CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Performing arts - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"25ec36ec-de57-43be-a760-1b2ffdac510e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Performing_arts","wgTitle":"Performing arts","wgCurRevisionId":1256853948,"wgRevisionId":1256853948,"wgArticleId":22938,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","All articles with bare URLs for citations","Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2023","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2019","Articles needing additional references from May 2018","All articles needing additional references","Articles containing French-language text", "Articles to be expanded from February 2021","All articles to be expanded","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023","Performing arts","Entertainment"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Performing_arts","wgRelevantArticleId":22938,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain": false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q184485","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready", "wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Labudovo_jezero%2C_Balet_SNP-a%2C_Jelena_Le%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C_Andrej_Kol%C4%8Deriju%2C_foto_M._Polzovi%C4%87.jpg/1200px-Labudovo_jezero%2C_Balet_SNP-a%2C_Jelena_Le%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C_Andrej_Kol%C4%8Deriju%2C_foto_M._Polzovi%C4%87.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="803"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Labudovo_jezero%2C_Balet_SNP-a%2C_Jelena_Le%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C_Andrej_Kol%C4%8Deriju%2C_foto_M._Polzovi%C4%87.jpg/800px-Labudovo_jezero%2C_Balet_SNP-a%2C_Jelena_Le%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C_Andrej_Kol%C4%8Deriju%2C_foto_M._Polzovi%C4%87.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="536"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Labudovo_jezero%2C_Balet_SNP-a%2C_Jelena_Le%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C_Andrej_Kol%C4%8Deriju%2C_foto_M._Polzovi%C4%87.jpg/640px-Labudovo_jezero%2C_Balet_SNP-a%2C_Jelena_Le%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C_Andrej_Kol%C4%8Deriju%2C_foto_M._Polzovi%C4%87.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="429"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Performing arts - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_arts"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_arts"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Performing_arts rootpage-Performing_arts skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Performing+arts" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Performing+arts" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Performing+arts" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Performing+arts" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Performers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Performers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Western performing arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Postwar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>African performing arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>North Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>West Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Eastern performing arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>West Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.6</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.7</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.8</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_performing_arts_in_the_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_performing_arts_in_the_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>History of performing arts in the Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_performing_arts_in_the_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_performing_arts_in_Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_performing_arts_in_Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>History of performing arts in Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_performing_arts_in_Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Performing arts</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uitvoerende_kunste" title="Uitvoerende kunste – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Uitvoerende kunste" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فنون تعبيرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فنون تعبيرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A8ct%C3%A2cllo" title="Spèctâcllo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Spèctâcllo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artes_esc%C3%A9niques" title="Artes escéniques – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Artes escéniques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="পরিবেশন শিল্পকলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরিবেশন শিল্পকলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="शारीरिक कला – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="शारीरिक कला" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сценично изкуство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сценично изкуство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenska_umjetnost" title="Scenska umjetnost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Scenska umjetnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzo%C3%B9_an_arvest" title="Arzoù an arvest – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arzoù an arvest" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_esc%C3%A8niques" title="Arts escèniques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arts escèniques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAzick%C3%A1_um%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Múzická umění – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Múzická umění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenekunst" title="Scenekunst – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Scenekunst" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darstellende_Kunst" title="Darstellende Kunst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Darstellende Kunst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etenduskunstid" title="Etenduskunstid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Etenduskunstid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Τέχνες του θεάματος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τέχνες του θεάματος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artes_esc%C3%A9nicas" title="Artes escénicas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Artes escénicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_eszeniko" title="Arte eszeniko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arte eszeniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="هنرهای نمایشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنرهای نمایشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectacle_vivant" title="Spectacle vivant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Spectacle vivant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artes_esc%C3%A9nicas" title="Artes escénicas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Artes escénicas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%9E%E8%87%BA%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="舞臺藝術 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="舞臺藝術" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%97%B0_%EC%98%88%EC%88%A0" title="공연 예술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공연 예술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_zane-zane" title="Yin zane-zane – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yin zane-zane" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="निष्पादन कलाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निष्पादन कलाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenska_umjetnost" title="Scenska umjetnost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Scenska umjetnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_pertunjukan" title="Seni pertunjukan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seni pertunjukan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svi%C3%B0slistir" title="Sviðslistir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sviðslistir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arti_performative" title="Arti performative – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arti performative" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%94" title="אמנות הבמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמנות הבמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artys-Gwrythya" title="Artys-Gwrythya – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Artys-Gwrythya" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_s%C3%A8n" title="La sèn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="La sèn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektak_vivan" title="Spektak vivan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Spektak vivan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_activa" title="Ars activa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ars activa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izpild%C4%ABt%C4%81jm%C4%81ksla" title="Izpildītājmāksla – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Izpildītājmāksla" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenos_menas" title="Scenos menas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Scenos menas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podiumkunste" title="Podiumkunste – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Podiumkunste" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C5%91ad%C3%B3-m%C5%B1v%C3%A9szet" title="Előadó-művészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Előadó-művészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Сценска уметност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сценска уметност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="പ്രകടന കലകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രകടന കലകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_persembahan" title="Seni persembahan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Seni persembahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaravi_cakacakaniliga" title="Qaravi cakacakaniliga – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Qaravi cakacakaniliga" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podiumkunsten" title="Podiumkunsten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Podiumkunsten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%9E%E5%8F%B0%E8%8A%B8%E8%A1%93" title="舞台芸術 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="舞台芸術" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalkonst" title="Spalkonst – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Spalkonst" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenekunst" title="Scenekunst – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Scenekunst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ut%C3%B8vande_kunst" title="Utøvande kunst – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Utøvande kunst" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectacle" title="Espectacle – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Espectacle" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_(%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B8)" title="ਮੰਚੀ ਕਲਾਵਾਂ (ਪ੍ਰਫਾਰਮਿੰਗ ਆਰਟਸ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੰਚੀ ਕਲਾਵਾਂ (ਪ੍ਰਫਾਰਮਿੰਗ ਆਰਟਸ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%B9%D8%B3" title="پرفارمنگ آرٹس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرفارمنگ آرٹس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pofaamin_aats" title="Pofaamin aats – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Pofaamin aats" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artes_c%C3%A9nicas" title="Artes cénicas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Artes