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id="toc-Natural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Natural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Industrial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bio-gas_Plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bio-gas_Plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Bio-gas Plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bio-gas_Plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Key processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dangers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dangers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Dangers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dangers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landfill_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landfill_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Landfill gas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Landfill_gas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Landfill gas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Landfill_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Technical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Technical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contaminants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contaminants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Contaminants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contaminants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sulfur_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sulfur_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Sulfur compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sulfur_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ammonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ammonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Ammonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ammonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siloxanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siloxanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Siloxanes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siloxanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits_of_manure_derived_biogas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits_of_manure_derived_biogas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Benefits of manure derived biogas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits_of_manure_derived_biogas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biogas_upgrading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biogas_upgrading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Biogas upgrading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biogas_upgrading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biogas_gas-grid_injection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biogas_gas-grid_injection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Biogas gas-grid injection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biogas_gas-grid_injection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biogas_in_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biogas_in_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Biogas in transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biogas_in_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biogas_generated_heat/electricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biogas_generated_heat/electricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Biogas generated heat/electricity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biogas_generated_heat/electricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technological_advancements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technological_advancements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Technological advancements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technological_advancements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technological advancements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technological_advancements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biogas_and_Sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biogas_and_Sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Biogas and Sanitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biogas_and_Sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legislation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Global developments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_developments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Global developments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Global_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>UK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developing_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developing_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Developing countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developing_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zambia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zambia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.3</span> <span>Zambia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zambia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Associations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Biogas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogah" title="Biogah – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Biogah" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Biogas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A" title="غاز حيوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غاز حيوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%88%E0%A7%B1_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B" title="জৈৱ গেছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জৈৱ গেছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="জৈবগ্যাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জৈবগ্যাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Биогаз – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Биогаз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biog%C3%A0s" title="Biogàs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biogàs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplyn" title="Bioplyn – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bioplyn" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Biogas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Biogas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogaas" title="Biogaas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Biogaas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B1%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Βιοαέριο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιοαέριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biog%C3%A1s" title="Biogás – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biogás" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogaso" title="Biogaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biogaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biogas" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="زیست‌گاز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیست‌گاز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogaz" title="Biogaz – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biogaz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithgh%C3%A1s" title="Bithghás – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bithghás" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biog%C3%A1s" title="Biogás – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Biogás" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EA%B0%80%EC%8A%A4" title="바이오가스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이오가스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%A6" title="Կենսագազ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենսագազ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8" title="बायोगैस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बायोगैस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplin" title="Bioplin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bioplin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biogas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biogas" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%92%D7%96" title="ביוגז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביוגז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ბიოგაზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიოგაზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Биогаз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Биогаз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogaz" title="Biogaz – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Biogaz" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Биогаз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Биогаз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biog%C4%81ze" title="Biogāze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Biogāze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodujos" title="Biodujos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Biodujos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biog%C3%A1z" title="Biogáz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Biogáz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Биогас – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Биогас" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ജൈവ വാതകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൈവ വാതകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B8" title="बायोगॅस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बायोगॅस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Biogas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Био хий – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Био хий" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Biogas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9" title="バイオガス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バイオガス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogass" title="Biogass – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Biogass" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biog%C3%A0s" title="Biogàs – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Biogàs" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baayoogaazii" title="Baayoogaazii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Baayoogaazii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogaz" title="Biogaz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Biogaz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%93_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8" title="ਬਾਇਓ ਗੈਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਇਓ ਗੈਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="گوہا گیس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گوہا گیس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AB%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%8A" title="بایوګاز تکنالوژي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بایوګاز تکنالوژي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Biogas" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogaz" title="Biogaz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biogaz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biog%C3%A1s" title="Biogás – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biogás" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogaz" title="Biogaz – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biogaz" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Биогаз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биогаз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱵᱟᱭᱚᱜᱮᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱟᱭᱚᱜᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Biogas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Biogas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88_%DA%AF%D8%A6%D8%B3" title="بايو گئس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بايو گئس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplyn" title="Bioplyn – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bioplyn" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplin" title="Bioplin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bioplin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="بایۆگاز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بایۆگاز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-gas" title="Bio-gas – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Bio-gas" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplin" title="Bioplin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bioplin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Biogas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokaasu" title="Biokaasu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Biokaasu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Biogas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF" title="உயிரிவளி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிரிவளி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="బయోగ్యాస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బయోగ్యాస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" title="แก๊สชีวภาพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แก๊สชีวภาพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗೋಬರ್ ಗ್ಯಾಸ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಗೋಬರ್ ಗ್ಯಾಸ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyogaz" title="Biyogaz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Biyogaz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Біогаз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біогаз" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Gases produced by decomposing organic matter</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biogas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Biogas.jpg/220px-Biogas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Biogas.jpg/330px-Biogas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Biogas.jpg/440px-Biogas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="1389" /></a><figcaption>Pipes carrying biogas (foreground) and condensate</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainable_energy" title="Template:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainable_energy" title="Template talk:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainable_energy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Biogas</b> is a gaseous <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> source<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produced