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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://rubybib.org/","20240725011033","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1721869833"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033cs_/https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.4.1/css/bootstrap.min.css"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/web/20240725011033im_/https://rubybib.org/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="/web/20240725011033im_/https://rubybib.org/favicon-96x96.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/web/20240725011033im_/https://rubybib.org/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033cs_/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Code+Pro|Source+Serif+Pro&display=swap"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <style> body { font-family: 'Source Serif Pro', serif; } header { margin-top: 2em; } .jumbotron { background-color: #f5f3f0; } h1 { hyphens: auto; -webkit-hyphens: auto; } h2 { margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; } h3 { margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; } a.paper { padding-top: 1em; margin-top: -1em; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; outline: none; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.75em; } a.paper:not(:hover) { color: #B0B0B0; } a.paper:hover { text-decoration: none !important; } footer.jumbotron { text-align: center; margin-top: 4em; padding: 1em; } </style> <title>The Ruby Bibliography</title> </head> <body> <div class="container"> <header> <div class="jumbotron"> <div class="d-none d-md-none d-lg-none d-xl-block"> <img src="/web/20240725011033im_/https://rubybib.org/library.png" style="width: 150px; height: 150px; float: left; margin-right: 1em;"> <h1 class="display-3">The Ruby Bibliography</h1> </div> <div class="d-none d-md-none d-lg-block d-xl-none"> <img src="/web/20240725011033im_/https://rubybib.org/library.png" style="width: 150px; height: 150px; float: left; margin-right: 1em;"> <h1 class="display-3">The Ruby Bib</h1> </div> <div class="d-none d-md-block d-lg-none d-xl-none"> <img src="/web/20240725011033im_/https://rubybib.org/library.png" style="width: 150px; height: 150px; float: left; margin-right: 1em;"> <h1 class="display-3">Ruby Bib</h1> </div> <div class="d-block d-md-none d-lg-none d-xl-none"> <h1 class="display-3">Ruby Bib</h1> </div> Academic writing on the Ruby programming language </div> </header> The <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/">Ruby programming language</a> hasn't historically been the subject of much research, either in industry or academia. A lot of recent systems research has used languages like C, C++ and Java. Contemporary programming language research often uses languages like Java, Scala, Racket and Haskell. Modern research into VMs, compilers and garbage collectors is often based on Java or recently Python. However there are now a growing number of research projects using Ruby. On this page we list theses and peer-reviewed papers and articles that cover Ruby implementation or use Ruby, including alternative implementations such as JRuby. Also see the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://ruby-compilers.com/">Ruby Compiler Survey</a>. <h3 id="virtual-machines-and-compilers">Virtual Machines and Compilers</h3> <a class="paper" name="kaleba2022" href="#kaleba2022">#</a> S. Kaleba, O. Larose, R. Jones, S. Marr. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://stefan-marr.de/downloads/dls22-kaleba-et-al-analyzing-the-run-time-call-site-behavior-of-ruby-applications.pdf">Who You Gonna Call: Analyzing the Run-time Call-Site Behavior of Ruby Applications</a>. In Proceedings of the 18th Symposium on Dynamic Languages (DLS), 2022. TruffleRuby <a class="paper" name="chevalier-boisvert2021" href="#chevalier-boisvert2021">#</a> M. Chevalier-Boisvert, N. Gibbs, J. Boussier, S. Wu, A. Patterson, K. Newton, J. Hawthorn. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3486606.3486781">YJIT: a basic block versioning JIT compiler for CRuby</a>. In Proceedings of the 13th ACM SIGPLAN International Workshop on Virtual Machines and Intermediate Languages (VMIL), 2021. MRI <a class="paper" name="daloze2019" href="#daloze2019">#</a> B. Daloze. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://eregon.me/blog/assets/research/thesis-thread-safe-data-representations-in-dynamic-languages.pdf">Thread-Safe and Efficient Data Representations in Dynamically-Typed Languages</a>. PhD thesis, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 2019. TruffleRuby <a class="paper" name="mosaner2019" href="#mosaner2019">#</a> R. Mosaner, D. Leopoldseder, M. Rigger, R. Schatz, H. Mössenböck. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.08815.pdf">Supporting On-Stack Replacement in Unstructured Languages by Loop Reconstruction and Extraction</a>. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Managed Programming Languages and Runtimes (MPLR), 2019. TruffleRuby <a class="paper" name="sasada2019" href="#sasada2019">#</a> K. Sasada. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://www.atdot.net/~ko1/activities/rgengc_ismm.pdf">Gradual Write-Barrier Insertion into a Ruby interpreter</a>. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Memory Management (ISMM), 2019. MRI <a class="paper" name="sugiyama2018" href="#sugiyama2018">#</a> K. Sugiyama, K. Sasada, M. J. Dürst. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://ipsj.ixsq.nii.ac.jp/ej/index.php?active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&page_id=13&block_id=8&item_id=191427&item_no=1">Dynamic Extension of the Ruby Virtual Machine Stack</a>. In the IPSJ Journal of Programming (PRO), 2018. In Japanese. MRI  <a class="paper" name="menard2018" href="#menard2018">#</a> K. Menard, C. Seaton, B. Daloze. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://chrisseaton.com/truffleruby/ropes-manlang.pdf">Specializing Ropes for Ruby</a>. In Proceedings of 15th International Conference on Managed Languages & Runtimes (ManLang), 2018. TruffleRuby <a class="paper" name="grimmer2018" href="#grimmer2018">#</a> M. Grimmer, R. Schatz, C. Seaton, T. Würthinger, M. Luján. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://chrisseaton.com/truffleruby/cross-language-interop.pdf">Cross-Language Interoperability in a Multi-Language Runtime</a>. In ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS), Vol. 40, No. 2, 2018. TruffleRuby <a class="paper" name="pereira" href="#pereira">#</a> R. Pereira, M. Couto, F. Ribeiro, R. Rua, J. Cunha, J. P. Fernandes, J. Saraiva. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://greenlab.di.uminho.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/sleFinal.pdf">Energy efficiency across programming languages: how do energy, time, and memory relate?</a> In Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Software Language Engineering, 2017. MRI JRuby <a class="paper" name="yang2017" href="#yang2017">#</a> B. Yang, J. Kim, S. Moon. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3046681">Exceptionalization: A Java VM Optimization for Non-Java Languages</a>. In ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO), volume 14, issue 1, 2017. JRuby Paywall <a class="paper" name="xu2017" href="#xu2017">#</a> S. Xu, D. Bremner, D. Heidinga. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://xushijie.github.io/papers/vmil17.pdf">Fusing Method Handle Graphs for Efficient Dynamic JVM Language Implementations</a>. In Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGPLAN International Workshop on Virtual Machines and Intermediate Languages (VMIL), 2017. JRuby <a class="paper" name="wuerthinger2017" href="#wuerthinger2017">#</a> T. Würthinger, C. Wimmer, C. Humer, A. Wöss, L. Stadler, C. Seaton, G. Duboscq, D. Simon, M. Grimmer. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://chrisseaton.com/rubytruffle/pldi17-truffle/pldi17-truffle.pdf">Practical Partial Evaluation for High-Performance Dynamic Language Runtimes</a>. In Proceedings of the 38th Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI), 2017. TruffleRuby <a class="paper" name="georgiou2017" href="#georgiou2017">#</a> S. Georgiou, M. Kechagia, D. Spinellis. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://stefanos1316.github.io/my_curriculum_vitae/GKS17.pdf">Analyzing Programming Languages’ Energy Consumption: An Empirical Study</a>. In Proceedings of the 21st Pan-Hellenic Conference on Informatics (PCI), 2017. <a class="paper" name="marr2016" href="#marr2016">#</a> S. Marr, B. Daloze, H. Mössenböck. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://stefan-marr.de/downloads/dls16-marr-et-al-cross-language-compiler-benchmarking-are-we-fast-yet.pdf">Cross-Language Compiler Benchmarking - Are We Fast Yet?</a> In Proceedings of the 12th Dynamic Languages Symposium (DLS), 2016. TruffleRuby JRuby Rubinius MRI <a class="paper" name="seaton2016" href="#seaton2016">#</a> C. Seaton. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://chrisseaton.com/rubytruffle/meta16/meta16-ruby.pdf">AST Specialisation and Partial Evaluation for Easy High-Performance Metaprogramming</a>. In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Meta-Programming Techniques and Reflection (META), 2016. TruffleRuby <a class="paper" name="xu2016" href="#xu2016">#</a> S. Xu, D. Bremner, D. Heidinga. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://xushijie.github.io/papers/deduplication.pdf">MHDeS: Deduplicating Method Handle Graphs for Efficient Dynamic JVM Language Implementations</a>. In Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Implementation, Compilation, Optimization of Object-Oriented Languages, Programs and Systems (ICOOOLPS), 2016. JRuby <a class="paper" name="ide2015a" href="#ide2015a">#</a> M. Ide. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://ynu.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=4714&item_no=1&attribute_id=20&file_no=1">Study on Method-based and Trace-based Just-in-time Compilation for Scripting Languages</a>. PhD thesis, Yokohama National University, 2015. MRI <a class="paper" name="ide2015b" href="#ide2015b">#</a> M. Ide, K. Kuramitsu. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://kuramitsulab.github.io/paper/rujit.pdf">A Trace-based Just-in-time Compiler for Ruby</a>. In Journal of Information Processing Society of Japan, Transactions on Programming, 2015. In Japanese. MRI <a class="paper" name="tanaka2015" href="#tanaka2015">#</a> K. Tanaka, A. D. Nagumanthri, Y. Matsumoto. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aviansh-Nagumanthri/publication/282816987_mruby_-_Rapid_Software_Development_for_Embedded_Systems/links/561f03e308ae50795aff64d0/mruby-Rapid-Software-Development-for-Embedded-Systems.pdf">mruby – Rapid Software Development for Embedded Systems</a>. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computational Science and its Applications (ICCSA), 2015. mruby <a class="paper" name="xu2015" href="#xu2015">#</a> S. Xu, D. Bremner, D. Heidinga. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://xushijie.github.io/papers/mh_mining.pdf">Mining Method Handle Graphs for Efficient Dynamic JVM Languages</a>. In ACM proceedings 12th Conference on Principles and Practices of Programming on the Java Platform (PPPJ), 2015. JRuby <a class="paper" name="viering2015" href="#viering2015">#</a> M. Viering. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/http://mviering.de/reactiveruby.pdf">An Efficient Runtime System for Reactive Programming</a>. Master thesis, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 2015. TruffleRuby <a class="paper" name="seaton2015" href="#seaton2015">#</a> C. Seaton. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://chrisseaton.com/phd/specialising-ruby.pdf">Specialising Dynamic Techniques for Implementing the Ruby Programming Language</a>. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. TruffleRuby <a class="paper" name="grimmer2015b" href="#grimmer2015b">#</a> M. Grimmer, C. Seaton, R. Schatz, T. Würthinger, H. Mössenböck. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://chrisseaton.com/rubytruffle/dls15-interop/dls15-interop.pdf">High-Performance Cross-Language Interoperability in a Multi-Language Runtime</a>. In Proceedings of the 11th Dynamic Languages Symposium (DLS), 2015. TruffleRuby <a class="paper" name="niephaus2015" href="#niephaus2015">#</a> F. Niephaus, M. Springer, T. Felgentreff, T. Pape, R. Hirschfeld. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/HPI-SWA-Lab/TargetSpecific-ICOOOLPS/gh-pages/call_target_specific_method_arguments.pdf">Call-target-specific Method Arguments</a>. In Proceedings of the 10th Implementation, Compilation, Optimization of Object-Oriented Languages, Programs and Systems Workshop (ICOOOLPS), 2015. TruffleRuby <a class="paper" name="daloze2015" href="#daloze2015">#</a> B. Daloze, C. Seaton, D. Bonetta, H. Mössenböck. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://chrisseaton.com/rubytruffle/icooolps15-safepoints/safepoints.pdf">Techniques and Applications for Guest-Language Safepoints</a>. In Proceedings of the 10th Implementation, Compilation, Optimization of Object-Oriented Languages, Programs and Systems Workshop (ICOOOLPS), 2015. TruffleRuby <a class="paper" name="marr2015" href="#marr2015">#</a> S. Marr, C. Seaton, S. Ducasse. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://chrisseaton.com/rubytruffle/pldi15-metaprogramming/pldi15-marr-et-al-zero-overhead-metaprogramming.pdf">Zero-Overhead Metaprogramming: Reflection and Metaobject Protocols Fast and without Compromises</a>. In Proceedings of the 36th Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI), 2015. TruffleRuby <a class="paper" name="grimmer2015a" href="#grimmer2015a">#</a> M. Grimmer, C. Seaton, T. Würthinger, H. Mössenböck. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://chrisseaton.com/rubytruffle/modularity15/rubyextensions.pdf">Dynamically Composing Languages in a Modular Way: Supporting C Extensions for Dynamic Languages</a>. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Modularity, 2015. TruffleRuby <a class="paper" name="woess2014" href="#woess2014">#</a> A. Wöß, C. Wirth, D. Bonetta, C. Seaton, C. Humer, H. Mössenböck. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://chrisseaton.com/rubytruffle/pppj14-om/pppj14-om.pdf">An Object Storage Model for the Truffle Language Implementation Framework</a>. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Principles and Practices of Programming on the Java Platform (PPPJ), 2014. TruffleRuby <a class="paper" name="sarimbekov2013" href="#sarimbekov2013">#</a> A. Sarimbekov, A. Podzimek, L. Bulej, Y. Zheng, N. Ricci, W. Binder. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://design.cs.iastate.edu/vmil/2013/papers/p05-Sarimbekov.pdf">Characteristics of Dynamic JVM Languages</a>. In Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Virtual Machines and Intermediate Languages (VMIL), 2013. JRuby <a class="paper" name="hang2013" href="#hang2013">#</a> <a name="talk-talk">W. Hang Li, D. R. White, J. Singer. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~jsinger/pdfs/pppj13.pdf">JVM-Hosted Languages: They Talk the Talk, but do they Walk the Walk?</a> In Proceedings of the International Conference on Principles and Practices of Programming on the Java Platform (PPPJ), 2013. JRuby</a> <a class="paper" name="springer2013" href="#springer2013">#</a> M. Springer. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/http://matthiasspringer.de/downloads/BP2012H1_intra-language_collaboration.pdf">Inter-language Collaboration in an Object-oriented Virtual Machine</a>. Bachelor’s thesis, Hasso-Plattner-Institute, 2013. MagLev <a class="paper" name="castanos2012" href="#castanos2012">#</a> J. Castanos, D. Edelsohn, K. Ishizaki, P. Nagpurkar, T. Nakatani, T. Ogasawara, P. Wu. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/files/us-pengwu/oopsla12-final-dsl.pdf">On the Benefits and Pitfalls of Extending a Statically Typed Language JIT Compiler for Dynamic Scripting Languages</a>. In Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications (OOPSLA), 2012. JRuby Rubinius <a class="paper" name="shiba2012" href="#shiba2012">#</a> S. Shiba, K. Sasada, K. Hiraki. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://ipsj.ixsq.nii.ac.jp/ej/?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&item_id=83510&item_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=8">CastOff: A Compiler for Ruby Implemented as a Library</a>. In Journal of Information Processing Society of Japan, Transactions on Programming, 2012. In Japanese. MRI  <a class="paper" name="shiba2011" href="#shiba2011">#</a> S. Shiba, K. Sasada, S. Urabe, Y. Matsumoto, M. Inaba, K. Hiraki. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://ipsj.ixsq.nii.ac.jp/ej/?