cénicas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artele_spectacolului" title="Artele spectacolului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Artele spectacolului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%A3%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Сценичны умѣня – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сценичны умѣня" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Исполнительские искусства – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исполнительские искусства" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBatino_galuega" title="Faʻatino galuega – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻatino galuega" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artet_skenike" title="Artet skenike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Artet skenike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ප්‍රාසාංගික කලාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රාසාංගික කලාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Performing arts" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Сценска уметност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сценска уметност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenska_umjetnost" title="Scenska umjetnost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Scenska umjetnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esitt%C3%A4v%C3%A4_taide" title="Esittävä taide – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Esittävä taide" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenkonst" title="Scenkonst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Scenkonst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sining-pagganap" title="Sining-pagganap – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sining-pagganap" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="நிகழ்த்து கலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிகழ்த்து கலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="నృత్యరూపకం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నృత్యరూపకం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87" title="ศิลปะการแสดง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศิลปะการแสดง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakahoko_%CA%BBo_e_%CA%BB%C4%81ti" title="Fakahoko ʻo e ʻāti – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Fakahoko ʻo e ʻāti" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6steri_sanatlar%C4%B1" title="Gösteri sanatları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gösteri sanatları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Театральне мистецтво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Театральне мистецтво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%B9%D8%B3" title="پرفارمنگ آرٹس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پرفارمنگ آرٹس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_thu%E1%BA%ADt_bi%E1%BB%83u_di%E1%BB%85n" title="Nghệ thuật biểu diễn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nghệ thuật biểu diễn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagios_nga_arte" title="Nagios nga arte – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nagios nga arte" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E6%BC%94%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="表演艺术 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="表演艺术" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E6%BC%94%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="表演藝術 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="表演藝術" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E6%BC%94%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="表演艺术 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="表演艺术" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184485#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Performing_arts" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Performing_arts" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Performing_arts" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&oldid=1256853948" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Performing_arts&id=1256853948&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPerforming_arts"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPerforming_arts"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Performing_arts&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Performing_arts" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184485" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Art forms involving live performance</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Performing_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Performing arts">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Performing+arts%22">"Performing arts"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Performing+arts%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Performing+arts%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Performing+arts%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Performing+arts%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Performing+arts%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:antiquewhite;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Performing_arts" title="Category:Performing arts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:antiquewhite;;display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Performing arts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">Acrobatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_circus_skills" title="List of circus skills">Circus skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mime_artist" title="Mime artist">Mime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">Stand-up comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_performance" title="Street performance">Street performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism">Ventriloquism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Performing_arts" title="Template:Performing arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Performing_arts" title="Template talk:Performing arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Performing_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Performing arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labudovo_jezero,_Balet_SNP-a,_Jelena_Le%C4%8Di%C4%87,_Andrej_Kol%C4%8Deriju,_foto_M._Polzovi%C4%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Labudovo_jezero%2C_Balet_SNP-a%2C_Jelena_Le%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C_Andrej_Kol%C4%8Deriju%2C_foto_M._Polzovi%C4%87.jpg/220px-Labudovo_jezero%2C_Balet_SNP-a%2C_Jelena_Le%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C_Andrej_Kol%C4%8Deriju%2C_foto_M._Polzovi%C4%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Labudovo_jezero%2C_Balet_SNP-a%2C_Jelena_Le%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C_Andrej_Kol%C4%8Deriju%2C_foto_M._Polzovi%C4%87.jpg/330px-Labudovo_jezero%2C_Balet_SNP-a%2C_Jelena_Le%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C_Andrej_Kol%C4%8Deriju%2C_foto_M._Polzovi%C4%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Labudovo_jezero%2C_Balet_SNP-a%2C_Jelena_Le%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C_Andrej_Kol%C4%8Deriju%2C_foto_M._Polzovi%C4%87.jpg/440px-Labudovo_jezero%2C_Balet_SNP-a%2C_Jelena_Le%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C_Andrej_Kol%C4%8Deriju%2C_foto_M._Polzovi%C4%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>performing arts</b> are <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">arts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a> which are performed for an audience.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are different from the <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual arts</a>, which involve the use of paint, canvas or various materials to create physical or static <a href="/wiki/Art_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Art objects">art objects</a>. Performing arts include a range of disciplines which are performed in front of a live audience, including theatre, music, and dance. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a>, music, gymnastics, <a href="/wiki/Object_manipulation" title="Object manipulation">object manipulation</a>, and other kinds of performances are present in all human cultures. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_music" title="History of music">history of music</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_dance" title="History of dance">dance</a> date to <a href="/wiki/Pre-historic_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-historic times">pre-historic times</a> whereas <a href="/wiki/Circus_skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Circus skills">circus skills</a> date to at least <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>. Many performing arts are performed professionally. Performance can be in purpose-built buildings, such as theatres and opera houses, on open air stages at festivals, on stages in tents such as circuses or on the street. </p><p>Live performances before an audience are a form of entertainment. The development of <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">audio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> recording has allowed for private consumption of the performing arts. The performing arts often aims to express one's emotions and feelings.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performers">Performers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Performers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Performer" and "Performers" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Performer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Performer (disambiguation)">Performer (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dancing_girls_in_concert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dancing_girls_in_concert.jpg/220px-Dancing_girls_in_concert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dancing_girls_in_concert.jpg/330px-Dancing_girls_in_concert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dancing_girls_in_concert.jpg/440px-Dancing_girls_in_concert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Two female dancers in <a href="/wiki/Sofia,_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofia, Bulgaria">Sofia, Bulgaria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Artists who participate in performing arts in front of an audience are called performers. Examples of these include <a href="/wiki/Actor" title="Actor">actors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comedian" title="Comedian">comedians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dancers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">magicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circus</a> artists, <a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">musicians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">singers</a>. Performing arts are also supported by workers in related fields, such as <a href="/wiki/Songwriting" class="mw-redirect" title="Songwriting">songwriting</a>, choreography and <a href="/wiki/Stagecraft" title="Stagecraft">stagecraft</a>. Performers often adapt their <a href="/wiki/Physical_appearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical appearance">appearance</a>, such as with <a href="/wiki/Costume" title="Costume">costumes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stage_makeup" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage makeup">stage makeup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">stage lighting</a>, and sound. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mckenna_Theater_Stage;_SUNY_@_New_Paltz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture of a Theatre, a place to showcase performances to audience." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mckenna_Theater_Stage%3B_SUNY_%40_New_Paltz.jpg/165px-Mckenna_Theater_Stage%3B_SUNY_%40_New_Paltz.