from raw materials such as <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_waste" title="Agricultural waste">agricultural waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipal_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal waste">municipal waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant material">plant material</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">green waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">wastewater</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">food waste</a>. Biogas is produced by <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">anaerobic digestion</a> with <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organism" title="Anaerobic organism">anaerobic organisms</a> or <a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">methanogens</a> inside an <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">anaerobic digester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodigester" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodigester">biodigester</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Bioreactor" title="Bioreactor">bioreactor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gas composition is primarily methane (<span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span>) and carbon dioxide (<span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>) and may have small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>S</span>), moisture and <a href="/wiki/Siloxane" title="Siloxane">siloxanes</a>. The methane can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a>; it can be used in <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a> and for heating purpose, such as in cooking. It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After removal of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide it can be <a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">compressed</a> in the same way as <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> and used to power <a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">motor vehicles</a>. In the United Kingdom, for example, biogas is estimated to have the potential to replace around 17% of vehicle fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-claverton-energy.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claverton-energy.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It qualifies for renewable <a href="/wiki/Energy_subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy subsidies">energy subsidies</a> in some parts of the world. Biogas can be cleaned and upgraded to natural gas standards, when it becomes bio-methane. Biogas is considered to be a renewable resource because its production-and-use cycle is continuous, and it generates no net carbon dioxide. From a carbon perspective, as much carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere in the growth of the primary bio-resource as is released, when the material is ultimately converted to energy. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biogas is produced by microorganisms, such as <a href="/wiki/Methanogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Methanogens">methanogens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfate-reducing_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfate-reducing bacteria">sulfate-reducing bacteria</a>, performing anaerobic respiration. Biogas can refer to gas produced naturally and industrially. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural">Natural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Natural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marsh_gas" title="Marsh gas">Marsh gas</a></div> <p>In soil, methane is produced in anaerobic environments by methanogens, but is mostly consumed in aerobic zones by <a href="/wiki/Methanotroph" title="Methanotroph">methanotrophs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">Methane emissions</a> result when the balance favors methanogens. Wetland soils are the main natural source of methane. Other sources include oceans, forest soils, termites, and wild ruminants.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial">Industrial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Industrial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">Anaerobic digestion</a></div> <p>The purpose of industrial biogas production is the collection of biomethane, usually for fuel. Industrial biogas is produced either; </p> <ul><li>As <a href="/wiki/Landfill_gas" title="Landfill gas">landfill gas</a> (LFG), which is produced by the decomposition of <a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">biodegradable waste</a> inside a landfill due to chemical reactions and microbes, or</li> <li>As digested gas, produced inside an <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">anaerobic digester</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biogasanlage-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Biogasanlage-01.jpg/220px-Biogasanlage-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Biogasanlage-01.jpg/330px-Biogasanlage-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Biogasanlage-01.jpg/440px-Biogasanlage-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Biogas production in rural Germany</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bio-gas_Plants">Bio-gas Plants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bio-gas Plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>biogas plant</i> is the name often given to an <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digester" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerobic digester">anaerobic digester</a> that treats farm wastes or energy crops. It can be produced using anaerobic digesters (air-tight tanks with different configurations). These plants can be fed with energy crops such as maize <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">biodegradable wastes</a> including sewage sludge and food waste. During the process, the micro-organisms transform biomass waste into biogas (mainly methane and carbon dioxide) and <a href="/wiki/Digestate" title="Digestate">digestate</a>. Higher quantities of biogas can be produced when the wastewater is co-digested with other residuals from the dairy industry, sugar industry, or brewery industry. For example, while mixing 90% of wastewater from beer factory with 10% cow whey, the production of biogas was increased by 2.5 times compared to the biogas produced by wastewater from the brewery only.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manufacturing of biogas from intentionally planted maize has been described as being unsustainable and harmful due to very concentrated, intense and soil eroding character of these plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Key_processes">Key processes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Key processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two key processes: <a href="/wiki/Mesophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesophilic">mesophilic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermophilic">thermophilic</a> digestion which is dependent on temperature. In experimental work at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alaska_Fairbanks" title="University of Alaska Fairbanks">University of Alaska Fairbanks</a>, a 1000-litre digester using <a href="/wiki/Psychrophiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychrophiles">psychrophiles</a> harvested from "mud from a frozen lake in Alaska" has produced 200–300 liters of methane per day, about 20–30% of the output from digesters in warmer climates.<sup id="cite_ref-NewSc2785p14_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewSc2785p14-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dangers">Dangers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dangers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> produced by biogas is similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> as when <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> (a major constituent of biogas) is ignited for its usage as an <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> source, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a> is made as a product which is a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> ( as described by this equation: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></a></span> + 2<a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O<sub>2</sub></a> → <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></a> + 2<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</a></span> ). The content of toxic <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> presents additional risks and has been responsible for serious accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-JCHAS_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JCHAS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaks of unburned methane are an additional risk, because methane is a potent <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>. A facility may leak 2% of the methane.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biogas can be <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosive</a> when mixed in the ratio of one part biogas to 8–20 parts air. Special safety precautions have to be taken for entering an empty biogas digester for maintenance work. It is important that a biogas system never has negative pressure as this could cause an explosion. Negative gas pressure can occur if too much gas is removed or leaked; Because of this biogas should not be used at pressures below one column inch of water, measured by a pressure gauge.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Frequent smell checks must be performed on a biogas system. If biogas is smelled anywhere windows and doors should be opened immediately. If there is a fire the gas should be shut off at the gate valve of the biogas system.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landfill_gas">Landfill gas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Landfill gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Landfill_gas" title="Landfill gas">Landfill gas</a></div> <p>Landfill gas is produced by wet organic waste decomposing under anaerobic conditions in a similar way to biogas.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The waste is covered and mechanically compressed by the weight of the material that is deposited above. This material prevents oxygen exposure thus allowing anaerobic microbes to thrive. Biogas builds up and is slowly released into the atmosphere if the site has not been engineered to capture the gas. Landfill gas released in an uncontrolled way can be hazardous since it can become explosive when it escapes from the landfill and mixes with oxygen. The lower <a href="/wiki/Explosive_limit" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive limit">explosive limit</a> is 5% methane and the upper is 15% methane.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The methane in biogas is 28<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. Therefore, uncontained landfill gas, which escapes into the atmosphere may significantly contribute to the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming">effects of global warming</a>. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile organic compounds</a> (VOCs) in landfill gas contribute to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Smog#Photochemical_smog" title="Smog">photochemical smog</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical">Technical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Technical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">Biochemical oxygen demand</a> (BOD) is a measure of the amount of oxygen required by aerobic micro-organisms to decompose the organic matter in a sample of material being used in the biodigester as well as the BOD for the liquid discharge allows for the calculation of the daily energy output from a biodigester. </p><p>Another term related to biodigesters is effluent dirtiness, which tells how much organic material there is per unit of biogas source. Typical units for this measure are in mg BOD/litre. As an example, effluent dirtiness can range between 800 and 1200 mg BOD/litre in Panama.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From 1 kg of decommissioned kitchen bio-waste, 0.45 m<sup>3</sup> of biogas can be obtained. The price for collecting biological waste from households is approximately €70 per ton.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center;"> <caption><b>Typical composition of biogas</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Compound</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Molecular_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular formula">Formula</a> </th> <th width="100">Percentage by volume </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> </td> <td>50–80 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> </td> <td>15–50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> </td> <td>0–10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> </td> <td>0–1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>S</span> </td> <td>0–0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> </td> <td>0–2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="font-size: 0.85em; padding: 4px 0 4px 6px; text-align: left; background-color: #f2f2f2;">Source: <i>www.kolumbus.fi, 2007</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The composition of biogas varies depending upon the substrate composition, as well as the conditions within the anaerobic reactor (temperature, pH, and substrate concentration).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Landfill_gas" title="Landfill gas">Landfill gas</a> typically has methane concentrations around 50%. Advanced waste treatment technologies can produce biogas with 55–75% methane,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which for reactors with free liquids can be increased to 80–90% methane using <a href="/wiki/In-situ" class="mw-redirect" title="In-situ">in-situ</a> gas purification techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As produced, biogas contains water vapor. The fractional volume of water vapor is a function of biogas temperature; correction of measured gas volume for water vapour content and thermal expansion is easily done via simple mathematics<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which yields the standardized volume of dry biogas. </p><p>For 1000 kg (wet weight) of input to a typical biodigester, total solids may be 30% of the wet weight while <a href="/wiki/Volatile_suspended_solids" title="Volatile suspended solids">volatile suspended solids</a> may be 90% of the total solids. Protein would be 20% of the volatile solids, carbohydrates would be 70% of the volatile solids, and finally fats would be 10% of the volatile solids. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contaminants">Contaminants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contaminants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sulfur_compounds">Sulfur compounds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sulfur compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toxic and foul smelling <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>S</span>) is the most common contaminant in biogas, but other sulfur-containing compounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Thiols" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiols">thiols</a> may be present. Left in the biogas stream, hydrogen sulfide is corrosive and when combusted yields <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span>), also corrosive and environmentally hazardous compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-AbatzoglouBoivin2009_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbatzoglouBoivin2009-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ammonia">Ammonia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ammonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>) is produced from organic compounds containing nitrogen, such as the <a href="/wiki/Amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acids">amino acids</a> in <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a>. If not separated from the biogas, combustion results in <a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">x</sub></span></span></span></a> emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-AbatzoglouBoivin2009_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbatzoglouBoivin2009-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siloxanes">Siloxanes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Siloxanes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some cases, biogas contains <a href="/wiki/Siloxanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Siloxanes">siloxanes</a>. They are formed from the <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_decomposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerobic decomposition">anaerobic decomposition</a> of materials commonly found in soaps and detergents. During combustion of biogas containing siloxanes, <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> is released and can combine with free oxygen or other elements in the <a href="/wiki/Combustion_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Combustion gas">combustion gas</a>. Deposits are formed containing mostly <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">SiO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>) or <a href="/wiki/Silicates" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicates">silicates</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">Si<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><i>x</i></sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><i>y</i></sub></span></span></span>) and can contain <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>. Such <i>white mineral</i> deposits accumulate to a surface thickness of several millimeters and must be removed by chemical or mechanical means. </p><p>Practical and cost-effective technologies to remove siloxanes and other biogas contaminants are available.<sup id="cite_ref-BiogasSiloxaneRemoval_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BiogasSiloxaneRemoval-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits_of_manure_derived_biogas">Benefits of manure derived biogas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Benefits of manure derived biogas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg/120px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg/180px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg/240px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">Carbon-neutral fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind_kite_power" title="Crosswind kite power">Crosswind kite power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">Geothermal heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">Marine current power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmotic_power" title="Osmotic power">Osmotic power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind power</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_proposed_as_renewable_energy" title="Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy">Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country_and_territory" title="List of renewable energy topics by country and territory">Topics by country and territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Marketing and policy trends</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renewable_energy_sources" title="Template:Renewable energy sources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renewable_energy_sources" title="Template talk:Renewable energy sources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable_energy_sources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable energy sources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>High levels of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> are produced when manure is stored under anaerobic conditions. During storage and when manure has been applied to the land, <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> is also produced as a byproduct of the denitrification process. Nitrous oxide (<span class="chemf nowrap">N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>) is 320 times more aggressive as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and methane 25 times more than carbon dioxide.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By converting cow manure into methane biogas via <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">anaerobic digestion</a>, the millions of cattle in the United States would be able to produce 100 billion kilowatt hours of electricity, enough to power millions of homes across the United States. One cow can produce enough manure in one day to generate 3 kilowatt hours of electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, by converting cattle manure into methane biogas instead of letting it decompose, global warming gases could be reduced by 99 million metric tons or 4%.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BioGasBus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/BioGasBus.png/250px-BioGasBus.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/BioGasBus.png/375px-BioGasBus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/BioGasBus.png/500px-BioGasBus.png 2x" data-file-width="1714" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption>A biogas bus in <a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping" title="Linköping">Linköping, Sweden</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Biogas can be used for electricity production on sewage works,<sup id="cite_ref-Administrator_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Administrator-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a <a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">CHP</a> <a href="/wiki/Gas_engine" title="Gas engine">gas engine</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">waste heat</a> from the engine is conveniently used for heating the digester; cooking; space heating; <a href="/wiki/Water_heating" title="Water heating">water heating</a>; and process heating. If compressed, it can replace <a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">compressed natural gas</a> for use in vehicles, where it can fuel an <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a> and is a much more effective displacer of carbon dioxide than the normal use in on-site CHP plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Administrator_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Administrator-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biogas_upgrading">Biogas upgrading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Biogas upgrading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raw biogas produced from digestion is roughly 60% methane and 39% <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> with trace elements of <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>S</span>: inadequate for use in machinery. The corrosive nature of <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>S</span> alone is enough to destroy the mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-AbatzoglouBoivin2009_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbatzoglouBoivin2009-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Methane in biogas can be concentrated via a <a href="/wiki/Biogas_upgrader" title="Biogas upgrader">biogas upgrader</a> to the same standards as fossil <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, which itself has to go through a cleaning process, and becomes <i>biomethane</i>. If the local gas network allows, the producer of the biogas may use their distribution networks. Gas must be very clean to reach pipeline quality and must be of the correct composition for the distribution network to accept. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Particulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate">particulates</a> must be removed if present.<sup id="cite_ref-AbatzoglouBoivin2009_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbatzoglouBoivin2009-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are four main methods of upgrading: water washing, pressure swing absorption, selexol absorption, and <a href="/wiki/Amine_gas_treating" title="Amine gas treating">amine gas treating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to these, the use of membrane separation technology for biogas upgrading is increasing, and there are already several plants operating in Europe and USA.<sup id="cite_ref-AbatzoglouBoivin2009_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbatzoglouBoivin2009-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most prevalent method is water washing where high pressure gas flows into a column where the carbon dioxide and other trace elements are scrubbed by cascading water running counter-flow to the gas. This arrangement could deliver 98% methane with manufacturers guaranteeing maximum 2% methane loss in the system. It takes roughly between 3% and 6% of the total energy output in gas to run a biogas upgrading system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biogas_gas-grid_injection">Biogas gas-grid injection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Biogas gas-grid injection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gas-grid injection is the injection of biogas into the <a href="/wiki/Methane_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane grid">methane grid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas grid">natural gas grid</a>). Until the breakthrough of <a href="/wiki/Micro_combined_heat_and_power" title="Micro combined heat and power">micro combined heat and power</a> two-thirds of all the energy produced by <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">biogas power plants</a> was lost (as heat). Using the grid to transport the gas to consumers, the energy can be used for <a href="/wiki/Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">on-site generation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in a reduction of losses in the transportation of energy. Typical energy losses in natural gas transmission systems range from 1% to 2%; in electricity transmission they range from 5% to 8%.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before being injected in the gas grid, biogas passes a cleaning process, during which it is upgraded to natural gas quality. During the cleaning process trace components harmful to the gas grid and the final users are removed.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biogas_in_transport">Biogas in transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Biogas in transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biogas-train-amanda-in-linkoping-2006.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Biogas-train-amanda-in-linkoping-2006.JPG/250px-Biogas-train-amanda-in-linkoping-2006.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Biogas-train-amanda-in-linkoping-2006.JPG/375px-Biogas-train-amanda-in-linkoping-2006.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Biogas-train-amanda-in-linkoping-2006.JPG/500px-Biogas-train-amanda-in-linkoping-2006.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>"Biogaståget Amanda" ("Amanda the Biogas Train") train near <a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping" title="Linköping">Linköping</a> station, Sweden</figcaption></figure> <p>If concentrated and compressed, it can be used in vehicle transportation. Compressed biogas is becoming widely used in Sweden, Switzerland, and Germany. A biogas-powered train, named Biogaståget Amanda (The Biogas Train Amanda), has been in service in Sweden since 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biogas powers automobiles. In 1974, a British documentary film titled <i>Sweet as a Nut</i> detailed the biogas production process from pig manure and showed how it fueled a custom-adapted combustion engine.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, an estimated 12,000 vehicles were being fueled with upgraded biogas worldwide, mostly in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-What_is_biogas_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_is_biogas-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biogas is part of the wet gas and condensing gas (or air) category that includes mist or fog in the gas stream. The mist or fog is predominately water vapor that condenses on the sides of pipes or stacks throughout the gas flow. Biogas environments include wastewater digesters, landfills, and animal feeding operations (covered livestock lagoons). </p><p>Ultrasonic flow meters are one of the few devices capable of measuring in a biogas atmosphere. Most of thermal flow meters are unable to provide reliable data because the moisture causes steady high flow readings and continuous flow spiking, although there are single-point insertion thermal mass flow meters capable of accurately monitoring biogas flows with minimal pressure drop. They can handle moisture variations that occur in the flow stream because of daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations, and account for the moisture in the flow stream to produce a dry gas value. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biogas_generated_heat/electricity"><span id="Biogas_generated_heat.2Felectricity"></span>Biogas generated heat/electricity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Biogas generated heat/electricity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biogas can be used in different types of internal combustion engines, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jenbacher" title="Jenbacher">Jenbacher</a> or <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Caterpillar Inc">Caterpillar</a> gas engines.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other internal combustion engines such as gas turbines are suitable for the conversion of biogas into both electricity and heat. The digestate is the remaining inorganic matter that was not transformed into biogas. It can be used as an agricultural fertiliser. </p><p>Biogas can be used as the fuel in the system of producing biogas from agricultural wastes and <a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">co-generating</a> heat and electricity in a combined heat and power (<a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">CHP</a>) plant. Unlike the other green energy such as wind and solar, the biogas can be quickly accessed on demand. The <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a> can also be greatly reduced when using biogas as the fuel instead of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acidification" class="extiw" title="wikt:acidification">acidification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> potentials produced by biogas are 25 and 12 times higher respectively than <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> alternatives. This impact can be reduced by using correct combination of feedstocks, covered storage for digesters and improved techniques for retrieving escaped material. Overall, the results still suggest that using biogas can lead to significant reduction in most impacts compared to fossil fuel alternative. The balance between environmental damage and <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">green house gas</a> emission should still be considered while implicating the system.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technological_advancements">Technological advancements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Technological advancements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Projects such as NANOCLEAN are nowadays developing new ways to produce biogas more efficiently, using iron oxide <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a> in the processes of organic waste treatment. This process can triple the production of biogas.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biogas_and_Sanitation">Biogas and Sanitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Biogas and Sanitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">Faecal Sludge</a> is a product of onsite sanitation systems. Post collection and transportation, Faecal sludge can be treated with sewage in a conventional treatment plant, or otherwise it can be treated independently in a faecal sludge treatment plant. Faecal sludge can also be co-treated with organic solid waste in <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">composting</a> or in an <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">anaerobic digestion</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biogas can be generated through anaerobic digestion in the treatment of faecal sludge. </p><p>The appropriate management of excreta and its valorisation through the production of biogas from faecal sludge helps mitigate the effects of poorly managed excreta such as waterborne diseases and water and environmental pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Resource Recovery and Reuse (RRR) ) is a subprogram of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) dedicated to applied research on the safe recovery of water, nutrients and energy from domestic and agro-industrial waste streams.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believe using waste as energy would be good financially and would tackle sanitation, health and environmental issues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The European Union has legislation regarding waste management and landfill sites called the <a href="/wiki/Landfill_Directive" title="Landfill Directive">Landfill Directive</a>. </p><p>Countries such as the United Kingdom and Germany now have legislation in force that provides farmers with long-term revenue and energy security.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The EU mandates that internal combustion engines with biogas have ample gas pressure to optimize combustion, and within the European Union <a href="/wiki/ATEX_directive" class="mw-redirect" title="ATEX directive">ATEX</a> centrifugal <a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">fan</a> units built in accordance with the European directive <a href="/wiki/ATEX_directive" class="mw-redirect" title="ATEX directive">2014–34/EU</a> (previously 94/9/EG) are obligatory. These centrifugal fan units, for example <a href="/wiki/Combimac" title="Combimac">Combimac</a>, Meidinger AG or Witt & Sohn AG are suitable for use in <a href="/wiki/ATEX_directive" class="mw-redirect" title="ATEX directive">Zone 1 and 2</a> . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States legislates against landfill gas as it contains <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">VOCs</a>. The United States <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Title_40_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations</a> (CFR) requires landfill owners to estimate the quantity of non-methane organic compounds (NMOCs) emitted. If the estimated NMOC emissions exceeds 50 tonnes per year, the landfill owner is required to collect the gas and treat it to remove the entrained NMOCs. That usually means burning it. Because of the remoteness of landfill sites, it is sometimes not economically feasible to produce electricity from the gas.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a variety of grants and loans the support the development of anaerobic digestor systems. The <a href="/wiki/Rural_Energy_for_America_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural Energy for America Program">Rural Energy for American Program</a> provides loan financing and grant funding for biogas systems, as does the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Quality_Incentives_Program" title="Environmental Quality Incentives Program">Environmental Quality Incentives Program</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_Stewardship_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation Stewardship Program">Conservation Stewardship Program</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_Loan_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservation Loan Program (page does not exist)">Conservation Loan Program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_developments">Global developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Global developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the many benefits of biogas, it is starting to become a popular source of energy and is starting to be used in the United States more.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, the United States consumed 43 TWh (147 trillion BTU) of energy from "landfill gas", about 0.6% of the total U.S. natural gas consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-What_is_biogas_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_is_biogas-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methane biogas derived from cow manure is being tested in the U.S. According to a 2008 study, collected by the <i>Science and Children</i> magazine, methane biogas from cow manure would be sufficient to produce 100 billion <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt hour">kilowatt hours</a> enough to power millions of homes across America. Furthermore, methane biogas has been tested to prove that it can reduce 99 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions or about 4% of the greenhouse gases produced by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of farm-based digesters increased by 21% in 2021 according to the American Biogas Council.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Vermont biogas generated on dairy farms was included in the CVPS Cow Power program. The program was originally offered by Central Vermont Public Service Corporation as a voluntary tariff and now with a recent merger with Green Mountain Power is now the GMP Cow Power Program. Customers can elect to pay a premium on their electric bill, and that premium is passed directly to the farms in the program. In <a href="/wiki/Sheldon,_Vermont" title="Sheldon, Vermont">Sheldon, Vermont</a>, Green Mountain Dairy has provided renewable energy as part of the Cow Power program. It started when the brothers who own the farm, Bill and Brian Rowell, wanted to address some of the manure management challenges faced by dairy farms, including manure odor, and nutrient availability for the crops they need to grow to feed the animals. They installed an anaerobic digester to process the cow and milking center waste from their 950 cows to produce renewable energy, a bedding to replace sawdust, and a plant-friendly fertilizer. The energy and environmental attributes are sold to the GMP Cow Power program. On average, the system run by the Rowells produces enough electricity to power 300 to 350 other homes. The generator capacity is about 300 kilowatts.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hereford,_Texas" title="Hereford, Texas">Hereford, Texas</a>, cow manure is being used to power an <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol power</a> plant. By switching to methane biogas, the ethanol power plant has saved 1000 barrels of oil a day. Over all, the power plant has reduced transportation costs and will be opening many more jobs for future power plants that will rely on biogas.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Oakley,_Kansas" title="Oakley, Kansas">Oakley, Kansas</a>, an ethanol plant considered to be one of the largest biogas facilities in North America is using <a href="/wiki/Integrated_manure_utilization_system" title="Integrated manure utilization system">integrated manure utilization system</a> (IMUS) to produce heat for its boilers by utilizing feedlot manure, municipal organics and ethanol plant waste. At full capacity the plant is expected to replace 90% of the fossil fuel used in the manufacturing process of ethanol and methanol.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In California, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_California_Gas_Company" title="Southern California Gas Company">Southern California Gas Company</a> has advocated for mixing biogas into existing natural gas pipelines. However, California state officials have taken the position that biogas is "better used in hard-to-electrify sectors of the economy-- like aviation, heavy industry and long-haul trucking".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biogas_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Biogas_station.jpg/220px-Biogas_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Biogas_station.jpg/330px-Biogas_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Biogas_station.jpg/440px-Biogas_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4541" data-file-height="2638" /></a><figcaption>Biogas fueling station in <a href="/wiki/Mikkeli" title="Mikkeli">Mikkeli</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>The level of development varies greatly in Europe. While countries such as Germany, Austria, Sweden and Italy are fairly advanced in their use of biogas, there is a vast potential for this renewable energy source in the rest of the continent, especially in Eastern Europe. <a href="/wiki/MT-Energie" title="MT-Energie">MT-Energie</a> is a German biogas technology company operating in the field of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different legal frameworks, education schemes and the availability of technology are among the prime reasons behind this untapped potential.<sup id="cite_ref-SEBE_Website_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEBE_Website-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another challenge for the further progression of biogas has been negative public perception.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2009, the European Biogas Association (EBA) was founded in Brussels as a non-profit organisation to promote the deployment of sustainable biogas production and use in Europe. EBA's strategy defines three priorities: establish biogas as an important part of Europe's energy mix, promote source separation of household waste to increase the gas potential, and support the production of biomethane as vehicle fuel. In July 2013, it had 60 members from 24 countries across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="UK">UK</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: UK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of September 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there are about 130 non-sewage biogas plants in the UK. Most are on-farm, and some larger facilities exist off-farm, which are taking food and consumer wastes.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 October 2010, biogas was injected into the UK gas grid for the first time. Sewage from over 30,000 Oxfordshire homes is sent to Didcot <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> works, where it is treated in an anaerobic digestor to produce biogas, which is then cleaned to provide gas for approximately 200 homes.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015 the Green-Energy company <a href="/wiki/Ecotricity" title="Ecotricity">Ecotricity</a> announced their plans to build three grid-injecting digesters.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Italy the biogas industry first started in 2008, thanks to the introduction of advantageous feed tariffs. They were later replaced by feed-in premiums and the preference was given to by products and farming waste and leading to stagnation in biogas production and derived heat and electricity since 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>As of September 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, in Italy there are more than 200 biogas plants with a production of about 1.2 GW<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germany is Europe's biggest biogas producer<sup id="cite_ref-Eurobserv'er_2010_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eurobserv'er_2010-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the market leader in biogas technology.