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href="#Modern_ISO_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Modern ISO standards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_ISO_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_industry_changes_on_workers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_industry_changes_on_workers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Impact of industry changes on workers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_industry_changes_on_workers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_in_worldwide_supply_shortage_of_2020_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_in_worldwide_supply_shortage_of_2020_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Impact in worldwide supply shortage of 2020 to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_in_worldwide_supply_shortage_of_2020_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Description </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Description subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gooseneck_tunnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gooseneck_tunnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Gooseneck tunnel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gooseneck_tunnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Types </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Specifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Other sizes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_sizes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other sizes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_sizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australian_RACE_containers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian_RACE_containers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Australian RACE containers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian_RACE_containers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_pallet_wide_containers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_pallet_wide_containers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 European pallet wide containers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_pallet_wide_containers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_American_containers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_American_containers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 North American containers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_American_containers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-48-foot_containers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#48-foot_containers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 48-foot containers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-48-foot_containers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-53-foot_containers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#53-foot_containers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 53-foot containers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-53-foot_containers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_60-foot_containers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_60-foot_containers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Canadian 60-foot containers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_60-foot_containers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small_containers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_containers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Small containers </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Small_containers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Small containers subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Small_containers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 U.S. military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ABC_bulk_containers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ABC_bulk_containers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 ABC bulk containers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ABC_bulk_containers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan:_12-foot_containers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan:_12-foot_containers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Japan: 12-foot containers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan:_12-foot_containers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reporting_mark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reporting_mark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Reporting mark </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reporting_mark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Handling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Sea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Securing_and_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Securing_and_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Securing and security </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Securing_and_security-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Securing and security subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Securing_and_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Securing_containers_and_contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Securing_containers_and_contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Securing containers and contents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Securing_containers_and_contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-shipping_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-shipping_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Non-shipping uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-shipping_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Non-shipping uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Non-shipping_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Containerized_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Containerized_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Containerized equipment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Containerized_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repurposing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repurposing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Repurposing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repurposing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Single-time_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single-time_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Single-time use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single-time_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 International standards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Intermodal container</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" > 57 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9" title="حاوية متنقلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حاوية متنقلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contenedor" title="Contenedor – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Contenedor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konteyner" title="Konteyner – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Konteyner" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="ISO-кантэйнер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="ISO-кантэйнер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Интермодален контейнер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Интермодален контейнер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontener" title="Kontener – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kontener" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contenidor" title="Contenidor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Contenidor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontejner" title="Kontejner – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kontejner" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO-container" title="ISO-container – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="ISO-container" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO-Container" title="ISO-Container – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ISO-Container" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konteiner" title="Konteiner – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Konteiner" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B2%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Εμπορευματοκιβώτιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εμπορευματοκιβώτιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contenedor" title="Contenedor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Contenedor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontenero" title="Kontenero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontenero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edukiontzi" title="Edukiontzi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edukiontzi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1" title="کانتینر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کانتینر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conteneur" title="Conteneur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conteneur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contedor" title="Contedor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Contedor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%A8%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B4%EB%84%88" title="컨테이너 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="컨테이너" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontejner" title="Kontejner – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kontejner" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peti_kemas" title="Peti kemas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peti kemas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container" title="Container – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Container" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="מכולה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Контейнер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Контейнер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontena" title="Kontena – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kontena" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konteynir" title="Konteynir – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Konteynir" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konteineris" title="Konteineris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konteineris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%94nt%C9%9Bn%C9%9B" title="Kɔntɛnɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kɔntɛnɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kont%C3%A9ner" title="Konténer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Konténer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontena" title="Kontena – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kontena" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peti_kemas" title="Peti kemas – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Peti kemas" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrachtcontainer" title="Vrachtcontainer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vrachtcontainer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%8A%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%8A" title="海上コンテナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="海上コンテナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_(transport)" title="Container (transport) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Container (transport)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contenedor" title="Contenedor – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Contenedor" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO-konteyner" title="ISO-konteyner – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="ISO-konteyner" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontener_(transport)" title="Kontener (transport) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kontener (transport)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cont%C3%AAiner" title="Contêiner – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Contêiner" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container" title="Container – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Container" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%9E-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="ИСО-контейнер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ИСО-контейнер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Контейнер – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Контейнер" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuntinituri" title="Cuntinituri – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cuntinituri" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontajner_ISO" title="Kontajner ISO – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kontajner ISO" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzalni_zabojnik" title="Univerzalni zabojnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Univerzalni zabojnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بارھەڵگرۆکی ینتەرمۆدال – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بارھەڵگرۆکی ینتەرمۆدال" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodalni_kontejner" title="Intermodalni kontejner – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Intermodalni kontejner" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontejner" title="Kontejner – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kontejner" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontti" title="Kontti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kontti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container" title="Container – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Container" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பெட்டகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெட்டகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konteyner" title="Konteyner – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Konteyner" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Інтермодальний контейнер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інтермодальний контейнер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%90%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90%D8%B1" title="كونتېينېر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كونتېينېر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_%C4%91a_ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_th%E1%BB%A9c" title="Container đa phương thức – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Container đa phương thức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E8%A3%85%E7%AE%B1" title="集装箱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="集装箱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Standardized reusable steel box used for transporting goods</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about ISO standardized and derivative intermodal shipping containers. For the U.S. military containers used in the Korea and Vietnam Wars, see <a href="/wiki/Conex_box" title="Conex box">Conex box</a>. For the packaging in general, see <a href="/wiki/Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">Shipping container</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_reorganize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/40px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/60px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/80px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">layout guidelines</a>. Please help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit">editing the article</a> to make improvements to the overall structure. (February 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Container_01_KMJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Container_01_KMJ.jpg/220px-Container_01_KMJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Container_01_KMJ.jpg/330px-Container_01_KMJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Container_01_KMJ.jpg/440px-Container_01_KMJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>A 40-foot-long (12.2 m) shipping container. Each of its eight corners has an essential <a href="/wiki/Twistlock" title="Twistlock">corner casting</a> for hoisting, stacking, and securing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Container_ship_Hanjin_Taipei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Container_ship_Hanjin_Taipei.jpg/220px-Container_ship_Hanjin_Taipei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Container_ship_Hanjin_Taipei.jpg/330px-Container_ship_Hanjin_Taipei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Container_ship_Hanjin_Taipei.jpg/440px-Container_ship_Hanjin_Taipei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Containers stacked on a large ship.</figcaption></figure> An intermodal container, often called a <a href="/wiki/Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">shipping container</a>, or cargo container, (or simply "container") is a large metal crate designed and built for <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">intermodal freight transport</a>, meaning these containers can be used across different <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_transport" title="Mode of transport">modes of transport</a> – such as from <a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">ships</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">trains</a> to <a href="/wiki/Semi-trailer_truck" title="Semi-trailer truck">trucks</a> – without unloading and reloading their cargo.<a href="#cite_note-PTS-1">[1]</a> Intermodal containers are primarily used to store and transport materials and products efficiently and securely in the global <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">containerized</a> intermodal freight transport system, but smaller numbers are in regional use as well. It is like a <a href="/wiki/Boxcar" title="Boxcar">boxcar</a> that does not have wheels. Based on size alone, up to 95% of intermodal containers comply with ISO standards,<a href="#cite_note-Production2007-2">[2]</a> and can officially be called ISO containers. These containers are known by many names: freight container, sea container, ocean container, container van or sea van, sea can or C can, or MILVAN,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> or SEAVAN.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The term CONEX (Box) is a technically incorrect carry-over usage of the name of an important predecessor of the ISO containers: the much smaller steel <a href="/wiki/Conex_box" title="Conex box">CONEX boxes</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a>. Intermodal containers exist in many types and standardized sizes, but 90 percent of the global container fleet are "dry freight" or "general purpose" containers:<a href="#cite_note-Production2007-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ShipCouncilFleet-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">durable</a> closed rectangular boxes, made of rust-retardant <a href="/wiki/Weathering_steel" title="Weathering steel">weathering steel</a>; almost all 8 feet (2.44 m) wide, and of either 20 or 40 feet (6.10 or 12.19 m) standard length, as defined by <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) <a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">standard 668:2020</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Production2007-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-CSIUcontainerfleet-6">[6]</a> The worldwide standard heights are 8 feet 6 inches (2.59 m) and 9 feet 6 inches (2.90 m) – the latter are known as High Cube or Hi-Cube (HC or HQ) containers.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Depending on the source, these containers may be termed TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units), reflecting the 20- or 40-foot dimensions. Invented in the early 20th century, 40-foot intermodal containers proliferated during the 1960s and 1970s under the <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">containerization</a> innovations of the American shipping company <a href="/wiki/SeaLand" title="SeaLand">SeaLand</a>. Like <a href="/wiki/Cardboard_box" title="Cardboard box">cardboard boxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pallet" title="Pallet">pallets</a>, these containers are a means to bundle cargo and goods into larger, <a href="/wiki/Unit_load" title="Unit load">unitized loads</a> that can be easily handled, moved, and stacked, and that will pack tightly in a ship or yard. Intermodal containers share a number of construction features to withstand the stresses of intermodal shipping, to facilitate their handling, and to allow stacking. Each has a unique <a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">ISO 6346</a> reporting mark. In 2012, there were about 20.5 million intermodal containers in the world of varying types to suit different cargoes.