu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish_(1920)" title="Battle of Sarikamish (1920)">Sarikamish</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surmalu" title="Battle of Surmalu">Surmalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kars_(1920)" title="Battle of Kars (1920)">Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandropol" title="Battle of Alexandropol">Alexandropol</a></li></ul> <p><b>Soviet-Armenian conflict</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_Uprising" title="May Uprising">May Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Invasion of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Uprising" title="February Uprising">February Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_over_Mountainous_Armenia" title="War over Mountainous Armenia">Mountainous Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Armenian national movement</b><sup id="cite_ref-Chahinian_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chahinian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Հայ ազգային-ազատագրական շարժում</span> <i>Hay azgayin-azatagrakan sharzhum</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> included social, cultural, but primarily political and military movements that reached their height during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the following years, initially seeking improved status for Armenians in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empires</a> but eventually attempting to achieve an <a href="/wiki/United_Armenia" title="United Armenia">Armenian state</a>. </p><p>Influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire">rise of other nationalist movements in the Ottoman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_awakening" title="Armenian national awakening">Armenian national awakening</a> developed in the early 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat Era</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Amira_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Amira (Ottoman Empire)">Armenian elite</a> worked with Ottoman reformers to prevent banditry and abuses by nomadic <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_tribes" title="Kurdish tribes">Kurdish tribes</a>, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Six_vilayets" class="mw-redirect" title="Six vilayets">six Armenian-populated vilayets of the Ottoman Empire</a>. When this goal failed, Armenian nationalism took hold over the intelligentsia, and the autonomy or independence for Armenians in the Ottoman and the Russian Empires was the next step.<sup id="cite_ref-Chahinian_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chahinian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ishkanian_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ishkanian-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in the late 1880s, Armenian nationalists engaged in <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> against the Ottoman government and <a href="/wiki/Hamidiye_(cavalry)" title="Hamidiye (cavalry)">Kurdish irregulars</a> in the eastern regions of the empire, led by the three Armenian political parties: the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party" title="Social Democrat Hunchakian Party">Social Democrat Hunchakian Party</a> (Hunchak), the <a href="/wiki/Armenakan_Party" title="Armenakan Party">Armenakan Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a> (Dashnak). Armenian nationalists generally saw Russia as their ally for independence from the Turks, although Russia maintained an oppressive policy in the Caucasus. After the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a>, Armenian political parties replaced the traditional authority of the Ottoman loyalist <i><a href="/wiki/Amira_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Amira (Ottoman Empire)">amira</a></i> class. These parties, especially the Dashnaks, held a tense working relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a>. The Ottoman government signed the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_reform_package" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian reform package">Armenian reform package</a> in early 1914, however it was shelved by World War I. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Armenians were systematically exterminated by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_late_Ottoman_Empire" title="Government of the late Ottoman Empire">Ottoman government</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>. According to some estimates, from 1915 to 1917, about 800,000-1,500,000 Armenians were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the decision to exterminate the Armenians was taken by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Ottoman Empire)">Ottoman Ministry of Interior</a>, tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Russia" title="Armenians in Russia">Russian Armenians</a> joined the Russian army as <a href="/wiki/Armenian_volunteer_units" title="Armenian volunteer units">Armenian volunteer units</a> upon Russian promises for autonomy. By 1917, Russia controlled many Armenian-populated areas of the Ottoman Empire. After the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, Russian forces retreated and transferred control of occupied Ottoman Anatolia to Armenian units. The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Council_(1917%E2%80%9318)" title="Armenian National Council (1917–18)">Armenian National Council</a> proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">Republic of Armenia</a> on May 28, 1918, thus establishing an Armenian state in the Armenian-populated parts of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Caucasus">Southern Caucasus</a>. </p><p>By 1920, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Bolshevik Government in Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Ankara government</a> came to power in their respective countries. Turkish forces successfully <a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">invaded</a> the western half of the Armenian Republic, while the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> invaded and annexed the country in December 1920. A <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1921)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1921)">friendship treaty</a> was signed between Bolshevik Russia and the Ankara government in 1921. The formerly Russian-controlled parts of Armenia were mostly incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, of which the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> was established. Hundreds of thousands of Armenian refugees found themselves in the Middle East, Greece, France and the United States giving start to a new era of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a>. Soviet Armenia existed until 1991, when the Soviet Union disintegrated and the current (Third) <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Republic of Armenia</a> was established. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Rise of nationalism in Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">rise of nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> were living among the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. In the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">1826-1828 Russo-Persian War</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Tsar Nicholas I</a> sought help from the Armenians, promising that after the war, their lives would improve. In 1828, Russia annexed <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhichevan</a>, and the surrounding countryside with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a>. Armenians still living under Persian rule were encouraged to emigrate to Russian Armenia and 30,000 followed the call. In 1828, Russia <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">declared war</a> on the Ottoman Empire, and in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1829)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1829)">Treaty of Adrianople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akhalkalaki" title="Akhalkalaki">Akhalkalak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akhaltsikhe" title="Akhaltsikhe">Akhaltsikhe</a> annexed by Russia. A significant portion of Armenians were annexed into Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Peimani_2009_236_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peimani_2009_236-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another wave of <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Armenian</a> immigration occurred, with 25,000 settling in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Armenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1836, <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> programs targeted the Armenian Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Peimani_2009_237_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peimani_2009_237-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia curtailed the Church's advances in the society.<sup id="cite_ref-Peimani_2009_237_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peimani_2009_237-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1839, <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I" title="Abdülmecid I">Abdülmecid I</a> initiated the <a href="/wiki/Tanzim%C3%A2t" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzimât">Tanzimât</a> period to reorganize the Ottoman Empire, but also to stem the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">rise of nationalism among its minorities</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a> was a key goal of the Tanzimat, which was meant to unite all of the different peoples living in Ottoman territories, "Muslim and non-Muslim, Turkish and Greek, Armenian and Jewish, Kurd and Arab". For this purpose, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic law">Islamic law</a> was put aside in favour of secular law.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This policy officially began with the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane" title="Edict of Gülhane">Edict of Gülhane</a>, which declared equality before the law for both Muslim and non-Muslim Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armenian nationalism was stagnant during these years, earning them the title of '<i>millet-i sadika</i>' or the "loyal millet".<sup id="cite_ref-Dadrian_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dadrian-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1863, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Armenians</a> were introduced to a set of major reforms. The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Constitution" title="Armenian National Constitution">Armenian National Constitution</a> codified the rights and privileges of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_millet" title="Armenian millet">Armenian millet</a>, but also introduced regulations defining the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also included was a new parliament: the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Assembly" title="Armenian National Assembly">Armenian National Assembly</a>, which was seen as a milestone by progressive Armenians. Another development was the introduction of elementary education, colleges and other institutions of learning by Protestant missionaries. <a href="/wiki/Armenian_newspapers" title="Armenian newspapers">Armenian newspapers</a> were founded. Armenian historians began writing the history of their people, which instilled a new sense of nationalism. This was part of an evolution in Armenian political consciousness from purely cultural romanticism to one which called a programme for action.<sup id="cite_ref-Herzig_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herzig-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenia_between_russian_and_ottoman_empires.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Armenia_between_russian_and_ottoman_empires.png/220px-Armenia_between_russian_and_ottoman_empires.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Armenia_between_russian_and_ottoman_empires.png/330px-Armenia_between_russian_and_ottoman_empires.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Armenia_between_russian_and_ottoman_empires.png/440px-Armenia_between_russian_and_ottoman_empires.png 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1580" /></a><figcaption>Re-establish an Armenian state in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highland" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highland">Armenian Highland</a>, controlled at the time by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>1860 and onward, the number of Armenian schools, philanthropic and patriotic organizations multiplied in the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Nalbandian_1963_48_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nalbandian_1963_48-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial aim of Protestant missionaries were the <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">conversion of the Muslims and Jews</a>, sought to convert <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Gregorian Armenians</a>. The Armenian subjects of the Empire, influenced by the Armenian Diaspora, the network of congregations and schools of the Protestant missionaries throughout the Ottoman Empire, begin to rethink their position in the world. In 1872, the journalist Grigor Ardzruni said “Yesterday we were an ecclesiastical community, today we are patriots, tomorrow we will be a nation of workers and thinkers.”<sup id="cite_ref-Nalbandian_1963_48_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nalbandian_1963_48-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A parallel development occurred in Russian Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 1840, Armenian journals were mainly in the hands of the clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-Nalbandian_1963_52_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nalbandian_1963_52-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was changed. Along with the schools, the press played an important educational role and pointed the way to liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-Nalbandian_1963_52_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nalbandian_1963_52-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Rev. <a href="/wiki/William_Goodell_(missionary)" title="William Goodell (missionary)">William Goodell</a> settled in Constantinople in 1831 to the end of World War I, the missionaries made considerable contributions to the education of Armenians. The European intellectual currents such as ideas of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> were transmitted through the 23,000 Armenian students within 127 Protestant congregations with 13,000 communicants, and 400 schools.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1880s, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Tsar Alexander II</a> increased <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> to reduce the threat of future rebellions (Russia was populated by many minority groups). Tsar Alexander II attempted to prevent separatism. The Armenian language, schools were targeted. Russia wanted to replace these Russian schools and Russian educational materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Peimani_2009_237_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peimani_2009_237-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire_census" title="Russian Empire census">1897 Russian Empire Census</a> stated that 1,127,212 Armenians were in the Russian Lands (<a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Erivan</a>, 439,926; <a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Elizavetpol</a>, 298,790; <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a> 72,967, <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tiflis</a>, 230,379, <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, 52,770; <a href="/wiki/Chernomorsky,_Seversky_District,_Krasnodar_Krai" title="Chernomorsky, Seversky District, Krasnodar Krai">Chernomorsk</a>, 6,223 <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Daghestan</a>, 1,652, <a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutais</a>, 24,505). At the same period (1896 <a href="/wiki/Vital_Cuinet" title="Vital Cuinet">Vital Cuinet</a>) Armenians in the Ottoman Empire were 1,095,889 (<a href="/wiki/Adana_vilayet" title="Adana vilayet">Adana Vilayet</a>, 97,450 <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_vilayet" title="Aleppo vilayet">Aleppo Vilayet</a>, 37,999; <a href="/wiki/Angora_vilayet" title="Angora vilayet">Ankara Vilayet</a>, 94,298; <a href="/wiki/Bitlis_vilayet" title="Bitlis vilayet">Bitlis Vilayet</a>, 131,300; <a href="/wiki/Bursa_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bursa Vilayet">Bursa Vilayet</a>, 88,991; <a href="/wiki/Diyarbekir_vilayet" title="Diyarbekir vilayet">Diyâr-ı Bekr Vilayet</a> 67,718; <a href="/wiki/Erzurum_vilayet" title="Erzurum vilayet">Erzurum Vilayet</a>, 134,967; <a href="/wiki/Aidin_vilayet" title="Aidin vilayet">İzmir Vilayet</a>, 15,105; <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit" title="İzmit">İzmit</a>, 48,655; <a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_vilayet" title="Kastamonu vilayet">Kastamonu Vilayet</a>, 2,647; <a href="/wiki/Mamuret-ul-Aziz_vilayet" title="Mamuret-ul-Aziz vilayet">Mamure-ul-Azil Vilayet</a>, 79,128; <a href="/wiki/Sivas_vilayet" title="Sivas vilayet">Sivas Vilayet</a>, 170,433; <a href="/wiki/Trebizond_vilayet" title="Trebizond vilayet">Trebizond Vilayet</a>, 47,20; <a href="/wiki/Van_vilayet" title="Van vilayet">Van Vilayet</a>, 79,998)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were many Armenians familiar with Russian customs.<sup id="cite_ref-Peimani_2009_236_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peimani_2009_236-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia, for Armenians, was also a path to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Peimani_2009_236_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peimani_2009_236-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Revival">National Revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: National Revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_awakening" title="Armenian national awakening">Armenian national awakening</a></div><p> Kagik Ozanyan claims that the Tanzimat helped the formation of an Armenian political strata and incited an Armenian national spirit. Armenian nationalists hoped to build their nation through a revolution, similar to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (December 2020)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> The Russian Consul General to Ottoman Empire, General Mayewski, recorded the following<sup id="cite_ref-bitlis_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bitlis-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The rebellion of Armenians resulted from the following three causes:<br /> (1). Their known evolution in political matters (Issue of Civilizations), <br /> (2). Development of ideas of nationalism, salvation and independence in Armenian opinion (Revolution Perspective), <br /> (3). Supporting of these ideas by Western governments and publication through the inspiration and efforts of Armenian clerical men (Armenian Question).<sup id="cite_ref-bitlis_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bitlis-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The development of ideas of nationalism, salvation, and independence, established during the 19th century proved to be inspiring to Armenians. These concepts were first introduced to the Armenian national psyche when Armenian intelligentsia which had studied in Western Europe studied the French Revolution. They espoused a democratic-liberal ideology which rested on the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">rights of man</a>. Another second wave come with the emergence of Russian revolutionary thought which by the end of the 19th century was <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> and socialist. The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a> took inspiration from this source.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the materialism and class struggle explained in Marxism did not neatly apply to the socioeconomics of <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Armenians in the Ottoman Empire</a> as much as to those in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Armenia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a> has come to play a significant role in 19th and 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics_of_Armenians">Demographics of Armenians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Demographics of Armenians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Six_vilayets" class="mw-redirect" title="Six vilayets">Six vilayets</a> in the Ottoman Empire were largely populated by Armenians, while <a href="/wiki/Erivan_Governorate" title="Erivan Governorate">Erivan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kars_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Kars Oblast">Kars</a> provinces were the main Armenian-populated provinces in the Russian Empire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center" style="background-color:Gainsboro"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:470px;max-width:470px;background-color:Gainsboro"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:Gainsboro;width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prorportions_des_populations_musulmanes_grecques_et_armeniennes_en_AsieMineure_d%27apres_la_statistique_du_livreJaune.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1893-96, Armenian population" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Prorportions_des_populations_musulmanes_grecques_et_armeniennes_en_AsieMineure_d%27apres_la_statistique_du_livreJaune.png/90px-Prorportions_des_populations_musulmanes_grecques_et_armeniennes_en_AsieMineure_d%27apres_la_statistique_du_livreJaune.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Prorportions_des_populations_musulmanes_grecques_et_armeniennes_en_AsieMineure_d%27apres_la_statistique_du_livreJaune.png/135px-Prorportions_des_populations_musulmanes_grecques_et_armeniennes_en_AsieMineure_d%27apres_la_statistique_du_livreJaune.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Prorportions_des_populations_musulmanes_grecques_et_armeniennes_en_AsieMineure_d%27apres_la_statistique_du_livreJaune.png/180px-Prorportions_des_populations_musulmanes_grecques_et_armeniennes_en_AsieMineure_d%27apres_la_statistique_du_livreJaune.png 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:Gainsboro;width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_population_map_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1893-96, Armenian distribution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Armenian_population_map_1896.jpg/90px-Armenian_population_map_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Armenian_population_map_1896.jpg/135px-Armenian_population_map_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Armenian_population_map_1896.jpg/180px-Armenian_population_map_1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2964" data-file-height="2460" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:Gainsboro;width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proportions_des_populations_en_Asie_Mineure_statistique_officielle_d1914.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1914, Armenian population." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Proportions_des_populations_en_Asie_Mineure_statistique_officielle_d1914.png/90px-Proportions_des_populations_en_Asie_Mineure_statistique_officielle_d1914.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Proportions_des_populations_en_Asie_Mineure_statistique_officielle_d1914.png/135px-Proportions_des_populations_en_Asie_Mineure_statistique_officielle_d1914.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Proportions_des_populations_en_Asie_Mineure_statistique_officielle_d1914.png/180px-Proportions_des_populations_en_Asie_Mineure_statistique_officielle_d1914.png 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1430" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:Gainsboro;width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Historical_Atlas,_1911_%E2%80%93_Distribution_of_Races_in_the_Balkan_Peninsula_and_Asia_Minor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1905-06, Printed in 1911" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Historical_Atlas%2C_1911_%E2%80%93_Distribution_of_Races_in_the_Balkan_Peninsula_and_Asia_Minor.jpg/90px-The_Historical_Atlas%2C_1911_%E2%80%93_Distribution_of_Races_in_the_Balkan_Peninsula_and_Asia_Minor.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Historical_Atlas%2C_1911_%E2%80%93_Distribution_of_Races_in_the_Balkan_Peninsula_and_Asia_Minor.jpg/135px-The_Historical_Atlas%2C_1911_%E2%80%93_Distribution_of_Races_in_the_Balkan_Peninsula_and_Asia_Minor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Historical_Atlas%2C_1911_%E2%80%93_Distribution_of_Races_in_the_Balkan_Peninsula_and_Asia_Minor.jpg/180px-The_Historical_Atlas%2C_1911_%E2%80%93_Distribution_of_Races_in_the_Balkan_Peninsula_and_Asia_Minor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="818" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:Gainsboro;width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_State_Department_document_on_Armenian_Refugess_in_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Armenian population in 1921." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/US_State_Department_document_on_Armenian_Refugess_in_1921.jpg/90px-US_State_Department_document_on_Armenian_Refugess_in_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/US_State_Department_document_on_Armenian_Refugess_in_1921.jpg/135px-US_State_Department_document_on_Armenian_Refugess_in_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/US_State_Department_document_on_Armenian_Refugess_in_1921.jpg/180px-US_State_Department_document_on_Armenian_Refugess_in_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="2064" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center;background-color:wheat">First two in the 1890s; second two in the 1910s, and last one in the 1920s</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding">Founding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Founders_of_the_Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Stepan_Zorian,_Christapor_Mikaelian,_Simon_Zavarian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Founders_of_the_Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Stepan_Zorian%2C_Christapor_Mikaelian%2C_Simon_Zavarian.jpg/200px-Founders_of_the_Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Stepan_Zorian%2C_Christapor_Mikaelian%2C_Simon_Zavarian.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Founders_of_the_Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Stepan_Zorian%2C_Christapor_Mikaelian%2C_Simon_Zavarian.jpg/300px-Founders_of_the_Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Stepan_Zorian%2C_Christapor_Mikaelian%2C_Simon_Zavarian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Founders_of_the_Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Stepan_Zorian%2C_Christapor_Mikaelian%2C_Simon_Zavarian.jpg/400px-Founders_of_the_Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Stepan_Zorian%2C_Christapor_Mikaelian%2C_Simon_Zavarian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="314" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">ARF</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Zorian" title="Stepan Zorian">Stepan Zorian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christapor_Mikaelian" title="Christapor Mikaelian">Christapor Mikaelian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Zavarian" title="Simon Zavarian">Simon Zavarian</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunchak_founding_members.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hunchak_founding_members.jpg/200px-Hunchak_founding_members.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hunchak_founding_members.jpg/300px-Hunchak_founding_members.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Hunchak_founding_members.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party" title="Social Democrat Hunchakian Party">Hentchak</a>: <a href="/wiki/Avetis_Nazarbekian" title="Avetis Nazarbekian">Avetis Nazarbekian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariam_Vardanian" title="Mariam Vardanian">Mariam Vardanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gevorg_Gharadjian" title="Gevorg Gharadjian">Gevorg Gharadjian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruben_Khan-Azat" title="Ruben Khan-Azat">Ruben Khan-Azat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Ohanian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher Ohanian (page does not exist)">Christopher Ohanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kafian" title="Gabriel Kafian">Gabriel Kafian</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Manuelian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Manuelian (page does not exist)">Manuel Manuelian</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>In the late 19th century, Armenian political organizations were founded, such as the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a> (Dashnak), the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party" title="Social Democrat Hunchakian Party">Social Democrat Hunchakian Party</a> (Hunchak), and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Democratic_Liberal_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Democratic Liberal Party">Armenakan</a> (later known as <a href="/wiki/Ramgavar" title="Ramgavar">Ramgavar</a>). The organized Armenian activities traced back to an earlier known Armenian group, the "Union of Salvation," before the three major groups established themselves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Protectors of the Fatherland was established as a secret society in <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a> in 1881. Protectors of the Fatherland was almost certainly influenced by the ideas of the French and Greek Revolutions as 'Freedom or Death' was their motto.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members are organized into cells of ten, and only the leader had access to a central committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Nalbandian_1963_86_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nalbandian_1963_86-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1885, the "<a href="/wiki/Armenian_Democratic_Liberal_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Democratic Liberal Party">Armenian Democratic Liberal Party</a>" was established in <a href="/wiki/Van_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Van (Turkey)">Van</a> by <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ABk%C3%ABrtich_Portukalian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mëkërtich Portukalian">Mëkërtich Portukalian</a>, who later went into exile in <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a> but kept in touch with local leaders, and published a journal of political and social enlightenment titled <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Armend%C3%A8che_Lighthouse" title="L'Armendèche Lighthouse">L'Armenie</a></i>. The party's aim soon become to 'win for the Armenians the right to rule themselves, through revolution'. Their view on how to liberate Armenia from the Ottoman Empire was that it should be through the press, national awakening and unarmed resistance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1887, the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (<a href="/wiki/Hunchak" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunchak">Hunchak</a>) was the first socialist party in the Ottoman Empire and Persia, founded by <a href="/wiki/Avetis_Nazarbekian" title="Avetis Nazarbekian">Avetis Nazarbekian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariam_Vardanian" title="Mariam Vardanian">Mariam Vardanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gevorg_Gharadjian" title="Gevorg Gharadjian">Gevorg Gharadjian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruben_Khan-Azat" title="Ruben Khan-Azat">Ruben Khan-Azat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Ohanian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher Ohanian (page does not exist)">Christopher Ohanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kafian" title="Gabriel Kafian">Gabriel Kafian</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Manuelian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Manuelian (page does not exist)">Manuel Manuelian</a>, a group of college students who met in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland, with the goal to gain Armenia's independence from the Ottoman Empire. Hunchak means "Bell" in English, and was taken by party members to represent "awakening, enlightenment, and freedom." It was also the name of the party's <a href="/wiki/Hunchak_(journal)" title="Hunchak (journal)">main newspaper</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1889 the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Armenia_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Young Armenia Society (page does not exist)">Young Armenia Society</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Kristapor_Mikayelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristapor Mikayelian">Kristapor Mikayelian</a> in Tbilisi.<sup id="cite_ref-Nalband1963_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nalband1963-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Young Armenia Society organised <a href="/wiki/Armenian_fedayi" title="Armenian fedayi">Fedayee</a> campaigns into Ottoman territory. The Young Armenia Society organized an armed expedition to Ottoman Armenia with the <a href="/wiki/Gugunian_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Gugunian Expedition">Gugunian Expedition</a>. Its aims were to carry out reprisals against Kurds persecuting Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. The society believed that the Russians would assist in the creation of an autonomous Armenian province under Russian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Nalband1963_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nalband1963-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1890 the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a> (“ARF” or Dashnaktsutiun or Dashnak) was founded in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tiflis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_of_Armenian_History_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline_of_Armenian_History-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its members armed themselves into fedayee groups to defend Armenian villages from widespread oppression, attacks, and persecution of the Armenians. It being seen as the only solution to save the people from Ottoman oppression and massacres. Its initial aim was to guarantee reforms in the Armenian provinces and to gain eventual autonomy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Throughout its history, the ARF is often accused of aiming to convince <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western governments</a> and diplomatic circles to sponsor the party's demands.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During 1880-1890 the local communication channels were developed. The organizations were fully functional under <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amasya</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87orum" title="Çorum">Çorum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yozgat" title="Yozgat">Yozgat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tokat" title="Tokat">Tokat</a>. In 1893 they began to post propaganda directed toward the non-Armenians. The main theme of the propaganda were that people should take control of their own life against the oppressors.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The messaging did not affect Muslims. These activities ended with clashes between Armenian nationalists and Ottoman police, with many being arrested. Local authorities acted against them as they were cutting telegraph wires or bombing government buildings. Britain and the European powers concluded that if there would be more intervention the conflict would end with sectarian conflict, and a civil war would occur.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Church">The Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright" style="background-color:;border:none;padding:0;margin:0;"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:200px;max-width:200px;background-color:;border:none;padding:0;margin:0;"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:;border:none;padding:0;margin:0;;width:94px;max-width:94px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nerses_Varjabedyan_(1837-1884).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nerses_Varjabedyan_%281837-1884%29.jpg/92px-Nerses_Varjabedyan_%281837-1884%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nerses_Varjabedyan_%281837-1884%29.jpg/138px-Nerses_Varjabedyan_%281837-1884%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nerses_Varjabedyan_%281837-1884%29.jpg/184px-Nerses_Varjabedyan_%281837-1884%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="411" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Nerses_II_Varzhapetian" title="Nerses II Varzhapetian">Nerses Varjabedian</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:;border:none;padding:0;margin:0;;width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mkrtich_Khrimyan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mkrtich_Khrimyan.jpg/100px-Mkrtich_Khrimyan.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mkrtich_Khrimyan.jpg/150px-Mkrtich_Khrimyan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mkrtich_Khrimyan.jpg/200px-Mkrtich_Khrimyan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mkrtich_Khrimian" title="Mkrtich Khrimian">Mkrtich Khrimian</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Armenian nationalism and the Armenian Apostolic Church has long been intertwined.<sup id="cite_ref-Peimani_2009_236_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peimani_2009_236-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main voices of the movement were secular, as close to the turn of the century, <i>Massis</i> (published in Constantinople), the <i>Hiusissapile</i> and <i>Ardzvi Vaspurkan</i> (published in Van) became the main national organs (journals).<sup id="cite_ref-Nalbandian_1963_52_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nalbandian_1963_52-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These publications were secular. Major Armenian writers of the era, <a href="/wiki/Mikael_Nalbandian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikael Nalbandian">Mikael Nalbandian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Patkanian" title="Raphael Patkanian">Raphael Patkanian</a> can be counted among the influential.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Beginning with 1863, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople">Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople</a> began to share their powers with the Armenian National Assembly, and their powers were limited by the Armenian National Constitution. They<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> perceived the changes as erosion of their community.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armenian religious leaders played a key roles in the revolutionary movement. The Patriarch of Constantinople <a href="/wiki/Mkrtich_Khrimian" title="Mkrtich Khrimian">Mkrtich Khrimian</a> was an important figure.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mkrtich Khrimian was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> in his later years, although this was actually an exile.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Nerses_II_Varzhapetian" title="Nerses II Varzhapetian">Nerses II Varzhapetyan</a> said "It is no longer possible for the Armenians and the Turks to live together..."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russo-Turkish_War_of_1877-1878">Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Russo-Turkish_War_in_Caucasia,_1877.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Russo-Turkish_War_in_Caucasia%2C_1877.gif/200px-The_Russo-Turkish_War_in_Caucasia%2C_1877.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Russo-Turkish_War_in_Caucasia%2C_1877.gif/300px-The_Russo-Turkish_War_in_Caucasia%2C_1877.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Russo-Turkish_War_in_Caucasia%2C_1877.gif/400px-The_Russo-Turkish_War_in_Caucasia%2C_1877.gif 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="482" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%9378)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_San_Stefano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Treaty_of_San_Stefano.jpg/200px-Treaty_of_San_Stefano.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Treaty_of_San_Stefano.jpg/300px-Treaty_of_San_Stefano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Treaty_of_San_Stefano.jpg/400px-Treaty_of_San_Stefano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5304" data-file-height="3740" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Negotiations for <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">San Stefano Agreement</a> included "Article 16"</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berliner_kongress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Berliner_kongress.jpg/200px-Berliner_kongress.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Berliner_kongress.jpg/300px-Berliner_kongress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Berliner_kongress.jpg/400px-Berliner_kongress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="887" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></i> led to <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin (1878)</a> which included "Article 61"</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_question" title="Armenian question">Armenian question</a></div> <p>Beginning in the mid-19th century, the Great Powers took issue with the Empire's treatment of its Christian minorities and increasingly pressured extend equal rights to all its citizens. Following the violent suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_uprising_(1875%E2%80%931877)" title="Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)">Herzegovina uprising</a>, the Bulgarian <a href="/wiki/April_Uprising_of_1876" title="April Uprising of 1876">April Uprising</a> and the Serbian <a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_uprising" title="Kumanovo uprising">Kumanovo uprising</a> in 1875, the Great Powers invoked the 1856 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">Treaty of Paris</a> by claiming that it gave them the right to intervene and protect the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire's Christian minorities</a>. </p><p>The Armenian patriarchate of Constantinople, <a href="/wiki/Nerses_II_Varzhapetian" title="Nerses II Varzhapetian">Nerses II</a> (1874–1884), forwarded Armenian complaints of widespread "forced land seizure ... forced conversion of women and children, arson, <a href="/wiki/Protection_racket" title="Protection racket">protection extortion</a>, rape, and murder" to the Powers. March 1878, after the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">1877–78 Russo-Turkish War</a>, the Armenians began to look more toward the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> as the ultimate guarantors of their security. Patriarch Nerses approached the Russian leadership during the negotiations with the Ottomans in <a href="/wiki/San_Stefano" class="mw-redirect" title="San Stefano">San Stefano</a> and convinced them to insert a clause, Article 16, to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a>, stipulating that the Russian forces occupying the Armenian-populated provinces in the eastern Ottoman Empire would withdraw only with the full implementation of reforms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In June 1878, Great Britain was troubled with Russia's powerful position in the Treaty and forced the parties for a new negotiations with the convening of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a>. Article 61 of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a> contained the same text as Article 16 but removed any mention that Russian forces would remain in the provinces. Instead, the Ottoman government was periodically to inform the Great Powers of the progress of the reforms. The Armenian National Assembly and Patriarch Nerses II sent <a href="/wiki/Catholicos_Mgrdich_Khrimian" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicos Mgrdich Khrimian">Catholicos Mgrdich Khrimian</a> to present the case for the Armenians at Berlin; in his famous speech (following the Berlin negotiations) “The Paper Ladle,” Mgrdich Khrimian advised Armenians to take the <a href="/wiki/National_awakening_of_Bulgaria" title="National awakening of Bulgaria">national awakening of Bulgaria</a> as a model for <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> which was ignored by the European community of nations.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1880, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a> declared that “To serve Armenia is to serve the Civilization." The great powers sent to the Porte an “Identic Note” which asked for the enforcement of the Article 61.<sup id="cite_ref-Nalbandian_1963_84_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nalbandian_1963_84-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This followed on January 2, 1881, with a British Circular on Armenia to other Powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Nalbandian_1963_84_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nalbandian_1963_84-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Armenian nationalists had discovered that neither <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Alexander_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Alexander II">Tsar Alexander II</a>'s idealism nor <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a>'s liberalism were dependable allies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian_diaspora">Armenian diaspora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Armenian diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:62px;max-width:62px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boghos_Nubar_Pasha_(1906)_-_TIMEA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Boghos_Nubar_Pasha_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/60px-Boghos_Nubar_Pasha_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Boghos_Nubar_Pasha_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/90px-Boghos_Nubar_Pasha_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Boghos_Nubar_Pasha_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/120px-Boghos_Nubar_Pasha_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="877" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Boghos_Nubar" title="Boghos Nubar">Boghos Nubar</a> chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Delegation" title="Armenian National Delegation">Armenian National Delegation</a> and one of the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_General_Benevolent_Union" title="Armenian General Benevolent Union">AGBU</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>Significant European and American movements began with the Armenian diaspora in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> as early as in the 1890s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1885, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriotic_Society_of_Europe" title="Armenian Patriotic Society of Europe">Armenian Patriotic Society of Europe</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Its goal was that the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a> should help those in their native land, both financially and raise Armenian political consciousness about its subject condition. Various political parties and benevolent unions, such as branches for the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, the Social-Democrat Henchagian party, and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_General_Benevolent_Union" title="Armenian General Benevolent Union">Armenian General Benevolent Union</a> (AGBU) which was initially founded in Constantinople, were established wherever there was a considerable number of Armenians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities_(Ottoman_Empire)"><span id="Activities_.28Ottoman_Empire.29"></span>Activities (Ottoman Empire)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Activities (Ottoman Empire)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px"><div style="position:relative;width:250px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian national movement is located in Turkey"><img alt="Armenian national movement is located in Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="677" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:21.234%;left:18.138%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1896, 1890, 1905"><img alt="1896, 1890, 1905" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/StarLocatorDot.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:11px"><div><small><a href="/wiki/1896_Ottoman_Bank_Takeover" class="mw-redirect" title="1896 Ottoman Bank Takeover">1896</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Kum_Kapu_demonstration" title="Kum Kapu demonstration">1890</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_assassination_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Yıldız assassination attempt">1905</a></small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.143%;left:87.194%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1889, 1896, 1897"><img alt="1889, 1896, 1897" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/StarLocatorDot.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:11px"><div><small><a href="/wiki/Bashkale_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashkale Resistance">1889</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/1896_Defense_of_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="1896 Defense of Van">1896</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Khanasor_Expedition" title="Khanasor Expedition">1897</a></small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.143%;left:74.49%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1894, 1901, 1904"><img alt="1894, 1901, 1904" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/StarLocatorDot.