<sup id="cite_ref-BMU_2011a_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMU_2011a-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010 there were 5,905 biogas plants operating throughout the country: Lower Saxony, Bavaria, and the eastern federal states are the main regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Fachverband_Biogas_2011_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fachverband_Biogas_2011-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these plants are employed as power plants. Usually the biogas plants are directly connected with a CHP which produces electric power by burning the bio methane. The electrical power is then fed into the public power grid.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_2007_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA_2007-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the total installed electrical capacity of these power plants was 2,291 MW.<sup id="cite_ref-Fachverband_Biogas_2011_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fachverband_Biogas_2011-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electricity supply was approximately 12.8 TWh, which is 12.6% of the total generated renewable electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biogas in Germany is primarily extracted by the co-fermentation of energy crops (called 'NawaRo', an abbreviation of <i>nachwachsende Rohstoffe</i>, German for renewable resources) mixed with manure. The main crop used is corn. Organic waste and industrial and agricultural residues such as waste from the food industry are also used for biogas generation.<sup id="cite_ref-Wieland,_P._2003_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wieland,_P._2003-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this respect, biogas production in Germany differs significantly from the UK, where biogas generated from landfill sites is most common.<sup id="cite_ref-Eurobserv'er_2010_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eurobserv'er_2010-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biogas production in Germany has developed rapidly over the last 20 years. The main reason is the legally created frameworks. Government support of renewable energy started in 1991 with the Electricity Feed-in Act (<i>StrEG</i>). This law guaranteed the producers of energy from renewable sources the feed into the public power grid, thus the power companies were forced to take all produced energy from independent private producers of green energy.<sup id="cite_ref-IfnE_et_al._2009_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IfnE_et_al._2009-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000 the Electricity Feed-in Act was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/German_Renewable_Energy_Sources_Act" title="German Renewable Energy Sources Act">Renewable Energy Sources Act</a> (<i>EEG</i>). This law even guaranteed a fixed compensation for the produced electric power over 20 years. The amount of around 8<span class="nowrap"> </span>¢/kWh gave farmers the opportunity to become energy suppliers and gain a further source of income.<sup id="cite_ref-Wieland,_P._2003_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wieland,_P._2003-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German agricultural biogas production was given a further push in 2004 by implementing the so-called NawaRo-Bonus. This is a special payment given for the use of renewable resources, that is, energy crops.<sup id="cite_ref-Wieland,_P._2006_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wieland,_P._2006-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007 the German government stressed its intention to invest further effort and support in improving the renewable energy supply to provide an answer on growing climate challenges and increasing oil prices by the 'Integrated Climate and Energy Programme'. </p><p>This continual trend of renewable energy promotion induces a number of challenges facing the management and organisation of renewable energy supply that has also several impacts on the biogas production.<sup id="cite_ref-Kanning_et_al._2009_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanning_et_al._2009-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first challenge to be noticed is the high area-consuming of the biogas electric power supply. In 2011 energy crops for biogas production consumed an area of circa 800,000 ha in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FNR_2011_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FNR_2011-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This high demand of agricultural areas generates new competitions with the food industries that did not exist hitherto. Moreover, new industries and markets were created in predominately rural regions entailing different new players with an economic, political and civil background. Their influence and acting has to be governed to gain all advantages this new source of energy is offering. Finally biogas will furthermore play an important role in the German renewable energy supply if good governance is focused.<sup id="cite_ref-Kanning_et_al._2009_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanning_et_al._2009-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developing_countries">Developing countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Developing countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Domestic biogas plants convert livestock manure and night soil into biogas and slurry, the fermented manure. This technology is feasible for small-holders with livestock producing 50 kg manure per day, an equivalent of about 6 pigs or 3 cows. This manure has to be collectable to mix it with water and feed it into the plant. Toilets can be connected. Another precondition is the temperature that affects the fermentation process. With an optimum at 36 °C the technology especially applies for those living in a (sub) tropical climate. This makes the technology for small holders in developing countries often suitable.<sup id="cite_ref-Roubík_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roubík-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biogas_plant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Biogas_plant.svg/270px-Biogas_plant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Biogas_plant.svg/405px-Biogas_plant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Biogas_plant.svg/540px-Biogas_plant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Simple sketch of household biogas plant</figcaption></figure> <p>Depending on size and location, a typical brick made fixed dome biogas plant can be installed at the yard of a rural household with the investment between US$300 to $500 in Asian countries and up to $1400 in the African context.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A high quality biogas plant needs minimum maintenance costs and can produce gas for at least 15–20 years without major problems and re-investments. For the user, biogas provides <a href="/wiki/Clean_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean cooking">clean cooking</a> energy, reduces <a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">indoor air pollution</a>, and reduces the time needed for traditional biomass collection, especially for women and children. The slurry is a clean organic fertilizer that potentially increases agricultural productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Roubík_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roubík-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In developing countries, it was also determined that the use of biogas leads to a 20% reduction in GHG emissions compared with GHG emissions due to firewood. Moreover, GHG emissions of 384.1 kg CO2-eq·y−1 per animal could be prevented.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Energy is an important part of modern society and can serve as one of the most important indicators of socio-economic development. As much as there have been advancements in technology, even so, some three billion people, primarily in the rural areas of developing countries, continue to access their energy needs for cooking through traditional means by burning biomass resources like firewood, crop residues and animal dung in crude traditional stoves.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domestic biogas technology is a proven and established technology in many parts of the world, especially Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several countries in this region have embarked on large-scale programmes on domestic biogas, such as China<sup id="cite_ref-China_Biogas_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Biogas-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and India. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/SNV_Netherlands_Development_Organisation" title="SNV Netherlands Development Organisation">Netherlands Development Organisation</a>, SNV,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supports national programmes on domestic biogas that aim to establish commercial-viable domestic biogas sectors in which local companies market, install and service biogas plants for households. In Asia, <a href="/wiki/SNV_Netherlands_Development_Organisation" title="SNV Netherlands Development Organisation">SNV</a> is working in Nepal,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vietnam,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bangladesh,<sup id="cite_ref-idcol.org_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idcol.org-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhutan, Cambodia,<sup id="cite_ref-idcol.org_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idcol.org-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lao PDR,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Indonesia,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Africa; Rwanda,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senegal, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tanzania,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uganda, Kenya,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benin and Cameroon. </p><p>In South Africa a prebuilt Biogas system is manufactured and sold. One key feature is that installation requires less skill and is quicker to install as the digester tank is premade plastic.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biogas in India<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been traditionally based on dairy manure as feed stock and these "gobar" gas plants have been in operation for a long period of time, especially in rural India. In the last 2–3 decades, research organisations with a focus on rural energy security have enhanced the design of the systems resulting in newer efficient low cost designs such as the Deenabandhu model. </p><p>The Deenabandhu Model is a new biogas-production model popular in India. (<i>Deenabandhu</i> means "friend of the helpless".) The unit usually has a capacity of 2 to 3 cubic metres. It is constructed using bricks or by a <a href="/wiki/Ferrocement" title="Ferrocement">ferrocement</a> mixture. In India, the brick model costs slightly more than the ferrocement model; however, India's Ministry of New and Renewable Energy offers some subsidy per model constructed. </p><p>Biogas which is mainly methane/natural gas can also be used for generating protein rich cattle, poultry and fish feed in villages economically by cultivating <i><a href="/wiki/Methylococcus_capsulatus" title="Methylococcus capsulatus">Methylococcus capsulatus</a></i> bacteria culture with tiny land and water foot print.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The carbon dioxide gas produced as by product from these plants can be put to use in cheaper production of <a href="/wiki/Algae_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Algae oil">algae oil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)" title="Spirulina (dietary supplement)">spirulina</a> from <a href="/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture">algaculture</a> particularly in tropical countries like India which can displace the prime position of crude oil in near future.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Union government of India is implementing many schemes to utilise productively the agro waste or biomass in rural areas to uplift rural economy and job potential.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With these plants, the non-edible biomass or waste of edible biomass is converted in to high value products without any water pollution or <a href="/wiki/Green_house_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Green house gas">green house gas</a> (GHG) emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is a key source of cooking fuel in urban India and its prices have been increasing along with the global fuel prices. Also the heavy subsidies provided by the successive governments in promoting LPG as a domestic cooking fuel has become a financial burden renewing the focus on biogas as a cooking fuel alternative in urban establishments. This has led to the development of prefabricated digester for modular deployments as compared to RCC and cement structures which take a longer duration to construct. Renewed focus on process technology like the Biourja process model<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has enhanced the stature of medium and large scale anaerobic digester in India as a potential alternative to LPG as primary cooking fuel. </p><p>In India, Nepal, Pakistan and Bangladesh biogas produced from the anaerobic digestion of <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a> in small-scale digestion facilities is called gobar gas; it is estimated that such facilities exist in over 2 million households in India, 50,000 in Bangladesh and thousands in Pakistan, particularly North Punjab, due to the thriving population of livestock. The digester is an airtight circular pit made of concrete with a pipe connection. The manure is directed to the pit, usually straight from the cattle shed. The pit is filled with a required quantity of <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a>. The gas pipe is connected to the kitchen fireplace through control valves. The combustion of this biogas has very little odour or smoke. Owing to simplicity in implementation and use of cheap raw materials in villages, it is one of the most environmentally sound energy sources for rural needs. One type of these system is the <a href="/wiki/Sintex" title="Sintex">Sintex</a> Digester. Some designs use <a href="/wiki/Vermiculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermiculture">vermiculture</a> to further enhance the slurry produced by the biogas plant for use as compost.