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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rationale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rationale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rationale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rationale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Companies_and_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Companies_and_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Companies and products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Companies_and_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Design process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safer_Choice_labeling_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safer_Choice_labeling_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Safer Choice labeling program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safer_Choice_labeling_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_U.S._laws_and_regulations_encouraging_DfE_in_the_electronics_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_U.S._laws_and_regulations_encouraging_DfE_in_the_electronics_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Current U.S. laws and regulations encouraging DfE in the electronics industry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_U.S._laws_and_regulations_encouraging_DfE_in_the_electronics_industry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current U.S. laws and regulations encouraging DfE in the electronics industry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_U.S._laws_and_regulations_encouraging_DfE_in_the_electronics_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards_(NAAQS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards_(NAAQS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards_(NAAQS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stratospheric_ozone_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stratospheric_ozone_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Stratospheric ozone protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stratospheric_ozone_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reporting_requirements_for_releases_of_toxic_substances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reporting_requirements_for_releases_of_toxic_substances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Reporting requirements for releases of toxic substances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reporting_requirements_for_releases_of_toxic_substances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_regulations"> <div 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class="mw-redirect" title="Design for the Environment">Design for the Environment</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Design approach that minimizes the environmental impact of a product, process or service</div> <p><b>Design for the environment</b> (<b>DfE</b>) is a design approach to reduce the overall human health and environmental impact of a product, process or service, where impacts are considered across its life cycle. Different software tools have been developed to assist designers in finding optimized products or processes/services. DfE is also the original name of a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) program, created in 1992, that works to prevent pollution, and the risk pollution presents to humans and the environment. The program provides information regarding safer <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">chemical formulations</a> for cleaning and other products.<sup id="cite_ref-DfE_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DfE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EPA renamed its program <a href="/wiki/EPA_Safer_Choice" title="EPA Safer Choice">"Safer Choice"</a> in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-history_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-history-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_for_the_environment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Design_for_the_environment" title="Special:EditPage/Design for the environment">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Updated_Fig.1_Pie.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Updated_Fig.1_Pie.png/220px-Updated_Fig.1_Pie.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Updated_Fig.1_Pie.png/330px-Updated_Fig.1_Pie.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Updated_Fig.1_Pie.png/440px-Updated_Fig.1_Pie.png 2x" data-file-width="1556" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption>Each piece of the pie chart depicts the role that the individual processes play in the overall design and production of a product. In recent years the environment has begun to play an important role in this diagram. If any piece is missing, production may not be able to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Luttropp_&_Lagerstedt_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luttropp_&_Lagerstedt-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Initial guidelines for a DfE approach were written in 1990 by <a href="/wiki/East_Meets_West_(non-governmental_organization)" title="East Meets West (non-governmental organization)">East Meets West</a>, a New York-based non-governmental organization founded by Anneke van Waesberghe. It became a global movement targeting design initiatives and incorporating environmental motives to improve product design in order to minimize health and environmental impacts by incorporating it from design stage all the way to the manufacturing process. The DfE strategy aims to improve technology and design tactics to expand the scope of products. By incorporating <a href="/wiki/Eco-efficiency" title="Eco-efficiency">eco-efficiency</a> into design tactics, DfE takes into consideration the entire life-cycle of the product, while still making products usable but minimizing resource use. The key focus of DfE is to minimize the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">environmental-economic</a> cost to consumers while still focusing on the life-cycle framework of the product.<sup id="cite_ref-Luttropp_&_Lagerstedt_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luttropp_&_Lagerstedt-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By balancing both customer needs as well as environmental and social impacts DfE aims to "improve the product use experience both for consumers and producers, while minimally impacting the environment". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_for_the_environment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Designforenvironment_fig1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Designforenvironment_fig1.png/220px-Designforenvironment_fig1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Designforenvironment_fig1.png/330px-Designforenvironment_fig1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Designforenvironment_fig1.png/440px-Designforenvironment_fig1.png 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>Resource consumption and mitigation strategies for product production which minimizes environmental and health impacts.This figure has been adapted from Spangenberg et al.:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Four main concepts that fall under the DfE umbrella.<sup id="cite_ref-DfE_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DfE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Design for environmental processing and manufacturing</i>: Raw material <a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">extraction</a> (mining, drilling, etc.), processing (processing reusable materials, metal melting, etc.) and <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a> are done using materials and processes which are not dangerous to the environment or the employees working on said processes. This includes the minimization of waste and hazardous by-products, air pollution, energy expenditure and other factors.</li> <li><i>Design for environmental packaging</i>: Materials used in <a href="/wiki/Packaging" title="Packaging">packaging</a> are environmentally responsible, which can be achieved through the reuse of shipping products, elimination of unnecessary paper and packaging products, efficient use of materials and space, use of <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycled</a> and/or recyclable materials.