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role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/distributed-systems-and-parallel-computing/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Distributed Systems & Parallel Computing <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/hardware-and-architecture/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Hardware & Architecture <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/mobile-systems/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Mobile Systems <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/networking/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Networking <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/quantum-computing/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Quantum Computing <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a 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</div> </div></div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-header__item js-sub-nav-parent --parent" data-gt-primary="Our work" > <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > <span class=""> Our work <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </span> </button> <div class="navigation__sub js-sub-nav" role="menu"> <div class="navigation__sub__container"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Our work <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <div class="block-nav_drawer_columns_content"> <div class="navigation__sub--content" data-gt-secondary=""> <div class="navigation__sub__wrapper"> <ul class="navigation__sub__columns"> <li data-gt-secondary="Projects"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Projects </h2> <p 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</div> </div> <div class="bhoig__breadcrumb-wrapper glue-grid__col--span-10 glue-grid__col--span-9-md glue-grid__col--span-10-lg"> <nav class="glue-breadcrumbs" aria-label="Breadcrumbs"> <ol class="glue-breadcrumbs__list"> <li class="glue-breadcrumbs__item"> <a class="glue-breadcrumbs__link attribution" href="/">Home</a> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon "> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#chevron-right"></use> </svg> </li> <li class="glue-breadcrumbs__item"> <a class="glue-breadcrumbs__link attribution" href="/research-areas/">Research areas</a> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon "> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#chevron-right"></use> </svg> </li> </ol> </nav> </div> <h1 class="headline-1 bhoig__headline glue-grid__col--span-10 glue-grid__col--span-9-md glue-grid__col--span-10-lg">Networking</h1> <div class="basic-hero__description bhoig__description glue-grid__col--span-10 glue-grid__col--span-9-md glue-grid__col--span-10-lg"> <p data-block-key="mlenw">Networking is central to modern computing, from WANs connecting cell phones to massive data stores, to the data-center interconnects that deliver seamless storage and fine-grained distributed computing. Because our distributed computing infrastructure is a key differentiator for the company, Google has long focused on building network infrastructure to support our scale, availability, and performance needs, and to apply our expertise and infrastructure to solve similar problems for Cloud customers. Our research combines building and deploying novel networking systems at unprecedented scale, with recent work focusing on fundamental questions around data center architecture, cloud virtual networking, and wide-area network interconnects. We helped pioneer the use of Software Defined Networking, the application of ML to networking, and the development of large-scale management infrastructure including telemetry systems. We are also addressing congestion control and bandwidth management, capacity planning, and designing networks to meet traffic demands. We build cross-layer systems to ensure high network availability and reliability. By publishing our findings at premier research venues, we continue to engage both academic and industrial partners to further the state of the art in networked systems.</p> </div> <div class="bhoig__cta glue-grid__col--span-10 glue-grid__col--span-9-md glue-grid__col--span-10-lg"> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="offset-two-up"> <div class="glue-page glue-grid"> <div class="offset-two-up__left-col glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-12-md glue-grid__col--span-3-lg"> <h3 class="offset-two-up__headline headline-3">Recent Publications</h3> <div class="offset-two-up__cta-below-description"> <a class="glue-button glue-button--medium-emphasis" href="http://research.google/pubs/?category=networking" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">See More</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-12-md glue-grid__col--span-9-lg"> <div class="publications-list --theme- row-card-list" data-hot-swap="pub-list" data-gt-id="publications_list" data-gt-component-name=""> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=http://research.google/pubs/katch-a-fast-symbolic-verifier-for-netkat/ > KATch: A Fast Symbolic Verifier for NetKAT </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Mark Moeller </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Jules Jacobs </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Olivier Savary Belanger </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> David Darais </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Cole Schlesinger </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/steffensmolka/"> Steffen Smolka </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Nate Foster </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Alexandra Silva </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Programming Languages and Implementation (PLDI) (2024) (to appear) </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentwe-develop-new-data-structures-and tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentwe-develop-new-data-structures-and" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">We develop new data structures and algorithms for checking verification queries in NetKAT, a domain-specific language for specifying the behavior of network data planes. Our results extend the techniques obtained in prior work on symbolic automata and provide a framework for building efficient and scalable verification tools. We present \KATch, an implementation of these ideas in Scala, including extended logical operators that are useful for expressing network-wide specifications and optimizations that construct a bisimulation quickly or generate a counter-example showing that none exists. We evaluate the performance of our implementation on real-world and synthetic benchmarks, verifying properties such as reachability and slice isolation, typically returning a result in well under a second, which is orders of magnitude faster than previous approaches.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="http://research.google/pubs/katch-a-fast-symbolic-verifier-for-netkat/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=http://research.google/pubs/on-the-benefits-of-traffic-reprofiling-the-multiple-hops-case-part-i/ > On the Benefits of Traffic “Reprofiling” The Multiple Hops Case – Part I </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Henry Sariowan </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Jiaming Qiu </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Jiayi Song </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Roch Guerin </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (2024) </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentabstractthis-paper-considers-netw tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentabstractthis-paper-considers-netw" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">Abstract—This paper considers networks where user traffic is regulated through deterministic traffic profiles, e.g. token buckets, and requirescleanguaranteed hard delay bounds. The network’s goal is to minimize the resources it needs to meet those cleanrequirementsbounds. The paper explores how reprofiling, i.e. proactively modifying how user traffic enters the network, can be of benefit. Reprofiling produces “smoother” flows but introduces an up-front access delay that forces tighter network delays. The paper explores this trade-off and demonstrates that, unlike what holds in the single-hop case, reprofiling can be of benefit even when “optimal”cleansophisticated schedulers are available at each hop.