<a href="#cite_note-CSIUcontainerfleet-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[nb 1]</a> Containers have largely supplanted the traditional <a href="/wiki/Break_bulk_cargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Break bulk cargo">break bulk cargo</a>; in 2010, containers accounted for 60% of the world's seaborne trade.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> The predominant alternative methods of transport carry <a href="/wiki/Bulk_cargo" title="Bulk cargo">bulk cargo</a>, whether gaseous, liquid, or solid—e.g., by <a href="/wiki/Bulk_carrier" title="Bulk carrier">bulk carrier</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">tank ship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tank_car" title="Tank car">tank car</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tank_truck" title="Tank truck">truck</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Air_freight" class="mw-redirect" title="Air freight">air freight</a>, the lighter weight <a href="/wiki/IATA" class="mw-redirect" title="IATA">IATA</a>-defined <a href="/wiki/Unit_load_device" title="Unit load device">unit load devices</a> are used. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conex_box" title="Conex box">Conex box</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 187.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:LMS_freight_containers_on_lorry_and_rail_wagon_(CJ_Allen,_Steel_Highway,_1928).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transferring freight containers on the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS; 1928)"><img alt="Transferring freight containers on the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS; 1928)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/LMS_freight_containers_on_lorry_and_rail_wagon_%28CJ_Allen%2C_Steel_Highway%2C_1928%29.jpg/278px-LMS_freight_containers_on_lorry_and_rail_wagon_%28CJ_Allen%2C_Steel_Highway%2C_1928%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/LMS_freight_containers_on_lorry_and_rail_wagon_%28CJ_Allen%2C_Steel_Highway%2C_1928%29.jpg/418px-LMS_freight_containers_on_lorry_and_rail_wagon_%28CJ_Allen%2C_Steel_Highway%2C_1928%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/LMS_freight_containers_on_lorry_and_rail_wagon_%28CJ_Allen%2C_Steel_Highway%2C_1928%29.jpg/556px-LMS_freight_containers_on_lorry_and_rail_wagon_%28CJ_Allen%2C_Steel_Highway%2C_1928%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="491" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Transferring freight containers on the <a href="/wiki/London,_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway" title="London, Midland and Scottish Railway">London, Midland and Scottish Railway</a> (LMS; 1928)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gueterwagen_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Freight car in railway museum Bochum-Dahlhausen, showing four different UIC-590 pa-containers"><img alt="Freight car in railway museum Bochum-Dahlhausen, showing four different UIC-590 pa-containers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gueterwagen_anagoria.JPG/260px-Gueterwagen_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="174" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gueterwagen_anagoria.JPG/391px-Gueterwagen_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gueterwagen_anagoria.JPG/520px-Gueterwagen_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Freight car in railway museum <a href="/wiki/Bochum_Dahlhausen_Railway_Museum" title="Bochum Dahlhausen Railway Museum">Bochum-Dahlhausen</a>, showing four different UIC-590 pa-containers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 211.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 209.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Conex_box.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Side of Vietnam era U.S. Army steel 'CONEX' box container (3D)"><img alt="Side of Vietnam era U.S. Army steel 'CONEX' box container (3D)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Conex_box.jpeg/314px-Conex_box.jpeg" decoding="async" width="210" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Conex_box.jpeg/471px-Conex_box.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Conex_box.jpeg/627px-Conex_box.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1274" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Side of Vietnam era U.S. Army steel 'CONEX' box container (3D)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Maersk_Line_containers_in_late_1960s_(7312784586).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In 1975, many containers still featured riveted aluminum sheet-and-post wall construction, instead of welded, corrugated steel.[11]"><img alt="In 1975, many containers still featured riveted aluminum sheet-and-post wall construction, instead of welded, corrugated steel.[11]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Maersk_Line_containers_in_late_1960s_%287312784586%29.jpg/231px-Maersk_Line_containers_in_late_1960s_%287312784586%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Maersk_Line_containers_in_late_1960s_%287312784586%29.jpg/347px-Maersk_Line_containers_in_late_1960s_%287312784586%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Maersk_Line_containers_in_late_1960s_%287312784586%29.jpg/462px-Maersk_Line_containers_in_late_1960s_%287312784586%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4015" data-file-height="3389" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">In 1975, many containers still featured riveted aluminum sheet-and-post wall construction, instead of welded, corrugated steel.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> Containerization has its origins in early <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">coal mining regions in England</a> beginning in the late 18th century. In 1766 <a href="/wiki/James_Brindley" title="James Brindley">James Brindley</a> designed the box boat 'Starvationer' with ten wooden containers, to transport coal from <a href="/wiki/Worsley" title="Worsley">Worsley</a> Delph (quarry) to Manchester by <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a>. In 1795, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Outram" title="Benjamin Outram">Benjamin Outram</a> opened the Little Eaton Gangway, upon which coal was carried in <a href="/wiki/Wagons" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagons">wagons</a> built at his Butterley Ironwork. The horse-drawn wheeled wagons on the gangway took the form of containers, which, loaded with coal, could be transshipped from canal <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barges</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Derby_Canal" title="Derby Canal">Derby Canal</a>, which Outram had also promoted.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> By the 1830s, railways were carrying containers that could be transferred to other modes of transport. The <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway">Liverpool and Manchester Railway</a> in the UK was one of these, making use of "simple rectangular timber boxes" to convey coal from Lancashire collieries to Liverpool, where a crane transferred them to horse-drawn carriages.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Originally used for moving coal on and off barges, "loose boxes" were used to containerize coal from the late 1780s, at places like the <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a>. By the 1840s, iron boxes were in use as well as wooden ones. The early 1900s saw the adoption of closed container boxes designed for movement between road and rail. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_international_standards">Creation of international standards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Creation of international standards">edit</a>]</div> The first international standard for containers was established by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_International_des_Containers" title="Bureau International des Containers">Bureau International des Containers</a> et du Transport Intermodal (B.I.C.) in 1933, and a second one in 1935, primarily for transport between European countries. American containers at this time were not standardized, and these early containers were not yet stackable – neither in the U.S. nor Europe. In November 1932, the first container terminal in the world was opened by the Pennsylvania Rail Road Company in <a href="/wiki/Enola,_Pennsylvania" title="Enola, Pennsylvania">Enola, Pennsylvania</a>. Containerization was developed in Europe and the US as a way to revitalize rail companies after the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_crash_of_1929" title="Wall Street crash of 1929">Wall Street crash of 1929</a>, in New York, which resulted in economic collapse and a drop in all modes of transport.<a href="#cite_note-logistica2014a-15">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid_20th_century_innovations">Mid 20th century innovations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mid 20th century innovations">edit</a>]</div> In April 1951 at <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Tiefenbrunnen_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich Tiefenbrunnen railway station">Zürich Tiefenbrunnen railway station</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Museum_of_Transport" title="Swiss Museum of Transport">Swiss Museum of Transport</a> and the Bureau International des Containers (BIC) held demonstrations of container systems for representatives from a number of European countries, and from the United States. A system was selected for Western Europe, based on the Netherlands' system for consumer goods and waste transportation called Laadkisten (lit. "Loading chests"), in use since 1934. This system used <a href="/wiki/Roller_container" title="Roller container">roller containers</a> for transport by rail, truck and ship, in various configurations up to 5,500 kg (12,100 lb) capacity, and up to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3.1 by 2.3 by 2 metres (10 ft 2 in × 7 ft 6+1⁄2 in × 6 ft 6+3⁄4 in) in size.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> This became the first post World War II European railway standard of the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Railways" title="International Union of Railways">International Union of Railways</a> – UIC-590, known as "pa-Behälter". It was implemented in the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, West Germany, Switzerland, Sweden and Denmark.<a href="#cite_note-PojazdySzynowe2015a-18">[17]</a> The use of standardized steel <a href="/wiki/Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">shipping containers</a> began during the late 1940s and early 1950s, when commercial shipping operators and the US military started developing such units.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> In 1948 the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Corps" title="Transportation Corps">Transportation Corps</a> developed the "Transporter", a rigid, corrugated steel container, able to carry 9,000 pounds (4,100 kg). It was 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) long, 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) wide, and 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) high, with double doors on one end, was mounted on skids, and had lifting rings on the top four corners.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> After proving successful in Korea, the Transporter was developed into the Container Express <a href="/wiki/Conex_box" title="Conex box">(CONEX) box</a> system in late 1952. Based on the Transporter, the size and capacity of the Conex were about the same,<a href="#cite_note-23">[nb 2]</a> but the system was made modular, by the addition of a smaller, half-size unit of 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) long, 4 ft 3 in (1.30 m) wide and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">6 ft 10+1⁄2 in (2.10 m) high.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Hamvan_HamRijsenbrij20128-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonograph_7:_Containerization197010-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[nb 3]</a> CONEXes could be stacked three high, and protected their contents from the elements.<a href="#cite_note-Heinsthesis-21">[20]</a> By 1965 the US military used some 100,000 Conex boxes, and more than 200,000 in 1967,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Hamvan_HamRijsenbrij20128-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonograph_7:_Containerization19709–11-29">[26]</a> making this the first worldwide application of intermodal containers.<a href="#cite_note-Heinsthesis-21">[20]</a> Their invention made a major contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> of commerce in the second half of the 20th century, dramatically reducing the cost of transporting goods and hence of long-distance trade.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> From 1949 onward, engineer <a href="/wiki/Keith_Tantlinger" title="Keith Tantlinger">Keith Tantlinger</a> repeatedly contributed to the development of containers, as well as their handling and transportation equipment. In 1949, while at Brown Trailers Inc. of <a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a>, he modified the design of their <a href="/wiki/Semi-monocoque" title="Semi-monocoque">stressed skin</a> aluminum 30-foot trailer, to fulfil an order of two-hundred 30 by 8 by 8.5 feet (9.14 m × 2.44 m × 2.59 m) containers that could be stacked two high, for Alaska-based Ocean Van Lines. Steel castings on the top corners provided lifting and securing points.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Hamvan_HamRijsenbrij201214-32">[29]</a> In 1955, trucking magnate <a href="/wiki/Malcom_McLean" title="Malcom McLean">Malcom McLean</a> bought <a href="/wiki/Pan-Atlantic_Steamship_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Atlantic Steamship Company">Pan-Atlantic Steamship Company</a>, to form a container shipping enterprise, later known as <a href="/wiki/Sea-Land_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea-Land Service">Sea-Land</a>. The first containers were supplied by Brown Trailers Inc, where McLean met <a href="/wiki/Keith_Tantlinger" title="Keith Tantlinger">Keith Tantlinger</a>, and hired him as vice-president of engineering and research.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Hamvan_HamRijsenbrij201218-33">[30]</a> Under the supervision of Tantlinger, a new 35 ft (10.67 m) x 8 ft (2.44 m) x 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) Sea-Land container was developed, the length determined by the maximum length of trailers then allowed on Pennsylvanian highways. Each container had a frame with eight corner castings that could withstand stacking loads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Hamvan_HamRijsenbrij201220-34">[31]</a> Tantlinger also designed automatic <a href="/wiki/Spreader_(container)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spreader (container)">spreaders</a> for handling the containers, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Twistlock" title="Twistlock">twistlock</a> mechanism that connects with the corner castings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_form">Modern form</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern form">edit</a>]</div> Containers in their modern 21st-century form first began to gain widespread use around 1956. Businesses began to devise a structured process to utilize and to get optimal benefits from the role and use of shipping containers. Over time, the invention of the modern telecommunications of the late 20th century made it highly beneficial to have standardized shipping containers and made these shipping processes more standardized, modular, easier to schedule, and easier to manage.<a href="#cite_note-vox_article-35">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recklinghausen_-_Uferstra%C3%9Fe_-_Umspannwerk_22_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Recklinghausen_-_Uferstra%C3%9Fe_-_Umspannwerk_22_ies.jpg/220px-Recklinghausen_-_Uferstra%C3%9Fe_-_Umspannwerk_22_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Recklinghausen_-_Uferstra%C3%9Fe_-_Umspannwerk_22_ies.jpg/330px-Recklinghausen_-_Uferstra%C3%9Fe_-_Umspannwerk_22_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Recklinghausen_-_Uferstra%C3%9Fe_-_Umspannwerk_22_ies.jpg/440px-Recklinghausen_-_Uferstra%C3%9Fe_-_Umspannwerk_22_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Every international shipping container must have a "CSC-Plate"</figcaption></figure> Two years after McLean's first container ship, the <a href="/wiki/SS_Ideal_X" title="SS Ideal X">Ideal X</a>, started container shipping on the US East Coast,<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Matson,_Inc." title="Matson, Inc.">Matson Navigation</a> followed suit between California and Hawaii. Just like <a href="/wiki/Pan-Atlantic_Steamship_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Atlantic Steamship Company">Pan-Atlantic</a>'s containers, Matson's were 8 ft (2.44 m) wide and 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) high, but due to California's different traffic code Matson chose to make theirs 24 ft (7.32 m) long.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Hamvan_HamRijsenbrij201226-37">[34]</a> In 1968, McLean began container service to South Vietnam for the US military with great success. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_ISO_standards">Modern ISO standards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern ISO standards">edit</a>]</div> ISO standards for containers were published between 1968 and 1970 by the International Maritime Organization. These standards allow for more consistent loading, transporting, and unloading of goods in ports throughout the world, thus saving time and resources.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> The International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC) is a 1972 regulation by the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative Organization</a> on the safe handling and transport of containers. It decrees that every container traveling internationally be fitted with a CSC Safety-approval Plate.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> This holds essential information about the container, including age, registration number, dimensions and weights, as well as its strength and maximum stacking capability. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_industry_changes_on_workers">Impact of industry changes on workers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Impact of industry changes on workers">edit</a>]</div> Longshoremen and related unions around the world struggled with this revolution in shipping goods.<a href="#cite_note-NLRB-1980-AMLG-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-NLRB-1980-Justia-42">[39]</a> For example, by 1971 a clause in the <a href="/wiki/International_Longshoremen%27s_Association" title="International Longshoremen's Association">International Longshoremen's Association</a> (ILA) contract stipulated that the work of "stuffing" (filling) or "stripping" (emptying) a container within 50 miles (80 km) of a port must be done by ILA workers, or if not done by ILA, that the shipper needed to pay royalties and penalties to the ILA. Unions for truckers and consolidators argued that the ILA rules were not valid work preservation clauses, because the work of stuffing and stripping containers away from the pier had not traditionally been done by ILA members.<a href="#cite_note-NLRB-1980-AMLG-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-NLRB-1980-Justia-42">[39]</a> In 1980 the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> heard this case and ruled against the ILA.<a href="#cite_note-NLRB-1980-AMLG-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-NLRB-1980-Justia-42">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_in_worldwide_supply_shortage_of_2020_to_present">Impact in worldwide supply shortage of 2020 to present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impact in worldwide supply shortage of 2020 to present">edit</a>]</div> Some experts have said that the centralized, continuous shipping process made possible by containers has created dangerous liabilities: one bottleneck, delay, or other breakdown at any point in the process can easily cause major delays everywhere up and down the supply chain.