</li> <li><i>Design for disposal or reuse</i>: The <a href="/wiki/End-of-life_(product)" class="mw-redirect" title="End-of-life (product)">end-of-life</a> of a product is very important, because some products emit dangerous chemicals into the air, ground and water after they are disposed of in a landfill. Planning for the <a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">reuse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Remanufacturing" title="Remanufacturing">refurbishing</a> of a product will change the types of materials that would be used, how they could later be disassembled and reused, and the environmental impacts such materials have.</li> <li><i>Design for <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a></i>: The design of products to reduce overall energy consumption throughout the product's life.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a> (LCA) is employed to forecast the impacts of different (production) alternatives of the product in question, thus being able to choose the most <a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">environmentally friendly</a>. A life cycle analysis can serve as a tool when determining the environmental impact of a product or process. Proper LCAs can help a designer compare several different products according to several categories, such as <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> use, <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a>, acidification, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">resource depletion</a> and many others. By comparing different products, designers can make decisions about which environmental hazard to focus on in order to make the product more environmentally friendly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rationale">Rationale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_for_the_environment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rationale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern day businesses aim to produce goods at a low cost while maintaining quality, staying competitive in the global marketplace, and meeting consumer preferences for more environment friendly products. To help businesses meet these challenges, EPA encourages businesses to incorporate environmental considerations into the design process. The benefits of incorporating DfE include: cost savings, reduced business and environmental risks, expanded business and market opportunities, and to meet environmental regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_brochure_2001_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_brochure_2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Companies_and_products">Companies and products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_for_the_environment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Companies and products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Designfortheenvironment_Fig3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Designfortheenvironment_Fig3.png/220px-Designfortheenvironment_Fig3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Designfortheenvironment_Fig3.png/330px-Designfortheenvironment_Fig3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Designfortheenvironment_Fig3.png/440px-Designfortheenvironment_Fig3.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="209" /></a><figcaption>Designfortheenvironment Fig3</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starbucks" title="Starbucks">Starbucks</a>: Starbucks is decreasing its <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a> by building more energy efficient stores and facilities, conserving energy and water, and purchasing renewable energy credits. Starbucks has achieved <a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a> certificates in 116 stores in 12 countries. Starbucks has even created a portable, LEED certified store in Denver. It is Starbucks' goal to reduce energy consumption by 25% and to cover 100% of its electricity with renewable energy by 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Packard" class="mw-redirect" title="Hewlett Packard">Hewlett Packard</a>: HP is working towards reducing energy used in manufacturing, developing materials that have less environmental impact, and designing easily recyclable equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>: Their goal is to extend product life beyond just production, and to use reusable and recyclable products. This means that IBM is currently working on creating products that can be safely disposed of at the end of its product life. They are also reducing consumption of energy to minimize their carbon footprint.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>: For almost 20 years now, sustainable development has been a crucial part of Philips decision making and manufacturing process. Philips' goal is to produce products with their environmental responsibility in mind. Not only are they working on reducing energy during the manufacturing process, Phillips is also participating in a unique project, philanthropy through design. Since 2005, Philips has been working on and developing philanthropy through design. They collaborate with other organizations to use their expertise and innovation to help the more fragile parts of our society.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Besides these large brand names there are several other consumer product companies in the DfE program this including: </p> <ul><li>Atlantic Chemical & Equipment Co.</li> <li>American Cleaning Solutions</li> <li>BCD Supply</li> <li>Beta Technology</li> <li>Brighton USA<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_process">Design process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_for_the_environment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Design process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A business can design for the environment by: </p> <ul><li>Evaluating the human health and environmental impacts of its processes and products.</li> <li>Identifying what information is needed to make human health and environment decisions</li> <li>Conducting an assessment of alternatives</li> <li>Considering cross-media impacts and the benefits of substituting chemicals</li> <li>Reducing the use and release of toxic chemicals through the innovation of cleaner technologies that use safer chemicals.</li> <li>Implementing pollution prevention, energy efficiency, and other resource conservation measures.</li> <li>Making products that can be reused and recycled</li> <li>Monitoring the environmental impacts and costs associated with each product or process</li> <li>Recognizing that although change can be rapid, in many cases a cycle of evaluation and continuous improvement is needed.<sup id="cite_ref-DfE_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DfE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safer_Choice_labeling_program">Safer Choice labeling program</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_for_the_environment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Safer Choice labeling program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EPA's DfE labeling program was renamed <a href="/wiki/EPA_Safer_Choice" title="EPA Safer Choice">"Safer Choice"</a> in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-history_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-history-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_U.S._laws_and_regulations_encouraging_DfE_in_the_electronics_industry">Current U.S. laws and regulations encouraging DfE in the electronics industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_for_the_environment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Current U.S. laws and regulations encouraging DfE in the electronics industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards_(NAAQS)"><span id="National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards_.28NAAQS.29"></span>National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_for_the_environment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EPA promulgated the <a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">National Ambient Air Quality Standards</a> (NAAQS) to establish basic air pollution control requirements across the U.S. The NAAQS sets standards on six main sources of pollutants, which include emissions of: <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> (0.12 ppm per 1 hour), <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> (35 ppm per 1 hour; primary standard), <a href="/wiki/Particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate matter">particulate matter</a> (50g/m^3 at an annual arithmetic mean), <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> (80g/m^3 at an annual arithmetic mean), <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a> (100g/m^3 at an annual arithmetic mean), and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> emissions (1.5g/m^3 at an annual arithmetic mean).