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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Purpose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projectile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projectile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Projectile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Projectile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propellant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propellant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Propellant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propellant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Primer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Integrated_cartridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated_cartridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Integrated cartridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated_cartridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_metallic_cartridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_metallic_cartridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Modern metallic cartridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_metallic_cartridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factory_vs._handloading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factory_vs._handloading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Factory vs. handloading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factory_vs._handloading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Centerfire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centerfire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Centerfire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centerfire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rimfire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rimfire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Rimfire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rimfire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semi-automatic_vs._revolver_cartridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semi-automatic_vs._revolver_cartridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Semi-automatic vs. revolver cartridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semi-automatic_vs._revolver_cartridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projectile_designs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projectile_designs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Projectile designs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Projectile_designs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_cartridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_cartridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Common cartridges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Common_cartridges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Common cartridges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Common_cartridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Snake_shot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Snake_shot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Snake shot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Snake_shot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caseless_ammunition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caseless_ammunition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Caseless ammunition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caseless_ammunition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Trounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eco-friendly_cartridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eco-friendly_cartridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Eco-friendly cartridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eco-friendly_cartridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blank_ammunition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blank_ammunition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Blank ammunition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blank_ammunition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dummy_rounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dummy_rounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Dummy rounds</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dummy_rounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dummy rounds subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dummy_rounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ECI_(Empty_chamber_indicator)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ECI_(Empty_chamber_indicator)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>ECI (Empty chamber indicator)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ECI_(Empty_chamber_indicator)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Snap_cap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Snap_cap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Snap cap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Snap_cap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cartridge (firearms)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patroon_(munisie)" title="Patroon (munisie) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Patroon (munisie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B4_(%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD)" title="خرطوش (سلاح) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خرطوش (سلاح)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giliz" title="Giliz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Giliz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C_(%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0)" title="কার্তুজ (আগ্নেয়াস্ত্র) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্তুজ (আগ্নেয়াস্ত্র)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%A8ng-ch%C3%AD" title="Chhèng-chí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhèng-chí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Патрон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Патрон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Патрон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Патрон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Патрон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Патрон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metak" title="Metak – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Metak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartouchenn_(arm-tan)" title="Kartouchenn (arm-tan) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kartouchenn (arm-tan)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartutx_(armes_de_foc)" title="Cartutx (armes de foc) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cartutx (armes de foc)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1boj_(st%C5%99elivo)" title="Náboj (střelivo) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Náboj (střelivo)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetrisen" title="Cetrisen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cetrisen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_(ammunition)" title="Patron (ammunition) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Patron (ammunition)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrone_(Munition)" title="Patrone (Munition) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Patrone (Munition)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padrun" title="Padrun – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Padrun" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Φυσίγγιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυσίγγιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartucho_(armas_de_fuego)" title="Cartucho (armas de fuego) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cartucho (armas de fuego)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karto%C4%89o" title="Kartoĉo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kartoĉo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartutxo" title="Kartutxo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kartutxo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF" title="فشنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فشنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartouche_(munition)" title="Cartouche (munition) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cartouche (munition)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%BD%88" title="子彈 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="子彈" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%95%BD%ED%86%B5" title="탄약통 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탄약통" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D5%B4%D6%83%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%BF" title="Փամփուշտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փամփուշտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="कारतूस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कारतूस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cahura" title="Čahura – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čahura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartocho" title="Kartocho – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kartocho" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selongsong_peluru" title="Selongsong peluru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Selongsong peluru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartuccia_(munizione)" title="Cartuccia (munizione) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cartuccia (munizione)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_(%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%AA)" title="כדור (תחמושת) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כדור (תחמושת)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE" title="ತೋಟಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತೋಟಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ვაზნა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვაზნა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramia" title="Ramia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ramia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ovinys" title="Šovinys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šovinys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6lt%C3%A9ny" title="Töltény – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Töltény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Патрон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Патрон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D" title="കാട്രിഡ്ജ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാട്രിഡ്ജ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patroon_(munitie)" title="Patroon (munitie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Patroon (munitie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9F%E5%8C%85" title="実包 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="実包" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_(ammunisjon)" title="Patron (ammunisjon) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Patron (ammunisjon)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartocha" title="Cartocha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cartocha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amunicja_strzelecka" title="Amunicja strzelecka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amunicja strzelecka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartucho_(armas_de_fogo)" title="Cartucho (armas de fogo) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cartucho (armas de fogo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartu%C8%99" title="Cartuș – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cartuș" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Оружейный патрон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оружейный патрон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ботуруон – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ботуруон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheku" title="Fisheku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fisheku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartocciu_(munizzioni)" title="Cartocciu (munizzioni) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cartocciu (munizzioni)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cartridge (firearms)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1boj_(zbrane)" title="Náboj (zbrane) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Náboj (zbrane)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naboj_(oro%C5%BEje)" title="Naboj (orožje) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Naboj (orožje)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Метак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Метак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patruuna" title="Patruuna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Patruuna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_(ammunition)" title="Patron (ammunition) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Patron (ammunition)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="வெடிபொதி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெடிபொதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartu%C3%A7" title="Hartuç – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hartuç" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Набій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Набій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کارتوس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کارتوس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%BD%88" title="子彈 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="子彈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%BD%88" title="子彈 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="子彈" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_(munisi)" title="Patron (munisi) – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Patron (munisi)" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(ammunition)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartridge (ammunition)">Cartridge (ammunition)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pre-assembled firearm ammunition consisting of a casing, projectile, propellant, and primer</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartridge_cross_section.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cartridge_cross_section.svg/220px-Cartridge_cross_section.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cartridge_cross_section.svg/330px-Cartridge_cross_section.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cartridge_cross_section.svg/440px-Cartridge_cross_section.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>A modern round consists of the following:<br /><i>1.</i> <i>Bullet</i>, as the <a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">projectile</a>; <br /><i>2.</i> <i>Cartridge case</i>, which holds all parts together; <br /><i>3.</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">Propellant</a></i>, for example, <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cordite" title="Cordite">cordite</a>;<br /><i>4.</i> <i>Rim</i>, which provides the extractor on the firearm a place to grip the casing to remove it from the chamber once fired; <br /><i>5.</i> <a href="/wiki/Centerfire_ammunition#Centerfire_primers" title="Centerfire ammunition"><i>Primer</i></a>, which ignites the propellant</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>cartridge</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as a <b>round</b>, is a type of pre-assembled firearm ammunition packaging a <a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">projectile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bullet" title="Bullet">bullet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shot_(pellet)" title="Shot (pellet)">shot</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Shotgun_slug" title="Shotgun slug">slug</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellant</a> substance (<a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">smokeless powder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_powder_substitute" title="Black powder substitute">black powder substitute</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Black_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Black powder">black powder</a>) and an ignition device (<a href="/wiki/Primer_(firearm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Primer (firearm)">primer</a>) within a <a href="/wiki/Metallic_cartridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallic cartridge">metallic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper_cartridge" title="Paper cartridge">paper</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Polymer-cased_ammunition" title="Polymer-cased ammunition">plastic case</a> that is precisely made to fit within the <a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">barrel</a> <a href="/wiki/Chamber_(firearms)" title="Chamber (firearms)">chamber</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Breechloading" class="mw-redirect" title="Breechloading">breechloading</a> gun, for convenient transportation and handling during shooting.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although in popular usage the term "bullet" is often used to refer to a complete cartridge, the correct usage only refers to the projectile. </p><p>Cartridges can be categorized by the type of primer. This can be accomplished by igniting a small charge of an <a href="/wiki/Shock_sensitivity" title="Shock sensitivity">impact</a>-sensitive explosive compound or by an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_firing" title="Electronic firing">electric-sensitive</a> chemical mixture that is located: at the center of the <a href="#Case">case head</a> (<a href="/wiki/Centerfire" class="mw-redirect" title="Centerfire">centerfire</a>); or inside the <a href="/wiki/Rim_(firearms)" title="Rim (firearms)">rim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rimfire_ammunition" title="Rimfire ammunition">rimfire</a>); or inside the walls on the fold of the case base that is shaped like a cup (cupfire); or in a sideways projection that is shaped like a pin (<a href="/wiki/Pinfire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinfire">pinfire</a>) or a lip (lipfire); or in a small bulge shaped like a nipple at the case base (<a href="/wiki/Teat-fire_cartridge" title="Teat-fire cartridge">teatfire</a>). Only small-caliber rimfire cartridges and centerfire cartridges have survived into the modern day. </p><p>Military and commercial producers continue to pursue the goal of <a href="/wiki/Caseless_ammunition" title="Caseless ammunition">caseless ammunition</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> ammunition uses the same cartridge concept as found in <a href="/wiki/Small_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Small arms">small arms</a>. In other cases, the <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">artillery shell</a> is separate from the propellant charge. </p><p>A cartridge without a projectile is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Blank_(cartridge)" title="Blank (cartridge)">blank</a></i>; one that is completely <a href="/wiki/Inert_munitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Inert munitions">inert</a> (contains no active primer and no propellant) is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Dummy_round" title="Dummy round">dummy</a></i>; one that failed to ignite and shoot off the projectile is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Dud" title="Dud">dud</a></i>; and one that ignited but failed to sufficiently push the projectile out of the barrel is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Squib_load" title="Squib load">squib</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartridge_Sample_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cartridge_Sample_2.jpg/440px-Cartridge_Sample_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cartridge_Sample_2.jpg/660px-Cartridge_Sample_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cartridge_Sample_2.jpg/880px-Cartridge_Sample_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>A variety of rifle cartridges: (<b>1</b>)<a href="/wiki/.17_HM2" title=".17 HM2">.17 HM2</a> (<b>2</b>)<a href="/wiki/.17_HMR" title=".17 HMR">.17 HMR</a> (<b>3</b>)<a href="/wiki/.22LR" class="mw-redirect" title=".22LR">.22LR</a> (<b>4</b>)<a href="/wiki/.22_Winchester_Magnum_Rimfire" title=".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire">.22 Win Mag R/F.22 WMR</a> (<b>5</b>)<a href="/w/index.php?title=.17/23_SMc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".17/23 SMc (page does not exist)">.17/23 SMc</a> (<b>6</b>)<a href="/wiki/5mm/35_SMc" class="mw-redirect" title="5mm/35 SMc">5mm/35 SMc</a> (<b>7</b>)<a href="/wiki/.22_Hornet" title=".22 Hornet">.22 Hornet</a> (<b>8</b>)<a href="/wiki/.223_Remington" title=".223 Remington">.223 Remington</a> (<b>9</b>)<a href="/wiki/.223_WSSM" class="mw-redirect" title=".223 WSSM">.223 WSSM</a> (<b>10</b>)<a href="/wiki/.243_Win" class="mw-redirect" title=".243 Win">.243 Win</a> (<b>11</b>)<a href="/wiki/P.O._Ackley#Wildcats_and_Ackley_Improved_Cartridges" class="mw-redirect" title="P.O. Ackley">.243 Win Improved (Ackley)</a> (<b>12</b>)<a href="/wiki/.25-06_Remington" title=".25-06 Remington">.25-06 Remington</a> (<b>13</b>)<a href="/wiki/.270_Winchester" title=".270 Winchester">.270 Winchester</a> (<b>14</b>)<a href="/wiki/.308_Winchester" title=".308 Winchester">.308 Winchester</a> (<b>15</b>)<a href="/wiki/.30-06_Springfield" title=".30-06 Springfield">.30-06 Springfield</a> (<b>16</b>)<a href="/wiki/.45-70" title=".45-70">.45-70 Government</a> (<b>17</b>)<a href="/wiki/.50-90_Sharps" title=".50-90 Sharps">.50-90 Sharps</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_caliber_cartridge_comparison_withDATA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Big_caliber_cartridge_comparison_withDATA.jpg/440px-Big_caliber_cartridge_comparison_withDATA.