<a href="#cite_note-vox_article-35">[32]</a> The reliance on containers exacerbated some of the economic and societal damage from the <a href="/wiki/2021_global_supply_chain_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 global supply chain crisis">2021 global supply chain crisis</a> of 2020 and 2021, and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic">shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic</a>. In January 2021, for example, a shortage of shipping containers at ports caused shipping to be backlogged.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> Marc Levinson, author of Outside the Box: How Globalization Changed from Moving Stuff to Spreading Ideas and <a href="/wiki/The_Box:_How_the_Shipping_Container_Made_the_World_Smaller_and_the_World_Economy_Bigger" class="mw-redirect" title="The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger">The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger</a>, said in an interview:<a href="#cite_note-vox_article-35">[32]</a> <blockquote>Because of delays in the process, it's taking a container longer to go from its origin to its final destination where it's unloaded, so the container is in use longer for each trip. You've just lost a big hunk of the total capacity because the containers can't be used as intensively. We've had in the United States an additional problem, which is that the ship lines typically charge much higher rates on services from Asia to North America than from North America to Asia. This has resulted in complaints, for example, from farmers and agricultural companies, that it's hard to get containers in some parts of the country because the ship lines want to ship them empty back to Asia, rather than letting them go to South Dakota and load over the course of several days. So we've had exporters in the United States complaining that they have a hard time finding a container that they can use to send their own goods abroad.<a href="#cite_note-vox_article-35">[32]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Container_Augsburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Container_Augsburg.jpg/220px-Container_Augsburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Container_Augsburg.jpg/330px-Container_Augsburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Container_Augsburg.jpg/440px-Container_Augsburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2339" data-file-height="1887" /></a><figcaption>40-foot (12 m) containers make up 70% of the world's container volume, which is measured in <a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">TEUs</a><a href="#cite_note-CSIUcontainerfleet-6">[6]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Container_twistlock_connector.agr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Container_twistlock_connector.agr.jpg/220px-Container_twistlock_connector.agr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Container_twistlock_connector.agr.jpg/330px-Container_twistlock_connector.agr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Container_twistlock_connector.agr.jpg/440px-Container_twistlock_connector.agr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3324" data-file-height="2374" /></a><figcaption>The standard casting that is located on each of the eight corners of a container. The <a href="/wiki/Twistlock" title="Twistlock">twistlocks</a> fit through the larger oval hole on the bottom castings. Top casting ovals hold twistlock fittings used to secure another container on top.</figcaption></figure> Ninety percent of the global container fleet consists of "dry freight" or "general purpose" containers – both of standard and special sizes.<a href="#cite_note-Production2007-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ShipCouncilFleet-5">[5]</a> And although lengths of containers vary from 8 to 56 feet (2.4 to 17.1 m), according to two 2012 container census reports<a href="#cite_note-47">[nb 4]</a> about 80% of the world's containers are either 20- or 40-foot standard-length boxes of the dry freight design.<a href="#cite_note-CSIUcontainerfleet-6">[6]</a> These typical containers are rectangular, closed box models, with doors fitted at one end, and made of <a href="/wiki/Roll_forming" title="Roll forming">corrugated</a> <a href="/wiki/Weathering_steel" title="Weathering steel">weathering steel</a> (commonly known as CorTen)<a href="#cite_note-48">[nb 5]</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a> floor.<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> Although corrugating the <a href="/wiki/Sheet_metal" title="Sheet metal">sheet metal</a> used for the sides and roof contributes significantly to the container's rigidity and stacking strength, just like in <a href="/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron" title="Corrugated galvanised iron">corrugated iron</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box_design#Stacking_strength" title="Corrugated box design">cardboard boxes</a>, the corrugated sides cause aerodynamic drag, and up to 10% fuel economy loss in road or rail transport, compared to smooth-sided vans.<a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> Standard containers are 8 feet (2.44 m) wide by 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) high,<a href="#cite_note-52">[nb 6]</a> although the taller "High Cube" or "hi-cube" units measuring 9 feet 6 inches (2.90 m) have become very common in recent years[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>]. By the end of 2013, high-cube 40 ft containers represented almost 50% of the world's maritime container fleet, according to Drewry's Container Census report.<a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a> About 90% of the world's containers are either <a href="/wiki/Real_versus_nominal_value#Measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Real versus nominal value">nominal</a> 20-foot (6.1 m) or 40-foot (12.2 m) long,<a href="#cite_note-CSIUcontainerfleet-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Globalfleet08-54">[48]</a> although the United States and Canada also use longer units of 45 ft (13.7 m), 48 ft (14.6 m) and 53 ft (16.15 m). ISO containers have castings with openings for <a href="/wiki/Twistlock" title="Twistlock">twistlock</a> fasteners at each of the eight corners, to allow gripping the box from above, below, or the side, and they can be stacked up to ten units high.<a href="#cite_note-Handbook3.1-55">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Containerverriegelung.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Containerverriegelung.JPG/220px-Containerverriegelung.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Containerverriegelung.JPG/330px-Containerverriegelung.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Containerverriegelung.JPG/440px-Containerverriegelung.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Twistlock" title="Twistlock">Twistlock</a> on the corner of a road trailer</figcaption></figure> Although ISO standard 1496 of 1990 only required nine-high stacking, and only of containers rated at 24,000 kg (53,000 lb),<a href="#cite_note-ISO1496-1s-56">[50]</a> current <a href="/wiki/Container_ship#Size_categories" title="Container ship">Ultra Large Container Vessels</a> of the Post New Panamax and <a href="/wiki/Maersk_Triple_E-class_container_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Maersk Triple E-class container ship">Maersk Triple E class</a> are stacking them ten or eleven high.<a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> Moreover, vessels like the <a href="/wiki/Maersk_Triple_E-class_container_ship#Ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Maersk Triple E-class container ship">Marie Maersk</a> no longer use separate stacks in their holds, and other stacks above deck – instead they maximize their capacity by stacking continuously from the bottom of the hull, to as much as 21 high.<a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a> This requires automated planning to keep heavy containers at the bottom of the stack and light ones on top to stabilize the ship and to prevent crushing the bottom containers. Regional intermodal containers, such as European, Japanese and U.S. domestic units however, are mainly transported by road and rail, and can frequently only be stacked up to two or three laden units high.<a href="#cite_note-Handbook3.1-55">[49]</a> Although the two ends are quite rigid, containers flex somewhat during transport.<a href="#cite_note-gtri-60">[54]</a> Container capacity is often expressed in <a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">twenty-foot equivalent units</a> (TEU, or sometimes teu). A twenty-foot equivalent unit is a measure of containerized cargo capacity equal to one standard 20-foot (6.1 m) long container. This is an approximate measure, wherein the height of the box is not considered. For example, the 9 ft 6 in (2.9 m) tall high-cube, as well as 4-foot-3-inch half-height (1.3 m) 20-foot (6.1 m) containers are equally counted as one TEU. Similarly, extra long 45 ft (13.72 m) containers are commonly counted as just two TEU, no different from standard 40 feet (12.19 m) long units. Two TEU are equivalent to one forty-foot equivalent unit (FEU).<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a> In 2014 the global container fleet grew to a volume of 36.6 million TEU, based on Drewry Shipping Consultants' Container Census.<a href="#cite_note-WcaLoad-63">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[nb 7]</a> Moreover, in 2014 for the first time in history 40-foot High-Cube containers accounted for the majority of boxes in service, measured in TEU.<a href="#cite_note-WcaLoad-63">[57]</a> In 2019 it was noted by global logistics data analysis <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startup</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upply&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upply (page does not exist)">Upply</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[58]</a> that China's role as 'factory of the world' is further incentivizing the use of 40-foot containers, and that the computational standard 1 TEU boxes only make up 20% of units on major east–west liner routes, and demand for shipping them keeps dropping.<a href="#cite_note-Upply19-66">[59]</a> In the 21st century, the market has shifted to using 40-foot high-cube dry and refrigerated containers more and more predominantly. Forty-foot units have become the standard to such an extent that the sea freight industry now charges less than 30% more for moving a 40-ft unit than for a 1 TEU box. Although 20-ft units mostly have heavy cargo, and are useful for stabilizing both ships and revenue,<a href="#cite_note-67">[nb 8]</a> carriers financially penalize 1 TEU boxes by comparison.<a href="#cite_note-Upply19-66">[59]</a> For container manufacturers, 40-foot High-Cubes now dominate market demand both for dry and refrigerated units.<a href="#cite_note-Upply19-66">[59]</a> Manufacturing prices for regular dry freight containers are typically in the range of $1750–$2000 U.S. per CEU (container equivalent unit),<a href="#cite_note-WcaLoad-63">[57]</a> and about 90% of the world's containers are made in China.<a href="#cite_note-Globalfleet08-54">[48]</a> The average age of the global container fleet was a little over 5 years from end 1994 to end 2009, meaning containers remain in shipping use for well over 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-WorldCouncilSupply-8">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:791px;max-width:791px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Bottom structure features</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Downburst_wind_damage_vaughan_CN_rail_yard_east_side_near_Keele_street_23_04_07_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Downburst_wind_damage_vaughan_CN_rail_yard_east_side_near_Keele_street_23_04_07_%28cropped%29.jpg/214px-Downburst_wind_damage_vaughan_CN_rail_yard_east_side_near_Keele_street_23_04_07_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Downburst_wind_damage_vaughan_CN_rail_yard_east_side_near_Keele_street_23_04_07_%28cropped%29.jpg/321px-Downburst_wind_damage_vaughan_CN_rail_yard_east_side_near_Keele_street_23_04_07_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Downburst_wind_damage_vaughan_CN_rail_yard_east_side_near_Keele_street_23_04_07_%28cropped%29.jpg/428px-Downburst_wind_damage_vaughan_CN_rail_yard_east_side_near_Keele_street_23_04_07_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1929" data-file-height="1458" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_of_a_container_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Inside_of_a_container_1.jpg/121px-Inside_of_a_container_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Inside_of_a_container_1.jpg/182px-Inside_of_a_container_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Inside_of_a_container_1.jpg/242px-Inside_of_a_container_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="752" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:226px;max-width:226px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Schmitz_S_CF_Gooseneck_40_LX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Schmitz_S_CF_Gooseneck_40_LX.jpg/224px-Schmitz_S_CF_Gooseneck_40_LX.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Schmitz_S_CF_Gooseneck_40_LX.jpg/336px-Schmitz_S_CF_Gooseneck_40_LX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Schmitz_S_CF_Gooseneck_40_LX.jpg/448px-Schmitz_S_CF_Gooseneck_40_LX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1535" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:218px;max-width:218px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mckinney_Containers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mckinney_Containers.jpg/216px-Mckinney_Containers.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mckinney_Containers.jpg/324px-Mckinney_Containers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mckinney_Containers.jpg/432px-Mckinney_Containers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The typical gooseneck tunnel is clearly visible in the underside of a toppled-over, long container (first picture), as well as in a container's interior, where it takes the space otherwise covered by wood flooring. <a href="/wiki/Container_chassis" title="Container chassis">Gooseneck container trailer</a> showing twistlock couplings for forty-foot boxes at its four corners. Twenty foot containers, on the other hand, frequently have forklift pockets, accessible from the sides (last picture).<a href="#cite_note-70">[nb 9]</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gooseneck_tunnel">Gooseneck tunnel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gooseneck tunnel">edit</a>]</div> A gooseneck tunnel, an indentation in the floor structure, that meshes with the gooseneck on dedicated container <a href="/wiki/Container_chassis" title="Container chassis">semi-trailers</a>, is a mandatory feature in the bottom structure of 1AAA and 1EEE (40- and 45-ft high-cube) containers, and optional but typical on standard height, forty-foot and longer containers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO:668_(E)20134-71">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lauritzen1_k100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Lauritzen1_k100.jpg/220px-Lauritzen1_k100.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Lauritzen1_k100.jpg/330px-Lauritzen1_k100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Lauritzen1_k100.jpg/440px-Lauritzen1_k100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>40-foot (12 m) High-Cube actively refrigerated container – refrigerating equipment visible on the front end.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Railroad_car_with_container_loads.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Railroad_car_with_container_loads.jpg/220px-Railroad_car_with_container_loads.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Railroad_car_with_container_loads.jpg/330px-Railroad_car_with_container_loads.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Railroad_car_with_container_loads.jpg/440px-Railroad_car_with_container_loads.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Flatcar#Spine_car" title="Flatcar">spine car</a> with a 20 ft <a href="/wiki/Tank_container" title="Tank container">tank container</a> and an open-top 20 ft container with canvas cover</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flat-rack-small-vessel.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flat-rack-small-vessel.jpeg/220px-Flat-rack-small-vessel.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flat-rack-small-vessel.jpeg/330px-Flat-rack-small-vessel.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flat-rack-small-vessel.jpeg/440px-Flat-rack-small-vessel.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A flat-rack container loaded with a small vessel loaded by a <a href="/wiki/Reach_stacker" title="Reach stacker">reach stacker</a>.</figcaption></figure> Other than the standard, general purpose container, many variations exist for use with different cargoes. The most prominent of these are <a href="/wiki/Refrigerated_container" title="Refrigerated container">refrigerated containers</a> (also called reefers) for perishable goods, that make up 6% of the world's shipping boxes.<a href="#cite_note-ShipCouncilFleet-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Globalfleet08-54">[48]</a> Tanks in a frame, for bulk liquids, account for another 0.75% of the global container fleet.<a href="#cite_note-ShipCouncilFleet-5">[5]</a> Although these variations are not of the standard type, they mostly are ISO standard containers – in fact the <a href="/wiki/ISO_6346#Size_and_Type_Codes" title="ISO 6346">ISO 6346</a> standard classifies a broad spectrum of container types in great detail. Aside from different size options, the most important container types are:<a href="#cite_note-72">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[nb 10]</a> <ul><li>General-purpose dry vans, for boxes, cartons, cases, sacks, bales, pallets, drums, etc., Special interior layouts are known, such as: <ul><li>rolling-floor containers, for difficult-to-handle cargo</li> <li>garmentainers, for shipping garments on hangers (GOH)<a href="#cite_note-75">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[66]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ventilated containers. Essentially dry vans, but either passively or actively ventilated. For instance for organic products requiring ventilation.</li> <li>Temperature controlled – either <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulated</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refrigerated_container" title="Refrigerated container">refrigerated</a>, and/or heated containers, for perishable goods</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_container" title="Tank container">Tank containers</a>, for liquids, gases, or powders. Frequently these are <a href="/wiki/Dangerous_goods" title="Dangerous goods">dangerous goods</a>, and in the case of gases one shipping unit may contain multiple gas bottles</li> <li>Bulk containers (sometimes bulktainers), either closed models with roof-lids, or hard or soft open-top units for top loading, for instance for bulk minerals. Containerized coal carriers and "bin-liners" (containers designed for the efficient road and rail transportation of rubbish from cities to recycling and dump sites) are used in Europe.</li> <li>Open-top and open-side containers, for instance for easy loading of heavy machinery or oversize pallets. Crane systems can be used to load and unload crates without having to disassemble the container itself.<a href="#cite_note-77">[67]</a> Open sides are also used for ventilating hardy perishables like apples or potatoes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_cradle_container" title="Log cradle container">Log cradles</a> for cradling <a href="/wiki/Trunk_(botany)" title="Trunk (botany)">logs</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[68]</a></li> <li>Platform based containers such as:</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Car_container_carrier.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Car_container_carrier.webp/220px-Car_container_carrier.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Car_container_carrier.webp/330px-Car_container_carrier.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Car_container_carrier.webp/440px-Car_container_carrier.