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mckenna_Theater_Stage%3B_SUNY_%40_New_Paltz.jpg/248px-Mckenna_Theater_Stage%3B_SUNY_%40_New_Paltz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mckenna_Theater_Stage%3B_SUNY_%40_New_Paltz.jpg/331px-Mckenna_Theater_Stage%3B_SUNY_%40_New_Paltz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>McKenna Theatre Stage</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Performing arts may include dance, music, opera, theatre and musical theatre, <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">magic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">illusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mime">mime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">spoken word</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">puppetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circus_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Circus arts">circus arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">stand-up comedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">improv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">performance art</a>. </p><p>There is also a specialized form of fine art, in which the artists <i>perform</i> their work live to an audience. This is called <a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">performance art</a>. Most performance art also involves some form of <a href="/wiki/Plastic_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic art">plastic art</a>, perhaps in the creation of <a href="/wiki/Props" class="mw-redirect" title="Props">props</a>. Dance was often referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Plastic_arts" title="Plastic arts">plastic art</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">modern dance</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-dance_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dance-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></div> <p>Theatre is the branch of performing arts concerned with acting out stories in front of an audience, using a combination of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound, and spectacle. Any one or more of these elements is considered performing arts. In addition to the standard narrative dialogue style of plays, theater takes such forms as plays, musicals, opera, ballet, <a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">illusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mime_artist" title="Mime artist">mime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Indian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Indian dance">classical Indian dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">kabuki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mummers_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummers Play">mummers' plays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">improvisational theatre</a>, comedy, <a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomime</a>, and non-conventional or contemporary forms like <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_theatre" title="Postmodern theatre">postmodern theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postdramatic_theatre" title="Postdramatic theatre">postdramatic theatre</a>, or performance art. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chopiniana_Baku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chopiniana_Baku.jpg/220px-Chopiniana_Baku.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chopiniana_Baku.jpg/330px-Chopiniana_Baku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chopiniana_Baku.jpg/440px-Chopiniana_Baku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2808" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>Scene from the ballet <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Sylphides" title="Les Sylphides">Les Sylphides</a></i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>In the context of performing arts, dance generally refers to human <a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">movement</a>, typically rhythmic and to music, used as a form of audience entertainment in a performance setting. Definitions of what constitutes dance are dependent on <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">social</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic">artistic</a>, and moral constraints and range from functional movement (such as <a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">folk dance</a>) to codified, virtuoso techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mackrell_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mackrell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is one another modern form of dance that emerged in 19th- 20th century with the name of <a href="/wiki/Free_dance" title="Free dance">free dance</a> style. This form of dance was structured to create a harmonious personality which included features such as physical and spiritual freedom. <a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Isadora Duncan</a> was the first female dancer who argued about "woman of future" and developed novel vector of choreography using <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>'s idea of "supreme mind in free mind".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dance is a powerful impulse, but the art of dance is that impulse channeled by skillful performers into something that becomes intensely expressive and that may delight spectators who feel no wish to dance themselves. These two concepts of the art of dance—dance as a powerful impulse and dance as a skillfully choreographed art practiced largely by a professional few—are the two most important connecting ideas running through any consideration of the subject. In dance, the connection between the two concepts is stronger than in some other arts, and neither can exist without the other.<sup id="cite_ref-mackrell_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mackrell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Choreography" title="Choreography">Choreography</a> is the art of making dances, and the person who practices this art is called a choreographer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></div> <p>Music is an art form which combines <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>, rhythm, and <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">dynamic</a> to create sound. It can be performed using a variety of instruments and styles and is divided into genres such as <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, pop, and rock, etc. As an art form, music can occur in live or recorded formats, and can be <a href="/wiki/Rehearsal" title="Rehearsal">planned</a> or <a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">improvised.</a> </p><p>As music is a <a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">protean</a> art, it easily coordinates with words for songs as physical movements do in dance. Moreover, it has a capability of shaping human behaviors as it impacts our emotions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sophocles_pushkin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sophocles_pushkin.jpg/170px-Sophocles_pushkin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sophocles_pushkin.jpg/255px-Sophocles_pushkin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sophocles_pushkin.jpg/340px-Sophocles_pushkin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="1058" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_performing_arts">Western performing arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Western performing arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_art_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art history">Western art history</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Antitheatricality" title="Antitheatricality">Antitheatricality</a></div> <p>Starting in the 6th century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical period</a> of performing art began in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, ushered in by the tragic poets such as <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>. These poets wrote plays which, in some cases, incorporated dance (see <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic period</a> began the widespread use of comedy. </p><p>However, by the 6th century AD, Western performing arts had been largely ended as the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a> began. Between the 9th century and 14th century, performing art in the West was limited to <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> historical enactments and <a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">morality plays</a>, organized by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Church</a> in celebration of holy days and other important events. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></div> <p>In the 15th century performing arts, along with the arts in general, saw a revival as the Renaissance began in Italy and spread throughout Europe plays, some of which incorporated dance, which were performed and <a href="/wiki/Domenico_da_Piacenza" title="Domenico da Piacenza">Domenico da Piacenza</a> credited with the first use of the term <i>ballo</i> (in <i>De Arte Saltandi et Choreas Ducendi</i>) instead of <i>danza</i> (dance) for his <i>baletti</i> or <i>balli</i>. The term eventually became <i><a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a></i>. The first Ballet <i>per se</i> is thought to be <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_de_Beaujoyeulx" title="Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx">Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ballet_Comique_de_la_Reine" title="Ballet Comique de la Reine">Ballet Comique de la Reine</a> (1581). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Miel_%E2%80%93_Actors_from_the_Commedia_dell%E2%80%99Arte_on_a_Wagon_in_a_Town_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jan_Miel_%E2%80%93_Actors_from_the_Commedia_dell%E2%80%99Arte_on_a_Wagon_in_a_Town_Square.jpg/240px-Jan_Miel_%E2%80%93_Actors_from_the_Commedia_dell%E2%80%99Arte_on_a_Wagon_in_a_Town_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jan_Miel_%E2%80%93_Actors_from_the_Commedia_dell%E2%80%99Arte_on_a_Wagon_in_a_Town_Square.jpg/360px-Jan_Miel_%E2%80%93_Actors_from_the_Commedia_dell%E2%80%99Arte_on_a_Wagon_in_a_Town_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jan_Miel_%E2%80%93_Actors_from_the_Commedia_dell%E2%80%99Arte_on_a_Wagon_in_a_Town_Square.jpg/480px-Jan_Miel_%E2%80%93_Actors_from_the_Commedia_dell%E2%80%99Arte_on_a_Wagon_in_a_Town_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="1229" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a> troupe on a wagon</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Miel" title="Jan Miel">Jan Miel</a>, 1640</figcaption></figure> <p>By the mid-16th century <a href="/wiki/Commedia_Dell%27arte" class="mw-redirect" title="Commedia Dell'arte">Commedia Dell'arte</a> became popular in Europe, introducing the use of <a href="/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation">improvisation</a>. This period also introduced the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_masque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabethan masque (page does not exist)">Elizabethan masque</a>, featuring music, dance and elaborate costumes as well as professional theatrical companies in England. <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s plays in the late 16th century developed from this new class of professional performance. </p><p>In 1597, the first opera, <a href="/wiki/Dafne" title="Dafne">Dafne</a> was performed and throughout the 17th century, opera would rapidly become the entertainment of choice for the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> in most of Europe, and eventually for large numbers of people living in cities and towns throughout Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Proscenium_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Proscenium arch">proscenium arch</a> in Italy during the 17th century established the traditional theatre form that persists to this day. Meanwhile, in England, the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> forbade acting, bringing a halt to performing arts that lasted until 1660. After that, women began to appear in both French and English plays. The French introduced a formal dance instruction in the late 17th century. </p><p>It is also during this time that the first plays were performed in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American Colonies</a>. </p><p>During the 18th century, the introduction of the popular <a href="/wiki/Comic_opera" title="Comic opera">opera buffa</a> brought opera to the masses as an accessible form of performance. <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro" title="The Marriage of Figaro">The Marriage of Figaro</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a></i> are landmarks of the late 18th century opera. </p><p>At the turn of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic movement">Romantic movement</a> ushered in a new era that led first to the spectacles of <a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">grand opera</a> and then to the musical dramas of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i> (total work of art) of the operas of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> leading directly to the music of the 20th century. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaslav_Nijinsky,_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Vaslav_Nijinsky%2C_1912.jpg/170px-Vaslav_Nijinsky%2C_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Vaslav_Nijinsky%2C_1912.jpg/255px-Vaslav_Nijinsky%2C_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Vaslav_Nijinsky%2C_1912.jpg/340px-Vaslav_Nijinsky%2C_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Vaslav Nijinsky</a> dancing the Faun in <i><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_(Nijinsky)" title="Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)">L'après-midi d'un faune</a></i> (1912)</figcaption></figure> <p>The 19th century was a period of growth for the performing arts for all social classes, technical advances such as the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">gaslight</a> to theatres, <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesque</a>, minstrel dancing, and variety theatre. In ballet, women make great progress in the previously male-dominated art. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Modern dance</a> began in the late 19th century and early 20th century in response to the restrictions of traditional ballet. The arrival of <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Sergei Diaghilev</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a> (1909–1929) revolutionized ballet and the performing arts generally throughout the Western world, most importantly through Diaghilev's emphasis on collaboration, which brought choreographers, dancers, set designers/artists, composers and musicians together to revitalize and revolutionize ballet. It is extremely complex. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Stanislavski" title="Konstantin Stanislavski">Konstantin Stanislavski</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Stanislavski_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislavski System">"System"</a> revolutionized acting in the early 20th century, and continues to have a major influence on actors of stage and screen to the current day. Both <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">impressionism</a> and modern realism were introduced to the stage during this period. </p><p>With the invention of the motion picture in the late 19th century by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> and the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">motion picture industry in Hollywood</a> in the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> became a dominant performance medium throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a>, a cultural phenomenon of black America, rose to prominence in the early 20th century, influencing a range of later popular music styles internationally. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_Theatre_Show,_La_Chaux-de-Fonds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Street_Theatre_Show%2C_La_Chaux-de-Fonds.jpg/250px-Street_Theatre_Show%2C_La_Chaux-de-Fonds.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Street_Theatre_Show%2C_La_Chaux-de-Fonds.jpg/375px-Street_Theatre_Show%2C_La_Chaux-de-Fonds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Street_Theatre_Show%2C_La_Chaux-de-Fonds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>Modern street theatre performance in La Chaux-de-Fonds</figcaption></figure><p>In the 1930s <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rosenthal" title="Jean Rosenthal">Jean Rosenthal</a> introduced what would become modern <a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">stage lighting</a>, changing the nature of the stage as the <a href="/wiki/Broadway_musical" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadway musical">Broadway musical</a> became a phenomenon in the United States. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Postwar">Postwar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Postwar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Post-World War II performing arts were highlighted by the resurgence of both ballet and opera in the Western world. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a> dominated the performing arts during the 1970s and the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_performing_arts">African performing arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: African performing arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Indigenous African performance traditions are rooted in <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a>, storytelling, <a href="/wiki/African_dance" title="African dance">movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Performances were communal with the storytellers and audience interacting and participating in <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response" title="Call and response">call and response</a>, which is characterized by a vocalist singing a phrase that is then echoed or responded to with a new phrase by the other performers and/or audience. This ancient tradition is rooted in many African cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Africa">North Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: North Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest recorded theatrical event dates back to 2000 BC with the ceremonial plays of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>. The story of the god <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> was performed annually at festivals throughout the civilization, marking the known beginning of a long relationship between theatre and religion. The <a href="/wiki/Dramatic_Ramesseum_Papyrus" title="Dramatic Ramesseum Papyrus">Dramatic Ramesseum Papyrus</a>, the oldest surviving illustrated papyrus details the performance during the <a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Sed Festival</a> and has been used as evidence of the birth of theatrical tradition, which western scholars often attribute to ancient Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Africa">West Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: West Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">Griot</a> is a West African oral historian who uses storytelling, poetry, and music to express the genealogies and historical narratives of the tribes they represent, often playing instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Kora_(instrument)" title="Kora (instrument)">kora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ancient profession is upheld in a position of community leadership. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_performing_arts">Eastern performing arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Eastern performing arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Asia">West Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: West Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most popular forms of theater in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">medieval Islamic world</a> were <a href="/wiki/Puppet" title="Puppet">puppet</a> theatre (which included hand puppets, <a href="/wiki/Shadow_play" title="Shadow play">shadow plays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marionette" title="Marionette">marionette</a> productions) and live passion plays known as <i>ta'ziya</i>, where actors re-enact episodes from <a href="/wiki/Muslim_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim history">Muslim history</a>. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islamic</a> plays revolved around the <i><a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">shaheed</a></i> (martyrdom) of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>'s sons <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>. It commonly refers to passion plays about the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">battle of Karbala</a> and its prior and subsequent events. <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Pelly" title="Lewis Pelly">Sir Lewis Pelly</a> begins the preface of his book about Ta'zieh maintaining that "If the success of a drama is to be measured by the effects which it produces upon the people for whom it is composed, or upon the audiences before whom it is represented, no play has ever surpassed the tragedy known in the Mussulman world as that of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husain</a>." <sup id="cite_ref-Pelly_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelly-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Years later Peter Chelkowski, professor of Iranian and Islamic studies at <a href="/wiki/NYU" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU">NYU</a>, chooses the same words for the beginning of his book 'Ta`ziyeh, ritual and drama in Iran'.<sup id="cite_ref-Chelkowski_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chelkowski-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Live secular plays were known as <i>akhraja</i>, recorded in medieval <i><a href="/wiki/Adab_(behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adab (behavior)">adab</a></i> literature, though they were less common than puppetry and <i>ta'ziya</i> theater.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valiollah_Torabi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Valiollah_Torabi.jpg/220px-Valiollah_Torabi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Valiollah_Torabi.jpg/330px-Valiollah_Torabi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Valiollah_Torabi.jpg/440px-Valiollah_Torabi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Valiollah Torabi, Iranian naqqāl (storyteller) of Shahnameh</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_theatre" title="Persian theatre">Persian theatre</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> there are other forms of theatrical events such as <i>Naghali</i> or <i>Naqqāli</i> (story telling), <i><a href="/wiki/Ta%27zieh" title="Ta'zieh">Ta'zieh</a></i>, <i>ٰRu-Howzi</i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siah-Bazi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siah-Bazi (page does not exist)">Siah-Bazi</a></i>, <i>Parde-Khani</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Mareke_giri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mareke giri">Mareke giri</a></i>. Prior to the twentieth century, storytelling was the most recognized form of entertainment, although today, some forms still remain. One form, <i>Naghali,</i> was traditionally performed in coffeehouses where the storytellers, or <i>Naghals (Naqqāls),</i> only recited sections of a story at a time, thus retaining regular cliental. These stories were based on events of historical or religious importance and many referenced poetries from the <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>. These stories were often altered to bond with the atmosphere or mood of the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in India">Theatre in India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit drama">Sanskrit