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Big_caliber_cartridge_comparison_withDATA.jpg/660px-Big_caliber_cartridge_comparison_withDATA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Big_caliber_cartridge_comparison_withDATA.jpg/880px-Big_caliber_cartridge_comparison_withDATA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2581" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purpose">Purpose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cartridge was invented specifically for <a href="/wiki/Breechloading" class="mw-redirect" title="Breechloading">breechloading</a> firearms. Prior to its invention, the projectiles and propellant were carried separately and had to be individually loaded <a href="/wiki/Muzzleloading" title="Muzzleloading">via the muzzle</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">gun barrel</a> before firing, then have a separate <a href="/wiki/Fire_making" title="Fire making">ignitor</a> compound (from a burning <a href="/wiki/Slow_match" title="Slow match">slow match</a>, to a small charge of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Flash_pan" title="Flash pan">flash pan</a>, to a metallic <a href="/wiki/Percussion_cap" title="Percussion cap">percussion cap</a> mounted on top of a "nipple" or cone), to serve as a source of <a href="/wiki/Activation_energy" title="Activation energy">activation energy</a> to set off the shot. Such loading procedures often require adding paper/cloth <a href="/wiki/Wadding" title="Wadding">wadding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramrod" title="Ramrod">ramming down repeatedly with a rod</a> to optimize the <a href="/wiki/Seal_(mechanical)" title="Seal (mechanical)">gas seal</a>, and are thus clumsy and inconvenient, severely restricting the practical <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_fire" title="Rate of fire">rate of fire</a> of the weapon, leaving the shooter vulnerable to the threat of <a href="/wiki/Close_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Close combat">close combat</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> <a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">charges</a>) as well as complicating the logistics of ammunition. </p><p>The primary purpose of using a cartridge is to offer a handy pre-assembled "all-in-one" package that is convenient to handle and transport, easily loaded into the breech (rear end) of the barrel, as well as preventing potential propellant loss, contamination or degradation from <a href="/wiki/Moisture" title="Moisture">moisture</a> and the elements. In modern <a href="/wiki/Repeating_firearm#Autoloading" title="Repeating firearm">self-loading firearms</a>, the cartridge case also enables the <a href="/wiki/Action_(firearms)" title="Action (firearms)">action</a> mechanism to use part of the <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellant</a>'s energy (carried inside the cartridge itself) and cyclically load new rounds of ammunition to allow quick repeated firing. </p><p>To perform a firing, the round is first inserted into a "ready" position within the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_(firearms)" title="Chamber (firearms)">chamber</a> aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Bore_axis" title="Bore axis">bore axis</a> (i.e. "in <i>battery</i>"). While in the chamber, the cartridge case <a href="/wiki/Obturation" title="Obturation">obturates</a> all other directions except the <a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel#Bore" title="Gun barrel">bore</a> to the front, reinforced by a <a href="/wiki/Breechblock" title="Breechblock">breechblock</a> or a locked <a href="/wiki/Bolt_(firearms)" title="Bolt (firearms)">bolt</a> from behind, designating the forward direction as the <a href="/wiki/Path_of_least_resistance" title="Path of least resistance">path of least resistance</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Trigger_(firearms)" title="Trigger (firearms)">trigger</a> is pulled, the <a href="/wiki/Sear_(firearm)" title="Sear (firearm)">sear</a> disengages and releases the <a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)" title="Hammer (firearms)">hammer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Firing_pin" title="Firing pin">striker</a>, causing the <a href="/wiki/Firing_pin" title="Firing pin">firing pin</a> to impact the <a href="/wiki/Primer_(firearms)" title="Primer (firearms)">primer</a> embedded in the base of the cartridge. The <a href="/wiki/Shock_sensitivity" title="Shock sensitivity">shock-sensitive</a> chemical in the primer then creates a <a href="/wiki/Jet_(fluid)" title="Jet (fluid)">jet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spark_(fire)" title="Spark (fire)">sparks</a> that travels into the case and ignites the main propellant charge within, causing the powders to <i><a href="/wiki/Deflagration" title="Deflagration">deflagrate</a></i> (but not <i><a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">detonate</a></i>). This rapid <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a> <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> <a href="/wiki/Yield_(chemistry)" title="Yield (chemistry)">yields</a> a mixture of highly energetic gases and generates a very high <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> inside the case, often <a href="/wiki/Fire_forming" title="Fire forming">fire-forming</a> it against the chamber wall. When the pressure builds up sufficiently to overcome the fastening <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> between the projectile (e.g. bullet) and the case neck, the projectile will detach from the case and, pushed by the expanding high-pressure gases behind it, <a href="/wiki/Internal_ballistics" title="Internal ballistics">move down the bore</a> and out the <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle (firearms)">muzzle</a> at <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">extremely high speed</a>. After the bullet exits the barrel, the gases are released to the surroundings as <a href="/wiki/Ejecta" title="Ejecta">ejectae</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_blast" title="Muzzle blast">loud blast</a>, and the chamber pressure drops back down to <a href="/wiki/Ambient_pressure" title="Ambient pressure">ambient level</a>. The case, which had been elastically expanded by high pressure, contracts slightly, which eases its removal from the chamber when pulled by the <a href="/wiki/Extractor_(firearms)" title="Extractor (firearms)">extractor</a>. The spent cartridge, with its projectile and propellant gone but the case still containing a used-up primer, then gets ejected from the gun to clear room for a subsequent new round. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components">Components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A modern cartridge consists of four main components: the <i>case</i>, the <i>projectile</i>, the <i>propellant</i>, and the <i>primer</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Case">Case</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Many_bullets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Many_bullets.jpg/220px-Many_bullets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Many_bullets.jpg/330px-Many_bullets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Many_bullets.jpg/440px-Many_bullets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>Three non-bottlenecked cartridges (<a href="/wiki/9%C3%9719mm_Parabellum" title="9×19mm Parabellum">9×19mm Parabellum</a>, <a href="/wiki/.40_S%26W" title=".40 S&W">.40 S&W</a> and <a href="/wiki/.45_ACP" title=".45 ACP">.45 ACP</a>) on the left, three bottlenecked cartridges (<a href="/wiki/FN_5.7%C3%9728mm" title="FN 5.7×28mm">FN 5.7×28mm</a>, <a href="/wiki/5.56%C3%9745mm_NATO" title="5.56×45mm NATO">5.56×45mm NATO</a> and <a href="/wiki/.300_Winchester_Magnum" title=".300 Winchester Magnum">.300 Winchester Magnum</a>) in the center, and two <a href="/wiki/Polymer-cased_ammunition" title="Polymer-cased ammunition">polymer-cased</a> <a href="/wiki/12-gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="12-gauge">12-gauge</a> <a href="/wiki/Shotshell" class="mw-redirect" title="Shotshell">shotshells</a> on the right</figcaption></figure> <p>The main defining component of the cartridge is the case, which gives the cartridge its shape and serves as the integrating <a href="/wiki/Housing_(engineering)" title="Housing (engineering)">housing</a> for other functional components, it acts as a container for the propellant powders and also serves as a protective <a href="/wiki/Shell_(structure)" title="Shell (structure)">shell</a> against the elements; it attaches the projectile either at the front end of the cartridge (<a href="/wiki/Bullet" title="Bullet">bullets</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">pistols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine guns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a>) or inside of the cartridge (<a href="/wiki/Wadding" title="Wadding">wadding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sabot_(firearms)" title="Sabot (firearms)">sabot</a> containing either a quantity of <a href="/wiki/Shot_(pellet)" title="Shot (pellet)">shot (pellets)</a> or an individual <a href="/wiki/Shotgun_slug" title="Shotgun slug">slug</a> for <a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">shotguns</a>), and align it with the <a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel#Bore" title="Gun barrel">barrel bore</a> to the front; it holds the <a href="/wiki/Primer_(firearms)" title="Primer (firearms)">primer</a> at the back end, which receives an impact from a <a href="/wiki/Firing_pin" title="Firing pin">firing pin</a> and is responsible for igniting the main propellant charge inside the case. </p><p>While historically <a href="/wiki/Cartridge_paper" title="Cartridge paper">paper</a> had been used in the <a href="/wiki/Paper_cartridge" title="Paper cartridge">earliest cartridges</a>, almost all modern cartridges use metallic casing. The modern metallic case can either be a "bottleneck" one, whose frontal portion near the end opening (known as the "case <i>neck</i>") has a noticeably smaller <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a> than the main part of the case ("case <i>body</i>"), with a noticeably angled slope ("case <i>shoulder</i>") in between; or a "straight-walled" one, where there is no narrowed neck and the whole case looks <a href="/wiki/Cylindrical" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylindrical">cylindrical</a>. The case shape is meant to match exactly to the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_(firearms)" title="Chamber (firearms)">chamber</a> of the gun that fires it, and the "neck", "shoulder", and "body" of a bottleneck cartridge have corresponding counterparts in the chamber known as the "chamber neck", "chamber shoulder", and "chamber body". Some cartridges, like the <a href="/wiki/.470_Capstick" title=".470 Capstick">.470 Capstick</a>, have what is known as a "ghost shoulder" which has a very slightly protruding shoulder, and can be viewed as a something between a bottleneck and straight-walled case. A ghost shoulder, rather than a continuous taper on the case wall, helps the cartridge to line up concentrically with the bore axis, contributing to accuracy. The front opening of the case neck, which receives and fastens the bullet via <a href="/wiki/Crimp_(joining)" title="Crimp (joining)">crimping</a>, is known as the <i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="case_mouth"></span><span class="vanchor-text">case mouth</span></span></i>. The closed-off rear end of the case body, which holds the <a href="/wiki/Primer_(firearms)" title="Primer (firearms)">primer</a> and technically is the case <i>base</i>, is called the <i>case head</i> as it is the most prominent and frequently the widest part of the case. There is a circumferential <a href="/wiki/Flange" title="Flange">flange</a> at the case head called a <i><a href="/wiki/Rim_(firearms)" title="Rim (firearms)">rim</a></i>, which provides a lip for the <a href="/wiki/Extractor_(firearms)" title="Extractor (firearms)">extractor</a> to engage. Depending on whether and how the rim protrudes beyond the maximum case body diameter, the case can be classified as either "rimmed", "semi-rimmed", "rimless", "rebated", or "belted". </p><p>The shape of a bottleneck cartridge case (e.g. body diameter, shoulder slant angle and position, and neck length) also affects the amount of attainable pressure inside the case, which in turn influences the <a href="/wiki/Accelerative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accelerative">accelerative</a> capacity of the projectile. <a href="/wiki/Wildcat_cartridge" title="Wildcat cartridge">Wildcat cartridges</a> are often made by reshaping the case of an existing cartridge. Straight-sided cartridges are less prone to rupturing than <a href="/wiki/Tapering_(firearms)" title="Tapering (firearms)">tapered cartridges</a>, in particular with higher pressure propellant when used in blowback-operated firearms. </p><p>In addition to case shape, <a href="/wiki/Rifle_cartridge" title="Rifle cartridge">rifle cartridges</a> can also be grouped according to the case dimensions of a cartridge, this is usually referring to the cartridge's overall length (COL), which in turn dictates the minimal <a href="/wiki/Receiver_(firearms)" title="Receiver (firearms)">receiver</a> size and operating space (<a href="/wiki/Bolt_(firearms)" title="Bolt (firearms)">bolt</a> travel) needed by the <a href="/wiki/Action_(firearms)" title="Action (firearms)">action</a>, into either "mini-action", "short-action", "long-action" ("standard-action"), or "<a href="/wiki/Magnum_cartridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnum cartridge">magnum</a>-action" categories. </p> <ul><li><i>Mini-action</i> cartridges, are usually <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_cartridge" title="Intermediate cartridge">intermediate rifle cartridges</a>, with a COL of 57 <a href="/wiki/Millimetre" title="Millimetre">mm</a> (2.25 <a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">in</a>) or shorter in length, which is most commonly exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/.223_Remington" title=".223 Remington">.223 Remington</a>;</li> <li><i>Short-action</i> cartridges, are usually <a href="/wiki/Fully_powered_cartridge" title="Fully powered cartridge">full-powered rifle cartridges</a> with a COL between 57 and 71 mm (2.25 and 2.8 in), which is most commonly exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/.308_Winchester" title=".308 Winchester">.308 Winchester</a>;</li> <li><i>Long-action</i> ("standard-action") cartridges, are usually traditional full-powered rifle cartridges with a COL between 71 and 85 mm (2.8 and 3.34 in), which is most commonly exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/.30-06_Springfield" title=".30-06 Springfield">.30-06 Springfield</a>;</li> <li><i>Magnum-action</i> cartridges, are usually rifle cartridges that are both longer and more powerful than traditional <a href="/w/index.php?title=Full-powered_rifle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Full-powered rifle (page does not exist)">full-powered rifle</a> long-action cartridges, with a COL between 85 and 91 mm (3.34 and 3.6 in), including some of the long-action cartridges with a case head larger than 13 mm (.50 in) diameter, which is most commonly exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/.375_Holland_%26_Holland_Magnum" class="mw-redirect" title=".375 Holland & Holland Magnum">.375 Holland & Holland Magnum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The most popular material used to make cartridge cases is <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> due to its good <a href="/wiki/Corrosion_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosion resistance">corrosion resistance</a>. The head of a brass case can be work-hardened to withstand the high pressures, and allow for manipulation via extraction and ejection without rupturing. The neck and body portion of a brass case is easily annealed to make the case <a href="/wiki/Ductile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ductile">ductile</a> enough to allow reshaping so that it can be <a href="/wiki/Handloading" title="Handloading">handloaded</a> many times, and <a href="/wiki/Fire_forming" title="Fire forming">fire forming</a> can help <a href="/wiki/Accurize" class="mw-redirect" title="Accurize">accurize</a> the shooting. </p><p>Steel casing is used in some <a href="/wiki/Plinking" title="Plinking">plinking</a> ammunition, as well as in some military training ammunition (mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Former_Soviet_republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Soviet republics">former Soviet republics</a> of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan), along with Russia and China.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Steel is less expensive to make than brass, but it is far less corrosion-resistant and not feasible to reuse and reload. Military forces typically consider <a href="/wiki/Service_rifle" title="Service rifle">service</a> <a href="/wiki/Small_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Small arms">small arms</a> cartridge cases to be disposable, single-use devices. However, the mass of the cartridges can affect how much ammunition a soldier can carry, so the lighter steel cases do have a <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">logistic</a> advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, steel is more susceptible to contamination and damage so all such cases are varnished or otherwise sealed against the elements. One downside caused by the increased strength of steel in the neck of these cases (compared to the annealed neck of a brass case) is that <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellant</a> gas can blow back past the neck and leak into the chamber. Constituents of these gases condense on the (relatively cold) chamber wall, and this solid propellant residue can make extraction of fired cases difficult. This is less of a problem for small arms of the former <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> nations, which were designed with much looser chamber <a href="/wiki/Engineering_tolerance" title="Engineering tolerance">tolerances</a> than <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> weapons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Aluminum-cased cartridges are available commercially. These are generally not reloaded, as aluminum <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">fatigues</a> easily during firing and resizing. Some calibers also have non-standard primer sizes to discourage reloaders from attempting to reuse these cases. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about semi-combustible cases in <a href="/wiki/120%C3%97570mm_NATO" title="120×570mm NATO">120×570mm NATO</a> tank shells: the body is polymer, but the base stays.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Talk:Cartridge (firearms)">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Polymer-cased_ammunition" title="Polymer-cased ammunition">Plastic cases</a> are commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Shotgun_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Shotgun shell">shotgun shells</a>, and some manufacturers offer <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a>-cased <a href="/wiki/Centerfire" class="mw-redirect" title="Centerfire">centerfire</a> pistol and rifle cartridges.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Projectile">Projectile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Projectile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bullet" title="Bullet">Bullet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shot_(pellet)" title="Shot (pellet)">Shot (pellet)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shotgun_slug" title="Shotgun slug">Shotgun slug</a></div> <p>As firearms are <a href="/wiki/Projectile_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Projectile weapon">projectile weapons</a>, the projectile is the effector component of the cartridge, and is actually responsible for reaching, impacting, and exerting damage onto a target. The word "projectile" is an <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella term">umbrella term</a> that describes any type of <a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">kinetic object</a> launched into <a href="/wiki/Projectile_motion" title="Projectile motion">ballistic flight</a>, but due to the ubiquity of <a href="/wiki/Rifled" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifled">rifled</a> firearms shooting bullets, the term has become somewhat a technical <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a> for bullets among <a href="/wiki/Handloading" title="Handloading">handloaders</a>. The projectile's motion in flight is known as its <a href="/wiki/External_ballistics" title="External ballistics">external ballistics</a>, and its behavior upon impacting an object is known as its <a href="/wiki/Terminal_ballistics" title="Terminal ballistics">terminal ballistics</a>. </p><p>A bullet can be made of virtually anything (see <a href="#Projectile_design_types">below</a>), but <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> is the traditional material of choice because of its high density, <a href="/wiki/Malleability" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleability">malleability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductility</a>, and low <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost of production">cost of production</a>. However, at speeds greater than 300 m/s (980 ft/s), pure lead will melt more and deposit <a href="/wiki/Fouling" title="Fouling">fouling</a> in rifled bores at an ever-increasing rate. <a href="/wiki/Alloying" class="mw-redirect" title="Alloying">Alloying</a> the lead with a small percentage of <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> can reduce such fouling, but grows less effective as velocities are increased. A cup made of harder metal (e.g. copper), called a <i>gas check</i>, is often placed at the base of a lead bullet to decrease lead deposits by protecting the rear of the bullet against melting when fired at higher pressures, but this too does not work at higher velocities. A modern solution is to cover the bare lead in a protective <a href="/wiki/Powder_coat" class="mw-redirect" title="Powder coat">powder coat</a>, as seen in some rimfire ammunitions. Another solution is to encase a lead core within a thin exterior layer of harder metal (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Gilding_metal" title="Gilding metal">gilding metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cupronickel" title="Cupronickel">cupronickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper_alloys" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper alloys">copper alloys</a> or steel), known as a <i><a href="/wiki/Jacketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacketing">jacketing</a></i>. In modern days, steel, <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, and other exotic alloys are sometimes used to replace lead and prevent <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">release of toxicity</a> into the environment. In <a href="/wiki/Armor-piercing_bullet" title="Armor-piercing bullet">armor-piercing bullets</a>, very hard and high-density materials such as <a href="/wiki/Hardened_steel" title="Hardened steel">hardened steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_carbide" title="Tungsten carbide">tungsten carbide</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">depleted uranium</a> are used for the penetrator core. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Non-lethal_weapon" title="Non-lethal weapon">Non-lethal</a> projectiles with very limited <a href="/wiki/Penetration_(weaponry)" title="Penetration (weaponry)">penetrative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stopping_power" title="Stopping power">stopping powers</a> are sometimes used in <a href="/wiki/Riot_control" title="Riot control">riot control</a> or training situations, where killing or even wounding a target at all would be undesirable. Such projectiles are usually made from softer and lower-density materials, such as <a href="/wiki/Plastic_bullet" title="Plastic bullet">plastic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rubber_bullet" title="Rubber bullet">rubber</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wax_bullet" title="Wax bullet">Wax bullets</a> (such as those used in <a href="/wiki/Simunition" class="mw-redirect" title="Simunition">Simunition</a> training) are occasionally used for force-on-force <a href="/wiki/Tactical_engagement_simulation" title="Tactical engagement simulation">tactical trainings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pistol_dueling" title="Pistol dueling">pistol dueling</a> with wax bullets used to be a <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting sport">competitive</a> <a href="/wiki/Olympic_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic sport">Olympic sport</a> prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbore</a> weapons such as shotguns, small metallic balls known as <a href="/wiki/Shot_(pellet)" title="Shot (pellet)">shots</a> are typically used, which is usually contained inside a semi-flexible, cup-like <a href="/wiki/Sabot_(firearms)" title="Sabot (firearms)">sabot</a> called "<a href="/wiki/Wadding" title="Wadding">wadding</a>". When fired, the wadding is launched from the gun as a payload-carrying projectile, loosens and opens itself up after exiting the barrel, and then <a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">inertially</a> releases the contained shots as a hail of sub-projectiles. Shotgun shots are usually made from bare lead, though copper/<a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>–<a href="/wiki/Total_metal_jacket" title="Total metal jacket">coated</a> steel balls (such as those used by <a href="/wiki/BB_gun" title="BB gun">BB guns</a>) can also be used. Lead pollution of wetlands has led to the <a href="/wiki/British_Association_for_Shooting_and_Conservation" title="British Association for Shooting and Conservation">BASC</a> and other organizations campaigning for the phasing out of traditional lead shot.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also unconventional projectile fillings such as bundled <a href="/wiki/Flechette#Shotguns" title="Flechette">flechettes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riot_gun#Rubber_buckshot" title="Riot gun">rubber balls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock salt">rock salt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> shards, as well as <a href="/wiki/Non-lethal_weapon" title="Non-lethal weapon">non-lethal</a> <a href="/wiki/Shotgun#Specialty_ammunition" title="Shotgun">specialty projectiles</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Baton_round" title="Baton round">rubber slugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bean_bag_round" title="Bean bag round">bean bag rounds</a>. Solid projectiles (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Shotgun_slug" title="Shotgun slug">slugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baton_round" title="Baton round">baton rounds</a>, etc.) are also shot while contained within a wadding, as the wadding <a href="/wiki/Obturate" class="mw-redirect" title="Obturate">obturates</a> the bore better and typically <a href="/wiki/Sliding_(motion)" title="Sliding (motion)">slides</a> less frictionally within the barrel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Propellant">Propellant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Propellant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Firearm_propellant" title="Firearm propellant">Firearm propellant</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Powder_Samples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Powder_Samples.jpg/220px-Powder_Samples.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Powder_Samples.jpg/330px-Powder_Samples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Powder_Samples.jpg/440px-Powder_Samples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption>Smokeless powders used for <a href="/wiki/Handloading" title="Handloading">handloading</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When a propellant is ignited and begins to <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combust</a>, the resulting <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reaction</a> releases the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy">chemical energy</a> stored within. At the same time, a significant amount of gaseous <a href="/wiki/Product_(chemistry)" title="Product (chemistry)">products</a> are released, which are highly energetic due to the <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a> nature of the reaction. These combustion gases become highly pressurized in a confined space—such as the cartridge casing (reinforced by the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_(firearms)" title="Chamber (firearms)">chamber</a> wall) occluded from the front by the projectile (bullet, or <a href="/wiki/Wadding" title="Wadding">wadding</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Shot_(pellet)" title="Shot (pellet)">shots</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shotgun_slug" title="Shotgun slug">slug</a>) and from behind by the <a href="/wiki/Primer_(firearms)" title="Primer (firearms)">primer</a> (supported by the <a href="/wiki/Bolt_(firearms)" title="Bolt (firearms)">bolt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Breechblock" title="Breechblock">breechblock</a>). When the pressure builds up high enough to overcome the <a href="/wiki/Crimp_(joining)" title="Crimp (joining)">crimp</a> friction between the projectile and the case, the projectile separates from the case and gets <i>propelled</i> down the <a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">gun barrel</a>, imparting high <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> from the propellant gases and accelerating the projectile to its <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">muzzle velocity</a>. The projectile motion driven by the propellant inside the gun is known as the <a href="/wiki/Internal_ballistics" title="Internal ballistics">internal ballistics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primer">Primer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Primer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percussion_caps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Percussion_caps.jpg/220px-Percussion_caps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Percussion_caps.jpg/330px-Percussion_caps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Percussion_caps.jpg/440px-Percussion_caps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>Percussion caps, the precursor of modern primers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centerfire_%26_rimfire_ignition.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Centerfire_%26_rimfire_ignition.gif/220px-Centerfire_%26_rimfire_ignition.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Centerfire_%26_rimfire_ignition.gif/330px-Centerfire_%26_rimfire_ignition.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Centerfire_%26_rimfire_ignition.gif/440px-Centerfire_%26_rimfire_ignition.gif 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of primer ignition between centerfire (left two) and rimfire (right) ammunitions</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berdan_vs_boxer2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Berdan_vs_boxer2.jpg/220px-Berdan_vs_boxer2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Berdan_vs_boxer2.jpg/330px-Berdan_vs_boxer2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Berdan_vs_boxer2.jpg/440px-Berdan_vs_boxer2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption>Flash hole profiles on Berdan (left) and Boxer (right) primers.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Primer_(firearm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Primer (firearm)">Primer (firearm)</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Percussion_cap" title="Percussion cap">Percussion cap</a></div> <p>Because the main propellant charge are located deep inside the <a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">gun barrel</a> and thus impractical to be directly lighted from the outside, an intermediate is needed to relay the <a href="/wiki/Fire_making" title="Fire making">ignition</a>. In the earliest <a href="/wiki/Black_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Black powder">black powder</a> <a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">muzzleloaders</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fuse_(explosives)" title="Fuse (explosives)">fuse</a> was used to direct a small flame through a <a href="/wiki/Touch_hole" title="Touch hole">touch hole</a> into the barrel, which was slow and subjected to disturbance from environmental conditions. The next evolution was to have a small separate charge of finer gunpowder poured into a <a href="/wiki/Flash_pan" title="Flash pan">flash pan</a>, where it could start a "priming" ignition by an external source, when ignited the flame passed through a small hole in the side of the barrel to ignite the main gunpowder charge. The last evolution was to use a small <a href="/wiki/Percussion_cap" title="Percussion cap">metallic cap</a> filled with a shock sensitive explosive compound that would ignite with a <a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)" title="Hammer (firearms)">hammer</a> strike. The source of ignition could be a burning <a href="/wiki/Slow_match" title="Slow match">slow match</a> (<a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">matchlock</a>) placed onto a <a href="/wiki/Touch_hole" title="Touch hole">touch hole</a>, a piece of <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wheellock" title="Wheellock">wheellock</a>)/<a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock</a>) striking a steel <a href="/wiki/Frizzen" title="Frizzen">frizzen</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Shock_sensitivity" title="Shock sensitivity">shock-sensitive</a> brass or copper percussion cap (<a href="/wiki/Caplock" class="mw-redirect" title="Caplock">caplock</a>) placed over a conical-shaped cone piece with a hollow pipe to create <a href="/wiki/Spark_(fire)" title="Spark (fire)">sparks</a>. When the primer powder starts combusting, the flame is transferred through an internal touch hole called a <i>flash hole</i> to provide <a href="/wiki/Activation_energy" title="Activation energy">activation energy</a> for the main powder charge in the barrel. The disadvantage Is that the flash pan cAN still be exposed to the outside, making it difficult (or even impossible) to fire the gun in rainy or humid conditions as wet gunpowder burns poorly. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Howard" title="Edward Charles Howard">Edward Charles Howard</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/Fulminate" title="Fulminate">fulminates</a> in 1800<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the patent by <a href="/wiki/Reverend" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverend">Reverend</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_John_Forsyth" title="Alexander John Forsyth">Alexander John Forsyth</a> expired in 1807,<sup id="cite_ref-Fadala2006_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fadala2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Manton" title="Joseph Manton">Joseph Manton</a> invented the precursor <a href="/wiki/Percussion_cap" title="Percussion cap">percussion cap</a> in 1814,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was further developed in 1822 by the English-born American artist <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Shaw" title="Joshua Shaw">Joshua Shaw</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Caplock" class="mw-redirect" title="Caplock">caplock</a> <a href="/wiki/Fowling_piece" class="mw-redirect" title="Fowling piece">fowling pieces</a> appeared in <a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency era</a> England. These guns used a <a href="/wiki/Spring_(device)" title="Spring (device)">spring</a>-loaded <a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)" title="Hammer (firearms)">hammer</a> to strike a percussion cap placed over a <a href="/wiki/Conical" class="mw-redirect" title="Conical">conical</a> "nipple", which served as both an "<a href="/wiki/Anvil" title="Anvil">anvil</a>" against the hammer strike and a transfer port for the sparks created by crushing the cap, and was easier and quicker to load, more resilient to weather conditions, and more reliable than the preceding flintlocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Fadala2006_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fadala2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern primers are basically improved percussion caps with <a href="/wiki/Shock_sensitivity" title="Shock sensitivity">shock-sensitive</a> chemicals (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Lead_styphnate" title="Lead styphnate">lead styphnate</a>) enclosed in a small button-shaped capsule. In the early <a href="/wiki/Paper_cartridge" title="Paper cartridge">paper cartridges</a>, invented not long after the percussion cap, the primer was located deep inside the cartridge just behind the bullet, requiring a very thin and elongated <a href="/wiki/Firing_pin" title="Firing pin">firing pin</a> to pierce the paper casing. Such guns were known as <a href="/wiki/Needle_gun" title="Needle gun">needle guns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dreyse_needle_gun" title="Dreyse needle gun">the most famous of which</a> was decisive in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> victory over the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrians</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" title="Battle of Königgrätz">Königgrätz</a> in 1866. After the metallic cartridge was invented, the primer was relocated backward to the base of the case, either at the center of the case head (<a href="/wiki/Centerfire" class="mw-redirect" title="Centerfire">centerfire</a>), inside the rim (<a href="/wiki/Rimfire_ammunition" title="Rimfire ammunition">rimfire</a>), inside a cup-like concavity of the case base (cupfire), in a pin-shaped sideways projection (<a href="/wiki/Pinfire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinfire">pinfire</a>), in a lip-like <a href="/wiki/Flange" title="Flange">flange</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen_(armsmaker)#Cartridge_pistols" title="Ethan Allen (armsmaker)">lipfire</a>), or in a small nipple-like bulge at the case base (<a href="/wiki/Teat-fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Teat-fire">teat-fire</a>). Today, only the centerfire and rimfire have survived as the mainstream primer designs, while the pinfire also still exists but only in rare novelty miniature guns and a few very small <a href="/wiki/Blank_cartridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Blank cartridge">blank cartridges</a> designed as noisemakers. </p><p>In rimfire ammunitions, the primer compound is <a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">moulded</a> integrally into the interior of the protruding <a href="/wiki/Rim_(firearms)" title="Rim (firearms)">case rim</a>, which is crushed between the firing pin and the edge of the barrel breech (serving as the "anvil"). These ammunitions are thus not <a href="/wiki/Handloading" title="Handloading">reloadable</a>, and are usually on the lower end of the <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_energy" title="Muzzle energy">power</a> spectrum, although due to the low <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_cost" title="Manufacturing cost">manufacturing cost</a> some of them (e.g. <a href="/wiki/.22_Long_Rifle" title=".22 Long Rifle">.22 Long Rifle</a>) are among the most popular and prolific ammunitions currently being used. </p><p>Centerfire primers are a separately manufactured component, seated into a central recess at the case base known as the <i>primer pocket</i>, and have two types: Berdan and Boxer. Berdan primers, patent by American inventor <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Berdan" title="Hiram Berdan">Hiram Berdan</a> in 1866, are a simple capsule, and the corresponding case has two small flash holes with a bulged bar in between, which serves as the "anvil" for the primer. Boxer primers, patented by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Artillery" title="Royal Artillery">Royal Artillery</a> colonel <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mounier_Boxer" title="Edward Mounier Boxer">Edward Mounier Boxer</a> also in 1866, are more complex and have an internal tripedal "anvil" built into the primer itself, and the corresponding case has only a single large central flash hole. Commercially, Boxer primers dominate the <a href="/wiki/Handloading" title="Handloading">handloader</a> market due to the ease of depriming and the ability to transfer sparks more efficiently. </p><p>Due to their small size and charge load, primers lack the power to shoot out the projectile by themselves, but can still put out enough energy to separate the bullet from the casing and push it partway into the barrel – a dangerous condition called a <a href="/wiki/Squib_load" title="Squib load">squib load</a>. Firing a fresh cartridge behind a squib load obstructing the barrel will generate dangerously high pressure, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Catastrophic_failure" title="Catastrophic failure">catastrophic failure</a> and potentially causing severe injuries when the gun blows apart in the shooter's hands. Actor <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Lee" title="Brandon Lee">Brandon Lee</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Crow_(1994_film)#Brandon_Lee's_death" title="The Crow (1994 film)">infamous accidental death in 1993</a> was believed to be caused by an undetected squib that was dislodged and shot out by a <a href="/wiki/Blank_(cartridge)" title="Blank (cartridge)">blank</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0.30-30_Winchester_case,_stages_in_the_drawing_process,_book;_Cartridge_Manufacture_(1916),_author;_Douglas_T._Hamilton.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/0.30-30_Winchester_case%2C_stages_in_the_drawing_process%2C_book%3B_Cartridge_Manufacture_%281916%29%2C_author%3B_Douglas_T._Hamilton.png/350px-0.30-30_Winchester_case%2C_stages_in_the_drawing_process%2C_book%3B_Cartridge_Manufacture_%281916%29%2C_author%3B_Douglas_T._Hamilton.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/0.30-30_Winchester_case%2C_stages_in_the_drawing_process%2C_book%3B_Cartridge_Manufacture_%281916%29%2C_author%3B_Douglas_T._Hamilton.png/525px-0.30-30_Winchester_case%2C_stages_in_the_drawing_process%2C_book%3B_Cartridge_Manufacture_%281916%29%2C_author%3B_Douglas_T._Hamilton.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/0.30-30_Winchester_case%2C_stages_in_the_drawing_process%2C_book%3B_Cartridge_Manufacture_%281916%29%2C_author%3B_Douglas_T._Hamilton.png/700px-0.30-30_Winchester_case%2C_stages_in_the_drawing_process%2C_book%3B_Cartridge_Manufacture_%281916%29%2C_author%3B_Douglas_T._Hamilton.png 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption>.30–30 Winchester case, stages in the drawing process, book; from Hamilton<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in the 1860s, early metallic cartridges (e. g. for the <a href="/wiki/Montigny_mitrailleuse" title="Montigny mitrailleuse">Montigny mitrailleuse</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Snider%E2%80%93Enfield" title="Snider–Enfield">Snider–Enfield</a> rifle<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) were produced similarly to the paper cartridges, with sides made from thick paper, but with copper (later brass) foil supporting the base of the cartridge and some more details in it holding the primer. In the 1870s, brass foil covered all of the cartridge, and the technology to make solid cases, in which the metallic cartridges described below were developed, but before the 1880s, it was far too expensive and time-consuming for mass production<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the metallurgy was not yet perfected.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To manufacture cases for cartridges, a sheet of brass is punched into disks. These disks go through a series of <a href="/wiki/Deep_drawing" title="Deep drawing">drawing dies</a>. The disks are <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">annealed</a> and washed before moving to the next series of dies. The brass needs to be annealed to remove the work-hardening in the material and make the brass malleable again ready for the next series of dies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manufacturing bullet jackets is similar to making brass cases: there is a series of drawing steps with annealing and washing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specifications">Specifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critical cartridge specifications include neck size, bullet weight and <a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">caliber</a>, maximum pressure, <a href="/wiki/Headspace_(firearms)" title="Headspace (firearms)">headspace</a>, overall length, case body diameter and taper, shoulder design, <a href="/wiki/Rim_(firearms)" title="Rim (firearms)">rim type</a>, etc. Generally, every characteristic of a specific cartridge type is tightly controlled and few types are interchangeable in any way. Exceptions do exist but generally, these are only where a shorter cylindrical rimmed cartridge can be used in a longer chamber, (e.g., .22 Short in .22 Long Rifle chamber, .32 H&R Magnum in .327 Federal Magnum chamber, and .38 Special in a .357 Magnum chamber). <a href="/wiki/Centerfire_ammunition" title="Centerfire ammunition">Centerfire</a> primer type (Boxer or Berdan, see below) is interchangeable, although not in the same case. Deviation in any of these specifications can result in firearm damage and, in some instances, injury or death. Similarly, the use of the wrong type of cartridge in any given gun can damage the gun, or cause bodily injury. </p><p>Cartridge specifications are determined by several standards organizations, including <a href="/wiki/SAAMI" class="mw-redirect" title="SAAMI">SAAMI</a> in the United States, and <a href="/wiki/C.I.P." class="mw-redirect" title="C.I.P.">C.I.P.</a> in many European states. NATO also performs <a href="/wiki/NATO_EPVAT_testing" title="NATO EPVAT testing">its own tests</a> for military cartridges for its member nations; due to differences in testing methods, NATO cartridges (<a href="/wiki/Headstamp" title="Headstamp">headstamped</a> with the NATO cross) may present an unsafe combination when loaded into a weapon chambered for a cartridge certified by one of the other testing bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bullet diameter is measured either as a fraction of an inch (usually in 1/100 or in 1/1000) or in millimeters. Cartridge case length can also be designated in inches or millimeters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Special:EditPage/Cartridge (firearms)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_paper_to_centerfire_rounds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/US_paper_to_centerfire_rounds.jpg/300px-US_paper_to_centerfire_rounds.