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1961" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/COSCO" title="COSCO">COSCO</a> has developed a car container carrier<a href="#cite_note-79">[69]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_rack_container" title="Flat rack container">flat-rack</a> and bolster containers, for barrels, drums, crates, and any heavy or bulky out-of-gauge cargo, like machinery, semi-finished goods or processed timber. Empty flat-racks can either be stacked or shipped sideways in another ISO container</li> <li>collapsible containers, ranging from flushfolding flat-racks to fully closed ISO and CSC certified units with roof and walls when erected.<a href="#cite_note-80">[70]</a></li></ul></li> <li>trash containers, for carrying trash bags and cans to and from Recycling factories and landfills.</li></ul> Containers for <a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">offshore</a> use have a few different features, like <a href="/wiki/Padeye" title="Padeye">pad eyes</a>, and must meet additional strength and design requirements, standards and certification, such as the DNV2.7-1 by <a href="/wiki/Det_Norske_Veritas" class="mw-redirect" title="Det Norske Veritas">Det Norske Veritas</a>, LRCCS by <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register" title="Lloyd's Register">Lloyd's Register</a>, Guide for Certification of Offshore Containers by <a href="/wiki/American_Bureau_of_Shipping" title="American Bureau of Shipping">American Bureau of Shipping</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International standard</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO10855&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO10855 (page does not exist)">ISO10855</a>: Offshore containers and associated lifting sets, in support of <a href="/w/index.php?title=IMO_MSC/Circ._860&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IMO MSC/Circ. 860 (page does not exist)">IMO MSC/Circ. 860</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[71]</a> A multitude of equipment, such as generators, has been installed in containers of different types to simplify logistics – see <a href="#Containerized_equipment">§ Containerized equipment</a> for more details. <a href="/wiki/Swap_body" title="Swap body">Swap body</a> units usually have the same bottom corner fixtures as intermodal containers, and often have folding legs under their frame so that they can be moved between trucks without using a crane. However they frequently do not have the upper corner fittings of ISO containers, and are not stackable, nor can they be lifted and handled by the usual equipment like reach-stackers or straddle-carriers. They are generally more expensive to procure.<a href="#cite_note-82">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Specifications">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Textainer_container.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Textainer_container.jpeg/300px-Textainer_container.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Textainer_container.jpeg/450px-Textainer_container.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Textainer_container.jpeg/600px-Textainer_container.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption>40 feet (12 m)<a href="/wiki/Help:Convert_messages#invalid_option" title="Help:Convert messages">*</a> high-cube container. The 1-foot (0.30 m) extra height is indicated by the black and yellow markers near the top corners.</figcaption></figure> Basic terminology of globally standardized intermodal shipping containers is set out in standard: <ul><li>ISO 830:(1999) Freight containers – Vocabulary, 2nd edition; last reviewed and confirmed in 2016.</li></ul> From its inception, ISO standards on international shipping containers, consistently speak of them sofar as 'Series 1' containers – deliberately so conceived, to leave room for another such series of interrelated container standards in the future.<a href="#cite_note-84">[nb 11]</a> Basic dimensions and permissible gross weights of intermodal containers are largely determined by two ISO standards: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">ISO 668</a>:2013–2020 Series 1 freight containers—Classification, dimensions and ratings</li> <li>ISO 1496-1:2013 Series 1 freight containers—Specification and testing—Part 1: General cargo containers for general purposes</li></ul> Weights and dimensions of the most common (standardized) types of containers are given below.<a href="#cite_note-85">[nb 12]</a> Forty-eight foot and fifty-three foot containers have not yet been incorporated in the latest, 2020 edition of the ISO 668.<a href="#cite_note-86">[74]</a> ISO standard maximum gross mass for all standard sizes except 10-ft boxes was raised to 36,000 kg or 79,000 lb per Amendment 1 on ISO 668:2013, in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-CCC6_13_2-87">[75]</a> Draft Amendment 1 of ISO 668: 2020 – for the eighth edition – maintains this.<a href="#cite_note-668DAM2020_1-88">[76]</a> Given the average container lifespan, the majority of the global container fleet have not caught up with this change yet. Values vary slightly from manufacturer to manufacturer, but must stay within the tolerances dictated by the standards. Empty weight (<a href="/wiki/Tare_weight" title="Tare weight">tare weight</a>) is not determined by the standards, but by the container's construction, and is therefore indicative, but necessary to calculate a net load figure, by subtracting it from the maximum permitted gross weight. The bottom row in the table gives the legal maximum cargo weights for U.S. highway transport, and those based on use of an industry common tri-axle chassis. Cargo must also be loaded evenly inside the container, to avoid axle weight violations.<a href="#cite_note-ukpandi-89">[77]</a> The maximum gross weights that U.S. railroads accept or deliver are 52,900 lb (24,000 kg) for 20-foot containers, and 67,200 lb (30,500 kg) for 40-foot containers,<a href="#cite_note-TechgrpUSA-90">[78]</a> in contrast to the global ISO-standard gross weight for 20-footers having been raised to the same as 40-footers in the year 2005.<a href="#cite_note-ISO668-Amd1-91">[79]</a> In the U.S., containers loaded up to the rail cargo weight limit cannot move over the road, as they will exceed the U.S. 80,000 lb (36,000 kg) highway limit.<a href="#cite_note-TechgrpUSA-90">[78]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Container by common name (imperial) </th> <th colspan="4" style="background: #DAF2CE">ISO (global) standard containers<a href="#cite_note-92">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-ISO668_2013E-93">[81]</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background: #D3DEF3">Common North American containers<a href="#cite_note-GAstor-94">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[83]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #DAF2CE">20-foot standard height </th> <th style="background: #DAF2CE">40-foot standard height </th> <th style="background: #DAF2CE">40-foot high-cube </th> <th style="background: #DAF2CE">45-foot high-cube </th> <th style="background: #D3DEF3">48-foot high-cube </th> <th style="background: #D3DEF3">53-foot high-cube </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">External dimensions </th> <th>Length </th> <td style="background: #EDFFDD"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">19 ft 10+1⁄2 in 6.058 m </td> <td style="background: #EDFFDD" colspan="2">40 ft 12.192 m </td> <td style="background: #EDFFDD">45 ft 13.716 m </td> <td style="background: #E6EAFF">48 ft 14.630 m </td> <td style="background: #E6EAFF">53 ft 16.154 m </td></tr> <tr> <th>Width </th> <td style="background: #EDFFDD" colspan="4">8 ft 2.438 m </td> <td style="background: #E6EAFF" colspan="2">8 ft 6 in 2.591 m </td></tr> <tr> <th>Height </th> <td style="background: #EDFFDD" colspan="2">8 ft 6 in 2.591 m </td> <td style="background: #EDFFDD" colspan="2">9 ft 6 in 2.896 m </td> <td style="background: #E6EAFF" colspan="2">9 ft 6 in 2.896 m </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Minimal interior dimensions </th> <th>Length </th> <td style="background: #EDFFDD">19 ft 3 in 5.867 m </td> <td style="background: #EDFFDD" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">39 ft 4+3⁄8 in 11.998 m </td> <td style="background: #EDFFDD"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">44 ft 5+1⁄8 in 13.541 m </td> <td style="background: #E6EAFF">47 ft 5 in 14.453 m </td> <td style="background: #E6EAFF">52 ft 5 in 15.977 m </td></tr> <tr> <th>Width </th> <td style="background: #EDFFDD" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">7 ft 7+3⁄4 in 2.330 m </td> <td style="background: #E6EAFF" colspan="2">8 ft 2 in 2.489 m </td></tr> <tr> <th>Height </th> <td style="background: #EDFFDD" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">7 ft 8+1⁄2 in 2.350 m </td> <td style="background: #EDFFDD" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">8 ft 8+1⁄2 in 2.654 m </td> <td style="background: #E6EAFF" colspan="2">8 ft 11 in 2.718 m </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Minimum door aperture </th> <th>Width </th> <td style="background: #EDFFDD" colspan="4">7 ft 6 in 2.286 m </td> <td style="background: #E6EAFF" colspan="2">8 ft 2 in 2.489 m </td></tr> <tr> <th>Height </th> <td colspan="2" style="background: #EDFFDD">7 ft 5 in 2.261 m </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #EDFFDD">8 ft 5 in 2.565 m </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #E6EAFF">8 ft 10 in 2.692 m </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Internal volume </th> <td style="background: #EDFFDD">1,169 cu ft 33.1 m3 </td> <td style="background: #EDFFDD">2,385 cu ft 67.5 m3 </td> <td style="background: #EDFFDD">2,660 cu ft 75.3 m3 </td> <td style="background: #EDFFDD">3,040 cu ft 86.1 m3 </td> <td style="background: #E6EAFF">3,454 cu ft 97.8 m3 </td> <td style="background: #E6EAFF">3,830 cu ft 108.5 m3 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Common maximum gross weight </th> <td colspan="3" style="background: #EDFFDD">30,480 kg 67,200 lb </td> <td style="background: #DAF2CE">33,000 kg 73,000 lb </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #E6EAFF">30,480 kg 67,200 lb </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Empty (tare) weight (approximate) </th> <td style="background: #EDFFDD">2,200 kg 4,850 lb </td> <td style="background: #EDFFDD">3,800 kg 8,380 lb<a href="#cite_note-CanSizes-96">[84]</a> </td> <td style="background: #EDFFDD">3,935 kg 8,675 lb<a href="#cite_note-GAstor-94">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-CanSizes-96">[84]</a> </td> <td style="background: #DAF2CE">4,500 kg 10,000 lb<a href="#cite_note-GAstor-94">[82]</a> </td> <td style="background: #E6EAFF">4,920 kg 10,850 lb </td> <td style="background: #E6EAFF">5,040 kg 11,110 lb </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Common net load (approximate) </th> <td style="background: #EDFFDD">28,280 kg 62,350 lb </td> <td style="background: #EDFFDD">26,680 kg 58,820 lb </td> <td style="background: #EDFFDD">26,545 kg 58,522 lb </td> <td style="background: #DAF2CE">28,500 kg 62,800 lb </td> <td style="background: #E6EAFF">25,560 kg 56,350 lb </td> <td style="background: #E6EAFF">25,440 kg 56,090 lb </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">ISO maximum gross mass </th> <td colspan="4" style="background: #F2DACE">36,000 kg 79,000 lb per ISO 668:2013, amendment 1 (2016)<a href="#cite_note-CCC6_13_2-87">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-668DAM2020_1-88">[76]</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #F2DACE">Not standardized </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">U.S. maximum legal truck weights </th> <td colspan="6" style="background: #D3DEF3">80,000 lb (36,000 kg) overall maximum on Interstate highways / 84,000 lb (38,000 kg) (6 or more axles) on non-Interstate highways<a href="#cite_note-97">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #D3DEF3">Triaxle chassis: 44,000 lb (20,000 kg)<a href="#cite_note-ukpandi-89">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-TechgrpUSA-90">[78]</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background: #D3DEF3">Triaxle chassis: 44,500 lb (20,200 kg)<a href="#cite_note-ukpandi-89">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-TechgrpUSA-90">[78]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_sizes">Other sizes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other sizes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australian_RACE_containers">Australian RACE containers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Australian RACE containers">edit</a>]</div> Australian <a href="/wiki/RACE_(container)" title="RACE (container)">RACE</a> containers are also slightly wider to optimise them for the use of <a href="/wiki/Australia_Standard_Pallets" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia Standard Pallets">Australia Standard Pallets</a>, or are 41 ft (12.5 m) long and 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) wide to be able to fit up to 40 pallets.<a href="#cite_note-98">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_pallet_wide_containers">European pallet wide containers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: European pallet wide containers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moving_Cobelfret_Containers_at_Humber_Sea_Terminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Moving_Cobelfret_Containers_at_Humber_Sea_Terminal.jpg/260px-Moving_Cobelfret_Containers_at_Humber_Sea_Terminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Moving_Cobelfret_Containers_at_Humber_Sea_Terminal.jpg/390px-Moving_Cobelfret_Containers_at_Humber_Sea_Terminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Moving_Cobelfret_Containers_at_Humber_Sea_Terminal.jpg/520px-Moving_Cobelfret_Containers_at_Humber_Sea_Terminal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="1658" /></a><figcaption>Two 40-foot (12 m) 'High-cube' containers on a <a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">roll-on/roll-off</a> (RoRo) tractor. The text in the yellow arrow on the top unit indicates its extra 2.50 m (8 ft 2 in) width.</figcaption></figure> European pallet wide (or PW) containers are minimally wider, and have shallow side corrugation, to offer just enough internal width, to allow common European <a href="/wiki/Euro-pallet" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro-pallet">Euro-pallets</a> of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1.20 m (47+1⁄4 in) long by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">0.80 m (31+1⁄2 in) wide,<a href="#cite_note-100">[88]</a> to be loaded with significantly greater efficiency and capacity. Having a typical internal width of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2.44 m (96+1⁄8 in),<a href="#cite_note-SaFR_PW-101">[89]</a> (a gain of ~<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">10 centimetres (3+15⁄16 in) over the ISO-usual <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2.34 m (92+1⁄8 in),<a href="#cite_note-BoxSize-102">[90]</a> gives pallet-wide containers a usable internal floor width of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2.40 m (94+1⁄2 in), compared to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2.00 m (78+3⁄4 in) in standard containers, because the extra width enables their users to either load two Euro-pallets end on end across their width, or three of them side by side (providing the pallets were neatly stacked, without overspill), whereas in standard ISO containers, a strip of internal floor-width of about 33 centimetres (13 in) cannot be used by Euro-pallets. As a result, while being virtually interchangeable:<a href="#cite_note-SaFR_PW-101">[89]</a> <ul><li>A 20-foot PW can load 15 Euro-pallets – four more, or 36% better than the normal 11 pallets in an ISO-standard 20-foot unit</li> <li>A 40-foot PW can load 30 Euro-pallets – five more, or 20% better than the 25 pallets in a standard 40-foot unit, and</li> <li>A 45-foot PW can load 34 Euro-pallets – seven more, or 26% better than 27 in a standard 45-foot container.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZIM_New_York_(ship,_2002)_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ZIM_New_York_%28ship%2C_2002%29_002.jpg/260px-ZIM_New_York_%28ship%2C_2002%29_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ZIM_New_York_%28ship%2C_2002%29_002.jpg/390px-ZIM_New_York_%28ship%2C_2002%29_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ZIM_New_York_%28ship%2C_2002%29_002.jpg/520px-ZIM_New_York_%28ship%2C_2002%29_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3223" data-file-height="2170" /></a><figcaption>45-foot (14 m) containers can be seen sticking out 2.5 feet (0.76 m), as part of the forty foot container stacks at the back of this ship.</figcaption></figure> Some pallet-wides are simply manufactured with the same, ISO-standard floor structure, but with the side-panels welded in, such that the ribs/corrugations are embossed outwards, instead of indenting to the inside.<a href="#cite_note-MattsPW-103">[91]</a> This makes it possible for some pallet-wides to be just <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2.462 m (96+7⁄8 in) wide,<a href="#cite_note-SaFR_PW-101">[89]</a> but others can be <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2.50 m (98+3⁄8 in) wide.<a href="#cite_note-104">[92]</a> The 45 ft (13.72 m) pallet-wide high-cube container has gained particularly wide acceptance, as these containers can replace the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">13.6 m (44 ft 7+3⁄8 in) swap bodies that are common for truck transport in Europe. The EU has started a standardization for pallet wide containerization in the European Intermodal Loading Unit (EILU) initiative.<a href="#cite_note-105">[93]</a> Many sea shipping providers in Europe allow these on board, as their external width overhangs over standard containers are sufficiently minor that they fit in the usual interlock spaces in ship's holds,<a href="#cite_note-MattsPW-103">[91]</a> as long as their corner-castings patterns (both in the floor and the top) still match with regular 40-foot units, for stacking and securing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_American_containers">North American containers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: North American containers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AML_SVETRUCK_Whittier_411_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/AML_SVETRUCK_Whittier_411_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-AML_SVETRUCK_Whittier_411_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/AML_SVETRUCK_Whittier_411_%28cropped%29.jpg/390px-AML_SVETRUCK_Whittier_411_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/AML_SVETRUCK_Whittier_411_%28cropped%29.jpg/520px-AML_SVETRUCK_Whittier_411_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="1218" /></a><figcaption>Container "Toplifter" forklift moving two empty 53-foot (16 m) boxes by their 40-foot (12 m) posts</figcaption></figure>The North American market has widely adopted containerization, especially for domestic shipments that need to move between road and rail transport.<a href="#cite_note-ELG-APLboxes-106">[94]</a> While they appear similar to the ISO-standard containers, there are several significant differences: they are considered High-Cubes based on their 9 ft 6 in (2.90 m) ISO-standard height, their 102-inch (2.6 m) width matches the maximum width of road vehicles in the region but is 6 inches (15 cm) wider than ISO-standard containers,<a href="#cite_note-PNW48-53Dim-107">[95]</a> and they are often not built strong enough to endure the rigors of ocean transport.<a href="#cite_note-ELG-APLboxes-106">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="48-foot_containers">48-foot containers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 48-foot containers">edit</a>]</div> The first North American containers to come to market were 48 feet (15 m) long. This size was introduced by container shipping company <a href="/wiki/American_President_Lines" title="American President Lines">American President Lines</a> (APL) in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-ELG-APLboxes-106">[94]</a> The size of the containers matched new federal regulations passed in 1983 which prohibited states from outlawing the operation of single trailers shorter than 48 feet (15 m) long or 102 inches (260 cm) wide.<a href="#cite_note-108">[96]</a> This size being 8 feet (2.44 m) longer and 6 inches (15 cm) wider has 29% more volume capacity than the standard 40-ft High-Cube,<a href="#cite_note-HofstraFeetcapacity-109">[97]</a> yet costs of moving it by truck or rail are almost the same. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="53-foot_containers">53-foot containers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 53-foot containers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swift_53ft_shipping_container.