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mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88" title="استنلی فالکو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="استنلی فالکو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Falkow" title="Stanley Falkow – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stanley Falkow" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Falkow" title="Stanley Falkow – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Stanley Falkow" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88" title="استنلی فالکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استنلی فالکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%96%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Սթենլի Ֆալկոու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սթենլի Ֆալկոու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Falkow" title="Stanley Falkow – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American microbiologist</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Stanley Falkow</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanley_Falkow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Stanley_Falkow.jpg/220px-Stanley_Falkow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Stanley_Falkow.jpg/330px-Stanley_Falkow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Stanley_Falkow.jpg/440px-Stanley_Falkow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1934-01-24</span>)</span>January 24, 1934<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 5, 2018<span style="display:none">(2018-05-05)</span> (aged 84)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Portola_Valley,_California" title="Portola Valley, California">Portola Valley, California</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maine" title="University of Maine">University of Maine</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Technician, <a href="/wiki/Newport_Hospital" title="Newport Hospital">Newport Hospital</a> (1956–1957)<br />Scientist, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed_Army_Institute_of_Research" title="Walter Reed Army Institute of Research">Walter Reed Army Institute of Research</a> (1961–1966)<br />Professor, <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> (1967–1972)<br />Professor, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> (1972–1981)<br />Professor, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> (1981–2018)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Antibiotic resistance and molecular microbiology research</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partner(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Rhoda Ostroff (m.1958–1983) <br /><a href="/wiki/Lucy_S._Tompkins" title="Lucy S. Tompkins">Lucy S. Tompkins</a> (m. 1983–2018)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Koch Prize">Robert Koch Prize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marjory_Stephenson_Prize" title="Marjory Stephenson Prize">Marjory Stephenson Prize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich_and_Ludwig_Darmstaedter_Prize" title="Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize">Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Taylor_Ricketts_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard Taylor Ricketts Award (page does not exist)">Howard Taylor Ricketts Award</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23817658">An episomic element in a strain of Salmonella typhosa</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1960)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Charles ("Doc") Arthur Stuart, Brown University</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Falkow_signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Falkow_signature.png/150px-Falkow_signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Falkow_signature.png/225px-Falkow_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Falkow_signature.png/300px-Falkow_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="140" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Stanley "Stan" Falkow</b> (January 24, 1934 – May 5, 2018) was an American microbiologist and a professor of <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Stanford University School of Medicine">Stanford University School of Medicine</a>. Falkow is known as the father of the field of molecular microbial pathogenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He formulated <a href="/wiki/Molecular_Koch%27s_postulates" title="Molecular Koch's postulates">molecular Koch's postulates</a>, which have guided the study of the microbial determinants of infectious diseases since the late 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Falkow spent over 50 years uncovering molecular mechanisms of how bacteria cause disease and how to disarm them.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Falkow also was one of the first scientists to investigate antimicrobial resistance, and presented his research extensively to scientific, government, and lay audiences explaining the spread of resistance from one organism to another, now known as <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">horizontal gene transfer</a>, and the implications of this phenomenon on our ability to combat infections in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Falkow&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Falkow was born into a Yiddish-speaking household in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>. His father was a shoe salesman and had immigrated from Soviet <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-alum_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alum-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother came from a family of Jewish immigrants from Poland. She "rented several of their bedrooms and later opened a corset shop".<sup id="cite_ref-wp_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Falkow's family was working-class to poor as he described in his memoir.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was therefore a first-generation Jewish American. Falkow worked at a toy shop in order to collect enough money to buy a model microscope, as well as admitted to stealing textbooks, one a nurse's book on infectious diseases, in order to explore microbiology as a career path despite his family's financial situation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Falkow attributed his early interest in microbiology to reading <i>Microbe Hunters</i> in 1943, when he was 11 years old, which he found at the public library after the family had moved to <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>. The book is a dramatization of microbiological research written by American microbiologist <a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Kruif" title="Paul de Kruif">Paul de Kruif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of poor grades until his senior year of high school, an adviser suggested military rather than college.<sup id="cite_ref-wp_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Falkow described himself as an average student, and below average at mathematics, which he later rectified by working through workbooks of high school and college level mathematics later in his career, after earning his Ph.D., in order to analyze and design experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his memoir, Falkow gives credit to his teachers and acknowledges the role that the systemic oppression of women in America in the 1940s–1950s played in his life, stating "I now understand that I was the beneficiary of the repression of women by our society. The best and brightest women in many communities were relegated to the one intellectual role deemed suitable for them. They became teachers and many poured their love of language, science, music and art into students like me."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_career">Education and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Falkow&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Falkow enrolled in biology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maine" title="University of Maine">University of Maine</a>, because of their microbiology department. During the summers he worked in pathology at the hospital in Newport, staining slides and assisting in autopsies. He graduated in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-wp_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before he started graduate school at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> he developed extreme anxiety. He was later diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">agoraphobia</a>. He avoided movie theaters and crowded places between 1955 and 1983<sup id="cite_ref-wp_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and dropped out of his first attempt at graduate school because of recurring panic attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-alum_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alum-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wp_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to Rhode Island to live with his parents and work at the Newport Hospital as a technician, focusing on bacteriology and processing and examining patient samples.