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/US_paper_to_centerfire_rounds.jpg/450px-US_paper_to_centerfire_rounds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/US_paper_to_centerfire_rounds.jpg/600px-US_paper_to_centerfire_rounds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>US Cartridges 1860–1875<br /> (<b>1</b>) Colt Army 1860 .44 paper cartridge, Civil War<br /> (<b>2</b>) Colt Thuer-Conversion .44 revolver cartridge, patented in 1868<br /> (<b>3</b>) .44 Henry rim fire cartridge flat<br /> (<b>4</b>) .44 Henry rim fire cartridge pointed<br /> (<b>5</b>) Frankford Arsenal .45 Colt cartridge, Benét ignition<br /> (<b>6</b>) Frankford Arsenal .45 Colt-Schofield cartridge, Benét ignition</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Festungsmuseum_Reuenthal_Sonderausstellung_Zuleger_britische_Patronen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Festungsmuseum_Reuenthal_Sonderausstellung_Zuleger_britische_Patronen.JPG/220px-Festungsmuseum_Reuenthal_Sonderausstellung_Zuleger_britische_Patronen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Festungsmuseum_Reuenthal_Sonderausstellung_Zuleger_britische_Patronen.JPG/330px-Festungsmuseum_Reuenthal_Sonderausstellung_Zuleger_britische_Patronen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Festungsmuseum_Reuenthal_Sonderausstellung_Zuleger_britische_Patronen.JPG/440px-Festungsmuseum_Reuenthal_Sonderausstellung_Zuleger_britische_Patronen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Historic British cartridges</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Paper_cartridge" title="Paper cartridge">Paper cartridges</a> have been in use for centuries, with a number of sources dating their usage as far back as the late 14th and early 15th centuries. Historians note their use by soldiers of <a href="/wiki/Christian_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Christian I, Elector of Saxony">Christian I, Elector of Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_II,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Christian II, Elector of Saxony">his son</a> in the late 16th century,<sup id="cite_ref-greener_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greener-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Armoury" title="Dresden Armoury">Dresden Armoury</a> has evidence dating their use to 1591.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greener_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greener-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Capo Bianco wrote in 1597 that paper cartridges had long been in use by Neapolitan soldiers. Their use became widespread by the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-greener_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greener-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1586 round consisted of a charge of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">powder</a> and a bullet in a paper cartridge. Thick paper is still known as "<a href="/wiki/Cartridge_paper" title="Cartridge paper">cartridge paper</a>" from its use in these cartridges.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another source states the cartridge appeared in 1590.<sup id="cite_ref-ArmyTM_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmyTM-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden</a> had his troops use cartridges in the 1600s.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paper formed a cylinder with twisted ends; the ball was at one end, and the measured powder filled the rest.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This cartridge was used with <a href="/wiki/Muzzle-loading" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle-loading">muzzle-loading</a> military firearms, probably more often than for sporting shooting, the base of the cartridge being ripped or bitten off by the soldier, the powder poured into the barrel, and the paper and bullet rammed down the barrel.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Civil War era cartridge, the paper was supposed to be discarded, but soldiers often used it as a wad.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To ignite the charge an additional step was required where a finer-grained powder called priming powder was poured into the pan of the gun to be ignited by the firing mechanism. </p><p>The evolving nature of warfare required a firearm that could load and fire more rapidly, resulting in the flintlock musket (and later the Baker rifle), in which the pan was covered by furrowed steel. This was struck by the flint and fired the gun. In the course of loading, a pinch of powder from the cartridge would be placed into the pan as priming, before the rest of the cartridge was rammed down the barrel, providing charge and wadding.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later developments rendered this method of priming unnecessary, as, in loading, a portion of the charge of powder passed from the barrel through the vent into the pan, where it was held by the cover and hammer. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The next important advance in the method of ignition was the introduction of the copper <a href="/wiki/Percussion_cap" title="Percussion cap">percussion cap</a>. This was only generally applied to the British military musket (the <a href="/wiki/Brown_Bess" title="Brown Bess">Brown Bess</a>) in 1842, a quarter of a century after the invention of percussion powder and after an elaborate government test at Woolwich in 1834. The invention that made the percussion cap possible was patented by the Rev. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_John_Forsyth" title="Alexander John Forsyth">A. J. Forsyth</a> in 1807 and consisted of priming with a fulminating powder made of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chlorate" title="Potassium chlorate">potassium chlorate</a>, sulfur, and charcoal, which ignited by concussion. This invention was gradually developed, and used, first in a steel cap, and then in a copper cap, by various gunmakers and private individuals before coming into general military use nearly thirty years later.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The alteration of the military flint-lock to the percussion <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a> was easily accomplished by replacing the powder pan with a perforated nipple and by replacing the cock or hammer that held the flint with a smaller hammer that had a hollow to fit on the nipple when released by the trigger. The shooter placed a percussion cap (now made of three parts of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chlorate" title="Potassium chlorate">potassium chlorate</a>, two of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_fulminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury fulminate">fulminate of mercury</a> and powdered glass) on the nipple. The detonating cap thus invented and adopted brought about the invention of the modern cartridge case, and rendered possible the general adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breech-loading weapon">breech-loading</a> principle for all varieties of rifles, shotguns, and <a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">pistols</a>. This greatly streamlined the reloading procedure and paved the way for semi- and full-automatic firearms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, this big leap forward came at a price: it introduced an extra component into each round – the cartridge case – which had to be removed before the gun could be reloaded. While a flintlock, for example, is immediately ready to reload once it has been fired, adopting brass cartridge cases brought in the problems of extraction and ejection. The mechanism of a modern gun must not only load and fire the piece but also provide a method of removing the spent case, which might require just as many added moving parts. Many <a href="/wiki/Firearm_malfunction" title="Firearm malfunction">malfunctions</a> occur during this process, either through a failure to extract a case properly from the chamber or by allowing the extracted case to jam the action. Nineteenth-century inventors were reluctant to accept this added complication and experimented with a variety of <a href="/wiki/Caseless" class="mw-redirect" title="Caseless">caseless</a> or self-consuming cartridges before finally accepting that the advantages of brass cases far outweighed this one drawback.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrated_cartridges">Integrated cartridges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Integrated cartridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chassepot_paper_cartridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Chassepot_paper_cartridge.jpg/220px-Chassepot_paper_cartridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Chassepot_paper_cartridge.jpg/330px-Chassepot_paper_cartridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Chassepot_paper_cartridge.jpg/440px-Chassepot_paper_cartridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chassepot" title="Chassepot">Chassepot</a> paper cartridge (1866)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first integrated cartridge was developed in Paris in 1808 by the Swiss gunsmith <a href="/wiki/Jean_Samuel_Pauly" title="Jean Samuel Pauly">Jean Samuel Pauly</a> in association with French gunsmith <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pr%C3%A9lat" title="François Prélat">François Prélat</a>. Pauly created the first fully self-contained cartridges:<sup id="cite_ref-Smyth_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smyth-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the cartridges incorporated a copper base with integrated <a href="/wiki/Mercury_fulminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury fulminate">mercury fulminate</a> primer powder (the major innovation of Pauly), a round bullet and either brass or paper casing.<sup id="cite_ref-sil.si.edu_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sil.si.edu-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pauly_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cartridge was loaded through the breech and fired with a needle. The needle-activated centerfire <a href="/wiki/Breech-loading" class="mw-redirect" title="Breech-loading">breech-loading</a> gun would become a major feature of firearms thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pauly made an improved version, protected by a patent, on 29 September 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-Smyth_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smyth-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Probably no invention connected with firearms has wrought such changes in the principle of gun construction as those effected by the "expansive cartridge case". This invention has completely revolutionized the art of gun making, has been successfully applied to all descriptions of firearms and has produced a new and important industry: that of cartridge manufacture. Its essential feature is preventing gas from escaping the breech when the gun is fired, by means of an expansive cartridge case containing its own means of ignition. Previous to this invention shotguns and sporting rifles were loaded by means of <a href="/wiki/Powder_flask" title="Powder flask">powder flasks</a> and shot bags or flasks, bullets, wads, and copper caps, all carried separately. One of the earliest efficient modern cartridge cases was the <a href="/wiki/Pinfire_cartridge" title="Pinfire cartridge">pinfire cartridge</a>, developed by French gunsmith <a href="/wiki/Casimir_Lefaucheux" title="Casimir Lefaucheux">Casimir Lefaucheux</a> in 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-Pistols_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pistols-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consisted of a thin weak shell made of brass and paper that expanded from the force of the explosion. This fit perfectly in the barrel and thus formed an efficient gas check. A small percussion cap was placed in the middle of the base of the cartridge and was ignited by means of a brass pin projecting from the side and struck by the hammer. This pin also afforded the means of extracting the cartridge case. This cartridge was introduced in England by Lang, of Cockspur Street, London, about 1845. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865) a breech-loading rifle, the <a href="/wiki/Sharps_rifle" title="Sharps rifle">Sharps</a>, was introduced and produced in large numbers. It could be loaded with either a ball or a <a href="/wiki/Paper_cartridge" title="Paper cartridge">paper cartridge</a>. After that war, many were converted to the use of metal cartridges. The development by <a href="/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson" title="Smith & Wesson">Smith & Wesson</a> (among many others) of revolver handguns that used metal cartridges helped establish cartridge firearms as the standard in the United States by the late 1860s and early 1870s, although many continue to use percussion revolvers well after that.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_metallic_cartridges">Modern metallic cartridges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern metallic cartridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snider-Martini-Enfield_Cartridges.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Snider-Martini-Enfield_Cartridges.JPG/220px-Snider-Martini-Enfield_Cartridges.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Snider-Martini-Enfield_Cartridges.JPG/330px-Snider-Martini-Enfield_Cartridges.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Snider-Martini-Enfield_Cartridges.JPG/440px-Snider-Martini-Enfield_Cartridges.JPG 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>(From Left to Right): A <a href="/wiki/.577_Snider" title=".577 Snider">.577 Snider</a> cartridge (1867), a <a href="/wiki/.577/450_Martini-Henry" class="mw-redirect" title=".577/450 Martini-Henry">.577/450 Martini-Henry</a> cartridge (1871), a later drawn brass .577/450 <a href="/wiki/Martini-Henry" class="mw-redirect" title="Martini-Henry">Martini-Henry</a> cartridge, and a <a href="/wiki/.303_British" title=".303 British">.303 British</a> Mk VII SAA Ball cartridge.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fusil_Gras_M80_1874_metallic_cartridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fusil_Gras_M80_1874_metallic_cartridge.jpg/220px-Fusil_Gras_M80_1874_metallic_cartridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fusil_Gras_M80_1874_metallic_cartridge.jpg/330px-Fusil_Gras_M80_1874_metallic_cartridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fusil_Gras_M80_1874_metallic_cartridge.jpg/440px-Fusil_Gras_M80_1874_metallic_cartridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1711" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>French Army <a href="/wiki/Fusil_Gras_mle_1874" title="Fusil Gras mle 1874">Fusil Gras mle 1874</a> metallic cartridge.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8mm_Lebel_Tarbes-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/8mm_Lebel_Tarbes-01.jpg/130px-8mm_Lebel_Tarbes-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/8mm_Lebel_Tarbes-01.jpg/195px-8mm_Lebel_Tarbes-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/8mm_Lebel_Tarbes-01.jpg/260px-8mm_Lebel_Tarbes-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/8_mm_Lebel" class="mw-redirect" title="8 mm Lebel">8 mm Lebel</a> ammunition, developed in 1886, was the first <a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">smokeless gunpowder</a> cartridge to be created and adopted by any country.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of the early all-metallic cartridges were of the <a href="/wiki/Pinfire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinfire">pinfire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rimfire_ammunition" title="Rimfire ammunition">rimfire</a> types. </p><p>The first centerfire metallic cartridge was invented by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Samuel_Pauly" title="Jean Samuel Pauly">Jean Samuel Pauly</a> in the first decades of the 19th century. However, although it was the first cartridge to use a form of <a href="/wiki/Obturation" title="Obturation">obturation</a>, a feature integral to a successful breech-loading cartridge, Pauly died before it was converted to percussion cap ignition. </p><p>Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Flobert" title="Louis-Nicolas Flobert">Louis-Nicolas Flobert</a> invented the first <a href="/wiki/Rimfire_ammunition" title="Rimfire ammunition">rimfire metallic cartridge</a> in 1845. His cartridge consisted of a percussion cap with a bullet attached to the top.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flobert then made what he called "<a href="/wiki/Gallery_gun" title="Gallery gun">parlor guns</a>" for this cartridge, as these rifles and pistols were designed to be shot in indoor shooting parlors in large homes.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BarnesBodinson2009_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarnesBodinson2009-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <a href="/wiki/6mm_Flobert" class="mw-redirect" title="6mm Flobert">6mm Flobert</a> cartridges do not contain any powder. The only <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellant</a> substance contained in the cartridge is the percussion cap.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In English-speaking countries, the 6mm Flobert cartridge corresponds to <a href="/wiki/.22_BB_Cap" class="mw-redirect" title=".22 BB Cap">.22 BB Cap</a> and <a href="/wiki/.22_CB_Cap" class="mw-redirect" title=".22 CB Cap">.22 CB Cap</a> ammunition. These cartridges have a relatively low muzzle velocity of around 700 ft/s (210 m/s). </p><p>French gunsmith <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Houllier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Houllier (page does not exist)">Benjamin Houllier</a> improved the Lefaucheux pinfire cardboard cartridge and patented in Paris in 1846, the first fully metallic pinfire cartridge containing powder in a metallic cartridge.<sup id="cite_ref-Pistols_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pistols-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also included in his patent claims rim and centerfire primed cartridges using brass or copper casings.<sup id="cite_ref-sil.si.edu_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sil.si.edu-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Houllier commercialised his weapons in association with the gunsmiths Blanchard or Charles Robert.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, in 1857, the Flobert cartridge inspired the <a href="/wiki/.22_Short" title=".22 Short">.22 Short</a>, specially conceived for the first American revolver using rimfire cartridges, the <a href="/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson_Model_1" title="Smith & Wesson Model 1">Smith & Wesson Model 1</a>. A year before, in 1856, the <a href="/wiki/LeMat_revolver" class="mw-redirect" title="LeMat revolver">LeMat revolver</a> was the first American breech-loading firearm, but it used pinfire cartridges, not rimfire. Formerly, an employee of the <a href="/wiki/Colt%27s_Manufacturing_Company" title="Colt's Manufacturing Company">Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rollin_White" title="Rollin White">Rollin White</a>, had been the first in America to conceive the idea of having the revolver cylinder bored through to accept metallic cartridges (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">circa</a> 1852), with the first in the world to use bored-through cylinders probably having been Lefaucheux in 1845, who invented a pepperbox-revolver loaded from the rear using bored-through cylinders.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another possible claimant for the bored-through cylinder is a Frenchman by the name of Perrin, who allegedly produced in 1839 a pepperbox revolver with a bored-through cylinder to order. Other possible claimants include Devisme of France in 1834 or 1842 who claimed to have produced a breech-loading revolver in that period though his claim was later judged as lacking in evidence by French courts and Hertog & Devos and Malherbe & Rissack of Belgium who both filed patents for breech-loading revolvers in 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Colt" title="Samuel Colt">Samuel Colt</a> refused this innovation. White left Colt, went to Smith & Wesson to rent a license for his patent, and this is how the S&W Model 1 saw the light of day in 1857. The patent didn't definitely expire until 1870, allowing Smith & Wesson competitors to design and commercialize their own revolving breech-loaders using metallic cartridges. Famous models of that time are the Colt <a href="/wiki/Colt_Model_1871-72_Open_Top" class="mw-redirect" title="Colt Model 1871-72 Open Top">Open Top</a> (1871–1872) and <a href="/wiki/Colt_Single_Action_Army" title="Colt Single Action Army">Single Action Army "Peacemaker"</a> (1873). But in rifles, the <a href="/wiki/Lever-action" class="mw-redirect" title="Lever-action">lever-action</a> mechanism patents were not obstructed by Rollin White's <a href="/wiki/Patent_infringement" title="Patent infringement">patent infringement</a> because White only held a patent concerning drilled cylinders and revolving mechanisms. Thus, larger caliber rimfire cartridges were soon introduced after 1857, when the Smith & Wesson .22 Short ammunition was introduced for the first time. Some of these rifle cartridges were used in the American Civil War, including the <a href="/wiki/.44_Henry" title=".44 Henry">.44 Henry</a> and <a href="/wiki/56-56_Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="56-56 Spencer">56-56 Spencer</a> (both in 1860). However, the large rimfire cartridges were soon replaced by <a href="/wiki/Centerfire" class="mw-redirect" title="Centerfire">centerfire</a> cartridges, which could safely handle higher pressures.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williamson_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1867, the British war office adopted the <a href="/wiki/Eley_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Eley Brothers">Eley</a>–<a href="/wiki/Edward_Mounier_Boxer" title="Edward Mounier Boxer">Boxer</a> metallic centerfire cartridge case in the <a href="/wiki/Pattern_1853_Enfield" title="Pattern 1853 Enfield">Pattern 1853 Enfield</a> rifles, which were converted to <a href="/wiki/Snider-Enfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Snider-Enfield">Snider-Enfield</a> breech-loaders on the Snider principle. This consisted of a block opening on a hinge, thus forming a false breech against which the cartridge rested. The priming cap was in the base of the cartridge and was discharged by a <a href="/wiki/Firing_pin#Firing_pin_vs._striker" title="Firing pin">striker</a> passing through the breech block. Other European powers adopted breech-loading military rifles from 1866 to 1868, with paper instead of metallic cartridge cases. The original Eley-Boxer cartridge case was made of thin-coiled brass—occasionally these cartridges could break apart and jam the breech with the unwound remains of the case upon firing. Later the solid-drawn, centerfire cartridge case, made of one entire solid piece of tough hard metal, an alloy of copper, with a solid head of thicker metal, has been generally substituted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Centerfire cartridges with solid-drawn metallic cases containing their own means of ignition are almost universally used in all modern varieties of military and sporting rifles and pistols.