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Swift_53ft_shipping_container.JPG/260px-Swift_53ft_shipping_container.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Swift_53ft_shipping_container.JPG/390px-Swift_53ft_shipping_container.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Swift_53ft_shipping_container.JPG/520px-Swift_53ft_shipping_container.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Swift 53-foot (16 m) intermodal container</figcaption></figure> In the late 1980s, the federal government announced it would once again allow an increase in the length of trailers to 53 feet (16 m) at the start of 1990. Anticipating this change, 53 foot containers were introduced in 1989. These large boxes have 60% more capacity than 40' containers, enabling shippers to consolidate more cargo into fewer containers.<a href="#cite_note-HofstraFeetcapacity-109">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[99]</a> In 2007, APL introduced the first 53-foot ocean-capable containers designed to withstand voyages on its South China-to-Los Angeles service.<a href="#cite_note-ELG-APLboxes-106">[94]</a> In 2013, APL stopped offering vessel space for 53-foot containers on its trans-Pacific ships.<a href="#cite_note-JocAPL53Seabox-112">[100]</a> In 2015 both <a href="/wiki/Crowley_Maritime" title="Crowley Maritime">Crowley</a> and TOTE Maritime each announced the construction of their respective second combined container and <a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">roll-on/roll-off</a> ships for Puerto Rico trade, with the specific design to maximize cubic cargo capacity by carrying 53-foot, 102-inch wide (2,591 mm) containers.<a href="#cite_note-113">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[102]</a> Within Canada, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oceanex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oceanex (page does not exist)">Oceanex</a> offers 53-foot-container ocean service to and from Newfoundland.<a href="#cite_note-115">[103]</a> 53-foot containers are also being used on some Asia Pacific international shipping routes.<a href="#cite_note-Hennemand-83">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canadian_60-foot_containers">Canadian 60-foot containers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Canadian 60-foot containers">edit</a>]</div> In April 2017, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Tire" title="Canadian Tire">Canadian Tire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> announced deployment of what they claimed to be the first 60-foot intermodal containers in North America.<a href="#cite_note-CPR1-116">[104]</a> The containers are transportable on the road using specially configured trucks and telescoping trailers (where vehicle size limits permit it), and on the railway using the top positions of double-stack container cars.<a href="#cite_note-TruckNews1-117">[105]</a> According to initial projections, Canadian Tire believed it would allow them to increase the volume of goods shipped per container by 13%.<a href="#cite_note-CPR1-116">[104]</a> 5 years after the deployment of the containers, analyst Larry Gross observed that United States truck size regulations are more constraining than those in Canada, and predicted that for the foreseeable future, these larger containers would remain exclusive to Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Trains1-118">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Small_containers">Small containers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Small containers">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">ISO 668</a> standard has so far never standardized 10 ft (3 m) containers to be the same height as so-called "Standard-height", 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m), 20- and 40-foot containers. By the ISO standard, 10-foot (and previously included 5-ft and 6<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2-ft boxes) are only of unnamed, 8-foot (2.44 m) height. But industry makes 10-foot units more frequently of 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) height,<a href="#cite_note-BoxSize-102">[90]</a> to mix, match (and stack) better in a fleet of longer, 8 ft 6 in tall containers. Smaller units, on the other hand, are no longer standardized, leading to deviating lengths, like 8 ft (2.44 m) or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">6+1⁄2 ft (1.98 m), with non-standard widths of 2.20 m / 86.6 in and 1.95 m / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">76+3⁄4 in respectively, and non-standard heights of 2.26 m / 7 ft 5 in and 1.91 m / 6 ft 3.2 in respectively,<a href="#cite_note-BoxSize-102">[90]</a> for storage or off-shore use. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._military">U.S. military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: U.S. military">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrograde_Operations,_Afghanistan_130922-F-YL744-210.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Retrograde_Operations%2C_Afghanistan_130922-F-YL744-210.jpg/220px-Retrograde_Operations%2C_Afghanistan_130922-F-YL744-210.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Retrograde_Operations%2C_Afghanistan_130922-F-YL744-210.jpg/330px-Retrograde_Operations%2C_Afghanistan_130922-F-YL744-210.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Retrograde_Operations%2C_Afghanistan_130922-F-YL744-210.jpg/440px-Retrograde_Operations%2C_Afghanistan_130922-F-YL744-210.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2396" /></a><figcaption>Tri-con being loaded onto a <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">C-130</a> in Afghanistan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_U.S._Army_CH-47_Chinook_helicopter_carries_a_sling-loaded_shipping_container_during_retrograde_operations_and_base_closures_in_the_Wardak_province_of_Afghanistan_131026-A-SM524-737.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/A_U.S._Army_CH-47_Chinook_helicopter_carries_a_sling-loaded_shipping_container_during_retrograde_operations_and_base_closures_in_the_Wardak_province_of_Afghanistan_131026-A-SM524-737.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/A_U.S._Army_CH-47_Chinook_helicopter_carries_a_sling-loaded_shipping_container_during_retrograde_operations_and_base_closures_in_the_Wardak_province_of_Afghanistan_131026-A-SM524-737.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/A_U.S._Army_CH-47_Chinook_helicopter_carries_a_sling-loaded_shipping_container_during_retrograde_operations_and_base_closures_in_the_Wardak_province_of_Afghanistan_131026-A-SM524-737.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3447" data-file-height="2298" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. Army <a href="/wiki/Boeing_CH-47_Chinook" title="Boeing CH-47 Chinook">CH-47</a> Chinook helicopter carries a sling-loaded 20-foot (6.1 m) shipping container during retrograde operations and base closures in the Wardak province of Afghanistan</figcaption></figure> The United States military continues to use small containers, strongly reminiscent of their Transporter and <a href="/wiki/Conex_box" title="Conex box">Conex boxes</a> of the 1950s and 1960s. These mostly comply with (previous) ISO standard dimensions, or are a direct derivative thereof. Current terminology of the United States armed forces calls these small containers <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicon_box&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bicon box (page does not exist)">Bicon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricon_box&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tricon box (page does not exist)">Tricon</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadcon_box&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quadcon box (page does not exist)">Quadcon</a>, with sizes that correspond with (previous) <a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">ISO 668</a> standard sizes 1D, 1E and 1F respectively. These containers are of a standard 8 ft (2.44 m) height, and with a footprint size either one half (Bicon), one third (Tricon) or one quarter (Quadcon) the size of a standard 20-foot, one TEU container.<a href="#cite_note-119">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[109]</a> At a nominal length of 10 feet (3.05 m), two Bicons coupled together lengthwise match one 20-foot ISO container, but their height is 6 inches (152 mm) shy of the more commonly available 10-foot ISO containers of so-called 'standard' height, which are 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) tall. Tricons and Quadcons however have to be coupled transversely – either three or four in a row – to be stackable with twenty foot containers.<a href="#cite_note-122">[110]</a> Their length of 8 ft (2.44 m) corresponds to the width of a standard 20-foot container, which is why there are forklift pockets at their ends, as well as in the sides of these boxes, and the doors only have one locking bar each. The smallest of these, the Quadcon, exists in two heights: 96 in (2.44 m) or 82 in (2.08 m).<a href="#cite_note-123">[111]</a> Only the first conforms to ISO-668 standard dimensions (size 1F). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ABC_bulk_containers">ABC bulk containers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: ABC bulk containers">edit</a>]</div> ABC containers are small containers, typically 20 ft long and 5 ft high, used for hauling dense materials. The smaller size reduces the tare weight (as compared to using a half-full standard height container). They are normally shipped on specialized railroad flatcars, where 6 containers can be carried in the space of 4 standard containers.<a href="#cite_note-124">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan:_12-foot_containers">Japan: 12-foot containers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Japan: 12-foot containers">edit</a>]</div> In Japan's domestic freight rail transport, most of the containers are 12 ft (3.66 m) long in order to fit Japan's unique standard pallet sizes.<a href="#cite_note-125">[113]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Gallery: Small container size examples</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 227.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JR%E8%B2%A8%E7%89%A9%E3%80%90_%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%8C%E8%88%B9%E8%88%B6%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81_%E3%80%91%E5%B2%A1%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%B0%E6%B8%AF%E9%AB%98%E5%B3%B6%E5%9F%A0%E9%A0%AD--%E2%91%A2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="12-foot (3.66 m) the 19D-type container used by JR Freight in Japan"><img alt="12-foot (3.66 m) the 19D-type container used by JR Freight in Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/JR%E8%B2%A8%E7%89%A9%E3%80%90_%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%8C%E8%88%B9%E8%88%B6%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81_%E3%80%91%E5%B2%A1%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%B0%E6%B8%AF%E9%AB%98%E5%B3%B6%E5%9F%A0%E9%A0%AD--%E2%91%A2.jpg/341px-JR%E8%B2%A8%E7%89%A9%E3%80%90_%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%8C%E8%88%B9%E8%88%B6%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81_%E3%80%91%E5%B2%A1%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%B0%E6%B8%AF%E9%AB%98%E5%B3%B6%E5%9F%A0%E9%A0%AD--%E2%91%A2.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/JR%E8%B2%A8%E7%89%A9%E3%80%90_%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%8C%E8%88%B9%E8%88%B6%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81_%E3%80%91%E5%B2%A1%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%B0%E6%B8%AF%E9%AB%98%E5%B3%B6%E5%9F%A0%E9%A0%AD--%E2%91%A2.jpg/513px-JR%E8%B2%A8%E7%89%A9%E3%80%90_%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%8C%E8%88%B9%E8%88%B6%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81_%E3%80%91%E5%B2%A1%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%B0%E6%B8%AF%E9%AB%98%E5%B3%B6%E5%9F%A0%E9%A0%AD--%E2%91%A2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/JR%E8%B2%A8%E7%89%A9%E3%80%90_%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%8C%E8%88%B9%E8%88%B6%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81_%E3%80%91%E5%B2%A1%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%B0%E6%B8%AF%E9%AB%98%E5%B3%B6%E5%9F%A0%E9%A0%AD--%E2%91%A2.jpg/683px-JR%E8%B2%A8%E7%89%A9%E3%80%90_%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%8C%E8%88%B9%E8%88%B6%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81_%E3%80%91%E5%B2%A1%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%B0%E6%B8%AF%E9%AB%98%E5%B3%B6%E5%9F%A0%E9%A0%AD--%E2%91%A2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1688" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">12-foot (3.66 m) the 19D-type container used by <a href="/wiki/JR_Freight" class="mw-redirect" title="JR Freight">JR Freight</a> in Japan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 232.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_051010-M-0596N-001_A_tractor_moves_a_quadcon_container_at_Kin_Red_Port_in_Okinawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. Navy tractor moves Quadcon containers at Kin Red Port in Okinawa (2005)"><img alt="U.S. Navy tractor moves Quadcon containers at Kin Red Port in Okinawa (2005)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/US_Navy_051010-M-0596N-001_A_tractor_moves_a_quadcon_container_at_Kin_Red_Port_in_Okinawa.jpg/346px-US_Navy_051010-M-0596N-001_A_tractor_moves_a_quadcon_container_at_Kin_Red_Port_in_Okinawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="231" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/US_Navy_051010-M-0596N-001_A_tractor_moves_a_quadcon_container_at_Kin_Red_Port_in_Okinawa.jpg/519px-US_Navy_051010-M-0596N-001_A_tractor_moves_a_quadcon_container_at_Kin_Red_Port_in_Okinawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/US_Navy_051010-M-0596N-001_A_tractor_moves_a_quadcon_container_at_Kin_Red_Port_in_Okinawa.jpg/691px-US_Navy_051010-M-0596N-001_A_tractor_moves_a_quadcon_container_at_Kin_Red_Port_in_Okinawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. Navy tractor moves Quadcon containers at Kin Red Port in Okinawa (2005)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_060831-N-3560G-052_Members_of_Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_Four_(NMCB-4)_load_Tricon_Containers_loaded_with_construction_equipment_destine_for_field_testing_in_Iraq,_into_a_U.S._Air_Force,_Air_Mobility_Command,_C.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. Navy load Tricon containers into a Lockheed C-5 Galaxy transport aircraft (2006)"><img alt="U.S. Navy load Tricon containers into a Lockheed C-5 Galaxy transport aircraft (2006)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/US_Navy_060831-N-3560G-052_Members_of_Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_Four_%28NMCB-4%29_load_Tricon_Containers_loaded_with_construction_equipment_destine_for_field_testing_in_Iraq%2C_into_a_U.S._Air_Force%2C_Air_Mobility_Command%2C_C.jpg/315px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/US_Navy_060831-N-3560G-052_Members_of_Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_Four_%28NMCB-4%29_load_Tricon_Containers_loaded_with_construction_equipment_destine_for_field_testing_in_Iraq%2C_into_a_U.S._Air_Force%2C_Air_Mobility_Command%2C_C.jpg/473px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/US_Navy_060831-N-3560G-052_Members_of_Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_Four_%28NMCB-4%29_load_Tricon_Containers_loaded_with_construction_equipment_destine_for_field_testing_in_Iraq%2C_into_a_U.S._Air_Force%2C_Air_Mobility_Command%2C_C.jpg/630px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. Navy load Tricon containers into a Lockheed C-5 Galaxy transport aircraft (2006)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_070820-F-8678B-050_Construction_Mechanic_1st_Class_Kenneth_E._Terlaan_drives_a_extendable_boom_forklift_through_the_mud_to_position_a_CONEX_box_containing_the_field_armory_during_setup_for_a_field_exercise.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. Navy moving a Bicon box. Note the forklift pockets only in the sides, not at the ends."><img alt="U.S. Navy moving a Bicon box. Note the forklift pockets only in the sides, not at the ends." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US_Navy_070820-F-8678B-050_Construction_Mechanic_1st_Class_Kenneth_E._Terlaan_drives_a_extendable_boom_forklift_through_the_mud_to_position_a_CONEX_box_containing_the_field_armory_during_setup_for_a_field_exercise.jpg/315px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US_Navy_070820-F-8678B-050_Construction_Mechanic_1st_Class_Kenneth_E._Terlaan_drives_a_extendable_boom_forklift_through_the_mud_to_position_a_CONEX_box_containing_the_field_armory_during_setup_for_a_field_exercise.jpg/473px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US_Navy_070820-F-8678B-050_Construction_Mechanic_1st_Class_Kenneth_E._Terlaan_drives_a_extendable_boom_forklift_through_the_mud_to_position_a_CONEX_box_containing_the_field_armory_during_setup_for_a_field_exercise.jpg/630px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. Navy moving a Bicon box. Note the forklift pockets only in the sides, not at the ends.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reporting_mark">Reporting mark</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Reporting mark">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intermodal_Container_Locked_Door_-_Kolkata_2011-02-03_0363.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Intermodal_Container_Locked_Door_-_Kolkata_2011-02-03_0363.JPG/220px-Intermodal_Container_Locked_Door_-_Kolkata_2011-02-03_0363.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Intermodal_Container_Locked_Door_-_Kolkata_2011-02-03_0363.JPG/330px-Intermodal_Container_Locked_Door_-_Kolkata_2011-02-03_0363.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Intermodal_Container_Locked_Door_-_Kolkata_2011-02-03_0363.JPG/440px-Intermodal_Container_Locked_Door_-_Kolkata_2011-02-03_0363.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Various markings on the rear end of a <a href="/wiki/Mitsui_O.S.K._Lines" title="Mitsui O.S.K. Lines">MOL</a> container</figcaption></figure> Each container is allocated a standardized <a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">ISO 6346</a> <a href="/wiki/Reporting_mark" title="Reporting mark">reporting mark</a> (ownership code), four letters long ending in either U, J or Z, followed by six digits and a check digit.<a href="#cite_note-126">[114]</a> The ownership code for intermodal containers is issued by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_International_des_Containers" title="Bureau International des Containers">Bureau International des Containers</a> (International container bureau, abbr. B.I.C.) in France, hence the name "BIC-Code" for the intermodal container reporting mark. So far there exist only four-letter BIC-Codes ending in "U". The placement and registration of BIC Codes is standardized by the commissions TC104 and TC122 in the JTC1 of the ISO which are dominated by shipping companies. <a href="/wiki/Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">Shipping containers</a> are labelled with a series of identification codes that includes the manufacturer code, the ownership code, usage classification code, UN placard for hazardous goods and reference codes for additional transport control and security. Following the extended usage of pallet-wide containers in Europe the EU started the Intermodal Loading Unit (ILU) initiative. This showed advantages for intermodal transport of containers and swap bodies. This led to the introduction of ILU-Codes defined by the standard EN 13044 which has the same format as the earlier BIC-Codes. The International Container Office BIC agreed to only issue ownership codes ending with U, J or Z. The new allocation office of the UIRR (International Union of Combined Road-Rail Transport Companies) agreed to only issue ownership reporting marks for swap bodies ending with A, B, C, D or K – companies having a BIC-Code ending with U can allocate an ILU-Code ending with K having the same preceding letters. Since July 2011 the new ILU codes can be registered, beginning with July 2014 all intermodal ISO containers and intermodal swap bodies must have an ownership code and by July 2019 all of them must bear a standard-conforming placard.<a href="#cite_note-127">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Handling">Handling</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Handling">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:CN_Box_Car_Loader.