drama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharatanatyam_is_a_major_form_of_Indian_classical_dance_that_originated_in_the_state_of_Tamil_Nadu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bharatanatyam_is_a_major_form_of_Indian_classical_dance_that_originated_in_the_state_of_Tamil_Nadu.jpg/220px-Bharatanatyam_is_a_major_form_of_Indian_classical_dance_that_originated_in_the_state_of_Tamil_Nadu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bharatanatyam_is_a_major_form_of_Indian_classical_dance_that_originated_in_the_state_of_Tamil_Nadu.jpg/330px-Bharatanatyam_is_a_major_form_of_Indian_classical_dance_that_originated_in_the_state_of_Tamil_Nadu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bharatanatyam_is_a_major_form_of_Indian_classical_dance_that_originated_in_the_state_of_Tamil_Nadu.jpg/440px-Bharatanatyam_is_a_major_form_of_Indian_classical_dance_that_originated_in_the_state_of_Tamil_Nadu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a>, an Indian classical dance that originated in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gotikua_dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Gotikua_dance.jpg/220px-Gotikua_dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Gotikua_dance.jpg/330px-Gotikua_dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Gotikua_dance.jpg/440px-Gotikua_dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Gotikua folk dance is one of the well known performances performed by all boys group dressed in the Indian ladies attire <a href="/wiki/Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Saree">Saree</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Folk theatre and dramatics can be traced to the religious ritualism of the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic peoples</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd millennium BC</a>. This folk theatre of the misty past was mixed with dance, food, ritualism, plus a depiction of events from daily life. The last element made it the origin of the classical theatre of later times. Many historians, notably D. D. Kosambi, Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya, Adya Rangacharaya, etc. have referred to the prevalence of ritualism amongst <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryans">Indo-Aryan</a> tribes in which some members of the tribe acted as if they were wild animals, and some others were the hunters. Those who acted as mammals like goats, buffaloes, reindeer, monkeys, etc. were chased by those playing the role of hunters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bharata_Muni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Muni">Bharata Muni</a> (fl. 5th–2nd century BC) was an ancient Indian writer best known for writing the <i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra_of_Bharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Natya Shastra of Bharata">Natya Shastra of Bharata</a></i>, a theoretical treatise on Indian performing arts, including theatre, dance, acting, and music, which has been compared to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i>. Bharata is often known as the father of Indian theatrical arts. His <i>Natya Shastra</i> seems to be the first attempt to develop the technique or rather art, of drama in a systematic manner. The Natya Shastra tells us not only what is to be portrayed in a drama, but how the portrayal is to be done. Drama, as Bharata Muni says, is the imitation of men and their doings (<i>loka-vritti</i>). As men and their doings have to be respected on the stage, so drama in Sanskrit is also known by the term <i>rupaka</i>, which means portrayal.{{<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>}} </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> can be considered the first recognized plays that originated in India. These epics provided the inspiration to the earliest Indian dramatists and they do it even today. Indian dramatists such as <a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81sa" title="Bhāsa">Bhāsa</a> in the 2nd century BC wrote plays that were heavily inspired by the <i>Ramayana</i> and <i>Mahabharata</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kālidāsa">Kālidāsa</a> in the 1st century BC, is arguably considered to be ancient <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>'s greatest dramatist. Three famous romantic plays written by Kālidāsa are the <i><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81lavik%C4%81gnimitram" title="Mālavikāgnimitram">Mālavikāgnimitram</a></i> (<i>Mālavikā and Agnimitra</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Vikram%C5%8Drva%C5%9B%C4%AByam" title="Vikramōrvaśīyam">Vikramōrvaśīyam</a></i> (<i>Pertaining to Vikrama and Urvashi</i>), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Recognition_of_Sakuntala" class="mw-redirect" title="The Recognition of Sakuntala">Abhijñānaśākuntala</a></i> (<i>The Recognition of Shakuntala</i>). The last was inspired by a story in the <i>Mahabharata</i> and is the most famous. It was the first to be translated into English and German. In comparison to Bhāsa, who drew heavily from the epics, Kālidāsa can be considered an original playwright.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The next great Indian dramatist was <a href="/wiki/Bhavabhuti" title="Bhavabhuti">Bhavabhuti</a> (c. 7th century). He is said to have written the following three plays: <i>Malati-Madhava</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mahaviracharita" title="Mahaviracharita">Mahaviracharita</a></i> and <i>Uttar Ramacharita</i>. Among these three, the last two cover between them, the entire epic of <i>Ramayana</i>. The powerful Indian emperor <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a> (606–648) is credited with having written three plays: the comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Ratnavali" title="Ratnavali">Ratnavali</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Priyadarsika" class="mw-redirect" title="Priyadarsika">Priyadarsika</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> drama <i><a href="/wiki/Nagananda" title="Nagananda">Nagananda</a></i>. Many other dramatists followed during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There were many performing art forms in the southern part of India, Kerala is such a state with different such art forms like <a href="/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam">Koodiyattam</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nangyarkoothu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nangyarkoothu (page does not exist)">Nangyarkoothu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chakyar_koothu" title="Chakyar koothu">Chakyar koothu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thirayattam" title="Thirayattam">Thirayattam</a> and there were many prominent artists like <a href="/wiki/Ramanchakyar" title="Ramanchakyar">Painkulam Raman Chakyar</a> and others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese theatre">Chinese theatre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_shadow_drama_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hand_shadow_drama_3.jpg/170px-Hand_shadow_drama_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hand_shadow_drama_3.jpg/255px-Hand_shadow_drama_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hand_shadow_drama_3.jpg/340px-Hand_shadow_drama_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Hand shadow drama, China</figcaption></figure> <p>There are references to theatrical entertainments in China as early as 1500 BC during the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>; they often involved music, clowning and acrobatic displays.<sup id="cite_ref-McConachie_Sorgenfrei_Underiner_Nellhaus_2016_p._153_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McConachie_Sorgenfrei_Underiner_Nellhaus_2016_p._153-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tang dynasty is sometimes known as "The Age of 1000 Entertainments". During this era, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang China">Emperor Xuanzong</a> formed an acting school known as the Children of the <a href="/wiki/Pear_Garden" title="Pear Garden">Pear Garden</a> to produce a form of drama that was primarily musical.<sup id="cite_ref-McConachie_Sorgenfrei_Underiner_Nellhaus_2016_p._153_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McConachie_Sorgenfrei_Underiner_Nellhaus_2016_p._153-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Han Dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Shadow_puppetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow puppetry">shadow puppetry</a> first emerged as a recognized form of theatre in China. There were two distinct forms of shadow puppetry, Cantonese southern and Pekingese northern. The two styles were differentiated by the method of making the puppets and the positioning of the rods on the puppets, as opposed to the type of play performed by the puppets. Both styles generally performed plays depicting great adventure and fantasy, rarely was this very stylized form of theatre used for political propaganda. Cantonese shadow puppets were the larger of the two. They were built using thick leather that created more substantial shadows. Symbolic color was also very prevalent; a black face represented honesty, a red one bravery. The rods used to control Cantonese puppets were attached perpendicular to the puppets' heads. Thus, they were not seen by the audience when the shadow was created. Pekingese puppets were more delicate and smaller. They were created out of thin, translucent leather usually taken from the belly of a donkey. They were painted with vibrant paints, thus they cast a very colorful shadow. The thin rods that controlled their movements were attached to a leather collar at the neck of the puppet. The rods ran parallel to the bodies of the puppet then turned at a ninety-degree angle to connect to the neck. While these rods were visible when the shadow was cast, they laid outside the shadow of the puppet; thus, they did not interfere with the appearance of the figure. The rods attached at the necks to facilitate the use of multiple heads with one body. When the heads were not being used, they were stored in a muslin book or fabric lined box. The heads were always removed at night. This was in keeping with the old superstition that if left intact, the puppets would come to life at night. Some puppeteers went so far as to store the heads in one book and the bodies in another, to further reduce the possibility of reanimating puppets. Shadow puppetry is said to have reached its highest point of artistic development in the 11th century before becoming a tool of the government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, there were many popular plays involving <a href="/wiki/Acrobatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrobatic">acrobatics</a> and music. These developed in the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> into a more sophisticated form with a four- or five-act structure. Yuan drama spread across China and diversified into numerous regional forms, the best known of which is Beijing Opera, which is still popular today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ramakien" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WatPhraKeaw_Ramayana_Chariot.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/WatPhraKeaw_Ramayana_Chariot.JPG/220px-WatPhraKeaw_Ramayana_Chariot.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/WatPhraKeaw_Ramayana_Chariot.JPG/330px-WatPhraKeaw_Ramayana_Chariot.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/WatPhraKeaw_Ramayana_Chariot.JPG/440px-WatPhraKeaw_Ramayana_Chariot.