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Pakistan, the Rural Support Programmes Network is running the Pakistan Domestic Biogas Programme<sup id="cite_ref-pakenergysolution_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pakenergysolution-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has installed 5,360 biogas plants<sup id="cite_ref-PakBioGasPlants_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PakBioGasPlants-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has trained in excess of 200 masons on the technology and aims to develop the Biogas Sector in Pakistan. </p><p>In Nepal, the government provides subsidies to build biogas plant at home. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of at least 2023, China is both the world's largest producer and largest consumer of household biogas.<sup id="cite_ref-:532_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:532-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 172">: 172 </span></sup> </p><p>The Chinese have experimented with the applications of biogas since 1958. Around 1970, China had installed 6,000,000 digesters in an effort to make <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> more efficient. During the last few years, technology has met high growth rates. This seems to be the earliest developments in generating biogas from agricultural waste.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rural biogas construction in China has shown an increased development trend. The exponential growth of energy supply caused by rapid economic development and severe <a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">haze</a> condition in China have led biogas to become the better eco-friendly energy for the rural areas. In <a href="/wiki/Qing_County" title="Qing County">Qing county</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> Province, the technology of using crop <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a> as a main material to generate biogas is currently developing.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China had 26.5 million biogas plants, with an output of 10.5 billion cubic meter biogas until 2007. The annual biogas output has increased to 248 billion cubic meter in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese government had supported and funded rural biogas projects.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023, more than 30 million rural Chinese households use biogas digesters.<sup id="cite_ref-:532_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:532-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 172">: 172 </span></sup> </p><p>During the winter, the biogas production in northern regions of China is lower. This is caused by the lack of heat control technology for digesters thus the co-digestion of different feedstock failed to complete in the cold environment.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zambia">Zambia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Zambia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lusaka, the capital city of Zambia, has two million inhabitants with over half of the population residing in peri-urban areas. The majority of this population use <a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">pit latrines</a> as toilets generating approximately 22,680 tons of fecal sludge per annum. This sludge is inadequately managed: Over 60% of the generated <a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">faecal sludge</a> remains within the residential environment thereby compromising both the environment and public health.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the face of research work and implementation of biogas having started as early as in the 1980s, Zambia is lagging behind in the adoption and use of biogas in the sub-Saharan Africa. Animal manure and crop residues are required for the provision of energy for cooking and lighting. Inadequate funding, absence of policy, regulatory framework and strategies on biogas, unfavorable investor monetary policy, inadequate expertise, lack of awareness of the benefits of biogas technology among leaders, financial institutions and locals, resistance to change due cultural and traditions of the locals, high installation and maintenance costs of biogas digesters, inadequate research and development, improper management and lack of monitoring of installed digesters, complexity of the carbon market, lack of incentives and social equity are among the challenges that have impeded the acquiring and sustainable implementation of domestic biogas production in Zambia.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associations">Associations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>World Biogas Association (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.worldbiogasassociation.org/">https://www.worldbiogasassociation.org/</a>)</li> <li>American Biogas Council (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://americanbiogascouncil.org/">https://americanbiogascouncil.org/</a>)</li> <li>Canadian Biogas Association (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.biogasassociation.ca/">https://www.biogasassociation.ca/</a>)</li> <li>European Biogas Association<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>German Biogas Association<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Indian Biogas Association<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1985 Australian film <i><a href="/wiki/Mad_Max_Beyond_Thunderdome" title="Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome">Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome</a></i> the post-apocalyptic settlement Barter town is powered by a central biogas system based upon a piggery. As well as providing electricity, methane is used to power Barter's vehicles. </p><p>"Cow Town",<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> written in the early 1940s, discusses the travails of a city vastly built on cow manure and the hardships brought upon by the resulting methane biogas. Carter McCormick, an engineer from a town outside the city, is sent in to figure out a way to utilize this gas to help power, rather than suffocate, the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Contemporary biogas production provides new opportunities for skilled employment, drawing on the development of new technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/28px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/42px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/56px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">Anaerobic digestion</a> – Processes by which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">Biochemical oxygen demand</a> – Oxygen needed to remove organics from water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradability" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradability">Biodegradability</a> – Decomposition by living organisms<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bioenergy</a> – Renewable energy made from biomass</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a> – Type of biological fuel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biohydrogen" title="Biohydrogen">Biohydrogen</a> – Hydrogen that is produced biologically</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_economy" title="Hydrogen economy">Hydrogen economy</a> – Using hydrogen to decarbonize more sectors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_gas_monitoring" title="Landfill gas monitoring">Landfill gas monitoring</a> – Process of monitoring gas from landfills.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanation" title="Methanation">Methanation</a> – Conversion of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (CO<sub>x</sub>) to methane (CH<sub>4</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSW/LFG" title="MSW/LFG">MSW/LFG</a> (municipal solid waste and landfill gas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a> – Gaseous fossil fuel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a> – Energy collected from renewable resources</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_natural_gas" title="Renewable natural gas">Renewable natural gas</a> – Methane enriched biogas that can easily be upgraded</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_cost_of_electricity_generated_by_different_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources">Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources</a> – Comparison of costs of different electricity generation sources<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_hydrolysis" title="Thermal hydrolysis">Thermal hydrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a> – Activities and actions required to manage waste from its source to its final disposal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Biomass_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="European Biomass Association">European Biomass Association</a> – European bioenergy organisation<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/National_Non-Food_Crops_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="National Non-Food Crops Centre">National Non-Food Crops Centre</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/publications/nnfcc-renewable-fuels-and-energy-factsheet-anaerobic-digestion">"NNFCC Renewable Fuels and Energy Factsheet: Anaerobic Digestion"</a>, Retrieved on 2011-02-16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWebdesign" class="citation web cs1">Webdesign, Insyde. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180510115131/http://www.simgas.com/advantages-of-biogas/how-does-biogas-work/item46">"How does biogas work?"</a>. <i>www.simgas.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biogas-india+%E2%80%93+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biogas-india.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiogas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905144143/http://sior.ub.edu/jspui/cris/socialimpact/socialimpact00426">"Generating new employment opportunities [Social Impact]"</a>. <i>SIOR. Social Impact Open Repository</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sior.ub.edu/jspui/cris/socialimpact/socialimpact00426">the original</a> on 5 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIOR.+Social+Impact+Open+Repository&rft.atitle=Generating+new+employment+opportunities+%5BSocial+Impact%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsior.ub.edu%2Fjspui%2Fcris%2Fsocialimpact%2Fsocialimpact00426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiogas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Updated Guidebook on Biogas Development</i>. United Nations, New York, (1984) Energy Resources Development Series No. 27. p. 178, 30 cm.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zorg-biogas.com/library/biogas-from-waste-and-renewable-resources">Book: Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, (2008) Dieter Deublein and Angelika Steinhauser</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2341738">A Comparison between Shale Gas in China and Unconventional Fuel Development in the United States: Health, Water and Environmental Risks</a> by Paolo Farah and Riccardo Tremolada. This is a paper presented at the Colloquium on Environmental Scholarship 2013 hosted by Vermont Law School (11 October 2013)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchaim1992" class="citation book cs1">Marchaim, Uri (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0541E/T0541E00.htm"><i>Biogas processes for sustainable development</i></a>. FAO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-103126-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-103126-1"><bdi>978-92-5-103126-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biogas+processes+for+sustainable+development&rft.pub=FAO&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-92-5-103126-1&rft.aulast=Marchaim&rft.aufirst=Uri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2FT0541E%2FT0541E00.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiogas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Woodhead Publishing Series. (2013). <i>The Biogas Handbook: Science, Production and Applications.</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857094988" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857094988">978-0857094988</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustafaCalayRomán2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mustafa, Mohamad Y.; Calay, Rajnish K.; Román, E. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2016.06.397">"Biogas from Organic Waste - A Case Study"</a>. <i>Procedia Engineering</i>. <b>146</b>: 310–317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2016.06.397">10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.397</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Procedia+Engineering&rft.atitle=Biogas+from+Organic+Waste+-+A+Case+Study&rft.volume=146&rft.pages=310-317&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2016.06.397&rft.aulast=Mustafa&rft.aufirst=Mohamad+Y.&rft.au=Calay%2C+Rajnish+K.&rft.au=Rom%C3%A1n%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.proeng.2016.06.397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiogas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lazenby, Ruthie (15 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vermontlaw.edu/sites/default/files/2022-08/Rethinking_Manure_Biogas.pdf">"Rethinking Manure Biogas: Policy Considerations to Promote Equity and Protect the Climate and Environment</a>" (PDF). Retrieved 19 October 2022.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbanadesAbbaspourAhmadiDas2022" class="citation journal cs1">Abanades, S.; Abbaspour, H.; Ahmadi, A.; Das, B.; Ehyaei, M. A.; Esmaeilion, F.; El Haj Assad, M.; Hajilounezhad, T.; Jamali, D. H.; Hmida, A.; Ozgoli, H. A.; Safari, S.; AlShabi, M.; Bani-Hani, E. H. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13762-021-03301-6">"A critical review of biogas production and usage with legislations framework across the globe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Environmental_Science_and_Technology" title="International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology">International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology</a></i>. <b>19</b>: 3377–3400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13762-021-03301-6">10.1007/s13762-021-03301-6</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=A+critical+review+of+biogas+production+and+usage+with+legislations+framework+across+the+globe&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=3377-3400&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13762-021-03301-6&rft.aulast=Abanades&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Abbaspour%2C+H.