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Around 1870, machined tolerances had improved to the point that the cartridge case was no longer necessary to seal a firing chamber. Precision-faced bolts would seal as well, and could be economically manufactured.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, normal wear and tear proved this system to be generally infeasible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factory_vs._handloading">Factory vs. handloading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Factory vs. handloading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Handloading" title="Handloading">Handloading</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wildcat_cartridge" title="Wildcat cartridge">Wildcat cartridge</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of any given cartridge does not necessarily reflect any cartridge or gun dimension. The name is merely the standardized and accepted moniker. SAAMI (Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute) and the European counterpart (CIP) and members of those organizations specify correct cartridge names. </p><p>It is incomplete to refer to a cartridge as a certain "<a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">caliber</a>" (e.g., "30-06 caliber"), as the word <i>caliber</i> only describes the bullet diameter. The correct full name for this round is <a href="/wiki/.30-06_Springfield" title=".30-06 Springfield">.30–'06 Springfield</a>. The "-'06" means it was introduced in 1906. In sporting arms, the only consistent definition of "caliber" is bore diameter, and dozens of unique <a href="/wiki/.30-caliber" class="mw-redirect" title=".30-caliber">.30-caliber</a> round types exist. </p><p>There is considerable variation in cartridge nomenclature. Names sometimes reflect various characteristics of the cartridge. For example, the .308 Winchester uses a bullet of 308/1000-inch diameter and was standardized by Winchester. Conversely, cartridge names often reflect nothing related to the cartridge in any obvious way. For example, the .218 Bee uses a bullet of 224/1000-inch diameter, fired through a .22-in bore, etc. The 218 and Bee portions of this cartridge name reflect nothing other than the desires of those who standardized that cartridge. Many similar examples exist, for example: .219 Zipper, .221 Fireball, .222 Remington, .256 Winchester, .280 Remington, .307 Winchester, .356 Winchester. </p><p>Where two numbers are used in a cartridge name, the second number may reflect a variety of things. Frequently the first number reflects bore diameter (inches or millimeters). The second number reflects case length (in inches or mm). For example, the <a href="/wiki/7.62%C3%9751mm_NATO" title="7.62×51mm NATO">7.62×51mm NATO</a> refers to a bore diameter of 7.62 mm and has an overall case length of 51 mm, with a total length of 71.1 mm. The commercial version is the <a href="/wiki/.308_Winchester" title=".308 Winchester">.308 Winchester</a>. </p><p>In older <a href="/wiki/Black_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Black powder">black powder</a> cartridges, the second number typically refers to powder charge, in <a href="/wiki/Grain_(unit)" title="Grain (unit)">grains</a>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/.50-90_Sharps" title=".50-90 Sharps">.50-90 Sharps</a> has a .50-inch bore and used a nominal charge of 90.0 grains (5.83 g) of black powder. </p><p>Many such cartridges were designated by a three-number system (e.g., 45–120–3<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> Sharps: 45-caliber bore, 120 grains of (black) powder, 3<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>-inch long case). Other times, a similar three-number system indicated bore (caliber), charge (grains), and bullet weight (grains). The 45-70-500 Government is an example. </p><p>Often, the name reflects the company or individual who standardized it, such as the <a href="/wiki/.30_Newton" title=".30 Newton">.30 Newton</a>, or some characteristic important to that person. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/.38_Special" title=".38 Special">.38 Special</a> actually has a nominal bullet diameter of 0.3570 inches (9.07 mm) (jacketed) or 0.3580 inches (9.09 mm) (lead) while the case has a nominal diameter of 0.3800 inches (9.65 mm), hence the name. This is historically logical: the hole drilled through the chambers of .36-caliber cap-and-ball revolvers when converting those to work with cartridges was 0.3800 inches (9.65 mm), and the cartridge made to work in those revolvers was logically named the <a href="/wiki/.38_Short_Colt" title=".38 Short Colt">.38 Colt</a>. The original cartridges used a heeled bullet like a .22 rimfire where the bullet was the same diameter as the case. Early Colt Army .38s have a bore diameter that will allow a .357" diameter bullet to slide through the barrel. The cylinder is bored straight through with no step. Later versions used an inside the case lubricated bullet of .357" diameter instead of the original .38" with a reduction in bore diameter. The difference in .38 Special bullet diameter and case diameter reflects the thickness of the case mouth (approximately 11/1000-inch per side). The <a href="/wiki/.357_Magnum" title=".357 Magnum">.357 Magnum</a> evolved from the .38 Special. The .357 was named to reflect bullet diameter (in thousandths inch), not case diameter. "Magnum" was used to indicate its longer case and higher operating pressure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cartridges are classified by some major characteristics. One classification is the location of the primer. Early cartridges began with the pinfire, then the rimfire, and finally the centerfire. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simpified_schematic_of_blowback_mechanism_with_advanced_primer_ignition.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simpified_schematic_of_blowback_mechanism_with_advanced_primer_ignition.png/220px-Simpified_schematic_of_blowback_mechanism_with_advanced_primer_ignition.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simpified_schematic_of_blowback_mechanism_with_advanced_primer_ignition.png/330px-Simpified_schematic_of_blowback_mechanism_with_advanced_primer_ignition.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simpified_schematic_of_blowback_mechanism_with_advanced_primer_ignition.png/440px-Simpified_schematic_of_blowback_mechanism_with_advanced_primer_ignition.png 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of an Advanced Primer Blowback operation using a rebated rim cartridge (bottlenecked). The rebated rim allows the bolt to enter the chamber with the round to be fired in forward travel just before the cartridge in-battery position.</figcaption></figure> <p>Another classification describes how cartridges are located in the chamber (<a href="/wiki/Headspace_(firearms)" title="Headspace (firearms)">headspace</a>). Rimmed cartridges are located with the rim near the cartridge head; the rim is also used to extract the cartridge from the chamber. Examples are the <a href="/wiki/.22_long_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title=".22 long rifle">.22 long rifle</a> and <a href="/wiki/.303_British" title=".303 British">.303 British</a>. In a rimless cartridge, the cartridge head diameter is about the same as or smaller than the body diameter. The head will have a groove so the cartridge can be extracted from the chamber. Locating the cartridge in the chamber is accomplished by other means. Some rimless cartridges are necked down, and they are positioned by the cartridge's shoulder. An example is the <a href="/wiki/.30-06_Springfield" title=".30-06 Springfield">.30-06 Springfield</a>. Pistol cartridges may be located by the end of the brass case. An example is the <a href="/wiki/.45_ACP" title=".45 ACP">.45 ACP</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Belted_magnum" title="Belted magnum">belted cartridge</a> has a larger diameter band of thick metal near the head of the cartridge. An example is the <a href="/wiki/.300_Weatherby_Magnum" title=".300 Weatherby Magnum">.300 Weatherby Magnum</a>. An extreme version of the rimless cartridge is the rebated case; guns employing <a href="/wiki/Blowback_(firearms)#Advanced_primer_ignition_(API)_blowback" title="Blowback (firearms)">advanced primer ignition</a> need such a case because the case moves during firing (i.e., it is not located at a fixed position). An example is the <a href="/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon" title="Oerlikon 20 mm cannon">20mm×110RB</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centerfire">Centerfire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Centerfire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fired_rimfire_and_centerfire_casings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Fired_rimfire_and_centerfire_casings.jpg/220px-Fired_rimfire_and_centerfire_casings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Fired_rimfire_and_centerfire_casings.jpg/330px-Fired_rimfire_and_centerfire_casings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Fired_rimfire_and_centerfire_casings.jpg/440px-Fired_rimfire_and_centerfire_casings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Fired rimfire (left) and centerfire (right) cartridges. A rimfire <a href="/wiki/Firing_pin" title="Firing pin">firing pin</a> produces a notch at the edge of the rim; a centerfire pin produces a divot in the center of the primer.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Centerfire_ammunition" title="Centerfire ammunition">Centerfire ammunition</a></div> <p>A centerfire cartridge has a centrally located primer held within a recess in the case head. Most centerfire brass cases used worldwide for sporting ammunition use <a href="/wiki/Boxer_primer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxer primer">Boxer primers</a>. It is easy to remove and replace Boxer primers using standard reloading tools, facilitating reuse. </p><p>Some European- and Asian-manufactured military and sporting ammunition uses <a href="/wiki/Berdan_primer" class="mw-redirect" title="Berdan primer">Berdan primers</a>. Removing the spent primer from (decapping) these cases requires the use of a special tool because the primer anvil (on which the primer compound is crushed) is an integral part of the case and the case, therefore, does not have a central hole through which a decapping tool can push the primer out from the inside, as is done with Boxer primers. In Berdan cases, the flash holes are located to the sides of the anvil. With the right tool and components, reloading Berdan-primed cases is perfectly feasible. However, Berdan primers are not readily available in the U.S. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rimfire">Rimfire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rimfire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rim_fire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Rim_fire.svg/220px-Rim_fire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Rim_fire.svg/330px-Rim_fire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Rim_fire.svg/440px-Rim_fire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of a rimfire cartridge and its ignition</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rimfire_ammunition" title="Rimfire ammunition">Rimfire ammunition</a></div> <p>Rimfire priming was a popular solution before centerfire priming was perfected. In a rimfire case, centrifugal force pushes a liquid priming compound into the internal recess of the folded rim as the manufacturer spins the case at a high rate and heats the spinning case to dry the priming compound mixture in place within the hollow cavity formed within the rim fold at the perimeter of the case interior. </p><p>In the mid to late 19th century, many rimfire cartridge designs existed. Today only a few, mostly for use in small-caliber guns, remain in general and widespread use. These include the .17 Mach II, .17 Hornady Magnum Rimfire (HMR), 5mm Remington Magnum (Rem Mag), .22 (BB, CB, Short, Long, Long Rifle), and .22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire (WMR). </p><p>Compared to modern centerfire cases used in the strongest types of modern guns, existing rimfire cartridge designs use loads that generate relatively low chamber pressures because of limitations of feasible gun design, as the rim has little or no lateral support from the gun. Such support would require very close tolerances in the design of the chamber, bolt, and firing pin. Because that is not cost-effective method, it is necessary to keep rimfire load pressure low enough so that the stress generated by chamber pressure would not push the case rim outward and cause the rim to expand significantly. Also, the wall of the folded rim must be both thin and ductile enough to easily deform, as necessary to allow the blow from the firing pin to crush the rim, thereby igniting the primer compound, and it must do so without rupturing the case. If the rim is too thick, it will be too resistant to deformation and if it is too hard, the rim will be to brittle and crack, rather than deform.<sup id="cite_ref-Williamson_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern centerfire cartridges are often loaded to 65,000 psi (450 MPa) maximum chamber pressure. Conversely, no commercialized rimfire has ever been loaded above 40,000 psi (280 MPa) maximum chamber pressure. However, with careful gun design and production, no fundamental reason exists that higher pressures could not be used. Despite the relative lower chamber pressure, modern rimfire magnums are commonly found in .17-caliber (4.5 mm), .20-caliber (5mm), and .22-caliber (5.6 mm) that can generate muzzle energies comparable to smaller caliber centerfire cartridges.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Today, <a href="/wiki/.22_LR" class="mw-redirect" title=".22 LR">.22 LR</a> (.22 Long Rifle) accounts for the vast majority of all rimfire ammunition produced. Standard .22 LR rounds use an essentially pure lead bullet plated with a typical 95% copper, 5% zinc combination. These are offered in <a href="/wiki/Supersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic">supersonic</a> and subsonic types, as well as target shooting, plinking, and hunting versions. These cartridges are usually coated with hard wax for fouling control. </p><p>The .22 LR and related .22 rimfire cartridges use a <a href="/wiki/Heeled_bullet" title="Heeled bullet">heeled bullet</a>, where the external diameter of the case is the same as the diameter of the forward portion of the bullet and where the rearward portion of the bullet, which extends into the case, is necessarily smaller in diameter than the main body of the bullet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semi-automatic_vs._revolver_cartridges">Semi-automatic vs. revolver cartridges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Semi-automatic vs. revolver cartridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">revolver</a> cartridges are rimmed at the base of the case, which seats against the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(firearms)" title="Cylinder (firearms)">cylinder</a> <a href="/wiki/Chamber_(firearms)" title="Chamber (firearms)">chamber</a> to provide <a href="/wiki/Headspace_(firearms)" title="Headspace (firearms)">headspace</a> control (to keep the cartridge from moving too far forward into the chamber) and to facilitate easy extraction. </p><p>Nearly every <a href="/wiki/Centerfire" class="mw-redirect" title="Centerfire">centerfire</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol" title="Semi-automatic pistol">semi-automatic pistol</a> cartridge is "rimless", where the rim is of the same diameter as the case body but separated by a circumferential groove in between, into which the <a href="/wiki/Extractor_(firearms)" title="Extractor (firearms)">extractor</a> engages the rim by hooking. A "semi-rimmed" cartridge is essentially a rimless one but the rim diameter is slightly larger than the case body, and a "rebated rimless" cartridge is one with the rim smaller in diameter. All such cartridges' headspace on the case mouth (although some, such as <a href="/wiki/.38_Super" title=".38 Super">.38 Super</a>, at one time seated on the rim, this was changed for accuracy reasons), which prevents the round from entering too far into the chamber. Some cartridges have a rim that is significantly smaller than the case body diameter. These are known as rebated-rim designs and almost always allow a handgun to fire multiple caliber cartridges with only a barrel and <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(firearms)" title="Magazine (firearms)">magazine</a> change. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:380_ACP_-_FMJ_-_SB_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rimless .380 ACP semi-automatic cartridge"><img alt="Rimless .380 ACP semi-automatic cartridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/380_ACP_-_FMJ_-_SB_-_2.jpg/240px-380_ACP_-_FMJ_-_SB_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/380_ACP_-_FMJ_-_SB_-_2.jpg/360px-380_ACP_-_FMJ_-_SB_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/380_ACP_-_FMJ_-_SB_-_2.jpg/480px-380_ACP_-_FMJ_-_SB_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rimless <a href="/wiki/.380_ACP" title=".380 ACP">.380 ACP</a> semi-automatic cartridge</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:38_Special_-_FMJ_-_SB_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rimmed .38 special revolver cartridge"><img alt="Rimmed .38 special revolver cartridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/38_Special_-_FMJ_-_SB_-_2.jpg/240px-38_Special_-_FMJ_-_SB_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/38_Special_-_FMJ_-_SB_-_2.jpg/360px-38_Special_-_FMJ_-_SB_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/38_Special_-_FMJ_-_SB_-_2.jpg/480px-38_Special_-_FMJ_-_SB_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rimmed <a href="/wiki/.38_special" class="mw-redirect" title=".38 special">.38 special</a> revolver cartridge</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projectile_designs">Projectile designs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Projectile designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shotgun-shot-sequence-1g.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Shotgun-shot-sequence-1g.jpg/220px-Shotgun-shot-sequence-1g.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Shotgun-shot-sequence-1g.jpg/330px-Shotgun-shot-sequence-1g.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Shotgun-shot-sequence-1g.jpg/440px-Shotgun-shot-sequence-1g.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>Slow motion shots (1/1,000,000-second exposures) showing shots and <a href="/wiki/Wadding" title="Wadding">wadding</a> separation after firing from a shotgun.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brenneke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Brenneke.jpg/220px-Brenneke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Brenneke.jpg/330px-Brenneke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Brenneke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>A 12-gauge Brenneke slug</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bean_bag_round_close_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bean_bag_round_close_up.jpg/220px-Bean_bag_round_close_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bean_bag_round_close_up.jpg/330px-Bean_bag_round_close_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bean_bag_round_close_up.jpg/440px-Bean_bag_round_close_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Two views of intact <a href="/wiki/Bean_bag_round" title="Bean bag round">bean bag round</a> and one view of the projectile</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7.7_mm_Japanese_navy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/7.7_mm_Japanese_navy.jpg/220px-7.7_mm_Japanese_navy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/7.7_mm_Japanese_navy.jpg/330px-7.7_mm_Japanese_navy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/7.7_mm_Japanese_navy.jpg/440px-7.7_mm_Japanese_navy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption>A cutaway showing a Japanese Navy 7.7 mm rimmed rounds as fired by the Type 92 and Type 97 machine guns—copies of Vickers and Lewis designs. The round is effectively interchangeable with <a href="/wiki/.303_British" title=".303 British">.303 British</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Shotgun_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Shotgun shell">shotgun shell</a> loaded with multiple metallic "shot", which are small, generally spherical projectiles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_slug" title="Shotgun slug">Shotgun slug</a>: A single solid projectile designed to be fired from a shotgun.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_baton_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible baton round">Baton round</a>: a generally non-lethal projectile fired from a riot gun.</li> <li>Bullets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armor-piercing_bullet" title="Armor-piercing bullet">Armor-piercing</a> (AP): A hard bullet made from steel or tungsten alloys in a pointed shape typically covered by a thin layer of lead and or a copper or brass jacket. The lead and jacket are intended to prevent barrel wear from the hard-core materials. AP bullets are sometimes less effective on unarmored targets than FMJ bullets are. This has to do with the reduced tendency of AP projectiles to yaw (turn sideways after impact).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_metal_jacket_bullet" class="mw-redirect" title="Full metal jacket bullet">Full metal jacket</a> (FMJ): Made with a lead core surrounded by a full covering of brass, copper, or mild steel. These usually offer very little deformation or terminal performance expansion, but will occasionally yaw (turn sideways). Despite the name, an FMJ bullet typically has an exposed lead base, which is not visible in an intact cartridge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaser_Safety_Slug" title="Glaser Safety Slug">Glaser safety slug</a>: Copper jackets filled with bird shot and covered by a crimped polymer endcap. Upon impact with flesh, the projectile is supposed to fragment, with the birdshot spreading like a miniature shotgun pattern.