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:11px"><div><small><a href="/wiki/Sasun_Resistance_(1894)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasun Resistance (1894)">1894</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holy_Apostles_Monastery" title="Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery">1901</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Sasun_Uprising_(1904)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasun Uprising (1904)">1904</a></small></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:Turkey relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Conflicts during the Hamidian Era</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hamidian_Era">Hamidian Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hamidian Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The emergence of the Armenian National Movement in the early 1880s and the armed struggle by the late 1880s coincides with <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>'s reign (<a href="/wiki/1876_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1876 Ottoman coup d'état">1876</a>-<a href="/wiki/31_March_incident" title="31 March incident">1909</a>). Abdul Hamid II oversaw an autocracy while ruling over a period of decline of the empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capitol">Capitol</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Capitol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Db_Bank_Ottomani_kravman_masnagtsadz_fedayiner_Marseille_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Db_Bank_Ottomani_kravman_masnagtsadz_fedayiner_Marseille_1.jpg/200px-Db_Bank_Ottomani_kravman_masnagtsadz_fedayiner_Marseille_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Db_Bank_Ottomani_kravman_masnagtsadz_fedayiner_Marseille_1.jpg/300px-Db_Bank_Ottomani_kravman_masnagtsadz_fedayiner_Marseille_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Db_Bank_Ottomani_kravman_masnagtsadz_fedayiner_Marseille_1.jpg/400px-Db_Bank_Ottomani_kravman_masnagtsadz_fedayiner_Marseille_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2642" data-file-height="1967" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Survivors of the Ottoman Bank takeover group after they arrived in Marseille.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kum_Kapu_demonstration" title="Kum Kapu demonstration">Kum Kapu demonstration</a> occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Kumkap%C4%B1" title="Kumkapı">Kumkapı</a> district of Constantinople on July 27, 1890. The Hunchaks concluded that the demonstrations at Kum Kapu were unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similars demonstration on a lesser scale followed throughout most of the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ARF undertook the <a href="/wiki/1896_Ottoman_Bank_Takeover" class="mw-redirect" title="1896 Ottoman Bank Takeover">1896 Ottoman Bank Takeover</a>, seizing the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bank" title="Ottoman Bank">Ottoman Bank</a> in Constantinople, on 26 August 1896. In an effort to raise further awareness in Europe regarding the <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">pogroms and massacres</a> instigated by the Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Hamid_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>, 28 armed men and women led by <a href="/wiki/Papken_Siuni" title="Papken Siuni">Papken Siuni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karekin_Pastirmaciyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Karekin Pastirmaciyan">Karekin Pastirmaciyan</a> (Armen Karo) took over the bank which largely employed European personnel from Great Britain and France. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_assassination_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Yıldız assassination attempt">Yıldız assassination attempt</a> was a failed assassination attempted on Abdul Hamid II by the ARF at <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Hamidiye_Mosque" title="Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque">Yıldız Mosque</a> on July 21, 1905. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lake_Van_Region">Lake Van Region</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lake Van Region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_monastery_of_s_apostles_in_moush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Armenian_monastery_of_s_apostles_in_moush.jpg/200px-Armenian_monastery_of_s_apostles_in_moush.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Armenian_monastery_of_s_apostles_in_moush.jpg/300px-Armenian_monastery_of_s_apostles_in_moush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Armenian_monastery_of_s_apostles_in_moush.jpg/400px-Armenian_monastery_of_s_apostles_in_moush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="446" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holy_Apostles_Monastery" title="Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery">Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Van_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Vilayet">Van Vilayet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bitlis_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitlis Vilayet">Bitlis Vilayet</a></div> <p>Van turned into a center of Armenian Nationalist activity, as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Lake Van</a> borders Russia and Persia, making assistance easily accessible.<sup id="cite_ref-Nalbandian_1963_80_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nalbandian_1963_80-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1889, the <a href="/wiki/Bashkale_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashkale Resistance">Bashkale Clash</a> Ottoman gendarme stopped three <a href="/wiki/Armenakan_Party" title="Armenakan Party">Armenakan</a> members which they believed were members of a large revolutionary apparatus, two of whom were subsequently killed. The incident increased sectarian tensions and other conflicts occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian Massacres</a> in 1896, the <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1896)" title="Defense of Van (1896)">Defense of Van</a> saw the Armenian population in Van defend against Ottoman forces and Kurdish tribesmen.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Khanasor_Expedition" title="Khanasor Expedition">Khanasor Expedition</a> was the Armenian <a href="/wiki/Armenian_fedayi" title="Armenian fedayi">militia</a>'s response.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holy_Apostles_Monastery" title="Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery">Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery</a> was an armed conflict of the Armenian militia in <a href="/wiki/Holy_Apostles_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Apostles Monastery">Holy Apostles Monastery</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%9F" title="Muş">Mush</a>, in November 1901. <a href="/wiki/Andranik_Ozanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Andranik Ozanian">Andranik Ozanian</a>'s intentions were to attract the attention of the foreign consuls at Mush to the plight of the Armenian peasants and to provide hope for the oppressed Armenians of the eastern provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diyarbekir/Aleppo_Vilayets"><span id="Diyarbekir.2FAleppo_Vilayets"></span>Diyarbekir/Aleppo Vilayets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Diyarbekir/Aleppo Vilayets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_to_Taron_and_Turuberan_Resistance_at_Forty_Martyrs_Armenian_Cathedral_of_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Monument_to_Taron_and_Turuberan_Resistance_at_Forty_Martyrs_Armenian_Cathedral_of_Aleppo.jpg/200px-Monument_to_Taron_and_Turuberan_Resistance_at_Forty_Martyrs_Armenian_Cathedral_of_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Monument_to_Taron_and_Turuberan_Resistance_at_Forty_Martyrs_Armenian_Cathedral_of_Aleppo.jpg/300px-Monument_to_Taron_and_Turuberan_Resistance_at_Forty_Martyrs_Armenian_Cathedral_of_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Monument_to_Taron_and_Turuberan_Resistance_at_Forty_Martyrs_Armenian_Cathedral_of_Aleppo.jpg/400px-Monument_to_Taron_and_Turuberan_Resistance_at_Forty_Martyrs_Armenian_Cathedral_of_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2241" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Armenian Cathedral of the Forty Martyrs, Aleppo</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeytun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Zeytun.jpg/200px-Zeytun.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Zeytun.jpg/300px-Zeytun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Zeytun.jpg/400px-Zeytun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Zeytun</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diyarbekir_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbekir Vilayet">Diyarbekir Vilayet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo Vilayet">Aleppo Vilayet</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sason" title="Sason">Sason</a> was formerly part of the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Siirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjak of Siirt">sanjak of Siirt</a> which was in <a href="/wiki/Diyarbekir_vilayet" title="Diyarbekir vilayet">Diyarbakır vilayet</a> of the Ottoman Empire, later part of <a href="/wiki/Batman_Province" title="Batman Province">Batman Province</a> of Turkey. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanl%C4%B1" title="Süleymanlı">Zeitun</a> was formerly part of the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo Vilayet">Aleppo Vilayet</a> of the Ottoman Empire, later Süleymanlı in the <a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F" title="Kahramanmaraş">Kahramanmaraş</a> Province of Turkey. The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party and the ARF were active in the region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Armenians of Zeitun had historically enjoyed a period of high autonomy in the Ottoman Empire until the nineteenth century. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the central government decided to bring this region of the empire under tighter control. This strategy ultimately proved ineffective. In the <a href="/wiki/First_Zeitun_Resistance" title="First Zeitun Resistance">First Zeitun resistance</a>, in the summer of 1862, the Ottomans sent a military contingent of 12,000 men to Zeitun to reassert government control. The force, however, was held at bay by the Armenians and, through French mediation, the first Zeitun resistance was brought to a close. The Zeitun Armenians gave inspiration to the ideas of creating an Armenian state in Cilicia.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sasun_Resistance_(1894)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasun Resistance (1894)">Sasun resistance</a> of 1894 was the resistance of the Hunchak militia of the Sasun region. The region continued to be in conflict between the fedayee and the Muslim Ottomans between the local Armenian villages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Between the years 1891 and 1895, activists from the Armenian Social Democrat Hunchakian Party visited Cilicia, and established a new branch in Zeitun. Another <a href="/wiki/Zeitun_Rebellion_(1895%E2%80%931896)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeitun Rebellion (1895–1896)">Zeitun Rebellion</a> took place in 1895.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In spring 1902, a representative of the ARF, Vahan Manvelyan, was sent to in Sason with the purpose of mediating peace, but ended up irritating the Muslims. In February 1903, at the Third ARF Congress in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, it was decided send <a href="/wiki/Komitadji" title="Komitadji">committeemen</a> to Sasun. <a href="/wiki/Hrayr_Dzhoghk" title="Hrayr Dzhoghk">Hrayr Dzhoghk</a> went to Van, where he organized in Sasun. Alongside Hrayr Dzhoghk was <a href="/wiki/Andranik" title="Andranik">Andranik</a>. Andranik became the main organizer and head of the <a href="/wiki/1904_Sasun_uprising" title="1904 Sasun uprising">Sasun Uprising</a> of 1904. Hrayr Dzhoghk was killed on April 13 in the village Gelieguzan. He was buried in a court of a local church near to <a href="/wiki/Serob_Pa%C5%9Fa" class="mw-redirect" title="Serob Paşa">Serob Paşa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armenian_reform_program">Armenian reform program</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Armenian reform program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Kurdish_relations" title="Armenian–Kurdish relations">Armenian–Kurdish relations</a></div> <p>While the Armenian national liberation movement was in its early stage; lack of outside support and inability to maintain a trained, organized Kurdish force diminished Kurdish aspirations for autonomy. However, two prominent Kurdish tribes mounted opposition to the empire, based more from an ethno-nationalistic standpoint. The <a href="/wiki/Bedirhan_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedirhan Bey">Badrkhans</a> were secessionists while the Sayyids of Nihiri were autonomists. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 was followed (1880–1881) by the attempt of Shaykh <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Ubeydullah" title="Sheikh Ubeydullah">Ubaydullah</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nihri (page does not exist)">Nihri</a> to found an "<a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Sheikh_Ubeydullah" title="Uprising of Sheikh Ubeydullah">independent Kurd principality</a>" around the Ottoman-Persian border (including the Van Vilayet) where the Armenian population was significant. Shaykh Ubaydullah of Nihri gathered 20,000 fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-McDowall4247_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDowall4247-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lacking discipline, his man left the ranks after pillaging and acquiring riches from the villages in the region (indiscriminately, including Armenian villages). Shaykh Ubaydullah was captured by Ottoman forces in 1882 and his movement ended.<sup id="cite_ref-McDowall4247_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDowall4247-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Security,_Reform,_Order"><span id="Security.2C_Reform.2C_Order"></span>Security, Reform, Order</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Security, Reform, Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_reform_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian reform program">Armenian reform program</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_chiefdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish chiefdoms">Kurdish chiefdoms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hamidiye_(cavalry)" title="Hamidiye (cavalry)">Hamidiye (cavalry)</a></div> <p>The Kurds sacked neighboring towns and villages with impunity.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central assumption of the Hamidiye system that Kurdish tribes could be brought under military discipline—proved to be impossible. The <a href="/wiki/Persian_Cossack_Brigade" title="Persian Cossack Brigade">Persian Cossack Brigade</a> later proved that it could function as independent unit, but the Ottoman example, which it was modeled after, never replaced the tribal loyalty to Ottoman Sultan or even to its establishing unit.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Hamidiye corps or Hamidiye Light Cavalry Regiments were well-armed, irregular, majority <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> cavalry (minor amounts of other nationalities, such as <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turcoman</a>) formations that operated in the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were intended to be modeled after the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Cossack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Cossack (page does not exist)">Caucasian Cossack Regiments</a> (example Persian Cossack Brigade) and were primarily tasked to patrol the Russo-Ottoman frontier<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and secondly, to reduce the potential of Kurdish-Armenian cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hamidiye Cavalry was in no way a cross-tribal force, despite their military appearance, organization, and potential.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamidiye quickly find out that they could only be tried through a military court martial<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They became immune to civil administration. Realizing their immunity, they turned their tribes into “legalized robber brigades” as they steal grain, reap fields not of their possession, drive off herds, and openly steal from shopkeepers.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kurdish chieftains also taxed the population of the region in sustaining these units, and Armenians perceived this tax as exploitation. The Hamidiye cavalry harassed and assaulted Armenians.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hamidian massacres were brought to an end through mediation by the Great Powers. However instead of Armenian autonomy in these regions, Kurdish tribal chiefs retained much of their autonomy and power.<sup id="cite_ref-Denise_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denise-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abdul Hamid made little attempt to alter the traditional Kurdish power structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Denise_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denise-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sultan entrusted the Kurds to safeguard the southern and eastern fringe of the empire and its mountainous topography, limited transportation, and communication system.<sup id="cite_ref-Denise_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denise-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state had little access to these provinces and were forced to make informal agreements with tribal chiefs, for instance the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Kadi_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Kadi (Ottoman Empire)">qadi</a> and mufti did not have jurisdiction over religious law which bolstered Kurdish authority and autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Denise_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denise-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the 1907 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sulukh" title="Battle of Sulukh">Battle of Sulukh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kevork_Chavush" title="Kevork Chavush">Kevork Chavush</a> was critically wounded on May 25, 1907, during a large firefight with the Ottoman army in Sulukh, Mush. Kevork Chavush escaped the fighting. Two days later his body was found in Kyosabin-Bashin on May 27 under a bridge.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1908, after the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a>, the Hamidiye Cavalry was disbanded as an organized force, but as they were “tribal forces” before official recognition, they stayed as “tribal forces” after dismemberment. The Hamidiye Cavalry is described as a military disappointment and a failure because of its contribution to tribal feuds.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abdul_Hamid_II's_position"><span id="Abdul_Hamid_II.27s_position"></span>Abdul Hamid II's position</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Abdul Hamid II's position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> wanted to reinforce the territorial integrity the Ottoman Empire, and asserted <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a> as a state ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-Taner44_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taner44-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abdul Hamid II perceived the Ottoman Armenians to be an extension of foreign powers, a means by which Europe could "get at our most vital places and tear out our very guts."<sup id="cite_ref-Taner44_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taner44-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Constitutional_Era">Second Constitutional Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Second Constitutional Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Armenians, especially the ARF, supported the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the revolution began the <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)">Second Constitutional Era</a>, which proved difficult to reinstill Ottomanism among its subjects. </p><p>The ARF, a Marxist-socialist organization<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> previously outlawed, became the main representative of the Armenian community in the Ottoman Empire, replacing the pre-1908 Armenian elite, which had been composed of merchants, artisans, and clerics who had seen their future in obtaining more privileges within the bounds of <a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the same time the ARF was moving out of this context and developing the concept of an independent Armenian state. With this national transformation the ARF's activities become a national cause.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once in power, the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> (CUP) introduced a number of new initiatives intended to promote the modernization of the Ottoman Empire. The CUP advocated a program of reform under a strong central government, as well as the reducing foreign influence. CUP promoted industrialization and administrative reforms. Administrative reforms of provincial administration quickly led to a higher degree of centralization.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armenian_Nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_parliament">Armenian Nationalism in the Ottoman parliament</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Armenian Nationalism in the Ottoman parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pastermajian-Karekin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pastermajian-Karekin.JPG/220px-Pastermajian-Karekin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Pastermajian-Karekin.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karekin_Pastermadjian" class="mw-redirect" title="Karekin Pastermadjian">Karekin Pastermadjian</a>, ARF deputy of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire">Chamber of Deputies</a> from <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)">Second Constitutional Era</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1908_Ottoman_general_election" title="1908 Ottoman general election">1908 Ottoman general election</a> resulted in a new parliament composed of 142 Turks, 60 <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arabs</a>, 25 <a href="/wiki/Albanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian people">Albanians</a>, 23 <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greeks</a>, 12 <a href="/wiki/Armenian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian people">Armenians</a> (including four from ARF and two from <a href="/wiki/Hunchak" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunchak">Hunchaks</a>), 5 <a href="/wiki/Jewish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish people">Jews</a>, 4 <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian people">Bulgarians</a>, 3 <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and 1 <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlach</a>. The CUP could count on the support of about 60 deputies and formed a government.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_Mansel_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip_Mansel-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karekin_Pastermadjian" class="mw-redirect" title="Karekin Pastermadjian">Karekin Pastermadjian</a> of the ARF became an MP.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his four years as a deputy, he worked for the railroad bill.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> Its purpose was to build railroads in the vilayets which were considered to be Russia's future possessions. For that reason neither France nor Germany wished to undertake it. Another fundamental object was to build those lines with American capital, which would make it possible to counteract the Russo-Franco-German policies and financial intrigues. But in spite of all efforts he was unable to overcome the German opposition, although, as the outcome of the struggle in connection with that bill, two ministers of public works were forced to resign their posts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Balkans">Balkans</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Balkans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garegin_Nzhdeh_Balkan_Wars_1913.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Garegin_Nzhdeh_Balkan_Wars_1913.png/100px-Garegin_Nzhdeh_Balkan_Wars_1913.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Garegin_Nzhdeh_Balkan_Wars_1913.png/150px-Garegin_Nzhdeh_Balkan_Wars_1913.