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He re-enrolled in graduate school at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> and graduated with a PhD in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-wp_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He finished his work for his Ph.D. thesis at the <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed_Army_Institute_of_Research" title="Walter Reed Army Institute of Research">Walter Reed Army Institute of Research</a> (WRAIR) in the Department of Bacterial Immunology.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at Walter Reed, he worked with African-American microbiologist <a href="/wiki/Othello_Washington" title="Othello Washington">Othello Washington</a>. Washington was older and more experienced than Falkow, but was assigned to be Stan's technician. Upon meeting, Falkow and Washington decided it would be more appropriate and better for both men to work together as a team. The two men worked together on isolating <a href="/wiki/Mobile_genetic_elements" title="Mobile genetic elements">mobile genetic elements</a> and the transfer of genes between <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli"><i>E. coli</i></a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i> and published a paper together about <i><a href="/wiki/Proteus_mirabilis" title="Proteus mirabilis">Proteus</a></i> species.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Falkow also worked with <i><a href="/wiki/Shigella" title="Shigella">Shigella</a></i> species and contracted <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, which lead to hospitalization, after being exposed to infected monkey feces flung at his face by an infected monkey.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple times through his training and early career more senior scientists, some Nobel prize winners, recommended that Falkow focus more on mechanisms of gene expression and less on pathogens because "nobody cares about typhoid".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Falkow remained interested in pathogens despite many warnings from his peers and supervisors that infectious diseases were not interesting and were becoming less frequent in wealthy countries and were therefore a diminishing field of study.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His early work in the 1960s focused on the genetic mechanisms, which enable bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics. He showed that organisms, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Shigella" title="Shigella">Shigella</a></i>, can possess DNA fragments called <a href="/wiki/Plasmids" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasmids">plasmids</a> which exist apart from the bacterial chromosome, and that they carry specialized information for survival. Under selective pressure from antibiotics, one species of bacteria can pass its plasmids to another directly without mating, thereby preserving its own specialized survival genes. </p><p>In 1966, he joined <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Georgetown University School of Medicine">Georgetown University School of Medicine</a> as a professor of microbiology. He later moved to <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> to join the faculty of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_School_of_Medicine" title="University of Washington School of Medicine">University of Washington School of Medicine</a>. Here he described how <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">gonorrhea</a> organisms acquire plasmids to become resistant to <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, Falkow shifted his focus to the infection process. During this period, he showed that a life-threatening diarrhea prevalent in many developing countries is caused by a sub-type of <a href="/wiki/E._coli" class="mw-redirect" title="E. coli">E. coli</a>. He also co-authored (with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royston_C._Clowes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royston C. Clowes (page does not exist)">Royston C. Clowes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_N._Cohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley N. Cohen">Stanley N. Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Curtiss" title="Roy Curtiss">Roy Curtiss</a> III, <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Datta" title="Naomi Datta">Naomi Datta</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Novick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Novick (page does not exist)">Richard Novick</a>) a proposal for uniform nomenclature for bacterial plasmids.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981, he was named chairman of the Department of Medical Microbiology at Stanford University School of Medicine, a position he held until 1985. While at Stanford, Falkow encouraged <a href="/wiki/Esther_Lederberg" title="Esther Lederberg">Esther Lederberg</a> to continue directing the Stanford <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmid_Reference_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasmid Reference Center (page does not exist)">Plasmid Reference Center</a>, an internationally used registry for plasmids, transposons and insertion sequences.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Falkow&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Falkow was married to Rhoda Ostroff in January, 1958 with whom he had two daughters. They divorced in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-wp_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December, 1983, he married <a href="/wiki/Lucy_S._Tompkins" title="Lucy S. Tompkins">Lucy S. Tompkins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wp_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Falkow and Tompkins met while he was a professor at Georgetown University, and she was a medical student who sought Falkow out to work in his lab. At first, Falkow denied the opportunity to Tompkins, claiming that he would not take female graduate students because he was not comfortable having a female student, which was common in the scientific field in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tompkins rebutted his <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">misogyny</a> firmly, and explicitly pointed out that he was discriminating against her based on her gender.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her argument forced Stan to reconsider his bias and he then allowed her to enter his laboratory as a trainee.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the remainder of his career Falkow continued to hire women trainees, and by the end of his career most of his trainees were female.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Falkow later became an advocate and ally of <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a> in science and helped encourage many women to pursue scientific careers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Falkow had on-going severe <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> throughout his career. Due to his anxiety early in his career he avoided conferences, airplanes, and giving presentations in general due to the fact that he would shake and sweat noticeably during them.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Falkow described his struggle with his <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> as an "uneasy truce" with his "demons" later on in his career as he learned various coping mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of his anxiety during public speaking, he often employed humor in his teaching and presentations to help cope with the tension of a silent audience, which also lead to most of the audience members finding his talks memorable and enjoyable.<sup id="cite_ref-wp_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Falkow kept his condition a secret from his colleagues during his early career, only privately revealing to Arthur Saz, the chair of microbiology at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Georgetown University School of Medicine">Georgetown University School of Medicine</a>, that he received and benefited from <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a> treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a> for mental health treatment was much better for military employees than academics at the time, and a major reason Falkow continued to work at the <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed_Army_Institute_of_Research" title="Walter Reed Army Institute of Research">Walter Reed Army Institute of Research</a> for as long as he did early in his career, but Falkow agreed to a job at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> because of this disclosure, upon which the chair privately organized Falkow's healthcare benefits to cover his psychoanalysis treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004 Falkow was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Myelodysplastic_syndrome" title="Myelodysplastic syndrome">myelodysplastic syndrome</a> and given a prognosis of two years.