</li> <li>Jacketed hollow point (JHP): Soon after the invention of the JSP, Woolwich Arsenal in Great Britain experimented with this design even further by forming a hole or cavity in the nose of the bullet while keeping most of the exterior profile intact. These bullets could theoretically deform even faster and expand to a larger diameter than the JSP. In personal defense use, concerns have arisen over whether clothing, especially heavy materials like denim, can clog the cavity of JHP bullets and cause expansion failures.</li> <li>Jacketed soft point (JSP): In the late 19th century, the Indian Army at <a href="/wiki/Dum-Dum_Arsenal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dum-Dum Arsenal">Dum-Dum Arsenal</a>, near Kolkata, developed a variation of the FMJ design where the jacket did not cover the nose of the bullet. The soft lead nose was found to expand in the flesh while the remaining jacket still prevented lead fouling in the barrel. The JSP roughly splits the difference between FMJ and JHP. It gives more penetration than JHP but has better terminal ballistic characteristics than the FMJ.</li> <li>Round nose lead (RNL): An unjacketed lead bullet. Although largely supplanted by jacketed ammunition, this is still common for older revolver cartridges. Some hunters prefer roundnose ammunition for hunting in brush because they erroneously believe that such a bullet deflects less than sharp-nosed <a href="/wiki/Spitzer_(bullet)" title="Spitzer (bullet)">spitzer bullets</a>, regardless of the fact that this belief has been repeatedly proven not to be true. Refer to American Rifleman magazine.</li> <li>Flat nose lead (FNL): Similar to round nose lead, with a flattened nose. Common in <a href="/wiki/Cowboy_Action_Shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowboy Action Shooting">cowboy action shooting</a> and plinking ammunition loads.</li> <li>Total metal jacket (TMJ): Featured in some Speer cartridges, the TMJ bullet has a lead core completely and seamlessly enclosed in brass, copper or other jacket metal, including the base. According to Speer's literature, this prevents hot propellant gases from vaporizing lead from the base of the bullet, reducing lead emissions. <a href="/wiki/Sellier_%26_Bellot" title="Sellier & Bellot">Sellier & Bellot</a> produce a similar version that they call TFMJ, with a separate end cap of jacket material.</li> <li>Wadcutter (WC): Similar to the FNL, but completely cylindrical, in some instances with a slight concavity in the nose. This bullet derives its name from its popularity for target shooting, because the form factor cuts neat holes in paper targets, making scoring easier and more accurate and because it typically cuts a larger hole than a round nose bullet, a hit centered at the same spot can touch the next smaller ring and therefore score higher.</li> <li>Semi-wadcutter (SWC) identical to the WC with a smaller diameter flap pointed conical or radiused nose added. Has the same advantages for target shooters but is easier to load into the gun and works more reliably in semi-automatic guns. This design is also superior for some hunting applications.</li> <li>Truncated cone: Also known as round nose flat point, etc. Descriptive of typical modern commercial cast bullet designs.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Convention of 1899</a> bans the use of expanding projectiles against the military forces of other nations. Some countries accept this as a blanket ban against the use of expanding projectiles against anyone, while others<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use JSP and HP against non-military forces such as terrorists and criminals.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_cartridges">Common cartridges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Common cartridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handguncalibercomparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Handguncalibercomparison.jpg/220px-Handguncalibercomparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Handguncalibercomparison.jpg/330px-Handguncalibercomparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Handguncalibercomparison.jpg/440px-Handguncalibercomparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption>A variety of common pistol cartridges. From left to right: <a href="/wiki/22_LR" class="mw-redirect" title="22 LR">22 LR</a>, <a href="/wiki/.22_WMR" class="mw-redirect" title=".22 WMR">.22 WMR</a>, <a href="/wiki/5.7%C3%9728mm" class="mw-redirect" title="5.7×28mm">5.7×28mm</a>, <a href="/wiki/25_ACP" class="mw-redirect" title="25 ACP">25 ACP</a>, <a href="/wiki/7.62%C3%9725mm_Tokarev" title="7.62×25mm Tokarev">7.62×25mm Tokarev</a>, <a href="/wiki/32_ACP" class="mw-redirect" title="32 ACP">32 ACP</a>, <a href="/wiki/380_ACP" class="mw-redirect" title="380 ACP">380 ACP</a>, <a href="/wiki/9%C3%9719mm_Parabellum" title="9×19mm Parabellum">9×19mm Parabellum</a>, <a href="/wiki/357_SIG" class="mw-redirect" title="357 SIG">357 SIG</a>, <a href="/wiki/40_S%26W" class="mw-redirect" title="40 S&W">40 S&W</a>, <a href="/wiki/45_GAP" class="mw-redirect" title="45 GAP">45 GAP</a>, <a href="/wiki/45_ACP" class="mw-redirect" title="45 ACP">45 ACP</a>, <a href="/wiki/.38_Special" title=".38 Special">.38 Special</a>, <a href="/wiki/357_Magnum" class="mw-redirect" title="357 Magnum">357 Magnum</a>, <a href="/wiki/45_Colt" class="mw-redirect" title="45 Colt">45 Colt</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Table_of_handgun_and_rifle_cartridges_by_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of handgun and rifle cartridges by year">Table of handgun and rifle cartridges by year</a></div> <p>Ammunition types are listed numerically. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.22_Long_Rifle" title=".22 Long Rifle">.22 Long Rifle</a> (22 LR): A round that is often used for target shooting and the hunting of small game such as squirrels. Because of the small size of this round, the smallest self-defence handguns chambered in 22 rimfire (though less effective than most centrefire handguns cartridges) can be concealed in situations where a handgun chambered for a centerfire cartridge could not. The .22 LR is the most commonly fired sporting arms cartridge, primarily because, when compared to any centerfire ammunition, .22 LR ammunition is much less expensive and because recoil generated by the light .22 bullet at modest velocity is very mild.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.22-250_Remington" title=".22-250 Remington">.22-250 Remington</a>: A very popular round for medium to long range small game and varmint hunting, pest control, and target shooting. The 22–250 is one of the most popular rounds for fox hunting and other pest control in Western Europe due to its flat trajectory and very good accuracy on rabbit to fox-sized pests.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.300_Winchester_Magnum" title=".300 Winchester Magnum">.300 Winchester Magnum</a>: One of the most popular big game hunting rounds of all time. Also, as a long-range sniping round, it is favored by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">US Navy SEALs</a> and the German <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a>. While not in the same class as the <a href="/wiki/.338_Lapua_Magnum" title=".338 Lapua Magnum">.338 Lapua Magnum</a>, it has roughly the same power as <a href="/wiki/7_mm_Remington_Magnum" class="mw-redirect" title="7 mm Remington Magnum">7 mm Remington Magnum</a>, and easily exceeds the performance of <a href="/wiki/7.62%C3%9751_mm_NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="7.62×51 mm NATO">7.62×51 mm NATO</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.30-06_Springfield" title=".30-06 Springfield">.30-06 Springfield</a> (7.62×63 mm): The standard US Army rifle round for the first half of the 20th century. It is a full-power rifle round suitable for hunting most North American game and most big game worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.303_British" title=".303 British">.303 British</a>: the standard <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> military rifle cartridge from 1888 to 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.308_Winchester" title=".308 Winchester">.308 Winchester</a>: the commercial name of a centerfire cartridge based on the military <a href="/wiki/7.62%C3%9751_mm_NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="7.62×51 mm NATO">7.62×51 mm NATO</a> round. Two years prior to the NATO adoption of the 7.62×51 mm NATO T65 in 1954, Winchester (a subsidiary of the Olin Corporation) branded the round and introduced it to the commercial hunting market as the .308 Winchester. The Winchester Model 70 and Model 88 rifles were subsequently chambered for this round. Since then, the 308 Winchester has become the most popular short-action big-game hunting round worldwide. It is also commonly used for civilian and military target events, military sniping, and police sharpshooting.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.357_Magnum" title=".357 Magnum">.357 Magnum</a>: Using a lengthened version of the <a href="/wiki/.38_Special" title=".38 Special">.38 Special</a> case that was loaded to about twice the maximum chamber pressure of the.38 Special and was rapidly accepted for use by hunters and law enforcement officers. At the time of its introduction, .357 Magnum bullets were claimed to easily pierce the steel body panels of automobiles and crack engine blocks (to disable the vehicle).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.375_Holland_%26_Holland_Magnum" class="mw-redirect" title=".375 Holland & Holland Magnum">.375 Holland & Holland Magnum</a>: designed for hunting African big game in the early 20th century and legislated as the minimum diameter rifle caliber for African big game hunting during the mid-20th century<sup id="cite_ref-AH375HNH_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AH375HNH-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.40_S%26W" title=".40 S&W">.40 S&W</a>: A shorter-cased version of the <a href="/wiki/10mm_Auto" title="10mm Auto">10mm Auto</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.44_Magnum" title=".44 Magnum">.44 Magnum</a>: A high-powered pistol round designed primarily for hunting.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.45_ACP" title=".45 ACP">.45 ACP</a>: The standard US pistol round for about 75 years. Typical .45 ACP loads are subsonic.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.45_Colt" title=".45 Colt">.45 Colt</a>: a more powerful 45-calibre revolver round using a longer cartridge. The .45 Colt was designed for the <a href="/wiki/Colt_Single_Action_Army" title="Colt Single Action Army">Colt Single Action Army</a> and adopted by the US Army in 1873. Other 45-calibre single-action and double-action revolvers also use this round.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.45-70_Government" class="mw-redirect" title=".45-70 Government">.45-70 Government</a>: Adopted by the US Army in 1873 as their standard service rifle cartridge for the <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Model_1873" class="mw-redirect" title="Springfield Model 1873">Springfield Model 1873</a> rifle. Most commercial loadings of this cartridge are constrained by the possibility that someone might attempt to fire a modern loading in a vintage rifle or replica. However, current production rifles from Marlin, Ruger, and Browning can accept loads that generate nearly twice the pressure generated by the original black powder cartridges.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.50_BMG" title=".50 BMG">.50 BMG</a> (12.7×99 mm NATO): Originally designed to destroy aircraft in the First World War,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this round still serves an anti-materiel round against light armor. It is used in heavy machine guns and high-powered sniper rifles. Such rifles can be used, amongst other things, for destroying military <a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%A9riel" class="mw-redirect" title="Matériel">matériel</a> such as sensitive parts of grounded aircraft and armored transports. Civilian shooters use these for long-distance target shooting.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5.45%C3%9739_mm" class="mw-redirect" title="5.45×39 mm">5.45×39 mm</a> Soviet: The Soviet adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/5.56%C3%9745_mm_NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="5.56×45 mm NATO">5.56×45 mm NATO</a> round.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5.56%C3%9745_mm_NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="5.56×45 mm NATO">5.56×45 mm NATO</a>: Adopted by the US military in the 1960s, it later became the NATO standard rifle round in the early 1980s, displacing the <a href="/wiki/7.62%C3%9751_mm" class="mw-redirect" title="7.62×51 mm">7.62×51 mm</a>. Remington later adopted this military round as the <a href="/wiki/.223_Remington" title=".223 Remington">.223 Remington</a>, a very popular round for small game hunting.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%C3%9764_mm" class="mw-redirect" title="7×64 mm">7×64 mm</a>: One of the most popular long-range game hunting rounds in Europe, especially in the countries such as France and (formerly) Belgium where the possession of firearms chambered for a (former) military round is forbidden or is more heavily restricted. This round is offered by European rifle makers in both bolt-action rifles and a rimmed version. The 7×65 mmR is chambered in double and combination rifles. Another reason for its popularity is its flat trajectory, very good penetration, and high versatility, depending on what bullet and load are used. Combined with a large choice of different 7 mm bullets available the 7×64mm is used on everything from fox and <a href="/wiki/Geese" class="mw-redirect" title="Geese">geese</a> to <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a>, Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a> and European <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a> equivalent to the North American black bear. The 7×64mm essentially duplicates the performance of the 270 Winchester and 280 Remington.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_mm_Remington_Magnum" class="mw-redirect" title="7 mm Remington Magnum">7 mm Remington Magnum</a>: A long-range hunting round.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7.62%C3%9739mm" title="7.62×39mm">7.62×39mm</a>: The standard Soviet/ComBloc rifle round from the mid-1940s to the mid-1970s, this is easily one of the most widely distributed rounds in the world due to the distribution of the ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalashnikov" title="Mikhail Kalashnikov">Kalashnikov</a> <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a> series.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7.62%C3%9751mm_NATO" title="7.62×51mm NATO">7.62×51mm NATO</a>: This was the standard NATO rifle round until its replacement by the 5.56×45mm. It is currently the standard NATO sniper rifle and medium machinegun chambering. In the 1950s, it was the standard NATO round for rifles, but recoil and weight proved problematic for the new <a href="/wiki/Battle_rifle" title="Battle rifle">battle rifle</a> designs such as the <a href="/wiki/FN_FAL" title="FN FAL">FN FAL</a>. Standardized commercially as the 308 Winchester.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7.62%C3%9754mmR" title="7.62×54mmR">7.62×54mmR</a>: The standard Russian rifle round from the 1890s to the mid-1940s. The "R" stands for rimmed. The 7.62×54mmR rifle round is a Russian design dating back to 1891. Originally designed for the Mosin-Nagant rifle, it was used during the late Tsarist era and throughout the Soviet period, in machine guns and rifles such as the SVT-40. The Winchester Model 1895 was also chambered for this cartridge per contract with the Russian government. It is still in use by the Russian military in the Dragunov and other sniper rifles and some machine guns. The round is colloquially known as the "7.62 Russian". This name sometimes causes people to confuse this round with the "7.62 Soviet" round, which refers to the 7.62 × 39 round used in the SKS and AK-47 rifles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/32_ACP" class="mw-redirect" title="32 ACP">7.65×17mm Browning SR</a> (32 ACP): A very small pistol round. However, this was the predominant Police Service round in Europe until the mid-1970s. The "SR" stands for semi-rimmed, meaning the case rim is slightly larger than the case body diameter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7.92%C3%9757mm_Mauser" title="7.92×57mm Mauser">8×57mm IS</a>: The standard German service rifle round from 1888 to 1945, the 8×57mmIS (aka 8 mm Mauser) has seen wide distribution around the globe through commercial, surplus, and military sales, and is still a popular and commonly used hunting round in most of Europe, partly because of the abundance of affordable hunting rifles in this chambering as well as a broad availability of different hunting, target, and military surplus ammunition available.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9%C3%9719mm_Parabellum" title="9×19mm Parabellum">9×19mm Parabellum</a>: Invented for the German military at the turn of the 20th century, the wide distribution of the 9×19mm Parabellum round made it the logical choice for the NATO standard pistol and <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">Submachine gun</a> round.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9.3%C3%9762mm" title="9.3×62mm">9.3×62mm</a>: Very common big game hunting round in Scandinavia along with the <a href="/wiki/6.5%C3%9755mm" class="mw-redirect" title="6.5×55mm">6.5×55mm</a>, where it is used as a very versatile hunting round on anything from small and medium game with lightweight cast lead bullets to the largest European big game with heavy soft point hunting bullets. The 9.3×62mm is also very popular in the rest of Europe for Big game, especially driven Big game hunts due to its effective stopping power on running game. And, it is the single round smaller than the 375 H&H Magnum that has routinely been allowed for legal hunting of dangerous African species.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/12.7%C3%97108mm" class="mw-redirect" title="12.7×108mm">12.7×108mm</a>: The 12.7×108mm round is a heavy machine gun and anti-materiel rifle round used by the Soviet Union, the former Warsaw Pact, modern Russia, and other countries. It is the approximate Russian equivalent of the NATO .50 BMG (12.7×99mm NATO) round. The differences between the two are the bullet shape, the types of powder used, and that the case of the 12.7×108mm is 9 mm longer and marginally more powerful.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14.5%C3%97114mm" class="mw-redirect" title="14.5×114mm">14.5×114mm</a>: The 14.5×114 mm is a heavy machine gun and anti-materiel rifle round used by the Soviet Union, the former Warsaw Pact, modern Russia, and other countries. Its most common use is in the <a href="/wiki/KPV_heavy_machine_gun" title="KPV heavy machine gun">KPV heavy machine gun</a> found on several Russian Military vehicles.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Snake_shot">Snake shot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Snake shot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:.22LR_ratshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/.22LR_ratshot.jpg/110px-.22LR_ratshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/.22LR_ratshot.jpg/165px-.22LR_ratshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/.22LR_ratshot.jpg/220px-.22LR_ratshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>CCI .22LR snake shot loaded with No. 12 shot</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Snake_shot" title="Snake shot">Snake shot</a></div> <p><i>Snake shot</i> (AKA: <i>bird shot</i>, <i>rat shot</i> and <i>dust shot</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to handgun and rifle rounds loaded with small <a href="/wiki/Lead_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead shot">lead shot</a>. Snake shot is generally used for shooting at snakes, rodents, birds, and other <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a> at very close range. </p><p>The most common snake shot cartridge is <a href="/wiki/.22_Long_Rifle" title=".22 Long Rifle">.22 Long Rifle</a> loaded with No. 12 shot. From a standard rifle these can produce effective patterns only to a distance of about 3 metres (10 ft) – but in a smoothbore shotgun this can extend as far as 15 metres (50 ft). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caseless_ammunition">Caseless ammunition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Caseless ammunition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caseless_ammunition" title="Caseless ammunition">Caseless ammunition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4.73x33_Caseless-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/4.73x33_Caseless-crop.jpg/220px-4.73x33_Caseless-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/4.73x33_Caseless-crop.jpg/330px-4.73x33_Caseless-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/4.73x33_Caseless-crop.jpg/440px-4.73x33_Caseless-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>An example of caseless ammunition. This disassembled round, the 4.73×33mm, is used in the <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_G11" title="Heckler & Koch G11">Heckler & Koch G11</a> rifle.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many governments and companies continue to develop caseless ammunition <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (where the entire case assembly is either consumed when the round fires or whatever remains is ejected with the bullet). So far, none has been successful enough to reach the civilian market and gain commercial success. Even within the military market, use is limited. Around 1848, <a href="/wiki/Sharps_Rifle_Manufacturing_Company" title="Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company">Sharps</a> introduced a rifle and paper cartridge (containing everything but the primer) system. When new, these guns had significant gas leaks at the chamber end, and with use these leaks progressively worsened. This problem plagues caseless cartridges and gun systems to this day. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Daisy_V/L" title="Daisy V/L">Daisy Heddon VL Single Shot Rifle</a>, which used a caseless round in .22 caliber, was produced by the air gun company, beginning in 1968. Apparently, Daisy never considered the gun an actual firearm. In 1969, the ATF ruled it was in fact a firearm, which Daisy was not licensed to produce. Production of the guns and the ammo was discontinued in 1969. They are still available on the secondary market, mainly as collector items, as most owners report that accuracy is not very good.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch" title="Heckler & Koch">Heckler & Koch</a>, a prominent German firearms manufacturer, began advertising the <a href="/wiki/G11_assault_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="G11 assault rifle">G11 assault rifle</a>, which shot a 4.73×33 square caseless round. The round was mechanically fired, with an integral primer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1993 <a href="/wiki/Voere" title="Voere">Voere</a> of Austria began selling a gun and caseless ammunition. Their system used a primer, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_firing" title="Electronic firing">electronically fired</a> at 17.5 ± 2 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volts</a>. The upper and lower limits prevent fire from either stray currents or <a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">static electricity</a>. The direct electrical firing eliminates the mechanical delays associated with a striker, reducing <a href="/wiki/Lock_time" title="Lock time">lock time</a> and allowing for easier adjustment of the rifle trigger.