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/CN_Box_Car_Loader.JPG/192px-CN_Box_Car_Loader.JPG" decoding="async" width="192" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/CN_Box_Car_Loader.JPG/288px-CN_Box_Car_Loader.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/CN_Box_Car_Loader.JPG/384px-CN_Box_Car_Loader.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A cargo container being transferred from a rail car to a flat-bed truck, lifted by a <a href="/wiki/Reach_stacker" title="Reach stacker">reach stacker</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Intermodal_terminal_loading.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Intermodal_terminal_loading.jpg/192px-Intermodal_terminal_loading.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Intermodal_terminal_loading.jpg/288px-Intermodal_terminal_loading.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Intermodal_terminal_loading.jpg/384px-Intermodal_terminal_loading.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tyred_gantry_crane" title="Rubber tyred gantry crane">Rubber tyred gantry crane</a> stacking a 40 foot container on a <a href="/wiki/Well_car" title="Well car">well car</a> for an <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_train#Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermodal train">intermodal train</a></div></div></div></div></div> Containers are transferred between rail, truck, and ship by <a href="/wiki/Container_crane" title="Container crane">container cranes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Container_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Container terminal">container terminals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forklift" title="Forklift">Forklifts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reach_stacker" title="Reach stacker">reach stackers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Straddle_carrier" title="Straddle carrier">straddle carriers</a>, container jacks and <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">cranes</a> may be used to load and unload trucks or trains outside of container terminals. <a href="/wiki/Swap_body" title="Swap body">Swap bodies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidelifter" title="Sidelifter">sidelifters</a>, tilt deck trucks, and <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_hooklift_hoist" title="Hydraulic hooklift hoist">hook trucks</a> allow transfer to and from trucks with no extra equipment. ISO-standard containers can be handled and lifted in a variety of ways by their corner fixtures, but the structure and strength of 45-foot (14 m) (type E) containers limits their tolerance of side-lifting, nor can they be forklifted, based on ISO 3874 (1997).<a href="#cite_note-128">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">Intermodal freight transport</a></div> Containers can be transported by <a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">container ship</a>, truck and <a href="/wiki/Freight_train" title="Freight train">freight trains</a> as part of a single journey without unpacking. Units can be secured in transit using "<a href="/wiki/Twistlock" title="Twistlock">twistlock</a>" points located at each corner of the container. Every container has a unique <a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">BIC code</a> painted on the outside for identification and tracking, and is capable of carrying up to 20–25 <a href="/wiki/Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">tonnes</a>. Costs for transport are calculated in <a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">twenty-foot equivalent units</a> (TEU). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Rail">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intermodal_train_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Intermodal_train_01.jpg/220px-Intermodal_train_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Intermodal_train_01.jpg/330px-Intermodal_train_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Intermodal_train_01.jpg/440px-Intermodal_train_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2530" /></a><figcaption>40-foot (12 m) containers on the <a href="/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">BNSF</a> line through <a href="/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse, Wisconsin">La Crosse</a></figcaption></figure> When carried by rail, containers may be carried on a <a href="/wiki/Flatcar#Spine_car" title="Flatcar">spine car</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flatcar" title="Flatcar">flatcar</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Well_car" title="Well car">well cars</a>. The latter are specially designed for container transport, and can accommodate <a href="/wiki/Double-stack_rail_transport" title="Double-stack rail transport">double-stacked containers</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Loading_gauge" title="Loading gauge">loading gauge</a> of a rail system may restrict the modes and types of container shipment. The smaller loading gauges often found in European railroads will only accommodate single-stacked containers. In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, there are sections of the rail network through which high-cube containers cannot pass, or can pass through only on well cars. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a> runs double-stacked containers on flatcars under <a href="/wiki/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="25 kV AC railway electrification">25 kV</a> <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead electrical wires</a>. The wires must be at least 7.45 metres (24 ft 5 in) above the track. <a href="/wiki/China_Railway" title="China Railway">China Railway</a> also runs double-stacked containers under overhead wires, but must use well cars to do so, since the wires are only 6.6 metres (21 ft 8 in) above the track.<a href="#cite_note-129">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea">Sea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sea">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021-11-19_Damaged_container_ship,_MV_ZIM_KINGSTON_-_IMO_9389693.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/2021-11-19_Damaged_container_ship%2C_MV_ZIM_KINGSTON_-_IMO_9389693.jpg/220px-2021-11-19_Damaged_container_ship%2C_MV_ZIM_KINGSTON_-_IMO_9389693.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/2021-11-19_Damaged_container_ship%2C_MV_ZIM_KINGSTON_-_IMO_9389693.jpg/330px-2021-11-19_Damaged_container_ship%2C_MV_ZIM_KINGSTON_-_IMO_9389693.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/2021-11-19_Damaged_container_ship%2C_MV_ZIM_KINGSTON_-_IMO_9389693.jpg/440px-2021-11-19_Damaged_container_ship%2C_MV_ZIM_KINGSTON_-_IMO_9389693.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5409" data-file-height="3611" /></a><figcaption>Damaged container ship, MV Zim Kingston, after losing 109 containers in a fire and subsequent storm.</figcaption></figure> About 90% of non-bulk cargo worldwide is transported by container, and the largest container ships can carry over 19,000 TEU (Twenty-Foot Equivalent, or how many 20 foot containers can fit on a ship). Between 2011 and 2013, an average of 2,683 containers were reported lost at sea.<a href="#cite_note-130">[118]</a> Other estimates go up to 10,000; of these 10% are expected to contain chemicals toxic to marine life.<a href="#cite_note-131">[119]</a> Various systems are used for securing containers on ships.<a href="#cite_note-132">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[121]</a> Losses of containers at sea are low.<a href="#cite_note-134">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> Containers can also be transported in planes, as seen within intermodal freight transport. However, transporting containers in this way is typically avoided due to the cost of doing such and the lack of availability of planes which can accommodate such awkwardly sized cargo. There are special aviation containers, smaller than intermodal containers, called <a href="/wiki/Unit_load_device" title="Unit load device">unit load devices</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Securing_and_security">Securing and security</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Securing and security">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Securing_containers_and_contents">Securing containers and contents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Securing containers and contents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Load_securing" title="Load securing">Load securing</a></div> There are many established methods and materials for stabilizing and securing intermodal containers loaded on ships, as well as the internal cargo inside the boxes. Conventional restraint methods and materials such as steel <a href="/wiki/Strapping" title="Strapping">strapping</a> and wood blocking and bracing have been around for decades and are still widely used. Polyester strapping and lashing, and synthetic webbings are also common today. <a href="/wiki/Dunnage_bag" title="Dunnage bag">Dunnage bags</a> (also known as "air bags") are used to keep <a href="/wiki/Unit_load" title="Unit load">unit loads</a> in place. <a href="/wiki/Flexi-bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexi-bag">Flexi-bags</a> can also be directly loaded, stacked in food-grade containers. Indeed, their standard shape fills the entire ground surface of a 20 ft ISO container. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Methods of securing containers or internal loads</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Container_lashing_bridge_fitting.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Containers can be horizontally connected with lashing bridge fittings"><img alt="Containers can be horizontally connected with lashing bridge fittings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Container_lashing_bridge_fitting.JPG/300px-Container_lashing_bridge_fitting.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Container_lashing_bridge_fitting.JPG/451px-Container_lashing_bridge_fitting.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Container_lashing_bridge_fitting.JPG/600px-Container_lashing_bridge_fitting.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2077" data-file-height="1558" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Containers can be horizontally connected with lashing bridge fittings</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dockworker_team_on_a_container_ship.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dockworkers securing containers on a ship with steel lashing bars and turnbuckles"><img alt="Dockworkers securing containers on a ship with steel lashing bars and turnbuckles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Dockworker_team_on_a_container_ship.jpg/300px-Dockworker_team_on_a_container_ship.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Dockworker_team_on_a_container_ship.jpg/451px-Dockworker_team_on_a_container_ship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Dockworker_team_on_a_container_ship.jpg/600px-Dockworker_team_on_a_container_ship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="624" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dockworkers securing containers on a ship with steel lashing bars and <a href="/wiki/Turnbuckle" title="Turnbuckle">turnbuckles</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lashing_application_flat_rack.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polyester lashing application"><img alt="Polyester lashing application" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lashing_application_flat_rack.jpg/300px-Lashing_application_flat_rack.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lashing_application_flat_rack.jpg/451px-Lashing_application_flat_rack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lashing_application_flat_rack.jpg/600px-Lashing_application_flat_rack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Polyester lashing application</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lashing_and_dunnage_bag_application.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Polyester strapping and dunnage bag application"><img alt="Polyester strapping and dunnage bag application" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lashing_and_dunnage_bag_application.JPG/300px-Lashing_and_dunnage_bag_application.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lashing_and_dunnage_bag_application.JPG/451px-Lashing_and_dunnage_bag_application.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lashing_and_dunnage_bag_application.JPG/600px-Lashing_and_dunnage_bag_application.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Polyester strapping and dunnage bag application</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stabilizing_capabilities_Cordstrap_dunnage_bags.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Application in container"><img alt="Application in container" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Stabilizing_capabilities_Cordstrap_dunnage_bags.jpg/338px-Stabilizing_capabilities_Cordstrap_dunnage_bags.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Stabilizing_capabilities_Cordstrap_dunnage_bags.jpg/507px-Stabilizing_capabilities_Cordstrap_dunnage_bags.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Stabilizing_capabilities_Cordstrap_dunnage_bags.jpg/675px-Stabilizing_capabilities_Cordstrap_dunnage_bags.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1720" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Application in container</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-shipping_uses">Non-shipping uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Non-shipping uses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Containerized_equipment">Containerized equipment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Containerized equipment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammelmann_Diesel_unit_-_built_into_container.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hammelmann_Diesel_unit_-_built_into_container.jpg/220px-Hammelmann_Diesel_unit_-_built_into_container.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hammelmann_Diesel_unit_-_built_into_container.jpg/330px-Hammelmann_Diesel_unit_-_built_into_container.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hammelmann_Diesel_unit_-_built_into_container.jpg/440px-Hammelmann_Diesel_unit_-_built_into_container.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammelmann_diesel_unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hammelmann diesel unit (page does not exist)">Hammelmann diesel unit</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[123]</a> built into container</figcaption></figure> Container-sized units are also often used for moving large pieces of equipment to temporary sites. Specialised containers are particularly attractive to militaries already using containerisation to move much of their freight around. Shipment of specialized equipment in this way simplifies logistics and may prevent identification of high value equipment by enemies. Such systems may include command and control facilities, mobile operating theatres<a href="#cite_note-136">[124]</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Missile_launcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Missile launcher">missile launchers</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[125]</a> (such as the Russian <a href="/wiki/3M-54_Klub#Launch_platforms" class="mw-redirect" title="3M-54 Klub">3M-54 Klub</a> <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-surface_missile" title="Surface-to-surface missile">surface-to-surface missile</a>). Complete water treatment systems can be installed in containers and shipped around the world.<a href="#cite_note-138">[126]</a> Electric generators can be permanently installed in containers to be used for portable power.<a href="#cite_note-139">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repurposing">Repurposing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Repurposing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cholula_container_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cholula_container_city.jpg/220px-Cholula_container_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cholula_container_city.jpg/330px-Cholula_container_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cholula_container_city.jpg/440px-Cholula_container_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Container City in <a href="/wiki/Cholula,_Puebla#Landmarks" title="Cholula, Puebla">Cholula</a>, Mexico uses fifty old sea containers for 4,500 m2 (48,000 sq ft) of workshops, restaurants, galleries, etc., as well as some homes.</figcaption></figure> Half the containers that enter the United States leave empty.<a href="#cite_note-140">[128]</a> Their value in the US is lower than in China, so they are sometimes used for other purposes. This is typically but not always at the end of their voyaging lives. The US military often used its <a href="/wiki/Conex_container" class="mw-redirect" title="Conex container">Conex containers</a> as on-site storage, or easily transportable housing for command staff and medical clinics.<a href="#cite_note-141">[129]</a> Nearly all of the more than 150,000 Conex containers shipped to Vietnam remained in the country, primarily as storage or other mobile facilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonograph_7:_Containerization19709–11-29">[26]</a> Permanent or semi-permanent placement of containers for storage is common. A regular forty-foot container has about 4,000 kg (8,818 lb) of steel, which takes 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt-hour" title="Kilowatt-hour">kWh</a> (28,800 <a href="/wiki/Megajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Megajoule">MJ</a>) of energy to melt down. Repurposing used shipping containers is increasingly a practical solution to both social and ecological problems. <a href="/wiki/Shipping_container_architecture" title="Shipping container architecture">Shipping container architecture</a> employs used shipping containers as the main framing of modular home designs, where the steel may be an integrated part of the design, or be camouflaged into a traditional looking home. They have also been used to make temporary shops, cafes, and <a href="/wiki/Modular_data_center" title="Modular data center">computer datacenters</a>, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Modular_Datacenter" title="Sun Modular Datacenter">Sun Modular Datacenter</a>. Intermodal containers are not <a href="/wiki/Structural_integrity_and_failure" title="Structural integrity and failure">strong enough</a> for conversion to underground bunkers without additional bracing, as the walls cannot sustain much lateral pressure and will collapse.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Also, the wooden floor of many used containers could contain some fumigation residues, rendering them unsuitable as confined spaces, such as for prison cells or bunkers. Cleaning or replacing the wood floor can make these used containers habitable, with proper attention to such essential issues as ventilation and insulation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single-time_use">Single-time use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Single-time use">edit</a>]</div> The City of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> has deployed containers for the disablement of <a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">unexploded ordnance</a>: either <a href="/wiki/Flexible_intermediate_bulk_container" title="Flexible intermediate bulk container">FIBCs</a> filled with sand or <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_bulk_container" title="Intermediate bulk container">IBCs</a> filled with water. When the bomb squad performs controlled detonations, such prepared containers absorb shock and fragments.<a href="#cite_note-142">[130]</a> This use requires level, load-bearing ground. The deformed containers are unsuitable for further circulation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_standards">International standards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: International standards">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISO_Container_Seal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/ISO_Container_Seal.JPG/220px-ISO_Container_Seal.