<sup id="cite_ref-wp_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on May 5, 2018, at the age of 84 at his home in <a href="/wiki/Portola_Valley,_California" title="Portola Valley, California">Portola Valley, California</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Myelodysplastic_syndrome" title="Myelodysplastic syndrome">myelodysplastic syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His death was announced and lifetime achievements highlighted in obituaries in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a press release from the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Microbiology" title="American Society for Microbiology">Americain Society of Microbiology</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in various international news sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions">Contributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Falkow&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecular_microbiology_research">Molecular microbiology research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Falkow&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Molecular microbiology research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Falkow has been referred to as the "father of molecular microbial <a href="/wiki/Pathogenesis" title="Pathogenesis">pathogenesis</a>", the study of how infectious <a href="/wiki/Microbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbes">microbes</a> and host cells interact to cause disease at the molecular level.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Falkow adopted the perspective of viewing infection as a process that is ultimately dependent on both the infecting agent and the host.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He discovered that infectious microbes employ <a href="/wiki/Genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Genes">genes</a> that are activated only inside host cells. His work carries clinical applications, such as a new vaccine for <a href="/wiki/Whooping_cough" title="Whooping cough">whooping cough</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> From enteric pathogens to sexually transmitted diseases to respiratory infections, his influence has left virtually no field untouched.<sup id="cite_ref-path.ox.ac.uk_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-path.ox.ac.uk-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Falkow and his first graduate student, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_P._Silver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard P. Silver (page does not exist)">Richard P. Silver</a>, discovered that episomes (<a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">plasmids</a>) are nicked into linear pieces of DNA and transported as linear DNA between two bacterial cells during <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_conjugation" title="Bacterial conjugation">conjugation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then collaborated with Mexican scientists <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emma_Galindo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emma Galindo (page does not exist)">Emma Galindo</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Olarte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jorge Olarte (page does not exist)">Jorge Olarte</a> to investigate new forms of penicillin resistance in <i><a href="/wiki/Shigella" title="Shigella">Shigella</a></i> isolates from pediatric patients in Mexico City, which lead to the discovery of new forms of "R factors" - genes responsible for antimicrobial resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Falkow and trainee <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_Skerman_Knapp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joan Skerman Knapp (page does not exist)">Joan Skerman Knapp</a> identified a virulence factor on plasmids of <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E. coli</a></i> found in human feces, demonstrating for the first time that the ability to cause disease may be transferable between bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Falkow was present at the famous Waikiki beach meeting in 1972 between <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Boyer" title="Herbert Boyer">Herb Boyer</a> (who provided the restriction enzyme EcoRI) and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a> (who provided the plasmid) that led to a plan to develop <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">recombinant DNA</a> technology. This led to the first cloning of a bacterial virulence factor, the heat stable <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxin</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E. coli</a></i>, in a seminal 1976 paper with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magdalene_Yh_So&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magdalene Yh So (page does not exist)">Magdalene Yh So</a>, which heralded the application of molecular genetics to understanding gene transfer, and ultimately led to the creation of the field of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">synthetic biology</a>. </p><p>Falkow and his trainees developed many methods that moved biological research forward such as: a method for screening patient samples for enteric pathogens,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the identification of <i>Salmonella</i> and <i>Shigella</i> in patient samples based on lysine <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the application of <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_hybridization" title="Nucleic acid hybridization">nucleic acid hybridization</a> to distinguish different bacterial species,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the application of <a href="/wiki/Agarose_gel_electrophoresis" title="Agarose gel electrophoresis">agarose gels</a> to isolate plasmids of various sizes,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> isolation and creation of different plasmid backbones now used as <a href="/wiki/Cloning_vector" title="Cloning vector">cloning vectors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a method for identifying unculturable pathogens based on isolated <a href="/wiki/16S_ribosomal_RNA" title="16S ribosomal RNA">16S ribosomal RNA</a> sequence,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an optimized version of <a href="/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein" title="Green fluorescent protein">GFP</a> for <a href="/wiki/Flow_cytometry" title="Flow cytometry">flow cytometry</a> applications,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a fluorescence-based method for the detection of genes expressed by pathogens inside of host cells,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among many other techniques. </p><p>After studying the DNA content of many different pathogenic microbes, Falkow became one of the first scientists to suggest bacterial taxonomy should be based on DNA composition rather than phenotypic observations.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Falkow and others created the universal nomenclature scheme for <a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">plasmids</a> still in use today.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Falkow established ‘<a href="/wiki/Molecular_Koch%27s_postulates" title="Molecular Koch's postulates">Molecular Koch’s postulates</a>’ for defining virulence determinants,<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which continues to influence thinking and experimental design in infectious disease research.<sup id="cite_ref-path.ox.ac.uk_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-path.ox.ac.uk-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teaching_and_service">Teaching and service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Falkow&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Teaching and service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Falkow valued and enjoyed teaching as a fundamental part of scientific training and believed that all scientists have a duty to teach and train the next generation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all of his years of employment at academic institutions, he taught students in some capacity between medical, graduate, undergraduate courses and invited lectures for courses whenever he was able to.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, he recorded lectures on microbial pathogenesis for iBiology, and those videos are still publicly available on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiology.org/microbiology/host-pathogen-interactions-human-disease/">iBiology website</a> and on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Falkow became an emeritus Professor at Stanford University, he still taught students. Indeed, he co-taught with <a href="/wiki/Lucy_S._Tompkins" title="Lucy S. Tompkins">Lucy Tompkins</a> a class open to undergraduate and graduate students on the history of Infectious Disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Monack_iii–vi_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monack_iii–vi-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Falkow organized the first international symposium of invited speakers on antimicrobial resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Falkow and his student <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Herschfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers Herschfield (page does not exist)">Vickers Herschfield</a> investigated water sources in the D.C. area to find examples of plasmids containing antimicrobial resistance genes. Unexpectedly, they found that the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Park" title="Rock Creek Park">Rock Creek</a>, considered "clean" water sources used for recreation at the time, were full of fecal waste and alerted many government offices about their findings, which were at first largely ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1971, Falkow held a press conference warning D.C. citizens not to let their children play in the Potomac River, stating "one cup of Potomac River water is equivalent to a half gram of human feces".