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a> on his chariot, a scene from the <a href="/wiki/Ramakien" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew">Wat Phra Kaew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, it has been a tradition from the Middle Ages to stage plays based on plots drawn from Indian epics. In particular, the theatrical version of Thailand's national epic <i><a href="/wiki/Ramakien" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a></i>, a version of the Indian <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>, remains popular in Thailand even today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cambodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, inscriptions dating back to the 6th century <a href="/wiki/AD" class="mw-redirect" title="AD">AD</a> indicates evidence of dancers at a local temple and using puppetry for religious plays. At the ancient capital <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>, stories from the Indian epics <i>Ramayana</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> have been carved on the walls of temples and palaces. Similar reliefs are found at <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> in Indonesia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the famous <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> poem <a href="/wiki/Ibong_Adarna" title="Ibong Adarna">Ibong Adarna</a>, originally titled <i>"Korido at Buhay na Pinagdaanan ng Tatlong Prinsipeng Magkakapatid na anak nina Haring Fernando at Reyna Valeriana sa Kahariang Berbania"</i> (English: "<a href="/wiki/Corrido" title="Corrido">Corrido</a> and Life Lived by the Three Princes, children of King Fernando and Queen Valeriana in the Kingdom of Berbania") from the 16th century was written by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Cruz_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="José de la Cruz (writer)">José de la Cruz</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_era" title="Spanish era">Spanish era</a>. Aside from theatrical performances, different films were produced by different film studios/ television productions. The first produced "Ang Ibong Adarna" film was produced by <a href="/wiki/LVN_Pictures" title="LVN Pictures">LVN Pictures</a>, the biggest film studio in the history of the Philippines. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Florante_at_Laura" title="Florante at Laura">Florante at Laura</a> is an <i>"<a href="/wiki/Awit_(poem)" title="Awit (poem)">awit</a>"</i> or a poem consisting of 12-syllable quatrains with the full title <i>"Pinagdaanang Buhay ni Florante at ni Laura sa Kahariang Albanya"</i> (English: "The History of Florante and Laura in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a>") was written by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Balagtas" title="Francisco Balagtas">Francisco Balagtas</a> in 1838 during his imprisonment dedicated to his sweetheart Maria Asuncuion Rivera (nicknamed "M.A.R.", referenced to as "Selya"). The poem has a special part entitled "<a href="/wiki/Kay_Selya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kay Selya">Kay Selya</a>" (English: "For Celia") specially dedicated for Rivera. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Philippine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine">Philippine</a>'s national hero, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> who is also a novelist, created the two famous poems in the Philippines, <i><a href="/wiki/Noli_Me_T%C3%A1ngere_(novel)" title="Noli Me Tángere (novel)">Noli Me Tángere</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "Touch me not", with an acute accent added on the final word in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish orthography</a>) (1887) that describes perceived inequities of the Spanish Catholic friars and the ruling government and <i><a href="/wiki/El_Filibusterismo" class="mw-redirect" title="El Filibusterismo">El Filibusterismo</a></i> (translations: The filibusterism; The Subversive or The Subversion, as in the Locsín English translation, are also possible translations, also known by its alternative English title The Reign of Greed) (1891). The novel's dark theme departs dramatically from the previous novel's hopeful and romantic atmosphere, signifying Ibarra's resort to solving his country's issues through violent means, after his previous attempt in reforming the country's system made no effect and seemed impossible with the corrupt attitude of the Spaniards toward the Filipinos. These novels were written during the <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the Philippines">colonization of the Philippines</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>. </p><p>All of these literary pieces were under the curriculum of the <a href="/wiki/K-12_Program_for_Junior_High_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="K-12 Program for Junior High Schools">K-12 Program for Junior High Schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibong_Adarna" title="Ibong Adarna">Ibong Adarna</a> is under the Grade 7 Curriculum; <a href="/wiki/Florante_at_Laura" title="Florante at Laura">Florante at Laura</a> (Grade 8); <i>Noli Me Tángere</i> (Grade 9); and <a href="/wiki/El_Filibusterismo" class="mw-redirect" title="El Filibusterismo">El Filibusterismo</a> (Grade 10). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabuki_play.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kabuki_play.jpg/220px-Kabuki_play.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kabuki_play.jpg/330px-Kabuki_play.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kabuki_play.jpg/440px-Kabuki_play.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Kabuki play</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Performance_1_(in_Kagoshima).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Performance_1_%28in_Kagoshima%29.jpg/220px-Performance_1_%28in_Kagoshima%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Performance_1_%28in_Kagoshima%29.jpg/330px-Performance_1_%28in_Kagoshima%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Performance_1_%28in_Kagoshima%29.jpg/440px-Performance_1_%28in_Kagoshima%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Performance in <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima" title="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bunraku" title="Bunraku">Bunraku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">Kabuki</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Butoh" title="Butoh">Butoh</a></div> <p>During the 14th century, there were small companies of actors in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> who performed short, sometimes vulgar comedies. A director of one of these companies, Kan'ami (1333–1384), had a son, <a href="/wiki/Zeami_Motokiyo" title="Zeami Motokiyo">Zeami Motokiyo</a> (1363–1443), who was considered one of the finest child actors in Japan. When Kan'ami's company performed for <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshimitsu" title="Ashikaga Yoshimitsu">Ashikaga Yoshimitsu</a> (1358–1408), the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">shōgun</a></i></span> of Japan, he implored Zeami to have a court education for his arts.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Zeami succeeded his father, he continued to perform and adapt his style into what is today <a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a>. A mixture of <a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomime</a> and vocal acrobatics, the Noh style of theatre has become one of Japan's most refined forms of theatrical performance.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan, after a long period of civil wars and political disarray, was unified and at peace primarily due to <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shōgun</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a> (1600–1668). However, alarmed at the increasing numbers of Christians within the country due to the proselytizing efforts of Christian missionaries, he cut off contact from Japan to Europe and China and outlawed Christianity. When peace did come, a flourish of cultural influence and growing merchant class demanded its own entertainment. The first form of theatre to flourish was Ningyō jōruri (commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Bunraku" title="Bunraku">Bunraku</a>). The founder of and main contributor to Ningyō jōruri, <a href="/wiki/Chikamatsu_Monzaemon" title="Chikamatsu Monzaemon">Chikamatsu Monzaemon</a> (1653–1725), turned his form of theatre into a true art form. Ningyō jōruri is a highly stylized form of theatre using puppets, today about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3rd</span></span> the size of a human. The men who control the puppets train to become master puppeteers, when they can then operate the puppet's head and right arm and choose to show their faces during the performance. The other puppeteers, controlling the less important limbs of the puppet, cover themselves and their faces in a black suit, to imply their invisibility. The dialogue is handled by a single person, who uses varied tones of voice and speaking manners to simulate different characters. Chikamatsu wrote thousands of plays during his lifetime, most of which are still used today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">Kabuki</a> began shortly after Bunraku, legend has it by an actress named Okuni, who lived around the end of the 16th century. Most of kabuki's material came from Noh and Bunraku, and its erratic dance-type movements are also an effect of Bunraku. However, kabuki is less formal and more distant than Noh, yet very popular among the Japanese public. Actors are trained in many varied things including dancing, singing, pantomime, and even acrobatics. Kabuki was first performed by young girls, then by young boys, and by the end of the 16th century, kabuki companies consisted of all men. The men who portrayed women on stage were specifically trained to elicit the essence of a woman in their subtle movements and gestures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_performing_arts_in_the_Americas">History of performing arts in the Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: History of performing arts in the Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_performing_arts_in_Oceania">History of performing arts in Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: History of performing arts in Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Melanesian dance often exhibits a cultural theme of masculinity where leadership and a unique skill set are important for sharing with the community.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These dances demonstrate the soldiery of a man; however they can also represent profitability such as encouraging conflict resolutions or healing.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The costumes of impersonating dancers incorporate large masks and unhuman-like characteristics that act to imitate mythical figures. The music can also act as a voice for these magical personas.