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/ISO_Container_Seal.JPG/330px-ISO_Container_Seal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/ISO_Container_Seal.JPG/440px-ISO_Container_Seal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Tamper seal on the door locking bar handles of an ISO container</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASTM" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM">ASTM</a> D5728-00 Standard Practices for Securement of Cargo in Intermodal and Unimodal Surface Transport</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">ISO 668</a>:2013 Series 1 freight containers – Classification, dimensions and ratings</li> <li>ISO 830:1999 Freight containers – Vocabulary</li> <li>ISO 1161:1984 Series 1 freight containers – Corner fittings – Specification</li> <li>ISO 1496 – Series 1 freight containers – Specification and testing <ul><li>ISO 1496-1:2013 – Part 1: General cargo containers for general purposes</li> <li>ISO 1496-2:2008 – Part 2: Thermal containers</li> <li>ISO 1496-3:1995 – Part 3: Tank containers for liquids, gases, and pressurized dry bulk</li> <li>ISO 1496-4:1991 – Part 4: Non-pressurized container for dry bulk</li> <li>ISO 1496-5:1991 – Part 5: Platform and platform based containers</li></ul></li> <li>ISO 2308:1972 Hooks for lifting freight containers of up to 30 tonnes capacity – Basic requirements</li> <li>ISO 3874:1997 Series 1 freight containers – Handling and securing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">ISO 6346</a>:1995 Freight containers – Coding, identification and marking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">ISO 9897</a>:1997 Freight containers – Container equipment data exchange (CEDEX) – General communication codes</li> <li>ISO/TS 10891:2009 Freight containers – Radio frequency identification (RFID) – Licence plate tag</li> <li>ISO 14829:2002 Freight containers – Straddle carriers for freight container handling – Calculation of stability</li> <li>ISO 17363:2007 Supply chain applications of RFID – Freight containers</li> <li>ISO/PAS 17712:2006 Freight containers – Mechanical seals</li> <li>ISO 18185-2:2007 Freight containers – Electronic seals</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Box" title="BBC Box">BBC Box</a> – shipping container tracked by the BBC from September 2008 to April 2009Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxpark" title="Boxpark">Boxpark</a> – Food/retail park made from shipping containers Mall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflat" title="Conflat">Conflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_chassis" title="Container chassis">Container chassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">Container ship</a> – Ship that carries cargo in intermodal containers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containerization#Other_container_system_standards" title="Containerization">Containerization</a> – Intermodal freight transport system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_port_design_process" title="Container port design process">Container port design process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Convention_on_Containers" title="Customs Convention on Containers">Customs Convention on Containers</a> – 1956 United Nations and International Maritime Organization treaty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-stack_rail_transport" title="Double-stack rail transport">Double-stack rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Container" title="GWR Container">GWR Container</a> – British railway company's goods containers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-box_connector" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-box connector">Inter-box connector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_bulk_container" title="Intermediate bulk container">Intermediate bulk container</a> – Industrial-grade storage and transport container for fluids and solids</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_Vehicle_System" title="Logistics Vehicle System">Logistics Vehicle System</a> – American military vehicle family</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIL-STD-129" title="MIL-STD-129">MIL-STD-129</a> – military standard of the United States of AmericaPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NYC_container" title="NYC container">New York Central container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RACE_(container)" title="RACE (container)">RACE</a> – shipping containerPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re:START" title="Re:START">Re:START</a> – Temporary mall in Christchurch, New Zealand Mall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_container#Re-use" title="Shipping container">Re-use</a> – Heavy duty container used for shipping</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_container" title="Roller container">Roller container</a> – Type of container that can be carried by trucks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_trailer" title="Roll trailer">Roll trailer</a> – auxiliary vehicle used to transport heavy goodsPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECU_(container)" title="SECU (container)">SECU</a> – Stora Enso Cargo Unit, a type of shipping containerPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">Shipping container</a> – Heavy duty container used for shipping</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stowage_plan_for_container_ships" title="Stowage plan for container ships">Stowage plan for container ships</a> – Methods of organizing and loading containers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_load" title="Unit load">Unit load</a> – Size of assemblage into which individual items are combined for ease of storage & handling</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Up from an estimated 18.6 million in 2011<a href="#cite_note-WorldCouncilSupply-8">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> 8 ft 6 in length, 6 ft 3 in width and 6 ft <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">10+1⁄2 in height, and 9000 lb capacity<a href="#cite_note-Heinsthesis-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Some sources also mention a 12-foot version.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> The Containerisation International Market Analysis Report: World Container Census 2012, and the Drewry Maritime Research report: Container Census 2012<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Originally "COR-TEN", a trademark of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Steel Corporation">U.S. Steel Corporation</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Using "standard" to mean "standard height", as intended within the ISO 668 standard,<a href="#cite_note-ISO668-51">[46]</a> as opposed to meaning "dry van" or "general purpose" container.<a href="#cite_note-CSIUcontainerfleet-6">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Up from an estimated 34.5 million TEU in 2013<a href="#cite_note-ShipCouncilFleet-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Heavy 1 TEU containers are habitually stacked low in a vessel, both for the stability of a ship (keep the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of gravity">center of gravity</a> low), as well as being often used under long term contracts, providing financial stability.<a href="#cite_note-Upply19-66">[59]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Infrequently there are two sets,<a href="#cite_note-68">[60]</a> an outer set which may be used for loaded handling, and an inner set only for unloaded handling, by smaller forklifts.<a href="#cite_note-ISO1496-1-69">[61]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Frequently used abbreviations for the most common ISO 6346 types are: GP (General Purpose), HC / HQ (High Cube), OT (Open Top), RF (Refrigerated), RK (Rack) and TK (Tank).<a href="#cite_note-73">[64]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> The term "Series 1" in the standards' names expresses the interrelated nature of the standards, leaving room for another such series in the future. In 2012, Michel Hennemand, president of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_International_des_Containers" title="Bureau International des Containers">International Container Bureau (BIC)</a>, and chair of ISO Technical committee 104, subcommittee SC 1: General purpose containers, asked whether the time has come to develop a new series of standards on containers (Series 2), to accommodate new sizes like American 53-foot and European Pallet-wide containers. 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Pojazdy Szynowe (in Polish). 2: 1–14. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0138-0370">0138-0370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pojazdy+Szynowe&rft.atitle=Wymagania+Organizacyjne+Stosowania+Systemu+ACTS&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0138-0370&rft.aulast=Lewandowski&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F269251044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermodal+container" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Intermodal Marine Container Transportation: Impediments and Opportunities, Issue 236 // <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">National Research Council</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmZsxfFs-zIC&pg=PA18">The container revolution</a> (page 18): "This [Army] box in turn served as a model for the small containers that most major ship operators began using during the late 1940s and early 1950s. These however, were mainly loaded and unloaded at the docks, and not used intermodally." </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150720104152/http://www.transportation.army.mil/museum/transportation%20museum/CONEX.htm">"History & Development of the Container – The 'Transporter', predecessor to the CONEX"</a>. transportation.army.mil. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Transportation_Museum" title="U.S. Army Transportation Museum">U.S. Army Transportation Museum</a>. 15 May 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transportation.army.mil/museum/transportation%20museum/CONEX.htm">the original</a> on 20 July 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=transportation.army.mil&rft.atitle=History+%26+Development+of+the+Container+%E2%80%93+The+%27Transporter%27%2C+predecessor+to+the+CONEX&rft.date=2013-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transportation.army.mil%2Fmuseum%2Ftransportation%2520museum%2FCONEX.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermodal+container" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heinsthesis-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heinsthesis_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heinsthesis_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heinsthesis_21-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeins2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Heins, Matthew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/102480/mheins_1.pdf">"2"</a> (PDF). The Shipping Container and the Globalization of American Infrastructure (dissertation). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. p. 15. Retrieved 21 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Shipping+Container+and+the+Globalization+of+American+Infrastructure&rft.inst=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Heins&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2027.42%2F102480%2Fmheins_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermodal+container" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson2006" class="citation book cs1">Levinson, Marc (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boxhowshippin00levi/page/127">"Chapter 7: Setting the Standard"</a>. The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boxhowshippin00levi/page/127">127</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12324-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12324-0"><bdi>978-0-691-12324-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+Setting+the+Standard&rft.btitle=The+Box%3A+How+the+Shipping+Container+Made+the+World+Smaller+and+the+World+Economy+Bigger&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12324-0&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fboxhowshippin00levi%2Fpage%2F127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermodal+container" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Hamvan_HamRijsenbrij20128-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Hamvan_HamRijsenbrij20128_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Hamvan_HamRijsenbrij20128_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Hamvan_HamRijsenbrij2012">van Ham, van Ham & Rijsenbrij (2012)</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonograph_7:_Containerization197010-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonograph_7:_Containerization197010_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonograph_7:_Containerization1970">Monograph 7: Containerization (1970)</a>, p. 10, "The dimensions of the CONEX II are 75 by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">82+1⁄2 by 102 in. The CONEX container is a metal reusable shipping box. The most common type has a 295-cu. ft. capacity, is about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">8+2⁄2 by 6 by 7 ft, and can carry 9,000 lbs. The dimensions of the Half-CONEX or CONEX I container are 75 by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">82+1⁄2 by 51 in." </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanagan2011" class="citation book cs1">Flanagan, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nuTu4FIZdhoC&pg=PA7">"Fleeing G.o.D."</a>. Falloff. AuthorHouse. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4670-7295-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4670-7295-3"><bdi>978-1-4670-7295-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fleeing+G.o.D.&rft.btitle=Falloff&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4670-7295-3&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnuTu4FIZdhoC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermodal+container" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_J._Everhart2014" class="citation web cs1">Michael J. Everhart (7 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://everhartfamily.com/vietnam1970.html">"My Vietnam Tour – 1970"</a>. Retrieved 21 July 2015. <q>CONEX ... container that ... was about 7' high by 8' wide and about 12' long...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+Vietnam+Tour+%E2%80%93+1970&rft.date=2014-07-07&rft.au=Michael+J.+Everhart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feverhartfamily.com%2Fvietnam1970.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermodal+container" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonograph_7:_Containerization19709–11-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonograph_7:_Containerization19709–11_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonograph_7:_Containerization19709–11_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonograph_7:_Containerization1970">Monograph 7: Containerization (1970)</a>, pp. 9–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson" class="citation book cs1">Levinson, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122131825/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9383.html">"Chapter 1: The World the Box Made"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Box:_How_the_Shipping_Container_Made_the_World_Smaller_and_the_World_Economy_Bigger" class="mw-redirect" title="The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger">The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger</a>. Princeton University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9383.html">the original</a> on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+The+World+the+Box+Made&rft.btitle=The+Box%3A+How+the+Shipping+Container+Made+the+World+Smaller+and+the+World+Economy+Bigger&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fchapters%2Fs9383.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermodal+container" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGittins2006" class="citation web cs1">Gittins, Ross (12 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/business/how-the-invention-of-a-box-changed-our-world/2006/06/11/1149964409162.html">"How the invention of a box changed our world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a>. Retrieved 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=How+the+invention+of+a+box+changed+our+world&rft.date=2006-06-12&rft.aulast=Gittins&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fhow-the-invention-of-a-box-changed-our-world%2F2006%2F06%2F11%2F1149964409162.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermodal+container" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Hamvan_HamRijsenbrij201214-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Hamvan_HamRijsenbrij201214_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Hamvan_HamRijsenbrij2012">van Ham, van Ham & Rijsenbrij (2012)</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Hamvan_HamRijsenbrij201218-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Hamvan_HamRijsenbrij201218_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Hamvan_HamRijsenbrij2012">van Ham, van Ham & Rijsenbrij (2012)</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Hamvan_HamRijsenbrij201220-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Hamvan_HamRijsenbrij201220_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Hamvan_HamRijsenbrij2012">van Ham, van Ham & Rijsenbrij (2012)</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-vox_article-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vox_article_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vox_article_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vox_article_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vox_article_35-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilweil2021" class="citation web cs1">Heilweil, Rebecca (14 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/recode/22832884/shipping-containers-amazon-supply-chain">"The history of the metal box that's wrecking the supply chain"</a>. Vox.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=The+history+of+the+metal+box+that%27s+wrecking+the+supply+chain&rft.date=2021-12-14&rft.aulast=Heilweil&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Frecode%2F22832884%2Fshipping-containers-amazon-supply-chain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermodal+container" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCudahy2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Cudahy, Brian J. (September–December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/trnews/trnews246.pdf">"The Containership Revolution: Malcom McLean's 1956 Innovation Goes Global"</a> (PDF). TR News. No. 246. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190442/http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/trnews/trnews246.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TR+News&rft.atitle=The+Containership+Revolution%3A+Malcom+McLean%27s+1956+Innovation+Goes+Global&rft.issue=246&rft.date=2006-09%2F2006-12&rft.aulast=Cudahy&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinepubs.trb.org%2Fonlinepubs%2Ftrnews%2Ftrnews246.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermodal+container" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Hamvan_HamRijsenbrij201226-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Hamvan_HamRijsenbrij201226_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Hamvan_HamRijsenbrij2012">van Ham, van Ham & Rijsenbrij (2012)</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartsch" class="citation web cs1">Bartsch, Butsri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130608071732/http://www.transport-bbhandel.de/en/blog/detail/sCategory/199/blogArticle/21">"Sea freight – somehow antique yet modern!"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transport-bbhandel.de/en/blog/detail/sCategory/199/blogArticle/21#">the original</a> on 8 June 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sea+freight+%E2%80%93+somehow+antique+yet+modern%21&rft.aulast=Bartsch&rft.aufirst=Butsri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transport-bbhandel.de%2Fen%2Fblog%2Fdetail%2FsCategory%2F199%2FblogArticle%2F21%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermodal+container" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130710214258/http://www.imo.org/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-Safe-Containers-(CSC).aspx">"International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC) – Adoption: 2 December 1972; Entry into force: 6 September 1977"</a>. International Maritime Organisation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imo.org/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-Safe-Containers-(CSC).aspx">the original</a> on 10 July 2013. 