&rft.au=Ahmadi%2C+A.&rft.au=Das%2C+B.&rft.au=Ehyaei%2C+M.+A.&rft.au=Esmaeilion%2C+F.&rft.au=El+Haj+Assad%2C+M.&rft.au=Hajilounezhad%2C+T.&rft.au=Jamali%2C+D.+H.&rft.au=Hmida%2C+A.&rft.au=Ozgoli%2C+H.+A.&rft.au=Safari%2C+S.&rft.au=AlShabi%2C+M.&rft.au=Bani-Hani%2C+E.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs13762-021-03301-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiogas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJameelMustafaAhmedMohammed2024" class="citation journal cs1">Jameel, Mohammed Khaleel; Mustafa, Mohammed Ahmed; Ahmed, Hassan Safi; Mohammed, Amira jassim; Ghazy, Hameed; Shakir, Maha Noori; Lawas, Amran Mezher; Mohammed, Saad khudhur; Idan, Ameer Hassan; Mahmoud, Zaid H.; Sayadi, Hamidreza; Kianfar, Ehsan (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rechem.2024.101549">"Biogas: Production, properties, applications, economic and challenges: A review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Results_in_Chemistry" title="Results in Chemistry">Results in Chemistry</a></i>. <b>7</b>: 101549. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rechem.2024.101549">10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101549</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Results+in+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Biogas%3A+Production%2C+properties%2C+applications%2C+economic+and+challenges%3A+A+review&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=101549&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.rechem.2024.101549&rft.aulast=Jameel&rft.aufirst=Mohammed+Khaleel&rft.au=Mustafa%2C+Mohammed+Ahmed&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+Hassan+Safi&rft.au=Mohammed%2C+Amira+jassim&rft.au=Ghazy%2C+Hameed&rft.au=Shakir%2C+Maha+Noori&rft.au=Lawas%2C+Amran+Mezher&rft.au=Mohammed%2C+Saad+khudhur&rft.au=Idan%2C+Ameer+Hassan&rft.au=Mahmoud%2C+Zaid+H.&rft.au=Sayadi%2C+Hamidreza&rft.au=Kianfar%2C+Ehsan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.rechem.2024.101549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiogas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogas&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121005074116/http://www.european-biogas.eu/index.php">European Biogas Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://energypedia.info/wiki/Portal:Biogas">Biogas Portal on Energypedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200511112835/https://americanbiogascouncil.org/">American Biogas Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014221701/http://www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas/">An Introduction to Biogas, University of Adelaide</a></li></ul> </div> <style 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bioenergy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bioenergy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algae_fuel" title="Algae fuel">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Biobutanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioliquids" title="Bioliquids">Bioliquids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(energy)" title="Biomass (energy)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel" title="Vegetable oil fuel">vegetable oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">cellulosic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">mixtures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stover" title="Stover">Stover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_stover" title="Corn stover">corn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederia_crassipes#Bioenergy" title="Pontederia crassipes">Water hyacinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy from<br />foodstock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelina_sativa#Biodiesel_and_jet_fuel" title="Camelina sativa">Camelina sativa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil#Industry" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sunflower" title="Common sunflower">Sunflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">Yam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonfood_crop" title="Nonfood crop">Non-food<br />energy crops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arundo" title="Arundo">Arundo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andropogon_gerardi" title="Andropogon gerardi">Big bluestem</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelina" title="Camelina">Camelina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadica_sebifera" title="Triadica sebifera">Chinese tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemnoideae" title="Lemnoideae">Duckweed</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jatropha_curcas" title="Jatropha curcas">Jatropha curcas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscanthus_%C3%97_giganteus" title="Miscanthus × giganteus"><i>Miscanthus</i> × <i>giganteus</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pongamia" title="Pongamia">Pongamia pinnata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicornia#Industrial_use" title="Salicornia">Salicornia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panicum_virgatum" title="Panicum virgatum">Switchgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconversion_of_biomass_to_mixed_alcohol_fuels" title="Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels">Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy_with_carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage">Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_heating_system" title="Biomass heating system">Biomass heating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorefinery" title="Biorefinery">Biorefinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial biotechnology">Industrial biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_mill" title="Pellet mill">mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_stove" title="Pellet stove">stove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabatier_reaction" title="Sabatier reaction">Sabatier reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_depolymerization" title="Thermal depolymerization">Thermal depolymerization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agflation" title="Agflation">Agflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol_commercialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulosic ethanol commercialization">Cellulosic ethanol commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_content_of_biofuel" title="Energy content of biofuel">Energy content of biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_biofuels" title="Issues relating to biofuels">Issues relating to biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bioenergy" title="Category:Bioenergy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fuel_gas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fuel_gas" title="Template:Fuel gas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fuel_gas" title="Template talk:Fuel gas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fuel_gas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fuel gas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fuel_gas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufactured fuel gas<br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_manufactured_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of manufactured gas">History</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">Coal gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_gasification" title="Coal gasification">Coal gasification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_coal_gasification" title="Underground coal gasification">Underground coal gasification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace_gas" title="Blast furnace gas">Blast furnace gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blau_gas" title="Blau gas">Blau gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasification" title="Gasification">Gasification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_gas" title="Landfill gas">Landfill gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mond_gas" title="Mond gas">Mond gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pintsch_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pintsch gas">Pintsch gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Producer_gas" title="Producer gas">Producer gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regasification" title="Regasification">Regasification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngas" title="Syngas">Syngas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_gas" title="Water gas">Water gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_petroleum_gas" title="Associated petroleum gas">APG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalbed_methane" title="Coalbed methane">CBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">CNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCNG" title="HCNG">HCNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">LNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-gas_condensate" title="Natural-gas condensate">NGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitute_natural_gas" title="Substitute natural gas">SNG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_natural_gas" title="Renewable natural gas">Bio-SNG</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">LPG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">Butane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gas_flame.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gas flame"><img alt="Gas flame" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gas_flame.jpg/90px-Gas_flame.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gas_flame.jpg/135px-Gas_flame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gas_flame.jpg/180px-Gas_flame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="1182" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressor_station" title="Compressor station">Compressor station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_carrier" title="Gas carrier">Gas carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_holder" title="Gas holder">Gas holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_meter" title="Gas meter">Gas meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasworks" title="Gasworks">Gasworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-gas_processing" title="Natural-gas processing">Natural-gas processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_storage" title="Natural gas storage">Natural gas storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odorizer" title="Odorizer">Odorizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">Pipeline transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunsen_burner" title="Bunsen burner">Bunsen burner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_burner" title="Gas burner">Gas burner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">Gas cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_engine" title="Gas engine">Gas engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas lighting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mantle" title="Gas mantle">Gas mantle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_stove" title="Gas stove">Gas stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_light" title="Pilot light">Pilot light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alternative_fuel_vehicles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alternative_propulsion" title="Template:Alternative propulsion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alternative_propulsion" title="Template talk:Alternative propulsion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative_propulsion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative propulsion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alternative_fuel_vehicles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel vehicles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_power" title="Human power">Human power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedelec" title="Pedelec">Pedelec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar-powered_aircraft" title="Solar-powered aircraft">Solar-powered aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_boats" title="List of solar-powered boats">boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prototype_solar-powered_cars" title="List of prototype solar-powered cars">List of prototypes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_motor" title="Pneumatic motor">Compressed-air <br />engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressed-air_car" title="Compressed-air car">Compressed-air car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed-air_vehicle" title="Compressed-air vehicle">Compressed-air vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_turbine" title="Tesla turbine">Tesla turbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">Electric battery</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">motor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive#Battery_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">Battery-electric locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_multiple_unit" title="Battery electric multiple unit">Battery electric multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedelec" title="Pedelec">Pedelec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bus" title="Electric bus">Electric bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_bus" title="Battery electric bus">Battery electric bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">Electric car</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battery_electric_vehicles" title="List of battery electric vehicles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">Electric truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_platform_truck" title="Electric platform truck">Electric platform truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">Battery electric vehicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters" title="Electric motorcycles and scooters">Electric motorcycles and scooters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_kick_scooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric kick scooter">Electric kick scooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Waggon_Works#The_Gyro_locomotive" title="Sentinel Waggon Works">Gyro flywheel locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_train" title="Hybrid train">Hybrid train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">Neighborhood Electric Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">Plug-in electric vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battery_electric_vehicles" title="List of battery electric vehicles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar-powered_aircraft" title="Solar-powered aircraft">aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">ICE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Butanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Common ethanol fuel mixtures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">Flexible-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_economy" title="Methanol economy">Methanol economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_economy" title="Hydrogen economy">Hydrogen economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-powered_aircraft" title="Hydrogen-powered aircraft">Hydrogen-powered aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-powered_ship" title="Hydrogen-powered ship">Hydrogen-powered ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_train" title="Hydrogen train">Hydrogen train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_internal_combustion_engine_vehicle" title="Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle">Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_vehicle" title="Natural gas vehicle">Natural gas vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple-fuel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-fuel_vehicle" title="Bi-fuel vehicle">Bi-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">Flexible-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_train" title="Hybrid train">Hybrid train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifuel" title="Multifuel">Multifuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="Who Killed the Electric Car?">Who Killed the Electric Car?