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Falkow served on the first NIH Recombinant DNA committee to recommend policy guidelines for the use of recombinant DNA to the United States of America Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of Falkow's publications are referenced in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Recombinant_DNA_Regulation_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recombinant DNA Regulation Act (page does not exist)">Recombinant DNA Regulation Act</a> of 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Falkow worked with the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> of the United States throughout his career to advocate for the decrease of antimicrobial agents used in livestock feed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Falkow&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StanAward.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/StanAward.jpg/220px-StanAward.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/StanAward.jpg/330px-StanAward.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/StanAward.jpg/440px-StanAward.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Falkow receiving the National Medal of Science (left), President Barack Obama (middle), military official holding medal about to be awarded (right).</figcaption></figure> <p>Falkow was elected President of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Microbiology" title="American Society for Microbiology">American Society for Microbiology</a> from July 1997 through June 1998. He was elected to the Institute of Medicine in 1997 and received the <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Finland_Award" title="Maxwell Finland Award">Maxwell Finland Award</a> from the National Foundation of Infectious Diseases in 1999. He also received in 1999 an Honorary Doctor of Science, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Guelph" title="University of Guelph">University of Guelph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guelph" title="Guelph">Guelph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maine" title="University of Maine">University of Maine</a> Alumni Career Award. He has received honorary doctorates in Europe and the US. He received numerous awards for his achievements in science, including the <a href="/wiki/Bristol-Myers_Squibb_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol-Myers Squibb Award">Bristol-Myers Squibb Award</a> for Distinguished Achievement in Infectious Disease Research,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Altemeier Medal from the Surgical Infectious Diseases Society of America, the <a href="/wiki/Howard_Taylor_Ricketts" title="Howard Taylor Ricketts">Howard Taylor Ricketts</a> Award Lecture at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich_and_Ludwig_Darmstaedter_Prize" title="Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize">Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize</a>. In 2003, he received the Abbott Lifetime Achievement Award from the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Microbiology" title="American Society for Microbiology">American Society for Microbiology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Selman_A._Waksman_Award_in_Microbiology" title="Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology">Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Waksman_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waksman-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Koch Prize">Robert Koch Award</a> in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Falkow was an elected member of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Medicine">Institute of Medicine</a>, the National Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Arts and Sciences, an elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was also elected into the UK's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> as a Foreign Member.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2008, Falkow was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Lasker_Award" title="Lasker Award">Lasker Award</a> for medical research.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May, 2016, Falkow was awarded by Barack Obama the National Medal of Science for his monumental contributions toward understanding how microbes cause disease and resist the effects of antibiotics, and for his inspiring mentorship that created the field of molecular microbial pathogenesis. <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trainees">Trainees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Falkow&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Trainees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stanley Falkow is known for training many experts in the field of molecular microbiology who then became prominent professors and scientists all over the world, including; </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Amieva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Amieva (page does not exist)">Manuel Amieva</a><sup id="cite_ref-Zonana_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zonana-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - Professor of Pediatrics (Infectious Disease), Stanford University School of Medicine</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Igor_Brodsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igor Brodsky (page does not exist)">Igor Brodsky</a> - Professor of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carleen_Collins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carleen Collins (page does not exist)">Carleen Collins</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - Professor of Microbiology, University of Washington</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Dougan" title="Gordon Dougan">Gordon Dougan</a> - Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Finlay" title="Brett Finlay">Brett Finlay</a> - Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Guillemin" title="Karen Guillemin">Karen Guillemin</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - Professor of Biology, University of Oregon</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlton_Gyles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlton Gyles (page does not exist)">Carlton Gyles</a> (sabbatical)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - Professor of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Guelph</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Heffron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Heffron (page does not exist)">Fred Heffron</a> - Professor of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_Skerman_Knapp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joan Skerman Knapp (page does not exist)">Joan Skerman Knapp</a><sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - Scientist, Venereal Disease Control Division, <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Koomey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Koomey (page does not exist)">Michael Koomey</a> - Professor of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oslo</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_J._LeBlanc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald J. LeBlanc (page does not exist)">Donald J. LeBlanc</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - Professor of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Isberg" title="Ralph Isberg">Ralph Isberg</a> - Professor of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Tufts University School of Medicine">Tufts University School of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonard Mayer (page does not exist)">Leonard Mayer</a> - Senior Scientific Advisor, <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Monack" class="mw-redirect" title="Denise Monack">Denise Monack</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zonana_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zonana-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_L._Moseley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen L. Moseley (page does not exist)">Stephen L. Moseley</a> - Professor of Microbiology, University of Washington at Seattle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Piot" title="Peter Piot">Peter Piot</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - Professor of Global Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._Portnoy" title="Daniel A. Portnoy">Daniel Portnoy</a> - Professor of Molecular and Cell Biology & Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalita_Ramakrishnan" title="Lalita Ramakrishnan">Lalita Ramakrishnan</a> - Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Relman" title="David Relman">David Relman</a><sup id="cite_ref-Zonana_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zonana-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_P._Silver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard P. Silver (page does not exist)">Richard