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Garegin_Nzhdeh_Balkan_Wars_1913.png/200px-Garegin_Nzhdeh_Balkan_Wars_1913.png 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="1713" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1913, Garegin Njdeh</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:94px;max-width:94px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoravar_Andranik_in_Sophia_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zoravar_Andranik_in_Sophia_1912.jpg/92px-Zoravar_Andranik_in_Sophia_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zoravar_Andranik_in_Sophia_1912.jpg/138px-Zoravar_Andranik_in_Sophia_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zoravar_Andranik_in_Sophia_1912.jpg/184px-Zoravar_Andranik_in_Sophia_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="3828" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1912, Zoravar Andranik</div></div></div></div></div> <p>At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913) around 35,000 Armenians lived in Bulgaria.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Andranik_Ozanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Andranik Ozanian">Andranik</a> participated in the Balkan Wars in the <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> army, alongside general <a href="/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh" title="Garegin Nzhdeh">Garegin Nzhdeh</a>, as a commander of Armenian auxiliary troops. Andranik met revolutionist <a href="/wiki/Boris_Sarafov" title="Boris Sarafov">Boris Sarafov</a> in Sofia and the two pledged themselves to work jointly for the oppressed peoples of Armenia and Macedonia. Andranik participated in the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> alongside Nzhdeh as a Chief Commander of 12th Battalion of <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1rklareli" title="Kırklareli">Lozengrad</a> Third Brigade of the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian-Adrianopolitan_Volunteer_Corps" title="Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps">Macedonian-Adrianopolitan militia</a> under the command of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Protogerov" title="Aleksandar Protogerov">Aleksandar Protogerov</a>. His detachment consisted of 273 Armenian volunteers, which was more than half of the 531 non-Macedonian born fighters in the group.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On October 20, the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan militia and Andranik's volunteer detachment, participated in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)">Siege of Adrianople</a>. On November 4, 1912, the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan militia with the support of Andranik's volunteer detachment defeated a numerically superior Turkish force near <a href="/wiki/Momchilgrad" title="Momchilgrad">Momchilgrad</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_reform_package">The reform package</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The reform package"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The politics in Constantinople was centered around trying to find a solution to the demands of Arab and Armenian reformist groups. With most of the Christian population outside of the Empire after the Balkan Wars, Islamism became central to the Ottoman official ideology. </p><p>In 1913, <a href="/wiki/Karekin_Pastermadjian" class="mw-redirect" title="Karekin Pastermadjian">Karekin Pastermadjian</a> took part in conferences held for the consideration of the Armenian reforms. He was in Paris and the Netherlands, as the delegate of the ARF, to meet the inspectors general who were invited to carry out the reforms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_reform_package" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian reform package">Armenian reform package</a> was signed in February 1914. L. C. Westenenk, an administrator for the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, and Major Hoff, a major in the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Army" title="Norwegian Army">Norwegian Army</a>, were selected as the first two inspectors. Hoff was in Van when World War I broke out, just as Westenenk was preparing to depart for his post in Erzerum.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 16, 1914, the Ottoman Empire dismantled the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_reform_package" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian reform package">Armenian reform package</a>, just after the first engagement of the Caucasus Campaign in the <a href="/wiki/Bergmann_Offensive" title="Bergmann Offensive">Bergmann Offensive</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Tsar</a> visited the Caucasus front on December 30, 1914, telling the head of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Church</a> that "a most brilliant future awaits the Armenians".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities_(Russian_Empire)"><span id="Activities_.28Russian_Empire.29"></span>Activities (Russian Empire)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Activities (Russian Empire)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edict_on_Armenian_church_property_1903-1904">Edict on Armenian church property 1903-1904</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Edict on Armenian church property 1903-1904"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a></div> <p>Russification programme reached its peak with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russification_of_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russification of Armenia (page does not exist)">the decree of June 12, 1903</a>, confiscating the property of the Armenian Church drawing the ire of the Armenians. When the Tsar refused to back down the Armenians turned to the ARF. The Armenian clergy had previously been wary of the ARF, condemning their socialism as <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clerical</a>. However, the ARF previously acquired support and sympathy in the Russian administration. This was mainly due to the ARF's attitude toward the Ottoman Empire, and the party enjoyed the support of the central Russian administration, as <a href="/wiki/Tsarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarist">tsarist</a> and ARF foreign policy had the same alignment until 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-Anna_Geifman_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anna_Geifman-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The edict on Armenian church property was faced by strong ARF opposition, because it now perceived the Russian government a threat to Armenian national existence. In 1904, a Dashnak congress specifically extended their programme to support the rights of Armenians in the Russian Empire as well as Ottoman Turkey.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As a result, the ARF leadership decided to actively defend Armenian churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Anna_Geifman_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anna_Geifman-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ARF formed a Central Committee for Self-Defence in the Caucasus and organised a series of protests. At <a href="/wiki/Gandzak,_Armenia" title="Gandzak, Armenia">Gandzak</a> the Russian army responded by firing into the crowd, killing ten, and further demonstrations were met with more bloodshed. The Dashnaks and Hunchaks began a campaign of assassination against tsarist officials in Transcaucasia and they succeeded in wounding <a href="/wiki/Prince_Golitsyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Golitsyn">Prince Golitsin</a>. The events convinced Tsar Nicholas that he must reverse his policies. He replaced Golitsin with the Armenophile governor <a href="/wiki/Count_Illarion_Ivanovich_Vorontsov-Dashkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Illarion Ivanovich Vorontsov-Dashkov">Count Illarion Ivanovich Vorontsov-Dashkov</a> and returned the property of the Armenian Church. Gradually order was restored and the Armenian bourgeoisie once more began to distance itself from the revolutionary nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian-Azeri_massacres_1904-1905">Armenian-Azeri massacres 1904-1905</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Armenian-Azeri massacres 1904-1905"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armenian-Tatar_massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian-Tatar massacres">Armenian-Tatar massacres</a></div> <p>Unrest in Transcaucasia, which also included major strikes, reached a climax during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1905)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1905)">1905 Russian Revolution</a>. 1905 saw a wave of mutinies, strikes and peasant uprisings across imperial Russia and events in Transcaucasia were particularly violent. In <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, the centre of the Russian oil industry, class tensions mixed with ethnic rivalries. The city was almost wholly composed of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azeris</a> and Armenians, but the Armenian middle-class tended to have a greater share in the ownership of the oil companies and Armenian workers generally had better salaries and working conditions than the Azeris. In December 1904, after a major strike was declared in Baku, the two communities clashed on the streets and the violence spread to the countryside.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribune_of_People,_1912"><span id="Tribune_of_People.2C_1912"></span>Tribune of People, 1912</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tribune of People, 1912"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1912, a total of 159 Armenians were charged with membership of a "Revolutionary" organisation. During the revolution Armenian revolutionaries were split into "Old Dashnaks", allied with the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party" title="Constitutional Democratic Party">Kadets</a> and "Young Dashnaks" aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">SRs</a>. To determine the position of Armenians all forms of the Armenian national movement was put onto trial.<sup id="cite_ref-richard_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richard-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the tribune finished its work, 64 charges were dropped and the rest were either imprisoned or exiled for varying periods<sup id="cite_ref-richard_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richard-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities_during_World_War_I">Activities during World War I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Activities during World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_resistance_(1914%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian resistance (1914–1918)">Armenian resistance (1914–1918)</a></div> <p>Beginning at the end of July and ending on August 2, 1914, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_congress_at_Erzurum" title="Armenian congress at Erzurum">Armenian congress at Erzurum</a> was a watershed event between the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Government_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)">Ottoman government</a> of the CUP and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Armenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Armenian">Ottoman Armenian</a> citizens. Coming soon after the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_reform_package" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian reform package">Armenian reform package</a>, a conversation between these groups were established with the Armenian liaisons <a href="/wiki/Simon_Vratsian" title="Simon Vratsian">Simon Vratsian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arshak_Vramian" title="Arshak Vramian">Arshak Vramian</a>, Rostom (<a href="/wiki/Stepan_Zorian" title="Stepan Zorian">Stepan Zorian</a>), and E. Aknouni (<a href="/wiki/Khatchatour_Maloumian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatchatour Maloumian">Khatchatour Maloumian</a>) and Ottoman liaisons Dr. <a href="/wiki/Behaeddin_Shakir" class="mw-redirect" title="Behaeddin Shakir">Behaeddin Shakir</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omer_Naji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omer Naji (page does not exist)">Ömer Naji</a>, and Hilmi Bey, also accompanied by an international entourage of peoples from the Caucasus. The CUP requested that Ottoman Armenians assist in an Ottoman military campaign into <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasia</a> by inciting a rebellion (with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Armenians">Russian Armenians</a>) against the tsarist army.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman plan was to draw the <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar">Tatars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> into a holy war against the Allies.<sup id="cite_ref-Ame_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ame-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They offered the Ottoman Armenians autonomy if they supported the war plan. The Tsar also promised autonomy for <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Armenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ame_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ame-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A representative meeting of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Armenians">Russian Armenians</a> assembled in <a href="/wiki/Tiflis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiflis">Tiflis</a>, Caucasus, during August 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-Ame_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ame-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tsar promised autonomy to six Turkish Armenian vilayets as well as the two Russian-Armenian provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-pro_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pro-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsar asked Armenian's loyalty and support for Russia in the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Ame_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ame-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposal was agreed upon and nearly 20,000 Armenians, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_volunteer_units" title="Armenian volunteer units">Armenian volunteer units</a>, served with the Russian colors.<sup id="cite_ref-Ame_88-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ame-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Armenians were quite willing to remain loyal to their government, but declared their inability to agree to the other proposal, that of inciting their compatriots under Russian rule to insurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-Ame_88-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ame-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of these promises and threats, the executive committee of the ARF informed the Turks that the Armenians could not accept the Turkish proposal, and on advised the Turks not to participate in the present war, which would be very disastrous to the Turks themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (September 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armed_movement">Armed movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Armed movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1914-1915">1914-1915</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 1914-1915"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenian_Volunteer_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Armenian Volunteer Corps">Russian Armenian Volunteer Corps</a> was a military fighting unit within the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a>. Composed of several groups at <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> strength, its ranks were exclusively made up of Armenians from the Russian Empire, though there were also a number of Armenian from the Ottoman Empire. In August 1914, following Germany's declaration of war against Russia, Count <a href="/wiki/Illarion_Vorontsov-Dashkov" title="Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov">Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov</a>, the Russian <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Viceroyalty_(1844-1881)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Viceroyalty (1844-1881)">viceroy of the Caucasus</a>, approached Armenian leaders in the <a href="/wiki/Tiflis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiflis">Tiflis</a> to broach the idea of a formation of a separate fighting corps. His offer was received warmly and within a few weeks Armenian volunteers began to enlist. Responsibility for its formation was given to a special committee created by the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Congress_of_Eastern_Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Congress of Eastern Armenians">Armenian National Council</a>, which coordinated its activities from Tiflis, <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gyumri" title="Gyumri">Alexandrapol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hovannisian_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hovannisian-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pervaya_Armyanskaya_Drujina_3_battalion_1914.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pervaya_Armyanskaya_Drujina_3_battalion_1914.png/125px-Pervaya_Armyanskaya_Drujina_3_battalion_1914.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pervaya_Armyanskaya_Drujina_3_battalion_1914.png/188px-Pervaya_Armyanskaya_Drujina_3_battalion_1914.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pervaya_Armyanskaya_Drujina_3_battalion_1914.png/250px-Pervaya_Armyanskaya_Drujina_3_battalion_1914.png 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="401" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">3rd Battalion <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenian_Volunteer_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Armenian Volunteer Corps">Volunteers</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:77px;max-width:77px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WW1_Armenian_volunteer_13_years_old_at_battle_of_sarikamish.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/WW1_Armenian_volunteer_13_years_old_at_battle_of_sarikamish.png/75px-WW1_Armenian_volunteer_13_years_old_at_battle_of_sarikamish.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/WW1_Armenian_volunteer_13_years_old_at_battle_of_sarikamish.png/113px-WW1_Armenian_volunteer_13_years_old_at_battle_of_sarikamish.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/WW1_Armenian_volunteer_13_years_old_at_battle_of_sarikamish.png/150px-WW1_Armenian_volunteer_13_years_old_at_battle_of_sarikamish.png 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenian_Volunteer_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Armenian Volunteer Corps">Volunteer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Sarikamish</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a> took place from December 22, 1914, to January 17, 1915, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Campaign">Caucasus Campaign</a>. The Ottomans employed a strategy which demanded that their troops be highly mobile and to arrive at specified objectives at precise times.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along the <a href="/wiki/Kars_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Kars Oblast">Kars Oblast</a>, the 3rd battalion commanded by <a href="/wiki/Hamazasp_Srvandztyan" title="Hamazasp Srvandztyan">Hamazasp Srvandztian</a> and 4th battalion by Keri (<a href="/wiki/Arshak_Gavafian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arshak Gavafian">Arshak Gavafian</a>) operated on the front facing Erzurum between Sarikamish and <a href="/wiki/Oltu" title="Oltu">Oltu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4th battalion of the Armenian volunteers engaged at Barduz Pass.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman army suffered a delay of 24 hours in the <a href="/wiki/Gaziler,_%C5%9Eenkaya" title="Gaziler, Şenkaya">Barduz</a> Pass, and 4th battalion of the Armenian volunteers lost 600 troops in a battle there.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WW1_TitlePicture_For_Armenian_Resistance.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/WW1_TitlePicture_For_Armenian_Resistance.png/200px-WW1_TitlePicture_For_Armenian_Resistance.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/WW1_TitlePicture_For_Armenian_Resistance.png/300px-WW1_TitlePicture_For_Armenian_Resistance.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/WW1_TitlePicture_For_Armenian_Resistance.png/400px-WW1_TitlePicture_For_Armenian_Resistance.png 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="1004" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">"Top:" The size of the stars show where the active conflicts occurred in 1915 "Left Upper:" Armenians defending the walls of Van in the spring of 1915 "Left Lower:" Armenian Resistance in Urfa "Right:" A seventy-year-old Armenian priest leading Armenians to battle field.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Between April 15–18 of 1915, the brigade of Armenian volunteers under the command of Andranik participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dilman" title="Battle of Dilman">Battle of Dilman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persian Campaign</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Drastamat_Kanayan" title="Drastamat Kanayan">Drastamat Kanayan</a> led his battalion into eleven battles in the neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Alashkert,_Armenia" title="Alashkert, Armenia">Alashkert</a>, Toutakh, and <a href="/wiki/Malazgirt" title="Malazgirt">Malashkert</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Red_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Sunday">Red Sunday</a> the leaders of the Armenian community were arrested and moved to two holding centers near <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> upon the order of the Minister of the Interior <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Talaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed Talaat">Mehmed Talaat</a> Bey <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Circular_on_April_24,_1915" class="extiw" title="s:Circular on April 24, 1915">of April 24, 1915</a>. Talaat Bey delivered the detention order on April 24, 1915, which commenced at 8 p.m. and carried out by Chief of Police of Constantinople Bedri Bey.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hampartsoum_Boyadjian" title="Hampartsoum Boyadjian">Hampartsoum Boyadjian</a>, a Hunchak, was among the first to be arrested in April 1915 at <a href="/wiki/Red_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Sunday">Red Sunday</a>. After a trial in July, he was hanged on 24 August 1915, with 12 comrades.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 6, 1915, Andranik was the commanding officer of the first Armenian volunteer detachment (about 1,200 soldiers), which helped lift the <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1915)" title="Defense of Van (1915)">Siege of Van</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia.am_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia.am-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 15, 1915, <a href="/wiki/The_20_Hunchakian_gallows" class="mw-redirect" title="The 20 Hunchakian gallows">The Twenty Martyrs</a> were sentenced to death by hanging. All twenty men were Hunchak leaders, and after spending two years in Ottoman prisons, and undergoing lengthy show trials, were hanged in <a href="/wiki/Beyaz%C4%B1t_Square" title="Beyazıt Square">Bayazid Square</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1916">1916</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 1916"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1915 the <a href="/wiki/Administration_for_Western_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administration for Western Armenia">Administration for Western Armenia</a>, popularly known as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Van">Republic of Van</a>, was established under Russian protection, with <a href="/wiki/Aram_Manukian" title="Aram Manukian">Aram Manukian</a> as its head. The Republic of Van was a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">provisional government</a> which lasted until 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andranik commanded a battalion which defeated <a href="/wiki/Halil_Kut" title="Halil Kut">Halil Pasha</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitlis" title="Battle of Bitlis">Battle of Bitlis</a> in 1916.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian-Caucas-Front-1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Russian-Caucas-Front-1916.jpg/220px-Russian-Caucas-Front-1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Russian-Caucas-Front-1916.jpg/330px-Russian-Caucas-Front-1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Russian-Caucas-Front-1916.jpg/440px-Russian-Caucas-Front-1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Administration_for_Western_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administration for Western Armenia">Administration for Western Armenia</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Van">Republic of Van</a>) in 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>Negotiations with the French for returning Armenian refugees to their homes in Cilicia conducted under <a href="/wiki/Boghos_Nubar" title="Boghos Nubar">Boghos Nubar</a>. Negotiations were conducted within the <a href="/wiki/French_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="French Ministry of Foreign Affairs">Quai d'Orsay</a>. Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> used this opportunity to provide troops for the French commitment made in the <a href="/wiki/Sykes-Picot_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sykes-Picot Agreement">Sykes-Picot Agreement</a>, which was still secret at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armenian leadership also meet with <a href="/wiki/Mark_Sykes" title="Mark Sykes">Sir Mark Sykes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Georges-Picot" title="François Georges-Picot">François Georges-Picot</a>. The <a href="/wiki/French_Armenian_Legion" title="French Armenian Legion">French Armenian Legion</a> was officially established in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt in November 1916, and put under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Allenby" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Allenby">Edmund Allenby</a>. Beginning in 1917, this Armenian force fought to the frontlines in Palestine and Syria against the agreement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1917">1917</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 1917"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> of 1917 caused chaos in Russian forces on the Caucasus Front, and by the end of that year most Russian soldiers left the front and returned to their homes. In July 1917, six Armenian regiments were created in the Caucasus Front with the support of Armenian organizations in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Petrograd</a> and Tiflis. As of October 1917 two Armenian divisions were already created, with <a href="/wiki/Tovmas_Nazarbekian" title="Tovmas Nazarbekian">Tovmas Nazarbekian</a> at their head. As of early 1918 only a few thousand Armenian volunteers under the command of two hundred officers opposed the Ottoman army.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WW1_2nd_Battalion_established_from_Van_Armenians_in_Hamadan_Persia_under_British_forces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/WW1_2nd_Battalion_established_from_Van_Armenians_in_Hamadan_Persia_under_British_forces.jpg/220px-WW1_2nd_Battalion_established_from_Van_Armenians_in_Hamadan_Persia_under_British_forces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/WW1_2nd_Battalion_established_from_Van_Armenians_in_Hamadan_Persia_under_British_forces.jpg/330px-WW1_2nd_Battalion_established_from_Van_Armenians_in_Hamadan_Persia_under_British_forces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/WW1_2nd_Battalion_established_from_Van_Armenians_in_Hamadan_Persia_under_British_forces.jpg/440px-WW1_2nd_Battalion_established_from_Van_Armenians_in_Hamadan_Persia_under_British_forces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>Armenian Battalion under British forces</figcaption></figure> <p>In the spring of 1917, Karekin Pastermadjian and Dr. <a href="/wiki/Hakob_Zavriev" title="Hakob Zavriev">Hakob Zavriev</a> was sent from the Caucasus to Petrograd to negotiate with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian provisional government</a> concerning Caucasian affairs. Pastermadjian then left for America in June 1917 as the representative of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Council_of_Tiflis" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian National Council of Tiflis">Armenian National Council of Tiflis</a> and as the special envoy of the Catholicos of all the Armenians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was assigned as the ambassador of the First Republic of Armenia to the United States in Washington, D.C.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On December 5, 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Erzincan" title="Armistice of Erzincan">armistice of Erzincan</a> was signed between the Russians and Ottomans, ending hostilities between the two states. After the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, a multinational congress of Transcaucasian representatives met to create a provisional regional executive body known as <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Sejm" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian Sejm">Transcaucasian Seim</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1918">1918</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 1918"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Armenia_October_1918_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Eastern_Armenia_October_1918_map.png/200px-Eastern_Armenia_October_1918_map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Eastern_Armenia_October_1918_map.png/300px-Eastern_Armenia_October_1918_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Eastern_Armenia_October_1918_map.png/400px-Eastern_Armenia_October_1918_map.png 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="634" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">October 1918</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1918_-_Zoravar_Andranik_-Shishi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/1918_-_Zoravar_Andranik_-Shishi.png/200px-1918_-_Zoravar_Andranik_-Shishi.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/1918_-_Zoravar_Andranik_-Shishi.png/300px-1918_-_Zoravar_Andranik_-Shishi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/1918_-_Zoravar_Andranik_-Shishi.png/400px-1918_-_Zoravar_Andranik_-Shishi.png 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="332" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Andranik in 1918</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In 1918, the Russian authorities made Andranik a Major General.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was then governor of the Administration for Western Armenia, from March and April 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The roots of an Armenian republic was achieved by the Armenians under Russian control which devised a national congress in October 1917. The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Council_of_Tiflis" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian National Council of Tiflis">Armenian National Council of Tiflis</a> was concluded in September 1917 with 203 delegates from Russian Armenia, of which 103 belonged to the ARF. On March 3, 1918, the Russians followed the armistice of Erzincan with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>, and exited the war, with territorial losses. From March 14 to April 1918, a <a href="/wiki/Trabzon_peace_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Trabzon peace conference">conference was held</a> between the Ottoman Empire and a delegation of the Seim. When the first Republic of Armenia (<a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a>) was proclaimed in 1918, the ARF became the ruling party.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The original plan for the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Armenia" title="Armed Forces of Armenia">Armenian army</a> was to consist of <a href="/wiki/Tovmas_Nazarbekian" title="Tovmas Nazarbekian">Tovmas Nazarbekian</a>'s 60,000 soldiers with Andranik Pasha's 30,000 fedayees. However, after the dissolusion of the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic</a>, the Ottoman Empire had taken <a href="/wiki/Alexandropol" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandropol">Alexandropol</a> and were intent on taking Yerevan. After the formation of the First Republic of Armenia in May 1918 Andranik fought alongside volunteer units to stop the Ottoman army. The Armenians were able to stop the Turkish army in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sardarapat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sardarapat">Sardarapat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bash_Abaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bash Abaran">Abaran</a>. The First Republic of Armenia had to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Batum" title="Treaty of Batum">Treaty of Batum</a> on June 4, 1918. After the Ottoman Empire took vast swathes of territory and imposed harsh conditions, the new republic was left with 10,000 square kilometers.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andranik's military leadership was instrumental in allowing the Armenian population of Van to escape the Ottoman Army and flee to Eastern Armenia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On July 26, 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Centrocaspian_Dictatorship" title="Centrocaspian Dictatorship">Centrocaspian Dictatorship</a> was a short-lived anti-<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> client state proclaimed in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, forged by the <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a> and the ARF, and the unrecognized state replaced the Bolshevik <a href="/wiki/Baku_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Baku Commune">Baku Commune</a> in a bloodless coup d'état.<sup id="cite_ref-dunsterville_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunsterville-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baku forces mainly were commanded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonel_Avetisov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colonel Avetisov (page does not exist)">Colonel Avetisov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-caven_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caven-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under his command were about 6,000 Centrocaspian Dictatorship troops of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baku_Army&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baku Army (page does not exist)">Baku Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-caven_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caven-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of the troops in this force were <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, though there were some <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> among them. Their artillery comprised some 40 field guns. Most of the Baku Soviet troops and practically all their officers were Armenians of ARF affiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-Kazemzadeh_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazemzadeh-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Centrocaspian Dictatorship fell on September 15, 1918, when the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>-<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijani</a> forces took Baku after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baku" title="Battle of Baku">Battle of Baku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By July a sectarian conflict had started in <a href="/wiki/Zangezur" title="Zangezur">Zangezur</a>. Armenian couriers dispatched to <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> pleaded for officers and materiel. The Republic couldn't support irregular forces fighting in the south. At the critical moment General Andranik arrived in Zangezur with an irregular division estimated with about 3 to 5 thousand men and 40,000 refugees and the occupied provinces of Russian Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the commander of Armenian forces in <a href="/wiki/Nakhichivan_Autonomous_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhichivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhichivan Autonomous Republic</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Andranik declared that his army was determined to continue the war against the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His activities were concentrated at the link between the Ottoman Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Karabakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a>, and Zangezur.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Andranik and his troops were 40 km (25 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Shusha" title="Shusha">Shusha</a>, the most important city of Karabakh at the time, in early December 1918. Just before the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a> was signed, Andranik was on the way from Zangezur to Shusha, to control the main city of Karabakh. In January 1919 Armenian troops advanced, and the British general <a href="/wiki/William_Montgomery_Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="William Montgomery Thomson">William M. Thomson</a> gave Andranik assurances that a favorable treaty would be reached at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference of 1919</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Path_to_Unified_Armenia">Path to Unified Armenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Path to Unified Armenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenia_in_Paris_Peace_Conference_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Armenia_in_Paris_Peace_Conference_1919.jpg/220px-Armenia_in_Paris_Peace_Conference_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Armenia_in_Paris_Peace_Conference_1919.jpg/330px-Armenia_in_Paris_Peace_Conference_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Armenia_in_Paris_Peace_Conference_1919.jpg/440px-Armenia_in_Paris_Peace_Conference_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1006" /></a><figcaption>Officially presented by the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">Armenian National Delegation</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a>, 1919<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On October 30, the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Moudros" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice of Moudros">Armistice of Moudros</a> ended the hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I. It also concluded the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Campaign">Caucasus Campaign</a> for the Ottoman Empire. By the end of the war, the Ottoman Empire, although it lost the <a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persian Campaign</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine Campaign</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamian Campaign</a>, it had re-captured all the territory which was lost to the Russians. The Ottomans signed several treaties establishing its supremacy in the caucasus: on December 5, 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Erzincan" title="Armistice of Erzincan">armistice of Erzincan</a>, on March 3, 1918 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>, on March 14 <a href="/wiki/Trabzon_peace_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Trabzon peace conference">Trabzon peace conference</a> and on June 4, 1918, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Batum" title="Treaty of Batum">Treaty of Batum</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_2lz586vetkmasmhpv4aztzqxu0oyekx"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bash_Abaran" coords="278,85,375,106" title="Battle of Bash Abaran" alt="Battle of Bash Abaran" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kara_Killisse_(1918)" coords="271,67,379,88" title="Battle of Kara Killisse (1918)" alt="Battle of Kara Killisse (1918)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sardarapat" coords="266,49,358,69" title="Battle of Sardarapat" alt="Battle of Sardarapat" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" coords="331,178,467,198" title="Treaty of Lausanne" alt="Treaty of Lausanne" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol" coords="470,159,629,180" title="Treaty of Alexandropol" alt="Treaty of Alexandropol" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Wilsonian_Armenia" coords="456,141,586,161" title="Wilsonian Armenia" alt="Wilsonian Armenia" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Greater_Armenia_(political_concept)" coords="383,122,558,143" title="Greater Armenia (political concept)" alt="Greater Armenia (political concept)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" coords="441,104,572,124" title="Treaty of Sèvres" alt="Treaty of Sèvres" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference%2C_1919" coords="365,85,523,106" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919" alt="Paris Peace Conference, 1919" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" coords="-150,67,-14,88" title="Russian Revolution of 1917" alt="Russian Revolution of 1917" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Van_Resistance" coords="29,49,143,69" title="Van Resistance" alt="Van Resistance" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Republic_of_Van" coords="101,30,221,51" title="Republic of Van" alt="Republic of Van" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Armenia" coords="335,12,538,32" title="Democratic Republic of Armenia" alt="Democratic Republic of Armenia" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" coords="241,12,300,32" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic" alt="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" coords="72,12,185,32" title="Russian Empire" alt="Russian Empire" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_2lz586vetkmasmhpv4aztzqxu0oyekx" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/2lz586vetkmasmhpv4aztzqxu0oyekx.png" /></div> <p>In 1919, <a href="/wiki/Avetis_Aharonyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Avetis Aharonyan">Avetis Aharonyan</a> was the head of the Armenian delegation at the Paris Peace Conference with <a href="/wiki/Boghos_Nubar" title="Boghos Nubar">Boghos Nubar</a>. In late 1919 Andranik led a delegation to the United States to lobby its support for a mandate for Armenia. He was accompanied by General <a href="/wiki/Jaques_Bagratuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaques Bagratuni">Jaques Bagratuni</a>, Captain Haig Bonapartian, and Lieutenant Ter-Pogossian. In <a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a> he directed a campaign in which he raised $500,000 for the relief of Armenian war refugees.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Aharonyan signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> formulating the "<a href="/wiki/Wilsonian_Armenia" title="Wilsonian Armenia">Wilsonian Armenia</a>" in direct collaboration with the Armenian Diaspora. The treaty was signed between the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire at <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres" title="Sèvres">Sèvres</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> on August 10, 1920. It made all parties signing the treaty recognize Armenia as a free and independent state. The drawing of definite borders was, however, left to President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>, and was only presented to Armenia on November 22. <a href="/wiki/Wilsonian_Armenia" title="Wilsonian Armenia">Wilsonian Armenia</a> refers to the boundary configuration of the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">Armenian state</a> in the Treaty of Sèvres, drawn by <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities_during_Interwar_period">Activities during Interwar period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Activities during Interwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_disputes_of_Armenia">Territorial disputes of Armenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Territorial disputes of Armenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D_R_Armenia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/D_R_Armenia.png/220px-D_R_Armenia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/D_R_Armenia.png/330px-D_R_Armenia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/D_R_Armenia.png/440px-D_R_Armenia.png 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>First <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">Internationally recognized Armenian state</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On September 24 and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> began, which resulted in a Turkish victory. Negotiations were then carried out between <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Kâzım Karabekir</a> and a peace delegation led by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Khatisian" title="Alexander Khatisian">Alexander Khatisian</a> in Alexandropol. Although Karabekir's terms were harsh the Armenian delegation had little recourse but to agree to them. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol" title="Treaty of Alexandropol">Treaty of Alexandropol</a> was thus signed on December 3, 1920, after the Armenian government had fallen to a concurrent Soviet invasion on December 2.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Azerbaijan claimed most of the territory Armenia was sitting on, demanding all or most parts of the former Russian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Elizavetpol" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizavetpol">Elizavetpol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiflis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiflis">Tiflis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kars_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Kars Oblast">Kars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batum" class="mw-redirect" title="Batum">Batum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Territorial clashes between Armenia and Azerbaijan took place throughout 1919 and 1920, most notably in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Nakhichivan_Autonomous_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhichivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhichevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karabakh" title="Karabakh">Karabakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syunik_Province" title="Syunik Province">Syunik</a> (Zangezur). </p><p>In May 1919, Dro led an expeditionary unit that was successful in establishing Armenian administrative control in Nakhichevan.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sovietization_and_exile_of_Armenian_leaders">Sovietization and exile of Armenian leaders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sovietization and exile of Armenian leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Soviet_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union_(1917%E2%80%931927)" title="History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)">History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Armenian_national_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Armenian national movement">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>However, despite ARF's tight grip on power, the ARF was unable to stop the impending <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Red Army invasion of Armenia</a> from the north, which culminated with a Soviet takeover in 1920. There was also a large movement of Armenian communists who aided the Soviet control. The <a href="/wiki/11th_Red_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Red Army">11th Red Army</a> began its virtually unopposed advance into Armenia on November 29, 1920.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The actual transfer of power took place on December 2 in Yerevan. The Armenian leadership approved an ultimatum, presented to it by the Soviet plenipotentiary <a href="/wiki/Boris_Legran" title="Boris Legran">Boris Legran</a>. The ARF was banned its leaders exiled and many of its members dispersed to other parts of the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bek-Pirumyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Bek-Pirumyan">Daniel Bek-Pirumyan</a> was arrested and executed by the Bolsheviks in Karakilisa in 1921. In 1937 during <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> against the military and other suspected enemies, his secret police arrested <a href="/wiki/Movses_Silikyan" title="Movses Silikyan">Movses Silikyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christophor_Araratov" title="Christophor Araratov">Christophor Araratov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Mirimanoff" title="Dmitry Mirimanoff">Dmitry Mirimanov</a>, Aghasi Varosyan, Stepan Ohanesyan, Hakob Mkrtchyan, and Harutyun Hakobyan imprisoned and finally executed in Nork gorge. Aghbalyan moved to Lebanon, and established the Nshan Palanjian seminarium in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars" title="Treaty of Kars">Treaty of Kars</a> was signed on October 13, 1921, and ratified in <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> on September 11, 1922. The treaty established the current borders between Turkey and the South Caucasus states. Armenian Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Askanaz_Mravyan" title="Askanaz Mravyan">Askanaz Mravian</a> and Minister of Interior Poghos Makintsian signed the Treaty of Kars, which helped to conclude the territorial disputes after the Caucasus Campaign.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cilicia_and_French_Armenian_Legion">Cilicia and French Armenian Legion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Cilicia and French Armenian Legion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_legion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Armenian_legion.png/220px-Armenian_legion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Armenian_legion.png/330px-Armenian_legion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Armenian_legion.