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&item_id=73661&item_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=8">A Practical AOT Compiler for Ruby</a>. In Journal of Information Processing Society of Japan, Transactions on Programming, 2011. In Japanese. MRI  <a class="paper" name="zakirov2010" href="#zakirov2010">#</a> S. Zakirov, S. Chiba, E. Shibayama. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239436707_How_to_Select_Superinstructions_for_Ruby">How to Select Superinstructions for Ruby</a>. In Journal of Information Processing Society of Japan, Transactions on Programming, 2010. MRI <a class="paper" name="zakirov2010b" href="#zakirov2010b">#</a> S. Zakirov, S. Chiba, E. Shibayama. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1869631.1869634">Optimizing Dynamic Dispatch with Fine-grained State Tracking</a>. In Proceedings of the Dynamic Language Symposium, 2010. Paywall <a class="paper" name="furr2009" href="#furr2009">#</a> M. Furr, J. An, J. S. Foster, M. Hicks. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/PL/druby/papers/druby-dls09.pdf">The Ruby Intermediate Language</a>. In Proceedings of the Dynamic Language Symposium, 2009. <a class="paper" name="sasada2009" href="#sasada2009">#</a> K. Sasada. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://www.atdot.net/~ko1/activities/ricsin2009.pdf">Ricsin: A System for “C Mix-in to Ruby”</a>. In Proceedings of the IPSJ Programming Workshop, 2009. In Japanese. MRI <a class="paper" name="sasada2008" href="#sasada2008">#</a> K. Sasada. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://www.atdot.net/~ko1/activities/rubyfp2008.pdf">A Lightweight Representation of Floting-Point Numbers on Ruby Interpreter</a>. In Proceedings of PPL, 2008. In Japanese. MRI <a class="paper" name="prokopski2008" href="#prokopski2008">#</a> G. B. Prokopski, C. Verbrugge. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1449764.1449796">Analyzing the Performance of Code-Copying Virtual Machines</a>. In Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications (OOPSLA), 2008. MRI Paywall <a class="paper" name="kelly2008" href="#kelly2008">#</a> W. Kelly, J. Gough. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.294.2678">Ruby.NET: a Ruby Compiler for the Common Language Infrastructure</a>. In Proceedings of the 31st Australasian Conference on Computer Science, 2008. <a class="paper" name="sasada2005b" href="#sasada2005b">#</a> K. Sasada, Y. Matsumoto, A. Maeda, M. Namiki. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://www.atdot.net/~ko1/activities/yarv2005vm.pdf">YARV: Yet Another RubyVM The Implementation and Evaluation</a>. In the IPSJ Journal of Programming (PRO), 2005. In Japanese. MRI <a class="paper" name="keep2008" href="#keep2008">#</a> A. Keep and A. Chauhan. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/http://andykeep.com/pubs/escience-08-poster.pdf">Concrete partial evaluation in Ruby</a>. In Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on eScience, ESCIENCE, 2008. <a class="paper" name="sasada2005" href="#sasada2005">#</a> K. Sasada. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.482.9851&rep=rep1&type=pdf">YARV: Yet Another RubyVM: Innovating the Ruby Interpreter</a>. 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Paywall <h2 id="standards">Standards</h2> <a class="paper" name="iso" href="#iso">#</a> IPA Ruby Standardization WG. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://www.iso.org/standard/59579.html">ISO/IEC 30170:2012 Information technology — Programming languages — Ruby</a>. The Ruby ISO standard, 2012. Paywall <footer class="jumbotron"> All paper links were publicly available. Compiled by <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://chrisseaton.com/">Chris Seaton</a> and others. Icon made by <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://www.flaticon.com/authors/icon-pond" title="Icon Pond">Icon Pond</a> from <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://www.flaticon.com/" title="Flaticon">www.flaticon.com</a> is licensed by <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725011033/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" title="Creative Commons BY 3.0" target="_blank">CC 3.0 BY</a>. 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