P. Silver</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical School</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magdalene_Yh_So&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magdalene Yh So (page does not exist)">Magdalene Yh So</a> - Director of the Microbial Pathogenesis Program, University of Arizona College of Medicine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_S._Tompkins" title="Lucy S. Tompkins">Lucy S. Tompkins</a> - Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Valdivia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raphael Valdivia (page does not exist)">Raphael Valdivia</a> - Professor of Integrative Immunobiology, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Duke University School of Medicine">Duke University School of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alison_Weiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alison Weiss (page does not exist)">Alison Weiss</a> - Professor of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Welch" title="Rod Welch">Rod Welch</a> - Professor of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin at Madison</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Falkow&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFalkow2020" class="citation book cs1">Falkow, Stanley (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1225499908"><i>And what's beyond that? : a memoir by the father of microbial pathogenesis</i></a>. [United States]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-6873-4014-4" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-6873-4014-4"><bdi>979-8-6873-4014-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1225499908">1225499908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+what%27s+beyond+that%3F+%3A+a+memoir+by+the+father+of+microbial+pathogenesis&rft.place=%5BUnited+States%5D&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1225499908&rft.isbn=979-8-6873-4014-4&rft.aulast=Falkow&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1225499908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Falkow" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Falkow S (1988). "Molecular Koch's postulates applied to microbial pathogenicity." <i>Rev Infect Dis</i> <b>10</b>(Suppl 2):S274-S276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alum-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alum_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alum_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandeep Ravindran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alumni.stanford.edu/get/page/magazine/article/?article_id=43987">Curious About Everything</a> Stanford Alumni Magazine, September/October 2011, retrieved June 22 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wp-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wp_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison Smith <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/stanley-falkow-microbiologist-who-studied-bacteria-and-the-diseases-they-cause-dies-at-84/2018/05/12/47b81a18-55ed-11e8-abd8-265bd07a9859_story.html">Stanley Falkow, microbiologist who studied bacteria and the diseases they cause, dies at 84</a> Washington Post, 12 May 2018, retrieved 21 June 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/54515/title/Stanley-Falkow--Father-of-Molecular-Microbial-Pathogenesis--Dies/">"Stanley Falkow, Father of Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis, Dies"</a>. <i>The Scientist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Scientist&rft.atitle=Stanley+Falkow%2C+Father+of+Molecular+Microbial+Pathogenesis%2C+Dies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-scientist.com%2F%3Farticles.view%2FarticleNo%2F54515%2Ftitle%2FStanley-Falkow--Father-of-Molecular-Microbial-Pathogenesis--Dies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Falkow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalkowRymanWashington1962" class="citation journal cs1">Falkow, Stanley; Ryman, I. R.; Washington, O. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC279453">"Deoxyribonucleic Acid Base Composition of Proteus and Providence Organisms"</a>. <i>Journal of Bacteriology</i>. <b>83</b> (6): 1318–1321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fjb.83.6.1318-1321.1962">10.1128/jb.83.6.1318-1321.1962</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC279453">279453</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13891463">13891463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bacteriology&rft.atitle=Deoxyribonucleic+Acid+Base+Composition+of+Proteus+and+Providence+Organisms&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1318-1321&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC279453%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13891463&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Fjb.83.6.1318-1321.1962&rft.aulast=Falkow&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft.au=Ryman%2C+I.+R.&rft.au=Washington%2C+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC279453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Falkow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard P. Novick et al., "Uniform Nomenclature for Bacterial Plasmids: A Proposal", Bacteriol. Rev., March 1976, pp. 168–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.esthermlederberg.com/EImages/Archive/ArchiveIndex.html">http://www.esthermlederberg.com/EImages/Archive/ArchiveIndex.html</a>; click "Special Topics", "Plasmid Reference Center Funding Issues", then "Falkow"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonackStrauss2018" class="citation journal cs1">Monack, Denise; Strauss, Evelyn (June 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aau2284">"Stanley Falkow (1934–2018)"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>360</b> (6393): 1077. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Sci...360.1077M">2018Sci...360.1077M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aau2284">10.1126/science.aau2284</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46954621">46954621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Stanley+Falkow+%281934%E2%80%932018%29&rft.volume=360&rft.issue=6393&rft.pages=1077&rft.date=2018-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46954621%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aau2284&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Sci...360.1077M&rft.aulast=Monack&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft.au=Strauss%2C+Evelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aau2284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Falkow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolata2018" class="citation web cs1">Kolata, Gina (May 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180511154728/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/10/obituaries/stanley-falkow-who-saw-how-bacteria-cause-disease-dies-at-84.html">"Stanley Falkow, Who Saw How Bacteria Cause Disease, Dies at 84"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/10/obituaries/stanley-falkow-who-saw-how-bacteria-cause-disease-dies-at-84.html">the original</a> on May 11, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Stanley+Falkow%2C+Who+Saw+How+Bacteria+Cause+Disease%2C+Dies+at+84&rft.date=2018-05-10&rft.aulast=Kolata&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F05%2F10%2Fobituaries%2Fstanley-falkow-who-saw-how-bacteria-cause-disease-dies-at-84.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Falkow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolata2018" class="citation news cs1">Kolata, Gina (May 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/10/obituaries/stanley-falkow-who-saw-how-bacteria-cause-disease-dies-at-84.html">"Stanley Falkow, Who Saw How Bacteria Cause Disease, Dies at 84"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Stanley+Falkow%2C+Who+Saw+How+Bacteria+Cause+Disease%2C+Dies+at+84&rft.date=2018-05-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kolata&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F05%2F10%2Fobituaries%2Fstanley-falkow-who-saw-how-bacteria-cause-disease-dies-at-84.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Falkow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/stanley-falkow-microbiologist-who-studied-bacteria-and-the-diseases-they-cause-dies-at-84/2018/05/12/47b81a18-55ed-11e8-abd8-265bd07a9859_story.html">"Stanley Falkow, microbiologist who studied bacteria and the diseases they cause, dies at 84"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Stanley+Falkow%2C+microbiologist+who+studied+bacteria+and+the+diseases+they+cause%2C+dies+at+84&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Fstanley-falkow-microbiologist-who-studied-bacteria-and-the-diseases-they-cause-dies-at-84%2F2018%2F05%2F12%2F47b81a18-55ed-11e8-abd8-265bd07a9859_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Falkow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmieva2018" class="citation journal cs1">Amieva, Manuel R. (June 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-018-05377-6">"Stanley Falkow (1934-2018)"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>558</b> (7709): 190. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.558..190A">2018Natur.558..190A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-018-05377-6">10.1038/d41586-018-05377-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46958780">46958780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Stanley+Falkow+%281934-2018%29&rft.volume=558&rft.issue=7709&rft.pages=190&rft.date=2018-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46958780%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-018-05377-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Natur.558..190A&rft.aulast=Amieva&rft.aufirst=Manuel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fd41586-018-05377-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Falkow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asm.org/Obituaries/In-Memoriam-Stanley-Falkow">"In Memoriam: Falkow, Stanley"</a>. <i>ASM.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ASM.org&rft.atitle=In+Memoriam%3A+Falkow%2C+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasm.org%2FObituaries%2FIn-Memoriam-Stanley-Falkow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Falkow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Double Helix <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfid.org/publications/helix_archive/dec98/helix1.html">NFID to Honor Dr. Falkow</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928093202/http://www.nfid.org/publications/helix_archive/dec98/helix1.html">Archived</a> September 28, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on July 4, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiology.org/microbiology/host-pathogen-interactions-human-disease/">"Host-Pathogen Interactions and Human Disease • iBiology"</a>. <i>iBiology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iBiology&rft.atitle=Host-Pathogen+Interactions+and+Human+Disease+%E2%80%A2+iBiology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiology.org%2Fmicrobiology%2Fhost-pathogen-interactions-human-disease%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Falkow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-path.ox.ac.uk-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-path.ox.ac.uk_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-path.ox.ac.uk_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.path.ox.ac.uk/content/stanley-falkow">"Stanley Falkow | Sir William Dunn School of Pathology"</a>. <i>www.path.ox.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.path.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Stanley+Falkow+%7C+Sir+William+Dunn+School+of+Pathology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.path.ox.ac.uk%2Fcontent%2Fstanley-falkow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Falkow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverFalkow1970" class="citation journal cs1">Silver, Richard P.; Falkow, Stanley (October 1, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC248218">"Specific Labeling and Physical Characterization of R-Factor Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Escherichia coli"</a>. <i>Journal of Bacteriology</i>. <b>104</b> (1): 331–339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fjb.104.1.331-339.1970">10.1128/jb.104.1.331-339.1970</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC248218">248218</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4919748">4919748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bacteriology&rft.atitle=Specific+Labeling+and+Physical+Characterization+of+R-Factor+Deoxyribonucleic+Acid+in+Escherichia+coli&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=331-339&rft.date=1970-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC248218%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4919748&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Fjb.104.1.331-339.1970&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rft.au=Falkow%2C+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC248218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Falkow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansGalindoOlarteFalkow1968" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, J.; Galindo, E.; Olarte, J.; Falkow, S. 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J.; Formal, S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Medicine&rft.atitle=Virus+hunter+Peter+Piot+fights+personal+battle+against+COVID-19&rft.date=2020-10-15&rft.aulast=Vecchio&rft.aufirst=Riccardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstanmed.stanford.edu%2F2020issue2%2Fpeter-piot-coronavirus-battle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Falkow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Falkow&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anapsid.org/falkow.html">Who Speaks for the Microbes? – article by Falkow</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiology.org/microbiology/host-pathogen-interactions-human-disease/">Falkow's iBiology recorded teaching "Host-Pathogen Interaction and Human Disease"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Microbiology" title="American Society for Microbiology">Presidents of the American Society for Microbiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Thompson_Sedgwick" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thompson Sedgwick">William Thompson Sedgwick</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Welch" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Welch">William Henry Welch</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_William_Conn" title="Herbert William Conn">Herbert William Conn</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_Smith" title="Theobald Smith">Theobald Smith</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_George_Novy" title="Frederick George Novy">Frederick George Novy</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Oakes_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Oakes Jordan">Edwin Oakes Jordan</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Frink_Smith" title="Erwin Frink Smith">Erwin Frink Smith</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Carroll_(scientist)" title="James Carroll (scientist)">James Carroll</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Luman_Russell" title="Harry Luman Russell">Harry Luman Russell</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_James_Kinyoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph James Kinyoun">Joseph James Kinyoun</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veranus_Alva_Moore" title="Veranus Alva Moore">Veranus Alva Moore</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Poole_Gorham" title="Frederic Poole Gorham">Frederic Poole Gorham</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hallock_Park" title="William Hallock Park">William Hallock Park</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Edward_Amory_Winslow" title="Charles-Edward Amory Winslow">Charles-Edward Amory Winslow</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Marshall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Edward Marshall (page does not exist)">Charles Edward Marshall</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hendricks_Bergey" title="David Hendricks Bergey">David Hendricks Bergey</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jonathan_Burrill" title="Thomas Jonathan Burrill">Thomas Jonathan Burrill</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Frederick_Rettger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Frederick Rettger (page does not exist)">Leo Frederick Rettger</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Earle_Buchanan" title="Robert Earle Buchanan">Robert Earle Buchanan</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cate_Prescott" title="Samuel Cate Prescott">Samuel Cate Prescott</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Krumwiede_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Krumwiede Jr. (page does not exist)">Charles Krumwiede Jr.</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Charles_Harrison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Charles Harrison (page does not exist)">Francis Charles Harrison</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lore_Alford_Rogers" title="Lore Alford Rogers">Lore Alford Rogers</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_George_Hastings" title="Edwin George Hastings">Edwin George Hastings</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Parker_Hitchens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Parker Hitchens (page does not exist)">Arthur Parker Hitchens</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_MacLeod_Harris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman MacLeod Harris (page does not exist)">Norman MacLeod Harris</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zinsser" title="Hans Zinsser">Hans Zinsser</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanley_Breed" title="Robert Stanley Breed">Robert Stanley Breed</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Catherine_Evans" title="Alice Catherine Evans">Alice Catherine Evans</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Hektoen" title="Ludvig Hektoen">Ludvig Hektoen</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanhope_Bayne-Jones" title="Stanhope Bayne-Jones">Stanhope Bayne-Jones</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Howard_Brown" title="James Howard Brown">James Howard Brown</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Broun_Fred" title="Edwin Broun Fred">Edwin Broun Fred</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mansfield_Clark" title="William Mansfield Clark">William Mansfield Clark</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_J._Rosenau" title="Milton