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/French_Armenian_Legion" title="French Armenian Legion">French Armenian Legion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1920, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a> sent forces to Marash, where the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marash" title="Battle of Marash">Battle of Marash</a> ensued against the <a href="/wiki/French_Armenian_Legion" title="French Armenian Legion">French Armenian Legion</a>. The battle resulted in the massacres of 5,000 – 12,000 Armenians, spelling the end of the remaining Armenian population in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France disbanded the French Armenian Legion shortly after the war started. One of the Armenian Legion members, <a href="/wiki/Sarkis_Torossian" title="Sarkis Torossian">Sarkis Torossian</a>, wrote in his diary that he suspected the French forces gave weapons and ammunition to the Kemalists to allow the French army safe passage out of Cilicia.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Fisk:_The_forgotten_holocaust_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Fisk:_The_forgotten_holocaust-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Peace_Treaty" title="Cilicia Peace Treaty">Cilicia Peace Treaty</a> between France and the Ankara Government was signed on 9 March 1921. It was intended to end the Franco-Turkish war, but failed to do so and was replaced in October 1921 with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1921)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1921)">Treaty of Ankara</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Mountainous_Armenia,_1922"><span id="Republic_of_Mountainous_Armenia.2C_1922"></span>Republic of Mountainous Armenia, 1922</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Republic of Mountainous Armenia, 1922"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 18 February 1921, the ARF led an anti-Soviet rebellion in Yerevan and seized power. The ARF controlled Yerevan and the surrounding regions for almost 42 days before being defeated by the numerically superior Red Army troops later in April 1921. The leaders of the rebellion then retreated into the <a href="/wiki/Syunik_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Syunik Region">Syunik region</a>. On 26 April 1921, the 2nd Pan-Zangezurian congress, held in <a href="/wiki/Tatev" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatev">Tatev</a>, announced the independence of the self-governing regions of Daralakyaz (Vayots Dzor), Zangezur, and Mountainous Artsakh, under the name of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mountainous_Armenia" title="Republic of Mountainous Armenia">Republic of Mountainous Armenia</a> and later on 1 June 1921, it was renamed the Republic of Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After months of fierce battles with the Red Army, the Republic of Mountainous Armenia capitulated in July 1921, following Soviet Russia's promises to keep the mountainous region as a part of Soviet Armenia. After losing the battle, <a href="/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh" title="Garegin Nzhdeh">Garegin Nzhdeh</a>, his soldiers, and many prominent Armenian intellectuals, including leaders of the first <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">Independent Republic of Armenia</a>, crossed the border into the neighbouring Persian city of <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Nemesis">Operation Nemesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Operation Nemesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Armenian_national_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Armenian national movement">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nemesis" title="Operation Nemesis">Operation Nemesis</a> was the ARF's code-name for a covert operation in the early 1920s to assassinate the Turkish planners of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>. Those involved with the planning and execution of the operation (including <a href="/wiki/Shahan_Natalie" title="Shahan Natalie">Shahan Natalie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soghomon_Tehlirian" title="Soghomon Tehlirian">Soghomon Tehlirian</a>) were survivors of genocide. The Operation, between 1920 and 1922, assassinated many significant political and military figures of the Ottoman Empire, the Internal Affairs Minister of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan</a> and some Armenians who were working against the Armenian cause.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Achievements_of_the_movement">Achievements of the movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Achievements of the movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_an_Armenian_State">Establishment of an Armenian State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Establishment of an Armenian State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:May_28_1919_celebration_Yerevan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/May_28_1919_celebration_Yerevan.jpg/220px-May_28_1919_celebration_Yerevan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/May_28_1919_celebration_Yerevan.jpg/330px-May_28_1919_celebration_Yerevan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/May_28_1919_celebration_Yerevan.jpg/440px-May_28_1919_celebration_Yerevan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Armenians celebrating the first year of their state.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a> was the first modern establishment of an Armenian state. The leaders of the government came from mainly the Armenian Revolutionary Federation and also other Armenian political parties who helped create the new republic. When it was declared, out of 2,000,000 Russian Armenians in the Caucasus, 1,300,000 Russian Armenians were to be found within the boundaries of the new Republic of Armenia, which also had 300,000 to 350,000 refugees that escaped from the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-pop1919_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop1919-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Added to this Armenian population were 350,000 to 400,000 people of other nationalities.<sup id="cite_ref-pop1919_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop1919-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 1,650,000 Armenians (both Russian, and Ottoman origin) of the 2,000,000 people within the borders of the new Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-pop1919_122-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop1919-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (September 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Richard G. Hovannisian</a> explains the conditions of the resistance: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"In the summer of 1918, the Armenian national councils reluctantly transferred from Tiflis to Yerevan to take over the leadership of the republic from the popular dictator Aram Manukian and the renowned military commander Drastamat Kanayan. It then began the daunting process of establishing a national administrative machinery in an isolated and landlocked misery. This was not the autonomy or independence which Armenian intellectuals had dreamed of and for which a generation of youth had been sacrificed. Yet, as it happened, it was here that the Armenian people were destined to continue [their] national existence."<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>R.G. Hovannisian</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_the_movement">Timeline of the movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Timeline of the movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Armenian_national_movement" title="Timeline of Armenian national movement">Timeline of Armenian national movement</a></div> <p>The timeline covers the activities of Armenian citizens of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a> in Europe as early as the 1890s. The timeline has events formulated by the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party" title="Social Democrat Hunchakian Party">Social Democrat Hunchakian Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenakan" class="mw-disambig" title="Armenakan">Armenakan</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Disambiguation/Fixing_links" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Disambiguation/Fixing links"><span title="Link needs disambiguation (September 2024)">disambiguation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriotic_Society_of_Europe" title="Armenian Patriotic Society of Europe">Armenian Patriotic Society of Europe</a>. The events under the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> are not covered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a Fedayees museum in Yerevan named after General Andranik Ozanian. Armenian resistance has left a symbolic dish. The "<a href="/wiki/Harissa_(dish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harissa (dish)">Harissa (dish)</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Հարիսա</span>): is generally served to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/Musa_Dagh" title="Musa Dagh">Musa Dagh</a> resistance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Armenia" title="Military history of Armenia">Military history of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_delegation_at_the_Berlin_Congress" title="Armenian delegation at the Berlin Congress">Armenian delegation at the Berlin Congress</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">also known as the <b>Armenian liberation movement</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Armenian revolutionary movement</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ishkanian_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ishkanian-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>(Armenian) Fedayee movement</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ֆիդայական շարժում), <b>Armenian volunteer movement</b><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>Armenian revolution</b><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Footnotes</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Chahinian-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chahinian_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chahinian_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChahinian2008" class="citation book cs1">Chahinian, Talar (2008). <i>The Paris Attempt: Rearticulation of (national) Belonging and the Inscription of Aftermath Experience in French Armenian Literature Between the Wars</i>. Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780549722977" title="Special:BookSources/9780549722977"><bdi>9780549722977</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paris+Attempt%3A+Rearticulation+of+%28national%29+Belonging+and+the+Inscription+of+Aftermath+Experience+in+French+Armenian+Literature+Between+the+Wars&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Los+Angeles&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780549722977&rft.aulast=Chahinian&rft.aufirst=Talar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2011" class="citation book cs1">Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). <i>Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1</i>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598843361" title="Special:BookSources/9781598843361"><bdi>9781598843361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Conquest+in+the+Islamic+World%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781598843361&rft.aulast=Mikaberidze&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodogn2011" class="citation book cs1">Rodogn, Davide (2011). <i>Against Massacre: Humanitarian Interventions in the Ottoman Empire, 1815-1914</i>. Oxford: Princeton University Press. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691151335" title="Special:BookSources/9780691151335"><bdi>9780691151335</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Massacre%3A+Humanitarian+Interventions+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1815-1914&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780691151335&rft.aulast=Rodogn&rft.aufirst=Davide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaligian2011" class="citation book cs1">Kaligian, Dikran Mesrob (2011). <i>Armenian Organization and Ideology under Ottoman Rule: 1908-1914</i>. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412848343" title="Special:BookSources/9781412848343"><bdi>9781412848343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenian+Organization+and+Ideology+under+Ottoman+Rule%3A+1908-1914&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781412848343&rft.aulast=Kaligian&rft.aufirst=Dikran+Mesrob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichanian2002" class="citation book cs1">Nichanian, Marc (2002). <i>Writers of Disaster: Armenian Literature in the Twentieth Century, Volume 1</i>. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Gomidas_Institute" title="Gomidas Institute">Gomidas Institute</a>. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781903656099" title="Special:BookSources/9781903656099"><bdi>9781903656099</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writers+of+Disaster%3A+Armenian+Literature+in+the+Twentieth+Century%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Gomidas+Institute&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781903656099&rft.aulast=Nichanian&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanossian2006" class="citation book cs1">Panossian, Razmik (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armeniansfromkin00razm"><i>The Armenians: From Kings And Priests to Merchants And Commissars</i></a></span>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armeniansfromkin00razm/page/204">204</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231511339" title="Special:BookSources/9780231511339"><bdi>9780231511339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenians%3A+From+Kings+And+Priests+to+Merchants+And+Commissars&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780231511339&rft.aulast=Panossian&rft.aufirst=Razmik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmeniansfromkin00razm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirakosyan1992" class="citation book cs1">Kirakosyan, Jon (1992). <i>The Armenian genocide: the Young Turks before the judgment of history</i>. Madison, Conn.: Sphinx Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780943071145" title="Special:BookSources/9780943071145"><bdi>9780943071145</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+genocide%3A+the+Young+Turks+before+the+judgment+of+history&rft.place=Madison%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Sphinx+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780943071145&rft.aulast=Kirakosyan&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalabian1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antranig_Chalabian" title="Antranig Chalabian">Chalabian, Antranig</a> (1988). <i>General Andranik and the Armenian Revolutionary Movement</i>. Southfield, MI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Andranik+and+the+Armenian+Revolutionary+Movement&rft.place=Southfield%2C+MI&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Chalabian&rft.aufirst=Antranig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ishkanian-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ishkanian_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ishkanian_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshkanian2008" class="citation book cs1">Ishkanian, Armine (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democracybuildin00ishk"><i>Democracy Building and Civil Society in Post-Soviet Armenia</i></a></span>. New York: Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democracybuildin00ishk/page/n15">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203929223" title="Special:BookSources/9780203929223"><bdi>9780203929223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+Building+and+Civil+Society+in+Post-Soviet+Armenia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780203929223&rft.aulast=Ishkanian&rft.aufirst=Armine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemocracybuildin00ishk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2011" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Michael A. (2011). <i>Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires 1908-1918</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139494120" title="Special:BookSources/9781139494120"><bdi>9781139494120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shattering+Empires%3A+The+Clash+and+Collapse+of+the+Ottoman+and+Russian+Empires+1908-1918&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781139494120&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalabian2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antranig_Chalabian" title="Antranig Chalabian">Chalabian, Antrang</a> (2009). <i>Dro (Drastamat Kanayan): Armenia's First Defense Minister of the Modern Era</i>. Los Angeles, CA: Indo-European Publishing. p. v. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604440782" title="Special:BookSources/9781604440782"><bdi>9781604440782</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dro+%28Drastamat+Kanayan%29%3A+Armenia%27s+First+Defense+Minister+of+the+Modern+Era&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pages=v&rft.pub=Indo-European+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781604440782&rft.aulast=Chalabian&rft.aufirst=Antrang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibaridian1991" class="citation book cs1">Libaridian, Gerard J. (1991). <i>Armenia at the crossroads: democracy and nationhood in the post-Soviet era : essays, interviews, and speeches by the leaders of the national democratic movement in Armenia</i>. Watertown, Massachusetts: Blue crane books. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780962871511" title="Special:BookSources/9780962871511"><bdi>9780962871511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia+at+the+crossroads%3A+democracy+and+nationhood+in+the+post-Soviet+era+%3A+essays%2C+interviews%2C+and+speeches+by+the+leaders+of+the+national+democratic+movement+in+Armenia&rft.place=Watertown%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Blue+crane+books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780962871511&rft.aulast=Libaridian&rft.aufirst=Gerard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHøirisYürükel,_Sefa_Martin1998" class="citation book cs1">Høiris, Ole; Yürükel, Sefa Martin (1998). <i>Contrasts and solutions in the Caucasus</i>. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788772887081" title="Special:BookSources/9788772887081"><bdi>9788772887081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contrasts+and+solutions+in+the+Caucasus&rft.place=Aarhus&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Aarhus+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788772887081&rft.aulast=H%C3%B8iris&rft.aufirst=Ole&rft.au=Y%C3%BCr%C3%BCkel%2C+Sefa+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTer_Minassian1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anahide_Ter_Minassian" title="Anahide Ter Minassian">Ter Minassian</a>, Anahide (1984). <i>Nationalism and socialism in the Armenian revolutionary movement (1887-1912)</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Zoryan_Institute" title="Zoryan Institute">Zoryan Institute</a>. pp. 19, 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780916431044" title="Special:BookSources/9780916431044"><bdi>9780916431044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+socialism+in+the+Armenian+revolutionary+movement+%281887-1912%29&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=19%2C+42&rft.pub=Zoryan+Institute&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780916431044&rft.aulast=Ter+Minassian&rft.aufirst=Anahide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalakian2010" class="citation book cs1">Balakian, Grigoris (2010). <i>Armenian Golgotha: a memoir of the Armenian genocide, 1915-1918</i>. New York: Vintage Books. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400096770" title="Special:BookSources/9781400096770"><bdi>9781400096770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenian+Golgotha%3A+a+memoir+of+the+Armenian+genocide%2C+1915-1918&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781400096770&rft.aulast=Balakian&rft.aufirst=Grigoris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDadrian2003" class="citation book cs1">Dadrian, Vahakn N. (2003). <i>Warrant for Genocide: Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict</i>. Transaction Publishers. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412841191" title="Special:BookSources/9781412841191"><bdi>9781412841191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warrant+for+Genocide%3A+Key+Elements+of+Turko-Armenian+Conflict&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781412841191&rft.aulast=Dadrian&rft.aufirst=Vahakn+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidlarsky2005" class="citation book cs1">Midlarsky, Manus I. (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/killingtrapgenoc00midl"><i>The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/killingtrapgenoc00midl/page/n178">161</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139445399" title="Special:BookSources/9781139445399"><bdi>9781139445399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Killing+Trap%3A+Genocide+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781139445399&rft.aulast=Midlarsky&rft.aufirst=Manus+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkillingtrapgenoc00midl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVratsian1950–1951" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Vratsian" title="Simon Vratsian">Vratsian, Simon</a> (1950–1951). "The Armenian Revolution and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation". <i><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Review">Armenian Review</a></i>. Watertown, MA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armenian+Review&rft.atitle=The+Armenian+Revolution+and+the+Armenian+Revolutionary+Federation&rft.date=1950%2F1951&rft.aulast=Vratsian&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giuzalian, Garnik. <i>Hayots Heghapokhuthiunits Aratj [Before the Armenian revolution]</i>, Hushapatum H.H. Dashnaktsuthian 1890-1950 [Historical collection of the A.R. Federation 1890-1950] (Boston: H.H. Buro [Bureau of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation], 1950</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Suny, Ronald Grigor</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lookingtowardara00rona/page/67"><i>Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History</i></a>. Bloomington: Indiana university press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lookingtowardara00rona/page/67">67–68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253207739" title="Special:BookSources/9780253207739"><bdi>9780253207739</bdi></a>. <q>The Armenian revolution was born in a romantic haze, inspired by Russian populism, the Bulgarian revolution...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+Toward+Ararat%3A+Armenia+in+Modern+History&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=67-68&rft.pub=Indiana+university+press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780253207739&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flookingtowardara00rona%2Fpage%2F67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard G.</a> (1992). <i>The Armenian Genocide: History, Politics, Ethics</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312048471" title="Special:BookSources/9780312048471"><bdi>9780312048471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide%3A+History%2C+Politics%2C+Ethics&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780312048471&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuron2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yair_Auron" title="Yair Auron">Auron, Yair</a> (2000). <i>The Banality of Indifference: Zionism and the Armenian Genocide</i>. Transaction Publishers. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412844680" title="Special:BookSources/9781412844680"><bdi>9781412844680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Banality+of+Indifference%3A+Zionism+and+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781412844680&rft.aulast=Auron&rft.aufirst=Yair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peimani_2009_236-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peimani_2009_236_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peimani_2009_236_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peimani_2009_236_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peimani_2009_236_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFPeimani2009">Peimani 2009</a>, pp. 236)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bournoutian. <i>Armenian People</i>, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peimani_2009_237-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peimani_2009_237_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peimani_2009_237_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peimani_2009_237_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFPeimani2009">Peimani 2009</a>, pp. 237)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faith-matters.org/images/stories/fm-publications/the-tanzimat-final-web.pdf">"The Tanzimat: Secular Reforms in the Ottoman Empire - A brief look at the adoption of Secular Laws in the Ottoman Empire with a particular focus on the Tanzimat reforms (1839-1876)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Faith Matters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Faith+Matters&rft.atitle=The+Tanzimat%3A+Secular+Reforms+in+the+Ottoman+Empire+-+A+brief+look+at+the+adoption+of+Secular+Laws+in+the+Ottoman+Empire+with+a+particular+focus+on+the+Tanzimat+reforms+%281839-1876%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaith-matters.org%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Ffm-publications%2Fthe-tanzimat-final-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Invention of Tradition as Public Image in the Late Ottoman Empire, 1808 to 1908", Selim Deringil, <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>, Vol. 35, No. 1 (Jan., 1993), pp. 3-29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dadrian-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dadrian_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDadrian1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vahakn_Dadrian" title="Vahakn Dadrian">Dadrian, Vahakn N</a> (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofarmenia00dadr"><i>The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus</i></a></span>. Oxford: Berghahn Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofarmenia00dadr/page/192">192</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-666-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-666-6"><bdi>1-57181-666-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Armenian+Genocide%3A+Ethnic+Conflict+from+the+Balkans+to+Anatolia+to+the+Caucasus&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-57181-666-6&rft.aulast=Dadrian&rft.aufirst=Vahakn+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofarmenia00dadr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard G. (EDT) Hovannisian <i>The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times</i>, page 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herzig-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herzig_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmund Herzig "Armenians Past And Present In The Making Of National Identity A Handbook" page.76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChahinian2008" class="citation book cs1">Chahinian, Talar (2008). <i>The Paris Attempt: Rearticulation of (national) Belonging and the Inscription of Aftermath Experience in French Armenian Literature Between the Wars</i>. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780549722977" title="Special:BookSources/9780549722977"><bdi>9780549722977</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paris+Attempt%3A+Rearticulation+of+%28national%29+Belonging+and+the+Inscription+of+Aftermath+Experience+in+French+Armenian+Literature+Between+the+Wars&rft.pages=27&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780549722977&rft.aulast=Chahinian&rft.aufirst=Talar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nalbandian_1963_48-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nalbandian_1963_48_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nalbandian_1963_48_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFNalbandian1963">Nalbandian 1963</a>, pp. 48)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFNalbandian1963">Nalbandian 1963</a>, pp. 51)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nalbandian_1963_52-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nalbandian_1963_52_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nalbandian_1963_52_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nalbandian_1963_52_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFNalbandian1963">Nalbandian 1963</a>, pp. 52)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Warneck, <i>Outline of a History of Protestant Missions</i> (Edinburgh and London, 1901), p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vital_Cuinet" title="Vital Cuinet">Vital Cuinet</a>, La Turquie d'Asie: géographie administrative, statistique, descriptive et raisonée de chaque province de l'Asie-Mineure, 4 vols., Paris, 1890-95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Esat_Uras" title="Esat Uras">Esat Uras</a>, Tarihte Ermeniler ve Ermeni Meselesi, İstanbul 1976, 5. 463;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bitlis-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bitlis_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bitlis_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">General Mayewski ; Statistique des Provinces de Van et de Bitlis, pp. 11-13 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-7430-00-5" title="Special:BookSources/975-7430-00-5">975-7430-00-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibaridian2004" class="citation book cs1">Libaridian, Gerard J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernarmeniapeo00liba/page/106"><i>Modern Armenia: People, Nation, State</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernarmeniapeo00liba/page/106">106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0205-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0205-7"><bdi>978-0-7658-0205-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Armenia%3A+People%2C+Nation%2C+State&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0205-7&rft.aulast=Libaridian&rft.aufirst=Gerard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernarmeniapeo00liba%2Fpage%2F106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedgate2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Redgate" title="Elizabeth Redgate">Redgate, Anne Elizabeth</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e3nef10a3UcC"><i>The Armenians</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22037-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22037-4"><bdi>978-0-631-22037-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenians&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22037-4&rft.aulast=Redgate&rft.aufirst=Anne+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De3nef10a3UcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Times, 10 January 1883, p. 5; ibid., 8 June 1883, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nalbandian_1963_86-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nalbandian_1963_86_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFNalbandian1963">Nalbandian 1963</a>, pp. 86)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nalband1963-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nalband1963_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nalband1963_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFNalbandian1963">Nalbandian 1963</a>, pp. 145–147)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timeline_of_Armenian_History-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_of_Armenian_History_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709155231/http://www.littlearmenia.com/html/history/detail.asp?id=217">"Armenian Revolutionary Federation Founded, Armenian history timeline"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.littlearmenia.com/html/history/detail.asp?id=217">the original</a> on 2018-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armenian+Revolutionary+Federation+Founded%2C+Armenian+history+timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.littlearmenia.com%2Fhtml%2Fhistory%2Fdetail.asp%3Fid%3D217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelkonian1990" class="citation book cs1">Melkonian, Monte (1990). <i>The Right to Struggle: Selected Writings of Monte Melkonian on the Armenian National Question</i>. 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Graves, <i>Storm Centres of the Near East: personal memories, 1879-1929</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graves, Storm Centres, pp. 132-139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Migirditch, Dadian. (June 1867) "La society armenienne contemporaine", in Revue des deux Mondes, pp. 803-827</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFNalbandian1963">Nalbandian 1963</a>, pp. 76)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bilal N. Simsir, British Documents On Ottoman Armenians (1856-1880), Vol. I, Ankara 1992, pp.173. Document No. 69 (British code:F.O. 424/70, No. 134/I zikr.,)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haig Ajemian, Hayotz Hayrig, page 511-3; translated by Fr. Vazken Movsesian.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nalbandian_1963_84-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nalbandian_1963_84_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nalbandian_1963_84_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFNalbandian1963">Nalbandian 1963</a>, pp. 84)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFNalbandian1963">Nalbandian 1963</a>, pp. 119)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hovhanissian, Richard G. (1997) <i>The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times.</i> New York. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>, 218-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nalbandian_1963_80-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nalbandian_1963_80_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFNalbandian1963">Nalbandian 1963</a>, pp. 80)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFNalbandian1963">Nalbandian 1963</a>, pp. 10?)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3j5WAAAAYAAJ"><i>Military history: Volume 12</i></a>. Empire Press. 1995. pp. xviii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+history%3A+Volume+12&rft.pages=xviii&rft.pub=Empire+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3j5WAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFNalbandian1963">Nalbandian 1963</a>, p. 74)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDowall4247-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDowall4247_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDowall4247_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, pp. 42–47)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Astourian, Stepan (2011). "The Silence of the Land: Agrarian Relations, Ethnicity, and Power," in <i>A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire</i>, eds. <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Ronald Grigor Suny</a>, Fatma Müge Göçek, and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Naimark" title="Norman Naimark">Norman Naimark</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 58-61, 63-67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Shaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Shaw">Shaw, Stanford J.</a> and Ezel Kural Shaw, <i>History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977, vol. 2, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, pp. 59)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Safrastian, Arshak. 1948 Kurds and Kurdistan. Harvill Press, pg 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, pp. 59–60)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, pp. 60)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, pp. 61–62)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hovannisian, Richard <i>The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century</i>. 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(Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, pp. 61)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taner44-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taner44_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taner44_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFTaner2006">Taner 2006</a>, pp. 44)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Der Minassian, Anahide, "Nationalisme et socialisme dans le Mouvement Revolutionnaire Armenien", in "LA QUESTION ARMENIENNE", Paris, 1983, pp. 73-111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Documents for the history of the ARF, II, 2nd Edition, Beirut, 1985, pp. 11-14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZapotoczny" class="citation web cs1">Zapotoczny, Walter S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725162234/http://www.wzaponline.com/TheInfluenceoftheYoungTurksRevolution.pdf">"The Influence of the Young Turks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wzaponline.com/TheInfluenceoftheYoungTurksRevolution.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Influence+of+the+Young+Turks&rft.aulast=Zapotoczny&rft.aufirst=Walter+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wzaponline.com%2FTheInfluenceoftheYoungTurksRevolution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dasnabedian, Hratch, "The ideological creed" and "The evolution of objectives" in "A BALANCE-SHEET OF THE NINETY YEARS", Beirut, 1985, pp. 73-103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philip_Mansel-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Philip_Mansel_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Mansel" title="Philip Mansel">Philip Mansel</a>, "Constantinople City of the Worlds Desire" quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manorhouse.clara.net/book2/chapter3.htm">Straits: The origins of the Dardanelles campaign</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerogy2011" class="citation book cs1">Derogy, Jacques (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gpL9QKCJ2L8C&q=Pasdermajian&pg=PR10"><i>Resistance and Revenge: The Armenian Assassination of the Turkish Leaders Responsible for the 1915 Massacres and Deportations</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. pp. x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412833165" title="Special:BookSources/9781412833165"><bdi>9781412833165</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resistance+and+Revenge%3A+The+Armenian+Assassination+of+the+Turkish+Leaders+Responsible+for+the+1915+Massacres+and+Deportations&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.isbn=9781412833165&rft.aulast=Derogy&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgpL9QKCJ2L8C%26q%3DPasdermajian%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> (<a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1967">Hovannisian 1967</a>, pp. 39)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. C. Westenek, "Diary Concerning the Armenian Mission," <i>Armenian Review</i> 39 (Spring 1968), pp. 29-89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Şeyhun, Ahmed. "Said Halim and the Armenian Reform Project of 1914," <i>Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies</i>. Vol. 19, No. 2 (2010), pp. 93-108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Gilbert, 2004, "The First World War," Macmillan p.108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avetoon Pesak Hacobian, 1917, Armenia and the War, p.78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anna_Geifman-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anna_Geifman_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anna_Geifman_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeifman1995" class="citation book cs1">Geifman, Anna (31 December 1995). <i>Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894-1917</i>. 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Arnold. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adventuresdunst00goog/page/n247">207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+adventures+of+Dunsterforce&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=E.+Arnold&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Dunsterville&rft.aufirst=Lionel+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadventuresdunst00goog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caven-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caven_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caven_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFMissen1984">Missen 1984</a>, pp. 2766–2772)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kazemzadeh-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kazemzadeh_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Firuz_Kazemzadeh" title="Firuz Kazemzadeh">Firuz Kazemzadeh</a>. Struggle For Transcaucasia (1917—1921), New York Philosophical Library, 1951</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompanjenMaracz,_LaszloVersteegh,_Lia2011" class="citation book cs1">Companjen, Françoise; Maracz, Laszlo; Versteegh, Lia (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ifHj0xaf7hMC&pg=PA119"><i>Exploring the Caucasus in the 21st Century: Essays on Culture, History and Politics in a Dynamic Context</i></a>. Amsterdam University Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-183-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-183-0"><bdi>978-90-8964-183-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Caucasus+in+the+21st+Century%3A+Essays+on+Culture%2C+History+and+Politics+in+a+Dynamic+Context&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-8964-183-0&rft.aulast=Companjen&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rft.au=Maracz%2C+Laszlo&rft.au=Versteegh%2C+Lia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DifHj0xaf7hMC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard G</a>. <i>The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919</i>. Berkeley: University of California, 1971, pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"More British in Russia," <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, August 17, 1918, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hovannisian. <i>Republic of Armenia</i>, pp. 88–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americaasmandata00amer"><i>America as Mandatary for Armenia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Committee_of_America" title="Armenian National Committee of America">American Committee for the Independence of Armenia</a>. 1919. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americaasmandata00amer/page/n7">2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+as+Mandatary+for+Armenia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=American+Committee+for+the+Independence+of+Armenia&rft.date=1919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericaasmandata00amer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Asia: Journal of the American Asiatic Association" ,1919, Published by Asia Pub. Co., Volume.19 page 327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard G.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicofarmeni0000hova/page/40"><i>The Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV: Between Crescent and Sickle, Partition and Sovietization</i></a>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicofarmeni0000hova/page/40">40–44</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08804-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-08804-2"><bdi>0-520-08804-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+Armenia%2C+Vol.+IV%3A+Between+Crescent+and+Sickle%2C+Partition+and+Sovietization&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pages=40-44&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-520-08804-2&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frepublicofarmeni0000hova%2Fpage%2F40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hovannisian. <i>Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV</i>, pp. 394-396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Hovannisian. <i>Republic of Armenia, Vol. II</i>, p. 192, map 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hovannisian. <i>Republic of Armenia, Vol. I</i>, pp. 243-247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinross1992" class="citation book cs1">Kinross, Lord (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4yxaAAAAYAAJ"><i>Ataturk: a biography of Mustafa Kemal, father of modern Turkey</i></a> (1st Quill ed.). New York: Quill/Morrow. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780688112837" title="Special:BookSources/9780688112837"><bdi>9780688112837</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2013</span>. <q>In the whole operation some seven or eight thousand Armenians lost their lives, a massacre which, accompanied by others in the neighbouring areas, caused consternation in the capitals of Europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ataturk%3A+a+biography+of+Mustafa+Kemal%2C+father+of+modern+Turkey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=235&rft.edition=1st+Quill&rft.pub=Quill%2FMorrow&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780688112837&rft.aulast=Kinross&rft.aufirst=Lord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4yxaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_Fisk:_The_forgotten_holocaust-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Fisk:_The_forgotten_holocaust_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-the-forgotten-holocaust-463306.html">"Robert Fisk: The forgotten holocaust"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 28 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Robert+Fisk%3A+The+forgotten+holocaust&rft.date=2007-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fcommentators%2Ffisk%2Frobert-fisk-the-forgotten-holocaust-463306.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armtimes.com/26685">Mountainous Armenia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop1919-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pop1919_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop1919_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop1919_122-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maintenancepeac00relagoog"><i>Maintenance of Peace in Armenia</i></a>. United States Congress. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. USA: Govt. print. off. 1919. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maintenancepeac00relagoog/page/n127">119</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maintenance+of+Peace+in+Armenia&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Govt.+print.+off.&rft.date=1919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaintenancepeac00relagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity,</i> p. 98, edited by Edmund Herzig, Marina Kurkchiyan</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNalbandian1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Nalbandian" title="Louise Nalbandian">Nalbandian, Louise</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb__dIsS3aidr0C"><i>The Armenian revolutionary movement: the development of Armenian political parties through the nineteenth century</i></a> (3. ed.). Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-00914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-00914-1"><bdi>978-0-520-00914-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/500605937">500605937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+revolutionary+movement%3A+the+development+of+Armenian+political+parties+through+the+nineteenth+century&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.edition=3.&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F500605937&rft.isbn=978-0-520-00914-1&rft.aulast=Nalbandian&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb__dIsS3aidr0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMissen1984" class="citation book cs1">Missen, Leslie (1984). Young, Peter (ed.). <i>The Marshall Cavendish illustrated encyclopedia of World War I</i>. Vol. 9. New York: <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish" title="Marshall Cavendish">Marshall Cavendish</a>. pp. 2766–2772. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86307-181-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86307-181-2"><bdi>978-0-86307-181-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marshall+Cavendish+illustrated+encyclopedia+of+World+War+I&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2766-2772&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-86307-181-2&rft.aulast=Missen&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasdermadjian1918" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karekin_Pastermadjian" class="mw-redirect" title="Karekin Pastermadjian">Pasdermadjian, Garegin</a> (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4XYMAAAAYAAJ"><i>Why Armenia Should be Free: Armenia's Role in the Present War</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hairenik_Association" title="Hairenik Association">Hairenik Association</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4XYMAAAAYAAJ/page/n72">45</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/459140052">459140052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Armenia+Should+be+Free%3A+Armenia%27s+Role+in+the+Present+War&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Hairenik+Association&rft.date=1918&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F459140052&rft.aulast=Pasdermadjian&rft.aufirst=Garegin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_4XYMAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Erickson" title="Edward J. Erickson">Erickson, Edward J.</a> (2001). <a href="/wiki/Ordered_to_Die" title="Ordered to Die"><i>Ordered to die: a history of the Ottoman army in the First World War</i></a>. Contributions in military studies. Westport, Conn.: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31516-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31516-9"><bdi>978-0-313-31516-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordered+to+die%3A+a+history+of+the+Ottoman+army+in+the+First+World+War&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.series=Contributions+in+military+studies&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31516-9&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendez1926" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_de_Nogales_M%C3%A9ndez" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafael de Nogales Méndez">Nogales Méndez, Rafael de</a>; Lee, Muna (1926). <i>Four years beneath the crescent</i>. London: Sterndale classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903656-19-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903656-19-8"><bdi>978-1-903656-19-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1080667306">1080667306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+years+beneath+the+crescent&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sterndale+classics&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1080667306&rft.isbn=978-1-903656-19-8&rft.aulast=Nogales+M%C3%A9ndez&rft.aufirst=Rafael+de&rft.au=Lee%2C+Muna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaner2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am" title="Taner Akçam">Akçam, Taner</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/A_Shameful_Act" title="A Shameful Act"><i>A shameful act: the Armenian genocide and the question of Turkish responsibility</i></a> (1st U.S. ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Books">Metropolitan Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7932-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7932-6"><bdi>978-0-8050-7932-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64844685">64844685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+shameful+act%3A+the+Armenian+genocide+and+the+question+of+Turkish+responsibility&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+U.S.&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Focm64844685&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7932-6&rft.aulast=Ak%C3%A7am&rft.aufirst=Taner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard G.</a> (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armeniaonroadtoi00hova"><i>Armenia on the road to independence, 1918</i></a></span>. Berkeley [Calif.] London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-00574-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-00574-7"><bdi>978-0-520-00574-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia+on+the+road+to+independence%2C+1918&rft.place=Berkeley+%5BCalif.%5D+London&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-520-00574-7&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmeniaonroadtoi00hova&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeimani2009" class="citation book cs1">Peimani, Hooman (2009). <i>Conflict and security in Central Asia and the Caucasus</i>. Santa Barbara, Calif: <a href="/wiki/ABC-Clio" title="ABC-Clio">ABC-Clio</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-054-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-054-4"><bdi>978-1-59884-054-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/607485251">607485251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+security+in+Central+Asia+and+the+Caucasus&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F607485251&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-054-4&rft.aulast=Peimani&rft.aufirst=Hooman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowall2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McDowall_(author)" title="David McDowall (author)">McDowall, David</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/A_Modern_History_of_the_Kurds" title="A Modern History of the Kurds"><i>A Modern History of the Kurds</i></a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44-164129-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-44-164129-8"><bdi>978-1-44-164129-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/607555079">607555079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+the+Kurds&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F607555079&rft.isbn=978-1-44-164129-8&rft.aulast=McDowall&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+national+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armenian_national_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cdc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenian_national_movement" title="Template:Armenian national movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armenian_national_movement" title="Template talk:Armenian national movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian_national_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian national movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armenian_national_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian national movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">History</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Persecution of the Armenians</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Political and military leaders</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Organizations and military units</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:left;width:10em;"><div> <dl><dt>Until World War I</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syunik_rebellion" title="Syunik rebellion">Syunik rebellion (1722)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halidzor" title="Battle of Halidzor">Battle of Halidzor (1727)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_struggle_of_Artsakh_(1724-1731)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation struggle of Artsakh (1724-1731)">Liberation struggle of Artsakh (1724-1731)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Zeitun_Resistance" title="First Zeitun Resistance">Zeitun uprising (1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_Bashkale_clash" title="1889 Bashkale clash">Bashkale clash (1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukunian_Expedition" title="Kukunian Expedition">Kukunian Expedition (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum_Kapu_demonstration" title="Kum Kapu demonstration">Kum Kapu demonstration (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_Sasun_rebellion" title="1894 Sasun rebellion">Sasun rebellion (1894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitun_rebellion_(1895%E2%80%9396)" title="Zeitun rebellion (1895–96)">Zeitun rebellion (1895–96)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ottoman_Bank" title="Occupation of the Ottoman Bank">Ottoman Bank Takeover (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1896)" title="Defense of Van (1896)">Van Defense (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanasor_Expedition" title="Khanasor Expedition">Khanasor Expedition (1897)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holy_Apostles_Monastery" title="Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery">Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Sasun_uprising" title="1904 Sasun uprising">Sasun uprising (1904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_assassination_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Yıldız assassination attempt">Yıldız assassination attempt (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sulukh" title="Battle of Sulukh">Battle of Sulukh (1907)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> (1894–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> (1915)</li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Armenian_resistance_during_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian resistance during the Armenian genocide">Resistance during the genocide</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeitun_Resistance_(1915)" title="Zeitun Resistance (1915)">Zeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1915)" title="Defense of Van (1915)">Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabin-Karahisar_uprising" title="Shabin-Karahisar uprising">Shabin-Karahisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfa_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Urfa Resistance">Urfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Dagh" title="Musa Dagh">Musa Dagh</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabo" title="Arabo">Arabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghbiur_Serob" title="Aghbiur Serob">Aghbiur Serob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevork_Chavush" title="Kevork Chavush">Kevork Chavush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andranik" title="Andranik">Andranik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Manukian" title="Aram Manukian">Aram Manukian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drastamat_Kanayan" title="Drastamat Kanayan">Drastamat Kanayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh" title="Garegin Nzhdeh">Garegin Nzhdeh</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:10em;"><div> <dl><dt>Political parties</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenakan_Party" title="Armenakan Party">Armenakan</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party" title="Social Democrat Hunchakian Party">Hunchak</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a> (1890)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Units</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Armenian_fedayi" title="Armenian fedayi">Fedayi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_volunteer_units" title="Armenian volunteer units">Armenian volunteer units</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armenian_Legion" title="French Armenian Legion">French Armenian Legion</a> (1916–1920)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Armenia&#124;link=Armenia_Armenian_nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenian_nationalism" title="Template:Armenian nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armenian_nationalism" title="Template talk:Armenian nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Armenia&#124;link=Armenia_Armenian_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Armenia" title="United Armenia">United Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseghakronism" title="Tseghakronism">Tseghakronism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miatsum" title="Miatsum">Miatsum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Active political parties</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adequate_Party" title="Adequate Party">Adequate Party</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ramgavar" title="Ramgavar">Armenian Democratic Liberal Party</a> (Ramgavar)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a> (Dashnak)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hosank" title="Hosank">Hosank</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_Agenda_Party_(Armenia)" title="National Agenda Party (Armenia)">National Agenda Party</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_Revival_(Artsakh)" title="National Revival (Artsakh)">National Revival of Artsakh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sasna_Tsrer_Pan-Armenian_Party" title="Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party">Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party" title="Social Democrat Hunchakian Party">Social Democrat Hunchakian Party</a> (Hunchak)</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Defunct parties</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenakan_Party" title="Armenakan Party">Armenakan Party</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_United_Party_(Armenia)" title="National United Party (Armenia)">National United Party</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Defunct militant organizations</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_fedayi" title="Armenian fedayi">Armenian fedayi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Secret_Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Armenia" title="Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia">Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Independence" title="Army of Independence">Army of Independence</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Armenian_Resistance_Group" title="New Armenian Resistance Group">New Armenian Resistance Group</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Justice_Commandos_of_the_Armenian_Genocide" title="Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide">Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Army" title="Armenian Revolutionary Army">Armenian Revolutionary Army</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Thinkers</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Khachatur Abovian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mikayel_Nalbandian" title="Mikayel Nalbandian">Mikayel Nalbandian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mkrtich_Khrimian" title="Mkrtich Khrimian">Mkrtich Khrimian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shahan_Natalie" title="Shahan Natalie">Shahan Natalie</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh" title="Garegin Nzhdeh">Garegin Nzhdeh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siamanto" title="Siamanto">Siamanto</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Avetis_Aharonian" title="Avetis Aharonian">Avetis Aharonian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hayk_Asatryan" title="Hayk Asatryan">Hayk Asatryan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kevork_Ajemian" title="Kevork Ajemian">Kevork Ajemian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Silva_Kaputikyan" title="Silva Kaputikyan">Silva Kaputikyan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rafayel_Ishkhanian" title="Rafayel Ishkhanian">Rafayel Ishkhanian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Monte_Melkonian" title="Monte Melkonian">Monte Melkonian</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Militants and commanders</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arabo" title="Arabo">Arabo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aghbiur_Serob" title="Aghbiur Serob">Aghbiur Serob</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kevork_Chavush" title="Kevork Chavush">Kevork Chavush</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andranik" title="Andranik">Andranik</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aram_Manukian" title="Aram Manukian">Aram Manukian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armen_Garo" title="Armen Garo">Armen Garo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh" title="Garegin Nzhdeh">Garegin Nzhdeh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hagop_Hagopian_(militant)" title="Hagop Hagopian (militant)">Hagop Hagopian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Movses_Gorgisyan" title="Movses Gorgisyan">Movses Gorgisyan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Monte_Melkonian" title="Monte Melkonian">Monte Melkonian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vazgen_Sargsyan" title="Vazgen Sargsyan">Vazgen Sargsyan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jirair_Sefilian" title="Jirair Sefilian">Jirair Sefilian</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_awakening" title="Armenian national awakening">Armenian national awakening</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian national movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ottoman_Bank" title="Occupation of the Ottoman Bank">Occupation of the Ottoman Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_assassination_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Yıldız assassination attempt">Yıldız assassination attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sardarabad" title="Battle of Sardarabad">Battle of Sardarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Uprising" title="February Uprising">February Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_movement" title="Karabakh movement">Karabakh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly_massacre" title="Khojaly massacre">Khojaly massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_consulate_attack_in_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish consulate attack in Paris">Turkish consulate attack in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Esenbo%C4%9Fa_Airport_attack" title="Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack">Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Orly_Airport_attack" title="1983 Orly Airport attack">1983 Orly Airport attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Provisional Republic of Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mountainous_Armenia" title="Republic of Mountainous Armenia">Republic of Mountainous Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia_Government_in_Exile" title="Western Armenia Government in Exile">Western Armenia Government in Exile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armenia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenia_topics" title="Template:Armenia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armenia_topics" title="Template talk:Armenia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armenia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armenia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Armenia-related_articles" title="Index of Armenia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">History</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Armenian_history" title="Timeline of Armenian history">timeline</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Armenians" title="Origin of the Armenians">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Armenia" title="Name of Armenia">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayk" title="Hayk">Hayk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairi_(Armenian_usages)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nairi (Armenian usages)">Nairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urumeans" title="Urumeans">Urumeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiuni" title="Etiuni">Etiuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Kingdom of Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Satrapy of Armenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Byzantine Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Arminiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">1508–1828 Iranian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erivan_Khanate" title="Erivan Khanate">Erivan Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate" title="Karabakh Khanate">Karabakh Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia#Independent_Armenia_(1991-today)" title="History of Armenia">Independent Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian national movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Armenia" title="Category:History of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Armenia" title="Geography of Armenia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_Plain" title="Ararat Plain">Ararat Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_highlands" title="Armenian highlands">Armenian highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Armenia" title="List of cities and towns in Armenia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Armenia" title="Climate of Armenia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Armenia" title="List of earthquakes in Armenia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Armenia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Sevan" title="Lake Sevan">Lake Sevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Armenia" title="Mountains of Armenia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Armenia" title="Municipalities of Armenia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Armenia" title="List of rivers of Armenia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Armenia" title="List of lakes of Armenia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikahogh_State_Reserve" title="Shikahogh State Reserve">Shikahogh State Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirak_Plain" title="Shirak Plain">Shirak Plain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Armenia" title="Category:Geography of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Armenia" title="Administrative divisions of Armenia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia" title="Constitution of Armenia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Armenia" title="Corruption in Armenia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Armenia" title="Elections in Armenia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Foreign relations of Armenia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Armenia" title="Government of Armenia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Armenia" title="Human rights in Armenia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Armenia">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Armenia" title="Judiciary of Armenia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Armenia" title="Armed Forces of Armenia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Armenia)" title="National Assembly (Armenia)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">National Security Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Armenia" title="Police of Armenia">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Armenia" title="List of political parties in Armenia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Armenia" title="President of the National Assembly of Armenia">President of the National Assembly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_Armenia" title="Category:Government of Armenia">more on government</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Armenia" title="Category:Politics of Armenia">on politics</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Armenia" title="Agriculture in Armenia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Stock Exchange">AMX (stock exchange)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Armenia" title="Central Bank of Armenia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Depository_of_Armenia" title="Central Depository of Armenia">Central Depository </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dram" title="Armenian dram">Dram (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Armenia" title="Energy in Armenia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Armenia" title="Mineral industry of Armenia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Armenia" title="Pensions in Armenia">Pension reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Armenia" title="Taxation in Armenia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Armenia" title="Tourism in Armenia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Armenia" title="Waste management in Armenia">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Armenia" title="Transport in Armenia">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus_Railway" title="South Caucasus Railway">South Caucasus Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_architecture" title="Armenian architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_art" title="Armenian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia" title="Cinema of Armenia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_wine" title="Armenian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dance" title="Armenian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Armenia" title="Sport in Armenia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_of_Armenia" title="Theater of Armenia">Theatre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Armenia" title="Category:Culture of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Armenia" title="Demographics of Armenia">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Armenia" title="Census in Armenia">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Armenia" title="Crime in Armenia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Armenia" title="Ethnic minorities in Armenia">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Armenia" title="Health in Armenia">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Armenia" title="Social issues in Armenia">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Armenia" title="Women in Armenia">Women</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_of_Armenia" title="Category:Demographics of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church" title="Armenian Evangelical Church">Armenian Evangelical Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Brotherhood_Church" title="Armenian Brotherhood Church">Armenian Brotherhood Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Islam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Armenia" title="Category:Religion in Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Armenia" title="National symbols of Armenia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cross" title="Armenian Cross">Armenian Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_eternity_sign" title="Armenian eternity sign">Armenian eternity sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia" title="Coat of arms of Armenia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Armenia" title="Flag of Armenia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mer_Hayrenik" title="Mer Hayrenik">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">Apricot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Armenia" title="Outline of Armenia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Armenia-related_articles" title="Index of Armenia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Armenia" title="Category:Armenia">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&oldid=1255560546">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_national_movement&oldid=1255560546</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Armenian_national_liberation_movement" title="Category:Armenian national liberation movement">Armenian national liberation movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_conflicts" title="Category:19th-century conflicts">19th-century 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