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stratospheric_ozone_protection">Stratospheric ozone protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_for_the_environment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stratospheric ozone protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stratospheric_ozone" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratospheric ozone">Stratospheric ozone</a> protection is required by section 602 of the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> of 1990. This regulation aims to decrease emission of <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">chlorofluorocarbons</a> (CFCs) and other chemicals that are destroying the stratospheric ozone layer. The protection initiative categorizes ozone-depleting substances into two classes: Class I, and Class II.<sup id="cite_ref-Clean_Air_Act_Requirements_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clean_Air_Act_Requirements-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Class I substances include 20 different kinds of chemicals and have all been phased-out of production processes since 2000. Class II substances consist of 33 different hydro-chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). The EPA has already begun plans to decrease emissions in HCFCs and plan to completely phase out the class II substances by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-Clean_Air_Act_Requirements_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clean_Air_Act_Requirements-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reporting_requirements_for_releases_of_toxic_substances">Reporting requirements for releases of toxic substances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_for_the_environment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reporting requirements for releases of toxic substances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A firm operating in the electronics industry in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Industrial_Classification" title="Standard Industrial Classification">Standard Industrial Classification</a> (SIC) Codes 20-39 that has more than 10 full-time employees and consumes more than 10,000 lbs per year of any toxic chemical lists in 40 CFR 372.65 must file a toxic release inventory.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_regulations">Other regulations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_for_the_environment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Emissions_Standards_for_Hazardous_Air_Pollutants" title="National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants">National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants</a> (NESHAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System</a> (NPDES–Water pollution permit program)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act#Underground_Injection_Control_(UIC)_Program" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Underground Injection Control Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a> management</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_storage_tank" title="Underground storage tank">Underground storage tank</a> management<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_for_the_environment&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_impact_measures" title="Design impact measures">Design impact measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecodesign" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecodesign">Ecodesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_for_the_environment&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DfE-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DfE_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DfE_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DfE_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/saferchoice">"Safer Choice"</a>. 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(July 2017)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants/naaqs-table">"NAAQS Table"</a>. <i>Criteria Air Pollutants</i>. 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href="https://www.enggstudy.com/design-for-the-environment-methods">Sustainable design for the environment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbp-gabi.de/30-1-Home.html">Department Life Cycle Engineering, University of Stuttgart</a> (English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229105757/http://www.sballiance.org/">Sustainable Building Alliance.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asla.org/ContentDetail.aspx?id=25156">Sustainable Residential Design.org: Using Low-Impact Materials Resource Guide</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Industrial_ecology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#7FBF7F;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Industrial_ecology" title="Template:Industrial ecology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Industrial_ecology" title="Template talk:Industrial ecology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Industrial_ecology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Industrial ecology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Industrial_ecology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#7FBF7F;;width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model" title="Agent-based model">Agent-based model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis" title="Cost–benefit analysis">Cost–benefit analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPSIR" title="DPSIR">DPSIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecolabel" title="Ecolabel">Ecolabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_management_system" title="Environmental management system">Environmental management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIO-LCA" title="EIO-LCA">EIO-LCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_model" title="Input–output model">Input–output model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_chain_management" title="Integrated chain management">Integrated chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">ISO 14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_cost_analysis" title="Life-cycle cost analysis">Life-cycle cost analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_flow_analysis" title="Material flow analysis">Material flow analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MET_Matrix" title="MET Matrix">MET Matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_analysis" title="Stakeholder analysis">Stakeholder analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#7FBF7F;;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design" title="Cradle-to-cradle design">Cradle-to-cradle design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)" title="Dematerialization (products)">Dematerialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-efficiency" title="Eco-efficiency">Eco-efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_development" title="Eco-industrial development">Eco-industrial development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">Eco-industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">Ecological modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exergy" title="Exergy">Exergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metabolism" title="Industrial metabolism">Industrial metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_symbiosis" title="Industrial symbiosis">Industrial symbiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">Polluter pays principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">Precautionary principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebound_effect_(conservation)" title="Rebound effect (conservation)">Rebound effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">Waste hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_valorization" title="Waste valorization">Waste valorization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#7FBF7F;;width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_the_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Design for the Environment">Design for environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_systems_engineering_and_management" title="Earth systems engineering and management">Earth systems engineering and management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">Ecological modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">Green chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_metabolism" title="Urban metabolism">Urban metabolism</a></li></ul> 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