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="What Is the Electric Car?">What Is the Electric Car?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Electric_Car" title="Revenge of the Electric Car">Revenge of the Electric Car</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine">Ram air turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power_ship" title="Wave power ship">Wave power ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_ship" title="Windmill ship">Windmill ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind-powered_vehicle" title="Wind-powered vehicle">Wind-powered vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle" title="Zero-emissions vehicle">Zero-emissions vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Car_design" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automobile_configuration" title="Template:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automobile_configuration" title="Template talk:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automobile_configuration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Car_design" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Car</a> design</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_classification" title="Car classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microcar" title="Microcar">Micro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei_car" title="Kei car">Kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcompact_car" title="Subcompact car">Subcompact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">Supermini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_car" title="Family car">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-size_car" title="Mid-size car">Mid-size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-size_car" title="Full-size car">Full-size</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Custom_car" title="Custom car">Custom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod" title="Hot rod">Hot rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_sled" title="Lead sled">Lead sled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowrider" title="Lowrider">Lowrider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod#1960s_rise_of_the_street_rod" title="Hot rod">Street rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-bucket" title="T-bucket">T-bucket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luxury_car" title="Luxury car">Luxury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_executive_car" title="Compact executive car">Compact executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_luxury_car" title="Personal luxury car">Personal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">Minivan / MPV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_MPV" title="Compact MPV">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leisure_activity_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leisure activity vehicle">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_MPV" title="Mini MPV">Mini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_sport_utility_vehicle" title="Compact sport utility vehicle">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">Crossover (CUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_SUV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini SUV">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_SUV" title="Coupe SUV">Coupe SUV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer">Grand tourer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_hatch" title="Hot hatch">Hot hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_car" title="Muscle car">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_car" title="Pony car">Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_compact" title="Sport compact">Sport compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_sedan" title="Sports sedan">Sports sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercar" title="Supercar">Super</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antique_car" title="Antique car">Antique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_car" title="Classic car">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_car" title="Economy car">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_(vehicle)" title="Ute (vehicle)">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van" title="Van">Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_car" title="Vintage car">Vintage car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euro_Car_Segment" title="Euro Car Segment">EU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-segment" title="A-segment">A-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">B-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-segment" title="C-segment">C-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-segment" title="D-segment">D-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-segment" title="E-segment">E-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-segment" title="F-segment">F-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="J-segment">J-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="M-segment">M-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-segment" title="S-segment">S-segment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">Body styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_(car_body_style)" title="2+2 (car body style)">2+2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquet_(car_body_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baquet (car body style)">Baquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barchetta" title="Barchetta">Barchetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlinetta" title="Berlinetta">Berlinetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brougham_(car_body)" title="Brougham (car body)">Brougham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabrio_coach" title="Cabrio coach">Cabrio coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab_over" title="Cab over">Cab over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe" title="Coupe">Coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9_utility" title="Coupé utility">Coupé utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastback" title="Fastback">Fastback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop">Hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammback" title="Kammback">Kammback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landaulet_(car)" title="Landaulet (car)">Landaulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liftback" title="Liftback">Liftback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microvan" title="Microvan">Microvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minibus" title="Minibus">Minibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-stop_truck" title="Multi-stop truck">Multi-stop truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notchback" title="Notchback">Notchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_body" title="Phaeton body">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">Pickup truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad coupé">Quad coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Retractable hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadster_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadster (automobile)">Roadster / Spider / Spyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runabout_(car)" title="Runabout (car)">Runabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Saloon / Sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Sedan delivery/Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">Station wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targa_top" title="Targa top">Targa top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_(car)" title="Torpedo (car)">Torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car" title="Touring car">Touring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Town (Coupé de Ville)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-top" title="T-top">T-top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-%C3%A0-vis_(carriage)" title="Vis-à-vis (carriage)">Vis-à-vis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized <br />vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle" title="All-terrain vehicle">All-terrain vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_vehicle" title="Amphibious vehicle">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_car" title="Connected car">Connected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Driverless (autonomous)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrocar" title="Gyrocar">Gyrocar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">Pedal car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_car" title="Police car">Police car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_car" title="Flying car">Flying car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">Taxicab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tow_truck" title="Tow truck">Tow truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiturette" title="Voiturette">Voiturette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_propulsion" title="Ground propulsion">Propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">Compressed natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">NEV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Ethanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Gasoline / petrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection" title="Gasoline direct injection">direct injection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition" title="Homogeneous charge compression ignition">Homogeneous charge compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquified petroleum gas">Liquified petroleum gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_car" title="Steam car">Steam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">Front-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout#Rear_wheel_drive_layouts" title="Powertrain layout">Rear-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-wheel_drive" title="Two-wheel drive">Two-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">Four-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-wheel_drive" title="Six-wheel drive">Six-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-wheel_drive" title="Eight-wheel drive">Eight-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten-wheel drive">Ten-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve-wheel drive">Twelve-wheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Engine position</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine_design" title="Front-engine design">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-engine_design" title="Mid-engine design">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear-engine_design" title="Rear-engine design">Rear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Layout</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(engine / drive)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-mid-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front mid-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Rear-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Front-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear_mid-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear mid-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Front-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Mid-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Mid-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Mid-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Rear-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Dual-motor,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout">Dual motor-four-wheel</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">Engine configuration</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-stroke_engine" title="Four-stroke engine">Four-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_engine" title="H engine">H-block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-cylinder_engine" title="Single-cylinder engine">Single-cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">Straight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-stroke_engine" title="Two-stroke engine">Two-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_engine" title="V engine">V (Vee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_engine" title="W engine">W engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel</a></li></ul> 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