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="http://research.google/pubs/on-the-benefits-of-traffic-reprofiling-the-multiple-hops-case-part-i/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=http://research.google/pubs/on-the-benefits-of-traffic-reprofiling-the-single-hop-case/ > On the Benefits of Traffic “Reprofiling” The Single Hop Case </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Henry Sariowan </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Jiaming Qiu </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Jiayi Song </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Roch Guerin </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (2024) </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentdatacenters-have-become-a-signific tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentdatacenters-have-become-a-signific" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">Datacenters have become a significant source of traffic, much of which is carried over private networks. The operators of those networks commonly have access to detailed traffic profiles and performance goals, which they seek to meet as efficiently as possible. Of interest are solutions that guarantee latency while minimizing network bandwidth. The paper explores a basic building block towards realizing such solutions, namely, a single hop configuration. The main results are in the form of optimal solutions for meeting local deadlines under schedulers of varying complexity and therefore cost. The results demonstrate how judiciously modifying flows’ traffic profiles, i.e., reprofiling them, can help simple schedulers reduce the bandwidth they require, often performing nearly as well as more complex ones.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="http://research.google/pubs/on-the-benefits-of-traffic-reprofiling-the-single-hop-case/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=http://research.google/pubs/linear-pluggable-optics-beyond-112g-where-is-the-use-case/ > Linear Pluggable Optics Beyond 112G: Where is the use case ? </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/xiangzhou/"> Xiang Zhou </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/author3723/"> Hong Liu </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> (2024) </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentthis-is-an-invited-ofc-2024-confer tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentthis-is-an-invited-ofc-2024-confer" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">This is an invited OFC 2024 conference workshop talk regarding a new type of lower-power datacenter optics design choice: linear pluggable optics. In this talk I will discuss the fundamental performance constraints facing linear pluggable optics and their implications on DCN and ML use cases</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="http://research.google/pubs/linear-pluggable-optics-beyond-112g-where-is-the-use-case/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=http://research.google/pubs/bolt-sub-rtt-congestion-control-for-ultra-low-latency/ > Bolt: Sub-RTT Congestion Control for Ultra Low-Latency </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Serhat Arslan </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/107890/"> Yuliang Li </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/106805/"> Gautam Kumar </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/author39115/"> Nandita Dukkipati </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> NSDI (2023) </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentbolt-is-a-congestion-control-algor tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentbolt-is-a-congestion-control-algor" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">Bolt is a congestion-control algorithm designed to providesingle-digit microsecond tail network-queuing at near-linerate utilization. Motivated by the need for ultra-low latencyto support applications such as NVMe, as line rates reach200G and beyond, most transfers fit within a single BDP en-tailing that transfer times predominantly become a functionof queuing and propagation delays. Bolt is an attempt topush congestion-control to its theoretical limits by harness-ing the power of programmable dataplanes such as Tofinoand Trident3+ chips. Bolt is founded on three key ideas, (i)Sub-RTT reaction (SRR): reacting to congestion faster thanRTT control-loop delay, (ii) Proactive Ramp-up (PRU): bytracking future flow-completions, and (iii) Supply matching(SM): leveraging Network Calculus concepts to maximizeutilization. Our current results achieve a 75% reduction inqueuing-delays over Swift with upto 3x improvement incompletion times for short transfers.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="http://research.google/pubs/bolt-sub-rtt-congestion-control-for-ultra-low-latency/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=http://research.google/pubs/state-of-the-art-800g16t-datacom-interconnects-and-outlook-for-32t/ > State-of-the-Art 800G/1.6T Datacom Interconnects and Outlook for 3.2T </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/xiangzhou/"> Xiang Zhou </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/author38397/"> Cedric Lam </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/author3723/"> Hong Liu </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/ryoheiurata/"> Ryohei Urata </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> OFC 2023 Technical digest (2023) </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentwe-review-state-of-the-art-datacen tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentwe-review-state-of-the-art-datacen" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">We review state-of-the-art datacenter technologies for 800G, 1.6T and beyond interconnect speeds, focusing on 200G per-lane IM-DD (intensity modulated-direct detect) and 800G-LR1 coherent-lite transmissions.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="http://research.google/pubs/state-of-the-art-800g16t-datacom-interconnects-and-outlook-for-32t/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="offset-two-up --theme-dark both" data-gt-id="offset_two_up" data-gt-component-name=""> <div class="glue-page glue-grid"> <div class="offset-two-up__left-col glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-12-md glue-grid__col--span-3-lg"> <h2 class="offset-two-up__headline headline-3">Some of our teams</h2> </div> <div class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-12-md glue-grid__col--span-9-lg"> <ul class="card-stack--small nested-glue-grid-override" data-gt-id="team_small_card_stack" data-gt-component-name="Team - Small Card Stack"> <li class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-6-md glue-grid__col--span-4-sm"> <a class="glue-card not-glue glue-card--small" href="/teams/cloud-networking/"> <div class="glue-card__inner"> <div class="glue-card__content"> <div class="content-wrapper"> <p class="glue-headline body js-gt-item-id"> Cloud networking </p> </div> <div class="glue-card__cta glue-card__cta--arrow"> <span class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-button--icon"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon "> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#arrow-forward"></use> </svg> </span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </li> <li class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-6-md glue-grid__col--span-4-sm"> <a class="glue-card 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