J. Rosenau">Milton Joseph Rosenau</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Meyer" title="Karl Friedrich Meyer">Karl Friedrich Meyer</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Milton_Rivers" title="Thomas Milton Rivers">Thomas Milton Rivers</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Morgan_Sherman" title="James Morgan Sherman">James Morgan Sherman</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Franklin_Clark" title="Paul Franklin Clark">Paul Franklin Clark</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Trautwein_Henrici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Trautwein Henrici (page does not exist)">Arthur Trautwein Henrici</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thom" title="Charles Thom">Charles Thom</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Theodore_Avery" class="mw-redirect" title="Oswald Theodore Avery">Oswald Theodore Avery</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selman_Abraham_Waksman" class="mw-redirect" title="Selman Abraham Waksman">Selman Abraham Waksman</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Lancefield" title="Rebecca Lancefield">Rebecca Craighill Lancefield</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Baldwin" title="Ira Baldwin">Ira L. Baldwin</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Mudd" title="Stuart Mudd">Stuart Mudd</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Craigie_(bacteriologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Craigie (bacteriologist) (page does not exist)">James Craigie</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Jr." title="Thomas Francis Jr.">Thomas Francis Jr.</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Joel_Conn" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Joel Conn">Harold Joel Conn</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McDowell_Hammon" class="mw-redirect" title="William McDowell Hammon">William McDowell Hammon</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnett_Cohen" title="Barnett Cohen">Barnett Cohen</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_James_Nungester" title="Walter James Nungester">Walter James Nungester</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Dubos" title="René Dubos">René Dubos</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gail_Monroe_Dack" title="Gail Monroe Dack">Gail Monroe Dack</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._B._van_Niel" title="C. B. van Niel">Cornelis Bernard van Niel</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halvor_Orin_Halvorson" class="mw-redirect" title="Halvor Orin Halvorson">Halvor Orin Halvorson</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Arthur_Stuart" title="Charles Arthur Stuart">Charles Arthur Stuart</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_William_Wilson" title="Perry William Wilson">Perry William Wilson</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Eagle" title="Harry Eagle">Harry Eagle</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Rarick_Edwards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Rarick Edwards (page does not exist)">Philip Rarick Edwards</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Evans" title="Charles Albert Evans">Charles Albert Evans</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herald_Rea_Cox" class="mw-redirect" title="Herald Rea Cox">Herald Rea Cox</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Blair" title="John Edward Blair">John Edward Blair</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lyman_Starkey" title="Robert Lyman Starkey">Robert Lyman Starkey</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Roger_Porter" title="J. Roger Porter">John Roger Porter</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orville_Wyss" title="Orville Wyss">Orville Wyss</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riley_Dee_Housewright" class="mw-redirect" title="Riley Dee Housewright">Riley Dee Housewright</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bowen_Sarles" title="William Bowen Sarles">William Bowen Sarles</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Edward Luria</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Wallace_Watson" title="Dennis Wallace Watson">Dennis Wallace Watson</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Michael_Foster" title="Edwin Michael Foster">Edwin Michael Foster</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hungate" title="Robert Hungate">Robert Edward Hungate</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morris_Frank_Shaffer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morris Frank Shaffer (page does not exist)">Morris Frank Shaffer</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_George_Everitt_Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert George Everitt Murray">Robert George Everitt Murray</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linzy_Leon_Campbell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linzy Leon Campbell (page does not exist)">Linzy Leon Campbell</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Gerhardt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philipp Gerhardt (page does not exist)">Philipp Gerhardt</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Riaboff_Whiteley" title="Helen Riaboff Whiteley">Helen Riaboff Whiteley</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlyn_Odell_Halvorson" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlyn Odell Halvorson">Harlyn Odell Halvorson</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Frederick_Rasmussen_Jr." title="Aaron Frederick Rasmussen Jr.">Aaron Frederick Rasmussen Jr.</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Herman_Lennette" title="Edwin Herman Lennette">Edwin Herman Lennette</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_A._Wood" title="Willis A. Wood">Willis A. Wood</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Balows" title="Albert Balows">Albert Balows</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Neidhardt" title="Frederick C. Neidhardt">Frederick C. Neidhardt</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Sherris" title="John Charles Sherris">John Charles Sherris</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Pierce_Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Pierce Williams (page does not exist)">Robert Pierce Williams</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Rossi_Colwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Rita Rossi Colwell">Rita Rossi Colwell</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselio_Schaechter" title="Moselio Schaechter">Moselio Schaechter</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Brenchley" title="Jean Brenchley">Jean Brenchley</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Iglewski" title="Barbara Iglewski">Barbara Hotham Iglewski</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_S._Huang" title="Alice S. Huang">Alice Shih-Hou Huang</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Dowdle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Dowdle (page does not exist)">Walter Dowdle</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_W._Bennett" title="Joan W. Bennett">Joan Wennstrom Bennett</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Lane_Crowell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Lane Crowell (page does not exist)">Richard Lane Crowell</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ingraham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Ingraham (page does not exist)">John Ingraham</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gail_Cassell" class="mw-redirect" title="Gail Cassell">Gail Cassell</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Schlessinger" title="David Schlessinger">David Schlessinger</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_A._Nacy" title="Carol A. Nacy">Carol A. Nacy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_I._Berns" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth I. Berns">Kenneth I. Berns</a> (1997)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stanley Falkow</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Levy_(microbiologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart Levy (microbiologist)">Stuart Levy</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Davies_(microbiologist)" title="Julian Davies (microbiologist)">Julian Davies</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Howe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martha Howe (page does not exist)">Martha Howe</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_A._Salyers" title="Abigail A. Salyers">Abigail A. Salyers</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Atlas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Atlas (page does not exist)">Ronald Atlas</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Shenk" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas E. Shenk">Thomas E. Shenk</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tiedje" title="James Tiedje">James Tiedje</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Robert_Maloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanley Robert Maloy (page does not exist)">Stanley Robert Maloy</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Griffin_(biologist)" title="Diane Griffin (biologist)">Diane