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Retrieved 18 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22operating+Room+in+a+Box%22+Unfolds&rft.date=2004-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdefensetech.org%2F2004%2F09%2F09%2Foperating-room-in-a-box-unfolds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermodal+container" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2010" class="citation news cs1">Harding, Thomas (25 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/7632543/A-cruise-missile-in-a-shipping-box-on-sale-to-rogue-bidders.html">"A cruise missile in a shipping box on sale to rogue bidders"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323074421/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/7632543/A-cruise-missile-in-a-shipping-box-on-sale-to-rogue-bidders.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+cruise+missile+in+a+shipping+box+on+sale+to+rogue+bidders&rft.date=2010-04-25&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Frussia%2F7632543%2FA-cruise-missile-in-a-shipping-box-on-sale-to-rogue-bidders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermodal+container" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurowater.com/products/water_treatment_in_container.aspx">"Water treatment in container"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019050055/http://www.eurowater.com/products/water_treatment_in_container.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water+treatment+in+container&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurowater.com%2Fproducts%2Fwater_treatment_in_container.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermodal+container" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111216094225/http://cumminspower.com/www/literature/brochures/powerBox-20X-FINAL-Apr09-en.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cumminspower.com/www/literature/brochures/powerBox-20X-FINAL-Apr09-en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcumminspower.com%2Fwww%2Fliterature%2Fbrochures%2FpowerBox-20X-FINAL-Apr09-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermodal+container" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) pg3 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi2879.htm">"No. 2879: Empty Shipping Containers"</a>. uh.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uh.edu&rft.atitle=No.+2879%3A+Empty+Shipping+Containers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uh.edu%2Fengines%2Fepi2879.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermodal+container" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150223214145/http://swampfox.info/miltermsgloss/complete_glossary.html">"Glossary of Military Terminology"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swampfox.info/miltermsgloss/complete_glossary.html">the original</a> on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Military+Terminology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swampfox.info%2Fmiltermsgloss%2Fcomplete_glossary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermodal+container" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.DW.com/en/germany-4-world-war-ii-bombs-prompt-evacuation-in-g%C3%B6ttingen/a-56393748">"Göttingen: 4 World War II bombs prompt evacuation"</a>. Deutsche Welle. 31 January 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2023. <q>Bomb disposal experts set up protective barricades around the site, including stacked shipping containers filled with special water balloons to absorb the explosion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=G%C3%B6ttingen%3A+4+World+War+II+bombs+prompt+evacuation&rft.date=2021-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.DW.com%2Fen%2Fgermany-4-world-war-ii-bombs-prompt-evacuation-in-g%25C3%25B6ttingen%2Fa-56393748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermodal+container" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Hamvan_HamRijsenbrij2012" class="citation book cs1">van Ham, Hans; van Ham, J.C.; Rijsenbrij, Joan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CgQmkTczzPwC">Development of Containerization</a>. Amsterdam: <a href="/wiki/IOS_Press" title="IOS Press">IOS Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6149-9146-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6149-9146-5"><bdi>978-1-6149-9146-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+of+Containerization&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-6149-9146-5&rft.aulast=van+Ham&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=van+Ham%2C+J.C.&rft.au=Rijsenbrij%2C+Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCgQmkTczzPwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermodal+container" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CgQmkTczzPwC&pg=PA8">page 8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CgQmkTczzPwC&pg=PA14">page 14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CgQmkTczzPwC&pg=PA18">page 18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CgQmkTczzPwC&pg=PA20">page 20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CgQmkTczzPwC&pg=PA26">page 26</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonograph_7:_Containerization1970" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721230641/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/877965.pdf">Monograph 7: Containerization</a> (PDF) (Report). Logistic Support in the Vietnam Era. US DoD Joint Logistics Review Board. 15 December 1970. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/877965.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Monograph+7%3A+Containerization&rft.series=Logistic+Support+in+the+Vietnam+Era&rft.pub=US+DoD+Joint+Logistics+Review+Board&rft.date=1970-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2F877965.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermodal+container" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Donovan, Arthur & Bonney, Joseph. The Box That Changed the World, East Windsor, New Jersey, Commonwealth Business Media, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891131-95-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-891131-95-0">978-1-891131-95-0</a></li> <li>George, Rose. <a href="/wiki/Ninety_Percent_of_Everything" title="Ninety Percent of Everything">Ninety Percent of Everything: Inside Shipping, the Invisible Industry That Puts Clothes on Your Back, Gas in Your Car, and Food on Your Plate</a> (2013), describes typical sea voyage <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0805092633/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO), Freight containers, Volume 34 of ISO standards handbook, International Organization for Standardization, 4th edition, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-67-10426-8" title="Special:BookSources/92-67-10426-8">92-67-10426-8</a></li> <li>Levinson, Marc. <a href="/wiki/The_Box:_How_the_Shipping_Container_Made_the_World_Smaller_and_the_World_Economy_Bigger" class="mw-redirect" title="The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger">The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger</a>, Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-12324-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-12324-1">0-691-12324-1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WDN5omS5LO0C">excerpt and text search</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_container&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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class="external text" href="https://www.bic-code.org/">Bureau International des Containers et du Transport Intermodal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admiraltylawguide.com/conven/containers1972.html">International Convention for Safe Containers (Geneva, 2 December 1972)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Containers344" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Containers" title="Template:Containers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Containers" title="Template talk:Containers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Containers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Containers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Containers344" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Container" title="Container">Containers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol_spray" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerosol spray">Aerosol spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_bottle" title="Aluminium bottle">Aluminium bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminum_can" title="Aluminum can">Aluminum can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampoule" title="Ampoule">Ampoule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antistatic_bag" title="Antistatic bag">Antistatic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag" title="Bag">Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag-in-box" title="Bag-in-box">Bag-in-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_container" title="Waste container">Bin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_bag" title="Biodegradable bag">Biodegradable bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">Blister pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_bag" title="Body bag">Body bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle" title="Bottle">Bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box" title="Box">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucket" title="Bucket">Bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_box" title="Bulk box">Bulk box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage" title="Cage">Cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_canister" title="Water canister">Canister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_(goods)" title="Case (goods)">Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboy" title="Carboy">Carboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carton" title="Carton">Carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">Cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chub_(container)" title="Chub (container)">Chub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamshell_(container)" title="Clamshell (container)">Clamshell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin" title="Coffin">Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crate" title="Crate">Crate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiccator" title="Desiccator">Desiccator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewar_flask" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewar flask">Dewar flask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_(container)" title="Drum (container)">Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">Envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagon" title="Flagon">Flagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_flask" title="Vacuum flask">Flask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_intermediate_bulk_container" title="Flexible intermediate bulk container">Flexible intermediate bulk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding_carton" title="Folding carton">Folding carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_storage_container" title="Food storage container">Food storage container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Garbage bag">Garbage bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">Gas cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growler_(jug)" title="Growler (jug)">Growler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulated_shipping_container" title="Insulated shipping container">Insulated shipping container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_bulk_container" title="Intermediate bulk container">Intermediate bulk container</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intermodal container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar" title="Jar">Jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerrycan" title="Jerrycan">Jerrycan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug" title="Jug">Jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicebox_(container)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juicebox (container)">Juicebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keg" title="Keg">Keg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dbako" title="Kōbako">Kōbako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-pack" title="Multi-pack">Multi-pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padded_mailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Padded mailer">Padded mailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pail_(container)" title="Pail (container)">Pail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">Plastic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Plastic bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket" title="Pocket">Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowerpot" title="Flowerpot">Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_pouch" title="Stand-up pouch">Pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel" title="Pressure vessel">Pressure vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_popcorn" title="Microwave popcorn">Popcorn bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_flask" title="Nuclear flask">Nuclear flask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retort_pouch" title="Retort pouch">Retort pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachet" title="Sachet">Sachet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunny_sack" title="Gunny sack">Gunny sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_sack" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper sack">Paper sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-heating_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-heating can">Self-heating can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-heating_food_packaging" title="Self-heating food packaging">Self-heating food packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">Shipping container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_pack" title="Skin pack">Skin pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_bottle" title="Spray bottle">Spray bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_milk_jug" title="Square milk jug">Square milk jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin can">Tin can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_pouch" title="Tobacco pouch">Tobacco pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_(container)" title="Tube (container)">Tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_load" title="Unit load">Unit load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vial" title="Vial">Vial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_box" title="Wooden box">Wooden box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipper_storage_bag" title="Zipper storage bag">Zipper storage bag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Containers" title="Category:Containers">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Containers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Containers">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:People_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/25px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/38px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/50px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Containers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Containers">WikiProject Containers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Intermodal_containers205" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intermodal_containers" title="Template:Intermodal containers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intermodal_containers" title="Template talk:Intermodal containers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intermodal_containers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intermodal containers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Intermodal_containers205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intermodal containers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">Intermodal freight transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_International_des_Containers" title="Bureau International des Containers">Bureau International des Containers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">ISO 6346 (BIC code)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">Twenty-foot equivalent unit</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Container_01_KMJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red 40 ft shipping container"><img alt="Red 40 ft shipping container" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Container_01_KMJ.jpg/80px-Container_01_KMJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Container_01_KMJ.jpg/120px-Container_01_KMJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Container_01_KMJ.jpg/160px-Container_01_KMJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="654" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Container_chassis" title="Container chassis">Chassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">Container ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-stack_rail_transport" title="Double-stack rail transport">Double-stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drayage" title="Drayage">Drayage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatcar#Intermodal_freight_use" title="Flatcar">Flatcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_car" title="Well car">Well car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Container_port" title="Container port">Container port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_crane" title="Container crane">Container crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reach_stacker" title="Reach stacker">Reach stacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tyred_gantry_crane" title="Rubber tyred gantry crane">Rubber tyred gantry crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidelifter" title="Sidelifter">Sidelifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straddle_carrier" title="Straddle carrier">Straddle carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_tractor" title="Terminal tractor">Terminal tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twistlock" title="Twistlock">Twistlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_spreader" title="Container spreader">Container spreader</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerated_container" title="Refrigerated container">Refrigerated container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECU_(container)" title="SECU (container)">SECU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_container" title="Tank container">Tank container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_rack_container" title="Flat rack container">Flat rack container</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Box_(Levinson_book)" title="The Box (Levinson book)">The Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Box" title="BBC Box">BBC Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_(board_game)" title="Container (board game)">Container (board game)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Shipping_Council" title="World Shipping Council">Container Shipping Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_container_architecture" title="Shipping container architecture">Shipping container architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Modular_Datacenter" title="Sun Modular Datacenter">Sun Modular Datacenter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rail_transport_freight_rolling_stock93" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Freight_cars" title="Template:Freight cars"><abbr title="View 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<li><a href="/wiki/Flatcar#Specialized_types" title="Flatcar">Specialized flatcars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transporter_wagon" title="Transporter wagon">Transporter wagon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-revenue equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballast_cleaner" title="Ballast cleaner">Ballast cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballast_regulator" title="Ballast regulator">Ballast regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_van" title="Brake van">Brake van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caboose" title="Caboose">Caboose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_car" title="Clearance car">Clearance car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_(rail)" title="Crane (rail)">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_car" title="Crew car">Crew car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excavator" title="Excavator">Excavator</a></li> 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