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Arts">Arts portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_performing_arts" title="Outline of performing arts">Outline of performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_education" title="Performing arts education">Performing arts education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_presenters" title="Performing arts presenters">Performing arts presenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_copyright_law_in_the_performing_arts" title="United States copyright law in the performing arts">United States copyright law in the performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_theatre" title="Persian theatre">Persian theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">Theatre of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/the-performing-arts?q=performing+arts">"the-performing-arts noun – Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com"</a>. <i>www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730070105/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/the-performing-arts?q=performing+arts">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com&rft.atitle=the-performing-arts+noun+%E2%80%93+Definition%2C+pictures%2C+pronunciation+and+usage+notes+%7C+Oxford+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary+at+OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fthe-performing-arts%3Fq%3Dperforming%2Barts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerforming+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver2010" class="citation journal cs1">Oliver, Sophie Anne (February 2010). "Trauma, Bodies, and Performance Art: Towards an Embodied Ethics of Seeing". <i>Continuum</i>. <b>24</b>: 119–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10304310903362775">10.1080/10304310903362775</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145689520">145689520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Continuum&rft.atitle=Trauma%2C+Bodies%2C+and+Performance+Art%3A+Towards+an+Embodied+Ethics+of+Seeing&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=119-129&rft.date=2010-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10304310903362775&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145689520%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Sophie+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerforming+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dance-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dance_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackrell2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mackrell, Judith R. (19 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/dance/Types-of-dance">"dance"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191007132340/https://www.britannica.com/art/dance/Types-of-dance">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.atitle=dance&rft.date=2017-05-19&rft.aulast=Mackrell&rft.aufirst=Judith+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fdance%2FTypes-of-dance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerforming+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mackrell-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mackrell_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mackrell_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackrell" class="citation web cs1">Mackrell, Judith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150714/dance">"Dance"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324131003/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150714/dance">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Dance&rft.aulast=Mackrell&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F150714%2Fdance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerforming+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNana2015" class="citation journal cs1">Nana, Loria (30 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gesj.internet-academy.org.ge/download.php?id=2599.pdf">"Philosophical Context of Contemporary Choreographic Space"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>GESJ: Musicology and Cultural Science</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 64–67. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230103132354/http://gesj.internet-academy.org.ge/download.php?id=2599.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GESJ%3A+Musicology+and+Cultural+Science&rft.atitle=Philosophical+Context+of+Contemporary+Choreographic+Space&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64-67&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft.aulast=Nana&rft.aufirst=Loria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgesj.internet-academy.org.ge%2Fdownload.php%3Fid%3D2599.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerforming+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpperson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Epperson, Gordan (11 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/music">"music"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191028225258/https://www.britannica.com/art/music">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.atitle=music&rft.date=2016-04-11&rft.aulast=Epperson&rft.aufirst=Gordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fmusic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerforming+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuslander2006" class="citation book cs1">Auslander, Philip (28 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/sites.gatech.edu/dist/6/11/files/2017/12/Auslander-Postmodernism-and-Performance.pdf"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Postmodernism</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge University Press. p. 98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Postmodernism&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-05-28&rft.aulast=Auslander&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com%2Fsites.gatech.edu%2Fdist%2F6%2F11%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F12%2FAuslander-Postmodernism-and-Performance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerforming+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quasianonima.it/2019/09/16/african-traditional-theater-or-unknown-performances/">"African Traditional Theater or Unknown Performances"</a>. <i>quasianonima.it</i> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125220704/http://quasianonima.it/2019/09/16/african-traditional-theater-or-unknown-performances/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quasianonima.it&rft.atitle=African+Traditional+Theater+or+Unknown+Performances&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquasianonima.it%2F2019%2F09%2F16%2Fafrican-traditional-theater-or-unknown-performances%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerforming+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatie" class="citation web cs1">Katie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brightstarmusical.com/the-call-and-response-in-african-culture/">"The Call And Response In African Culture"</a>. <i>brightstarmusical.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125220703/https://brightstarmusical.com/the-call-and-response-in-african-culture/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=brightstarmusical.com&rft.atitle=The+Call+And+Response+In+African+Culture&rft.au=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrightstarmusical.com%2Fthe-call-and-response-in-african-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerforming+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmoud_Khelefy2022" class="citation journal cs1">Mahmoud Khelefy, Shimaa (16 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mjthr.journals.ekb.eg/article_243269.html">"The Ramesseum Dramatic Papyri as Evidence of Drama in Ancient Egypt"</a>. <i>Minia Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research MJTHR</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 59–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21608%2Fmjthr.2022.140016.1039">10.21608/mjthr.2022.140016.1039</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2735-4741">2735-4741</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249915001">249915001</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125222022/https://mjthr.journals.ekb.eg/article_243269.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minia+Journal+of+Tourism+and+Hospitality+Research+MJTHR&rft.atitle=The+Ramesseum+Dramatic+Papyri+as+Evidence+of+Drama+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-74&rft.date=2022-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249915001%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2735-4741&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21608%2Fmjthr.2022.140016.1039&rft.aulast=Mahmoud+Khelefy&rft.aufirst=Shimaa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjthr.journals.ekb.eg%2Farticle_243269.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerforming+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/griot">"Griot | African troubadour-historian | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307053233/https://www.britannica.com/art/griot">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Griot+%7C+African+troubadour-historian+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fgriot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerforming+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pelly-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pelly_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelly1879" class="citation book cs1">Pelly, Lewis (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.175218"><i>The Miracle Play of Hasan and Husain</i></a>. W. H. Allen and Co. p. III. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-0152-8641-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-0152-8641-2"><bdi>978-1-0152-8641-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Miracle+Play+of+Hasan+and+Husain&rft.pages=III&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen+and+Co.&rft.date=1879&rft.isbn=978-1-0152-8641-2&rft.aulast=Pelly&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.175218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerforming+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chelkowski-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chelkowski_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChelkowski1979" class="citation book cs1">Chelkowski, Peter J. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tazyehritualdram0000unse"><i>Ta'ziyeh: Ritual and Drama in Iran</i></a>. New York University. p. XV. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-1375-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-1375-0"><bdi>0-8147-1375-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ta%27ziyeh%3A+Ritual+and+Drama+in+Iran&rft.pages=XV&rft.pub=New+York+University&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-8147-1375-0&rft.aulast=Chelkowski&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftazyehritualdram0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerforming+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreh1986" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Moreh" title="Shmuel Moreh">Moreh, Shmuel</a> (1986). "Live Theater in Medieval Islam". In David Ayalon; <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Sharon" title="Moshe Sharon">Moshe Sharon</a> (eds.). <i>Studies in Islamic History and Civilization</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 565–601. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-264-014-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-264-014-7"><bdi>978-965-264-014-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Live+Theater+in+Medieval+Islam&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Islamic+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=565-601&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-965-264-014-7&rft.aulast=Moreh&rft.aufirst=Shmuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerforming+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalebi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Talebi, Niloufar (2009). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Memory of a Phoenix Feather': Iranian Storytelling Traditions and Contemporary Theater". <i>World Literature Today</i>. <b>83</b> (4): 49–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwlt.2009.0306">10.1353/wlt.2009.0306</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160657511">160657511</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA203229174">A203229174</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/843278">843278</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/209398361">209398361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Literature+Today&rft.atitle=%27Memory+of+a+Phoenix+Feather%27%3A+Iranian+Storytelling+Traditions+and+Contemporary+Theater&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=49-53&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwlt.2009.0306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160657511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Talebi&rft.aufirst=Niloufar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerforming+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49615.pdf/">https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49615.pdf/</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McConachie_Sorgenfrei_Underiner_Nellhaus_2016_p._153-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McConachie_Sorgenfrei_Underiner_Nellhaus_2016_p._153_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McConachie_Sorgenfrei_Underiner_Nellhaus_2016_p._153_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConachieSorgenfreiUnderinerNellhaus2016" class="citation book cs1">McConachie, B.; Sorgenfrei, C.F.; Underiner, T.; Nellhaus, T. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMmjCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA153"><i>Theatre Histories: An Introduction</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-04113-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-04113-7"><bdi>978-1-135-04113-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629202618/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZMmjCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA153">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theatre+Histories%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-135-04113-7&rft.aulast=McConachie&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Sorgenfrei%2C+C.F.&rft.au=Underiner%2C+T.&rft.au=Nellhaus%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZMmjCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerforming+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-noh.com/en/zeami/index.html">"the-noh.com : The Words of Zeami : His Dramatic Life"</a>. <i>www.the-noh.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311175457/https://www.the-noh.com/en/zeami/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.the-noh.com&rft.atitle=the-noh.com+%3A+The+Words+of+Zeami+%3A+His+Dramatic+Life&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-noh.com%2Fen%2Fzeami%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerforming+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowers1974" class="citation book cs1">Bowers, Faubion (1974). <i>Japanese Theatre</i>. Tuttle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-1131-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-1131-6"><bdi>978-0-8048-1131-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1211914">1211914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Theatre&rft.pub=Tuttle&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1211914&rft.isbn=978-0-8048-1131-6&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=Faubion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerforming+arts" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Oceanic-music">"Oceanic music and dance"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008144910/https://www.britannica.com/art/Oceanic-music">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Oceanic+music+and+dance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FOceanic-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerforming+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEves2009" class="citation journal cs1">Eves, Richard (November 2009). "Material Culture and the Magical Power of Dance Objects". <i>Oceania</i>. <b>79</b> (3): 250–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.2009.tb00063.x">10.1002/j.1834-4461.2009.tb00063.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40313179">40313179</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA213777333">A213777333</a> <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_l%27information_scientifique_et_technique" title="Institut de l'information scientifique et technique">INIST</a><span class="nowrap"> </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=22159402">22159402</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/222380632">222380632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceania&rft.atitle=Material+Culture+and+the+Magical+Power+of+Dance+Objects&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=250-262&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.2009.tb00063.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40313179%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Eves&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerforming+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Performing arts</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Performing+arts">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asia-perfo-arts.com/">Bibliography of Performing Arts in the East</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eclap.eu/">European Collected Library on Performing Arts</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Humanities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Humanities" title="Template:Humanities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Humanities" title="Template talk:Humanities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Humanities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Humanities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Humanities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;height:2.5em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Language arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Performing arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Interdisciplinary_fields" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_humanities" title="Health humanities">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_humanities" title="Medical humanities">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_humanities" title="Public humanities">Public</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abductive_reasoning" title="Abductive reasoning">Abductive reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Belles-lettres" title="Belles-lettres">Belles-lettres</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bildung" title="Bildung">Bildung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism" title="Criticism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_knowledge" title="General knowledge">General knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">Human condition</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Humanitas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_education" title="Liberal arts education">Liberal arts education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">Trivium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">Quadrivium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-reflection" title="Self-reflection">Self-reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus_(journal)" title="Daedalus (journal)">Daedalus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Humanities" title="History of Humanities">History of Humanities</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitas_(journal)" title="Humanitas (journal)">Humanitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities_and_Social_Sciences_Communications" title="Humanities and Social Sciences Communications">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Controversial_Ideas" title="Journal of Controversial Ideas">Journal of Controversial Ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(journal)" title="Leonardo (journal)">Leonardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Arm%C3%A9niennes" title="Revue des Études Arméniennes">Revue des Études Arméniennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_Philosophy" title="Teaching Philosophy">Teaching Philosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_humanities_journals" title="List of humanities journals">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Arts and Humanities Research Council">Arts and Humanities Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities,_arts,_and_social_sciences" title="Humanities, arts, and social sciences">Humanities, arts, and social sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Humanities" title="Master of Humanities">Master of Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_University_for_the_Humanities" title="Moscow University for the Humanities">Moscow University for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Antihumanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philistinism" title="Philistinism">Philistinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture#Criticism" title="Popular culture">Criticism of mass culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_essentialism" title="Educational essentialism">Educational essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities_in_the_United_States" title="Humanities in the United States">Humanities in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_considered_a_founder_in_a_Humanities_field" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field">List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_humanities" title="Outline of the humanities">Outline of the humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Latin_school#Studia_Humanitatis" title="Latin school">Studia Humanitatis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184485#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184485#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184485#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1057887/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4129566-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="performing arts"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85099818">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="arts du spectacle"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933908f">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="arts du spectacle"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933908f">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536199805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10644271">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&oldid=1256853948">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&oldid=1256853948</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Performing_arts" title="Category:Performing arts">Performing arts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Entertainment" title="Category:Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024">Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2023">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2019">Use dmy dates from October 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2018" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2018">Articles needing additional references from May 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_February_2021" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from February 2021">Articles to be expanded from February 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 22:08<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Performing_arts&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dfb9d98f5-glrx9","wgBackendResponseTime":188,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.753","walltime":"0.962","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5077,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":117610,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8144,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":27,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":123251,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 820.864 1 -total"," 28.07% 230.429 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.54% 102.909 7 Template:Cite_web"," 12.02% 98.691 1 Template:Lang"," 9.20% 75.479 1 Template:Performing_arts"," 8.86% 72.749 1 Template:Sidebar"," 8.23% 67.580 11 Template:Fix"," 7.67% 62.979 9 Template:Citation_needed"," 7.66% 62.859 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.00% 57.421 4 Template:Ambox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.490","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24115901,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-gznpt","timestamp":"20241125143141","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Performing arts","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Performing_arts","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q184485","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q184485","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-02-27T04:06:02Z","dateModified":"2024-11-11T22:08:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5d\/Labudovo_jezero%2C_Balet_SNP-a%2C_Jelena_Le%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C_Andrej_Kol%C4%8Deriju%2C_foto_M._Polzovi%C4%87.jpg","headline":"art form that is performed for an audience"}</script> </body> </html>