E. Griffin</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Wayne_Houston" title="Clifford Wayne Houston">Clifford Wayne Houston</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alison_D._O%27Brien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alison D. O'Brien (page does not exist)">Alison D. O'Brien</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Kolter" title="Roberto Kolter">Roberto Kolter</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Bassler" title="Bonnie Bassler">Bonnie Bassler</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_C._Hooper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David C. Hooper (page does not exist)">David C. Hooper</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffery_F._Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeffery F. Miller (page does not exist)">Jeffery F. Miller</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Handelsman" title="Jo Handelsman">Jo Handelsman</a> (Jan-Feb 2014)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffery_F._Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeffery F. Miller (page does not exist)">Jeffery F. Miller</a> (Mar-Dec 2014)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timothy_Donohue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timothy Donohue (page does not exist)">Timothy Donohue</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_W._Enquist" title="Lynn W. Enquist">Lynn W. Enquist</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_E._Sharp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan E. Sharp (page does not exist)">Susan E. Sharp</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peggy_Cotter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peggy Cotter (page does not exist)">Peggy Cotter</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Patel" title="Robin Patel">Robin Patel</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_DiRita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor DiRita (page does not exist)">Victor DiRita</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Finkel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Finkel (page does not exist)">Steven Finkel</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleen_Kraft" title="Colleen Kraft">Colleen Kraft</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2007" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FRS_2007" title="Template:FRS 2007"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FRS_2007" title="Template talk:FRS 2007"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FRS_2007" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FRS 2007"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2007" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellows</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2007">in 2007</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fellows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradshaw_Amos" title="William Bradshaw Amos">Brad Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Barnes_(respiratory_scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter J. Barnes (respiratory scientist)">Peter Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Bates" title="Gillian Bates">Gillian Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Berkovic" title="Samuel Berkovic">Samuel Berkovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bickle" title="Michael Bickle">Michael Bickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bloxham" title="Jeremy Bloxham">Jeremy Bloxham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Boger" title="David Boger">David Boger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bruce" title="Peter Bruce">Peter Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cates" title="Michael Cates">Michael Cates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Cloke" title="Geoffrey Cloke">Geoffrey Cloke</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165492" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165492">Richard Cogdell</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Cole" title="Stewart Cole">Stewart Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Coupland" title="George Coupland">George Coupland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._R._Ellis" title="George F. R. Ellis">George F. R. Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Everitt_(scientist)" title="Barry Everitt (scientist)">Barry Everitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamon_Gordon" title="Siamon Gordon">Siamon Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Rosemary_Grant" title="Peter and Rosemary Grant">Rosemary Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grahame_Hardie" title="Grahame Hardie">Grahame Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Harris_(neuroscientist)" title="Bill Harris (neuroscientist)">Bill Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Higham" title="Nicholas Higham">Nicholas Higham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_A._Hyman" title="Anthony A. Hyman">Anthony A. Hyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Kinloch" title="Tony Kinloch">Anthony Kinloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Leakey" title="Richard Leakey">Richard Leakey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Levitt" title="Malcolm Levitt">Malcolm Levitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoline_Leyser" title="Ottoline Leyser">Ottoline Leyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Linden" title="Paul Linden">Paul Linden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Littlewood" title="Peter Littlewood">Peter Littlewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravinder_N._Maini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravinder N. Maini">Ravinder N. Maini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mair,_Baron_Mair" title="Robert Mair, Baron Mair">Robert Mair, Baron Mair</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166756" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166756">Michael Malim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165205" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165205">Andrew McMahon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24453739" class="extiw" title="d:Q24453739">Richard Moxon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Peacock" title="John A. Peacock">John A. Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Perkins" title="Ed Perkins">Edward Arend Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166032" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166032">Stephen Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniela_Rhodes" title="Daniela Rhodes">Daniela Rhodes</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166806" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166806">Morgan Sheng</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Colin_Sherrington" title="David Colin Sherrington">David C. Sherrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Tao" title="Terence Tao">Terence Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronica_van_Heyningen" title="Veronica van Heyningen">Veronica van Heyningen</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165848" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165848">David Lee Wark</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Wooley" title="Trevor Wooley">Trevor Wooley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Zisserman" title="Andrew Zisserman">Andrew Zisserman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Smith_Broecker" title="Wallace Smith Broecker">Wallace Broecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">James Cronin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stanley Falkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Fenchel" title="Tom Fenchel">Tom Fenchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_P._Ostriker" title="Jeremiah P. Ostriker">Jeremiah P. Ostriker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_O._Rabin" title="Michael O. Rabin">Michael O. Rabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_M._Rubin" title="Gerald M. Rubin">Gerald M. Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Guy_Wolynes" title="Peter Guy Wolynes">Peter Wolynes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honorary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onora_O%27Neill" title="Onora O'Neill">Onora O'Neill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2331701#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2331701#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2331701#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000025535408">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/67886073">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/153536/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJr3m3hj4V4fgMPrcyth73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/172831970">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85028722">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Falkow, Stanley"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub20201075762&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068232225">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007441818805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7103232902">Scopus</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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