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In both instances, the "case" was molded directly from solid <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">nitrocellulose</a>, which is itself relatively strong and inert. The bullet and primer were glued into the propellant block.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trounds">Trounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Trounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dardick_1500_with_trounds_(29432934078).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dardick_1500_with_trounds_%2829432934078%29.jpg/220px-Dardick_1500_with_trounds_%2829432934078%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dardick_1500_with_trounds_%2829432934078%29.jpg/330px-Dardick_1500_with_trounds_%2829432934078%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dardick_1500_with_trounds_%2829432934078%29.jpg/440px-Dardick_1500_with_trounds_%2829432934078%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5901" data-file-height="3934" /></a><figcaption>Dardick 1500 with Trounds</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dardick_tround" title="Dardick tround">Dardick tround</a></div> <p>The "Tround" ("Triangular Round") was a unique type of cartridge designed in 1958 by David Dardick, for use in specially designed Dardick 1100 and Dardick 1500 open-chamber firearms. As their name suggests, Trounds were triangular in cross-section and were made of plastic or aluminum, with the cartridge completely encasing the powder and projectile. The Tround design was also produced as a cartridge adaptor, to allow conventional <a href="/wiki/.38_Special" title=".38 Special">.38 Special</a> and <a href="/wiki/22_Long_Rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="22 Long Rifle">22 Long Rifle</a> cartridges to be used with the Dardick firearms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eco-friendly_cartridges">Eco-friendly cartridges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Eco-friendly cartridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They are meant to prevent pollution and are mostly biodegradable (metals being the exception) or fully. They are also meant to be used on older guns.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Blank_ammunition">Blank ammunition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Blank ammunition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blank_(cartridge)" title="Blank (cartridge)">Blank (cartridge)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Platzpatronen762_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Platzpatronen762_9.jpg/220px-Platzpatronen762_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Platzpatronen762_9.jpg/330px-Platzpatronen762_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Platzpatronen762_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>Blank cartridges:<div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/7.62%C3%9751mm_NATO" title="7.62×51mm NATO">7.62×51mm NATO</a> (left)</li><li><a href="/wiki/9%C3%9719mm_Parabellum" title="9×19mm Parabellum">9×19mm Parabellum</a> (right).</li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <p>A blank is a charged cartridge that does not contain a projectile or alternatively uses a non-metallic (for instance, wooden) projectile that pulverizes when hitting a blank firing adapter. To contain the propellant, the opening where the projectile would normally be located is crimped shut, and/or it is sealed with some material that disperses rapidly upon leaving the barrel. </p><p>This sealing material can still potentially cause harm at extremely close range. Actor <a href="/wiki/Jon-Erik_Hexum#Death" title="Jon-Erik Hexum">Jon-Erik Hexum</a> died when he shot himself in the head with a blank, and actor <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Lee" title="Brandon Lee">Brandon Lee</a> was famously killed during the filming of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Crow_(1994_film)" title="The Crow (1994 film)">The Crow</a></i> when a blank fired behind a bullet that was stuck in the bore drove that bullet through his abdomen and into his spine. The gun had not been properly deactivated and a primed case with a bullet instead of a dummy had been used previously. Someone pulled the trigger and the primer drove the bullet silently into the bore. </p><p>Blanks are used in training, but do not always cause a gun to behave the same as live ammunition does; recoil is always far weaker, and some automatic guns only cycle correctly when the gun is fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Blank-firing_adaptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Blank-firing adaptor">blank-firing adaptor</a> to confine gas pressure within the barrel to operate the gas system. </p><p>Blanks can also be used to launch a <a href="/wiki/Rifle_grenade" title="Rifle grenade">rifle grenade</a>, although later systems used a "bullet trap" design that captures a bullet from a conventional round, speeding deployment. This also negates the risk of mistakenly firing a live bullet into the rifle grenade, causing it to instantly explode instead of propelling it forward. </p><p>Blanks are also used as dedicated launchers for propelling a <a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">grappling hook</a>, rope line or flare, or for a training lure for training <a href="/wiki/Gun_dog" title="Gun dog">gun dogs</a>. </p><p>The power loads used in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Nail_gun" title="Nail gun">nail guns</a> are essentially rimfire blanks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dummy_rounds">Dummy rounds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Dummy rounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naboj23_mm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Naboj23_mm.jpg/80px-Naboj23_mm.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Naboj23_mm.jpg/120px-Naboj23_mm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Naboj23_mm.jpg/160px-Naboj23_mm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/23%C3%97152mm" class="mw-redirect" title="23×152mm">23×152mm</a> cartridge, drill round</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dummy_round" title="Dummy round">Dummy round</a></div> <p>Drill rounds are inert versions of cartridges used for education and practice during military training. Other than the lack of propellant and primer, these are the same size as normal cartridges and will fit into the mechanism of a gun in the same way as a live cartridge does. Because dry-firing (releasing the firing pin with an empty chamber) a gun can sometimes lead to firing pin (striker) damage, dummy rounds termed <a href="/wiki/Snap_cap" title="Snap cap">snap caps</a> are designed to protect centerfire guns from possible damage during "dry-fire" trigger control practices. </p><p>To distinguish drill rounds and snap-caps from live rounds these are marked distinctively. Several forms of markings are used; e.g. setting colored flutes in the case, drilling holes through the case, coloring the bullet or cartridge, or a combination of these. In the case of centerfire drill rounds, the primer will often be absent, its mounting hole in the base is left open. Because these are mechanically identical to live rounds, which are intended to be loaded once, fired, and then discarded, drill rounds have a tendency to become significantly worn and damaged with repeated passage through <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(firearms)" title="Magazine (firearms)">magazines</a> and firing mechanisms, and must be frequently inspected to ensure that these are not so degraded as to be unusable. For example, the cases can become torn or misshapen and snag on moving parts, or the bullet can become separated and stay in the breech when the case is ejected.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ECI_(Empty_chamber_indicator)"><span id="ECI_.28Empty_chamber_indicator.29"></span>ECI (Empty chamber indicator)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: ECI (Empty chamber indicator)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mek-Porek_9x19mm_Parabellum_from_behind.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mek-Porek_9x19mm_Parabellum_from_behind.jpg/170px-Mek-Porek_9x19mm_Parabellum_from_behind.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mek-Porek_9x19mm_Parabellum_from_behind.jpg/255px-Mek-Porek_9x19mm_Parabellum_from_behind.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mek-Porek_9x19mm_Parabellum_from_behind.jpg/340px-Mek-Porek_9x19mm_Parabellum_from_behind.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1572" /></a><figcaption>9 × 19 mm Mek-Porek</figcaption></figure> <p>The brightly colored ECI is an inert cartridge base designed to prevent a live round from being unintentionally chambered, to reduce the chances of an accidental discharge from mechanical or operator failure. An L-shaped flag is visible from the outside so that the shooter and other people concerned are instantly aware of the situation of the weapon. The ECI is usually tethered to its weapon by a short string and can be quickly ejected to make way for a live round if the situation suddenly warrants it. This safety device is standard-issue in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%22%D7%A7_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="מ"ק פורק (page does not exist)">מ"ק פורק</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%22%D7%A7_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7" class="extiw" title="he:מ"ק פורק">he</a>]</sup> ("Mek-Porek"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Snap_cap">Snap cap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Snap cap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snap_caps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Snap_caps.jpg/220px-Snap_caps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Snap_caps.jpg/330px-Snap_caps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Snap_caps.jpg/440px-Snap_caps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3727" data-file-height="2186" /></a><figcaption>An assortment of snap caps of varying calibers</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Snap_cap" title="Snap cap">snap cap</a> is a device that is shaped like a standard cartridge but contains no primer, propellant, or projectile. It is used to ensure that <a href="/wiki/Dry_firing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry firing">dry firing</a> firearms of certain designs does not cause damage. A small number of rimfire and centerfire firearms of older design should not be test-fired with the chamber empty, as this can lead to weakening or breakage of the firing pin and increased wear to other components in those firearms. In the instance of a rimfire weapon of primitive design, dry firing can also cause deformation of the chamber edge. For this reason, some shooters use a snap cap in an attempt to cushion the weapon's firing pin as it moves forward. Some snap caps contain a spring-dampened fake primer, or one made of plastic, or none at all; the springs or plastic absorb force from the firing pin, allowing the user to safely test the function of the <a href="/wiki/Firearm_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm action">firearm action</a> without damaging its components. </p><p>Snap caps and action-proving dummy rounds also work as a training tool to replace live rounds for loading and unloading drills, as well as training for misfires or other malfunctions, as they function identically to a live "dud" round that has not ignited. Usually, one snap-cap is usable for 300 to 400 clicks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After that, due to the hole at the false primer, the firing pin does not reach it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammunition_box" title="Ammunition box">Ammunition box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antique_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Antique guns">Antique guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_handgun_cartridges" title="List of handgun cartridges">List of handgun cartridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Magnum_pistol_cartridges" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Magnum pistol cartridges">List of Magnum pistol cartridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rebated_rim_cartridges" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rebated rim cartridges">List of rebated rim cartridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rifle_cartridges" title="List of rifle cartridges">List of rifle cartridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wildcat_cartridges" title="Category:Wildcat cartridges">List of wildcat cartridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_handgun_and_rifle_cartridges" title="Table of handgun and rifle cartridges">Table of handgun and rifle cartridges</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The US did not sign the complete Hague Convention of 1899 in any case, but still follows its guidelines in military conflicts.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartridge_(firearms)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804173256/https://saami.org/saami-glossary/?letter=C">"Glossary – SAAMI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sporting_Arms_and_Ammunition_Manufacturers%27_Institute" title="Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute">Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saami.org/saami-glossary/?letter=C">the original</a> on 4 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2021</span>. <q>CARTRIDGE: A single round of ammunition consisting of the case, primer and propellant with or without one or more projectiles. Also applies to a shotshell.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+%E2%80%93+SAAMI&rft.pub=Sporting+Arms+and+Ammunition+Manufacturers%27+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsaami.org%2Fsaami-glossary%2F%3Fletter%3DC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cip-bobp.org/homologation/uploads/ciptexts/definition-calibrage-en.pdf">"DEFINITIONS OF C.I.P. TERMS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_internationale_permanente_pour_l%27%C3%A9preuve_des_armes_%C3%A0_feu_portatives" title="Commission internationale permanente pour l'épreuve des armes à feu portatives">Commission internationale permanente pour l'épreuve des armes à feu portatives</a>. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210629122420/https://www.cip-bobp.org/homologation/uploads/ciptexts/definition-calibrage-en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2021</span>. <q>Cartridge – Cartouche: A means to fire a propellant charge by means of a percussion device, with or without a projectile, all contained in a case.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DEFINITIONS+OF+C.I.P.+TERMS&rft.pub=Commission+internationale+permanente+pour+l%27%C3%A9preuve+des+armes+%C3%A0+feu+portatives&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cip-bobp.org%2Fhomologation%2Fuploads%2Fciptexts%2Fdefinition-calibrage-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparano,_Vin_T.2000" class="citation book cs1">Sparano, Vin T. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iTX3BYBnOTcC&pg=PA37">"Cartridges"</a>. <i>The Complete Outdoors Encyclopedia</i>. Macmillan. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-26722-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-26722-3"><bdi>978-0-312-26722-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cartridges&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Outdoors+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-312-26722-3&rft.au=Sparano%2C+Vin+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiTX3BYBnOTcC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.gunassociation.org/short-action-vs-long-action-rifles/">"Short Action vs Long Action Rifles Explained"</a>. American Gun Association. 3 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118134927/https://blog.gunassociation.org/short-action-vs-long-action-rifles/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Short+Action+vs+Long+Action+Rifles+Explained&rft.pub=American+Gun+Association&rft.date=2020-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.gunassociation.org%2Fshort-action-vs-long-action-rifles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.simetric.co.uk/si_metals.htm">"Mass, Weight, Density or Specific Gravity of Different Metals"</a>. <i>www.simetric.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181231175853/https://www.simetric.co.uk/si_metals.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.simetric.co.uk&rft.atitle=Mass%2C+Weight%2C+Density+or+Specific+Gravity+of+Different+Metals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.simetric.co.uk%2Fsi_metals.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, S. (2013, January 10). Extreme polymer research’s polymer handgun cartridge cases -. The Firearm Blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2011/09/23/extreme-polymer-researchs-polymer-handgun-cartridge-cases/">https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2011/09/23/extreme-polymer-researchs-polymer-handgun-cartridge-cases/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204035450/https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2011/09/23/extreme-polymer-researchs-polymer-handgun-cartridge-cases/">Archived</a> 4 February 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beckstrand, T. (2018, October 16). True velocity’s new polymer-cased ammunition. Guns and Ammo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.gunsandammo.com/editorial/true-velocitys-new-polymer-cased-ammunition/247607">https://www.gunsandammo.com/editorial/true-velocitys-new-polymer-cased-ammunition/247607</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204035450/https://www.gunsandammo.com/editorial/true-velocitys-new-polymer-cased-ammunition/247607">Archived</a> 4 February 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://basc.org.uk/lead/">"Lead"</a>. <i>www.basc.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418204107/https://basc.org.uk/lead/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.basc.org.uk&rft.atitle=Lead&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbasc.org.uk%2Flead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard, Edward (1800) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dlFFAAAAcAAJ/page/n220">"On a New Fulminating Mercury"</a>, <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i> <b>90</b> (1): 204–238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp02292/edward-charles-howard">Edward Charles Howard</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514052233/https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp02292/edward-charles-howard">Archived</a> 14 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at National Portrait Gallery</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fadala2006-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fadala2006_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fadala2006_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadala2006" class="citation book cs1">Fadala, Sam (17 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dzxyneq43AEC&pg=PA160"><i>The Complete Blackpowder Handbook</i></a>. Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books. pp. 159–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89689-390-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89689-390-1"><bdi>0-89689-390-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Blackpowder+Handbook&rft.place=Iola%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=159-161&rft.pub=Gun+Digest+Books&rft.date=2006-11-17&rft.isbn=0-89689-390-1&rft.aulast=Fadala&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDzxyneq43AEC%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSam_Fadala2006" class="citation book cs1">Sam Fadala (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dzxyneq43AEC&pg=PA158"><i>The Complete Blackpowder Handbook</i></a>. Krause Publications. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89689-390-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89689-390-0"><bdi>978-0-89689-390-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Blackpowder+Handbook&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Krause+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-89689-390-0&rft.au=Sam+Fadala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDzxyneq43AEC%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218221926/http://www.researchpress.co.uk/firearms/ignition/shaw02.htm">"Joshua Shaw"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.researchpress.co.uk/firearms/ignition/shaw02.htm">the original</a> on 18 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joshua+Shaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchpress.co.uk%2Ffirearms%2Fignition%2Fshaw02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1916" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Douglas Thomas (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/cartridgemanufac00hamirich"><i>Cartridge manufacture; a treatise covering the manufacture of rifle cartridge cases, bullets, powders, primers and cartridge clips, and the designing and making of the tools used in connection with the production of cartridge cases and bullets</i></a>. New York: The Industrial Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170606192744/https://archive.org/details/cartridgemanufac00hamirich">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartridge+manufacture%3B+a+treatise+covering+the+manufacture+of+rifle+cartridge+cases%2C+bullets%2C+powders%2C+primers+and+cartridge+clips%2C+and+the+designing+and+making+of+the+tools+used+in+connection+with+the+production+of+cartridge+cases+and+bullets&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Industrial+Press&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcartridgemanufac00hamirich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.victorianshipmodels.com/antitorpedoboatguns/Mitrailleuse/mitrailleuseammu.html">"Mitrailleuse Ammunition"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018081700/http://www.victorianshipmodels.com/antitorpedoboatguns/Mitrailleuse/mitrailleuseammu.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mitrailleuse+Ammunition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianshipmodels.com%2Fantitorpedoboatguns%2FMitrailleuse%2Fmitrailleuseammu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/britmilammo/-577-inch-snider/-577-inch-ball-pattern-i-to-v">"British Military Small Arms Ammo - .577 inch Ball Pattern I to V"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220810113235/https://sites.google.com/site/britmilammo/-577-inch-snider/-577-inch-ball-pattern-i-to-v">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Military+Small+Arms+Ammo+-+.577+inch+Ball+Pattern+I+to+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fbritmilammo%2F-577-inch-snider%2F-577-inch-ball-pattern-i-to-v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/britmilammo/-450-inch-martini-henry/-45-martini-henry-drawn-case">"British Military Small Arms Ammo - .45 Martini-Henry Solid Case Rifle"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220810113236/https://sites.google.com/site/britmilammo/-450-inch-martini-henry/-45-martini-henry-drawn-case">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Military+Small+Arms+Ammo+-+.45+Martini-Henry+Solid+Case+Rifle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fbritmilammo%2F-450-inch-martini-henry%2F-45-martini-henry-drawn-case&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianshipmodels.com/antitorpedoboatguns/Hotchkiss/hotchkissammunit.html">"Hotchkiss Ammunition"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505235020/http://www.victorianshipmodels.com/antitorpedoboatguns/Hotchkiss/hotchkissammunit.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hotchkiss+Ammunition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianshipmodels.com%2Fantitorpedoboatguns%2FHotchkiss%2Fhotchkissammunit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131116092917/http://saami.org/specifications_and_information/publications/download/SAAMI_ITEM_211-Unsafe_Arms_and_Ammunition_Combinations.pdf">"Unsafe Firearm-Ammunition Combinations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. SAAMI. 6 March 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saami.org/specifications_and_information/publications/download/SAAMI_ITEM_211-Unsafe_Arms_and_Ammunition_Combinations.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unsafe+Firearm-Ammunition+Combinations&rft.pub=SAAMI&rft.date=2012-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saami.org%2Fspecifications_and_information%2Fpublications%2Fdownload%2FSAAMI_ITEM_211-Unsafe_Arms_and_Ammunition_Combinations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greener-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greener_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greener_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greener_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreener1907" class="citation cs2">Greener, William Wellington (1907), "Ammunition and Accessories.–Cartridges", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3HMCAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Gun and Its Development</i></a>, Cassell, pp. 570, 589, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322023527/http://books.google.com/books?id=3HMCAAAAYAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ammunition+and+Accessories.%E2%80%93Cartridges&rft.btitle=The+Gun+and+Its+Development&rft.pages=570%2C+589&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Greener&rft.aufirst=William+Wellington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3HMCAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickelPyhrrTarassuk2013" class="citation book cs1">Nickel, Helmut; Pyhrr, Stuart W.; Tarassuk, Leonid (2013). <i>The Art of Chivalry: European Arms and Armor from the Metropolitan Museum of Art</i>. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300199413" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300199413"><bdi>978-0300199413</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Chivalry%3A+European+Arms+and+Armor+from+the+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.pages=174&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0300199413&rft.aulast=Nickel&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft.au=Pyhrr%2C+Stuart+W.&rft.au=Tarassuk%2C+Leonid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetschl1928" class="citation journal cs1">Metschl, John (1928). "The Rudolph J. Nunnemacher Collection of Projectile Arms". <i>Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee</i>. <b>9</b>: 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Public+Museum+of+the+City+of+Milwaukee&rft.atitle=The+Rudolph+J.+Nunnemacher+Collection+of+Projectile+Arms&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=60&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Metschl&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, article on "cartridge" (subsection: "cartridge-paper").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArmyTM-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArmyTM_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Army1984" class="citation cs2">U.S. Army (September 1984), <i>Military Explosives</i>, Technical Manual, Department of the Army, TM 9-1300-214</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Explosives&rft.series=Technical+Manual&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1984-09&rft.au=U.S.+Army&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 2-3, stating "1590. Cartridges with ball and power combined were introduced for small arms."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU.S._Army1984">U.S. Army 1984</a>, pp. 2–3 indicates the period 1611–1632 and states the improved cartridge increased the rate of fire for the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe1938" class="citation cs2">Sharpe, Philip B. (1938), "The Development of the Cartridge", <i>The Rifle in America</i>, New York: William Morrow</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+the+Cartridge&rft.btitle=The+Rifle+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Sharpe&rft.aufirst=Philip+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreener1907">Greener 1907</a>, p. 570</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharpe1938">Sharpe 1938</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottTurtonGruber_von_Arni2004" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Christopher L.; Turton, Alan; Gruber von Arni, Eric (2004). <i>Edgehill: The Battle Reinterpreted</i>. Pen and Sword. pp. 9–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844152544" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844152544"><bdi>978-1844152544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edgehill%3A+The+Battle+Reinterpreted&rft.pages=9-12&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1844152544&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Christopher+L.&rft.au=Turton%2C+Alan&rft.au=Gruber+von+Arni%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winant, Lewis (1959). Early Percussion Firearms. Great Britain: Herbert Jenkins Ltd. pp. 145–146. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-600-33015-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-600-33015-X">0-600-33015-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smyth-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smyth_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smyth_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHbHS5GhCN4C&dq=Jean+Samuel+Pauly&pg=PA24">"Chemical Analysis of Firearms, Ammunition, and Gunshot Residue"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425212326/https://books.google.com/books?id=dHbHS5GhCN4C&pg=PA24&dq=Jean+Samuel+Pauly">Archived</a> 25 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by James Smyth Wallace p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sil.si.edu-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sil.si.edu_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sil.si.edu_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/HistoryTechnology/pdf_hi/SSHT-0011.pdf">http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/HistoryTechnology/pdf_hi/SSHT-0011.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119200042/http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/HistoryTechnology/pdf_hi/SSHT-0011.pdf">Archived</a> 19 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pauly-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pauly_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=izGOfMdSm2IC&dq=Jean+Samuel+Pauly&pg=PA94"><i>Firearms</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160521112943/https://books.google.com/books?id=izGOfMdSm2IC&pg=PA94&dq=Jean+Samuel+Pauly">Archived</a> 21 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Roger Pauly p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GmQVan-M3ykC&dq=Jean+Samuel+Pauly&pg=PA121">A History of Firearms</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507003545/https://books.google.com/books?id=GmQVan-M3ykC&pg=PA121&dq=Jean+Samuel+Pauly&lr=">Archived</a> 7 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by W. Y. Carman p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pistols-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pistols_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pistols_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinard, Jeff (2004) <i>Pistols: An Illustrated History of Their Impact</i>, ABC-CLIO, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVnuHX_6bG0C&dq=Houllier+cartridge&pg=PA109">p. 109</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528211811/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVnuHX_6bG0C&pg=PA109&dq=Houllier+cartridge#PPA109,M1">Archived</a> 28 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabelas.com/category/Pistols-Revolvers/104503680.uts">"Cabela's still sells black powder pistols; remain in use for hunting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322111737/http://www.cabelas.com/category/Pistols-Revolvers/104503680.uts">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cabela%27s+still+sells+black+powder+pistols%3B+remain+in+use+for+hunting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabelas.com%2Fcategory%2FPistols-Revolvers%2F104503680.uts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firearmsadvantage.com/history_of_firearms.html">"History of firearms"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222090129/http://www.firearmsadvantage.com/history_of_firearms.html">Archived</a> 22 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (fireadvantages.com)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firearmsadvantage.com/how_guns_work.html">"How guns work"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222103328/http://www.firearmsadvantage.com/how_guns_work.html">Archived</a> 22 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (fireadvantages.com)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlayderman2007" class="citation book cs1">Flayderman, Norm (2007). <i>Flayderman's Guide to Antique American Firearms and Their Values</i> (9 ed.). Iola, Wisconsin: F+W Media, Inc. p. 775. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89689-455-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89689-455-6"><bdi>978-0-89689-455-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flayderman%27s+Guide+to+Antique+American+Firearms+and+Their+Values&rft.place=Iola%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=775&rft.edition=9&rft.pub=F%2BW+Media%2C+Inc&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-89689-455-6&rft.aulast=Flayderman&rft.aufirst=Norm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BarnesBodinson2009-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BarnesBodinson2009_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnesBodinson2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Barnes_(gunsmith)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Barnes (gunsmith)">Barnes, Frank C.</a>; Bodinson, Holt (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3_-kUkNXTNwC&pg=PA441">"Amrerican Rimfire Cartridges"</a>. <i>Cartridges of the World: A Complete and Illustrated Reference for Over 1500 Cartridges</i>. Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books. p. 441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89689-936-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89689-936-0"><bdi>978-0-89689-936-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amrerican+Rimfire+Cartridges&rft.btitle=Cartridges+of+the+World%3A+A+Complete+and+Illustrated+Reference+for+Over+1500+Cartridges&rft.place=Iola%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=441&rft.pub=Gun+Digest+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-89689-936-0&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Frank+C.&rft.au=Bodinson%2C+Holt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3_-kUkNXTNwC%26pg%3DPA441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arquebusiers.be/section-tir.htm">Shooting section (<i>la section de tir</i>)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110001815/http://www.arquebusiers.be/section-tir.htm">Archived</a> 10 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the official website (in French) of a modern indoor shooting association in Belgium, <i>Les Arquebusier de Visé</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trabuc.perso.sfr.fr/mapage/les-lefaucheux.pdf">Les Lefaucheux</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131008064628/http://trabuc.perso.sfr.fr/mapage/les-lefaucheux.pdf">Archived</a> 8 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, by Maître Simili, Spring 1990 (in French)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.littlegun.info/arme%20francaise/artisans%20e%20f%20g%20h%20i%20j/a%20houllier%20blanchar%20gb.htm">"An example of a Benjamin Houllier gun manufactured in association with the gunsmith Blanchard"</a>. Littlegun.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823172928/http://www.littlegun.info/arme%20francaise/artisans%20e%20f%20g%20h%20i%20j/a%20houllier%20blanchar%20gb.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+example+of+a+Benjamin+Houllier+gun+manufactured+in+association+with+the+gunsmith+Blanchard&rft.pub=Littlegun.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.littlegun.info%2Farme%2520francaise%2Fartisans%2520e%2520f%2520g%2520h%2520i%2520j%2Fa%2520houllier%2520blanchar%2520gb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.littlegun.info/arme%20francaise/artisans%20e%20f%20g%20h%20i%20j/a%20houllier%20blanchar%20et%20ch%20robert%20gb.htm">"An example of a Benjamin Houllier gun manufactured in association with the gunsmiths Blanchard and Charles Robert"</a>. Littlegun.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823161754/http://www.littlegun.info/arme%20francaise/artisans%20e%20f%20g%20h%20i%20j/a%20houllier%20blanchar%20et%20ch%20robert%20gb.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+example+of+a+Benjamin+Houllier+gun+manufactured+in+association+with+the+gunsmiths+Blanchard+and+Charles+Robert&rft.pub=Littlegun.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.littlegun.info%2Farme%2520francaise%2Fartisans%2520e%2520f%2520g%2520h%2520i%2520j%2Fa%2520houllier%2520blanchar%2520et%2520ch%2520robert%2520gb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DjWpnQEACAAJ&q=Early+Percussion+Firearms">"Early Percussion Firearms"</a>. Spring Books. 25 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310102435/https://books.google.com/books?id=DjWpnQEACAAJ&q=Early+Percussion+Firearms">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Percussion+Firearms&rft.pub=Spring+Books&rft.date=2015-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDjWpnQEACAAJ%26q%3DEarly%2BPercussion%2BFirearms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SzEwAQAAMAAJ&q=Perrin+1839+Arme&pg=PA186">"Annales de la propriété industrielle, artistique et littéraire"</a>. Au bureau des Annales. 10 April 1863. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310102427/https://books.google.com/books?id=SzEwAQAAMAAJ&q=Perrin+1839+Arme&pg=PA186#v=snippet&q=Perrin%201839%20Arme&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annales+de+la+propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9+industrielle%2C+artistique+et+litt%C3%A9raire&rft.pub=Au+bureau+des+Annales&rft.date=1863-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSzEwAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DPerrin%2B1839%2BArme%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cartridges_of_the_World" title="Cartridges of the World">Cartridges of the World</a>, various editions and articles.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williamson-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williamson_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williamson_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1952" class="citation cs2">Williamson, Harold F. (1952), <i>Winchester: The Gun that Won the West</i>, A. S. Barnes, p. 66, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0498083150" title="Special:BookSources/978-0498083150"><bdi>978-0498083150</bdi></a>, <q>The rimfire cartridge, which was used so successfully in the Henry and the Model 66, was limited to relatively weak loads of powder and comparatively lightweight bullets. These limitations, which still apply, came from the construction of the rimfire cartridge and from the action of the priming mixture. Rimfire cartridges must be made of thin metal or the firing pin cannot indent the head and explode the primer. This thin-walled cartridge case limits the pressure developed by the powder charge and consequently the weight of the bullet. If too much powder is used, there is a danger that the cartridge case will burst at the folded rim when it is fired, and that the primer flash, passing laterally across the rear of the powder charge, will not ignite a large load sufficiently to consume all of the powder before the bullet leaves the cartridge case. These limitations were overcome with the development of the centerfire cartridge....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winchester%3A+The+Gun+that+Won+the+West&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=A.+S.+Barnes&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-0498083150&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Harold+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfbg.com/politics/2013/02/20/why-do-cops-use-hollow-point-bullets">"San Francisco cops use hollow point bullets"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219023753/http://www.sfbg.com/politics/2013/02/20/why-do-cops-use-hollow-point-bullets">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=San+Francisco+cops+use+hollow+point+bullets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfbg.com%2Fpolitics%2F2013%2F02%2F20%2Fwhy-do-cops-use-hollow-point-bullets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatcherBarrNeuman1951" class="citation book cs1">Hatcher, Julian; Barr, Al; Neuman, Charles L. (1951). <i>Reloading Information</i>. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rifle Association of America">National Rifle Association of America</a>. pp. 71–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reloading+Information&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=71-78&rft.pub=National+Rifle+Association+of+America&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Hatcher&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft.au=Barr%2C+Al&rft.au=Neuman%2C+Charles+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrTeesdaleKeithHardaway1951" class="citation book cs1">Barr, Al; Teesdale, Jerald; Keith, Elmer; Hardaway, Ben F. (1951). <i>Reloading Information</i>. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rifle Association of America">National Rifle Association of America</a>. pp. 51&52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reloading+Information&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=51%2652&rft.pub=National+Rifle+Association+of+America&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Al&rft.au=Teesdale%2C+Jerald&rft.au=Keith%2C+Elmer&rft.au=Hardaway%2C+Ben+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrTeesdaleKeithHardaway1951" class="citation book cs1">Barr, Al; Teesdale, Jerald; Keith, Elmer; Hardaway, Ben F. (1951). <i>Reloading Information</i>. Vol. 2. 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African Hunter. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huntnetwork.net/modules/wfsection/html/Ahclassic%20African%20Cartridge%20Pt10.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=African+Hunter+Magazine&rft.atitle=Classic+African+Cartridges+Part+X+%E2%80%93+The+.375+H%26H+Magnum&rft.au=Gunyana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huntnetwork.net%2Fmodules%2Fwfsection%2Fhtml%2FAhclassic%2520African%2520Cartridge%2520Pt10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatcherBarrNeuman1951" class="citation book cs1">Hatcher, Julian; Barr, Al; Neuman, Charles L. (1951). <i>Reloading Information</i>. Vol. 1. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+taxidermy&rft.pages=22-23&rft.date=1914&rft.au=Reed%2C+C.K.+%26+C.A.+Reed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fguidetotaxidermy00reed%23page%2F22%2Fmode%2F2up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://everything2.com/title/Daisy+V%252FL">"Daisy V/L"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005223625/http://everything2.com/title/Daisy+V%252FL">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daisy+V%2FL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feverything2.com%2Ftitle%2FDaisy%2BV%25252FL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribehound.com/cartridges/s/non-toxic-shotgun-cartridges/are-these-the-most-eco-friendly-cartridges-on-the-market?ref=related">"GunsOnPegs"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206174504/https://www.scribehound.com/cartridges/s/non-toxic-shotgun-cartridges/are-these-the-most-eco-friendly-cartridges-on-the-market?ref=related">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GunsOnPegs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribehound.com%2Fcartridges%2Fs%2Fnon-toxic-shotgun-cartridges%2Fare-these-the-most-eco-friendly-cartridges-on-the-market%3Fref%3Drelated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartridge+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoval, Lilach. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=15149">"IDF to issue new safety device to prevent accidental weapon discharge"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160104203837/http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=15149">Archived</a> 4 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Israel_Hayom" title="Israel Hayom">Israel Hayom</a></i>, Tel Aviv, 31 January 2014. 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Firearms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Firearms"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Firearms_(list,_glossary,_and_topics)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">Firearms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_firearms" title="List of firearms">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firearms_terms" title="Glossary of firearms terms">glossary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Firearms" title="Category:Firearms">topics</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">Firearm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_firearms" title="Category:Lists of firearms">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_firearm" title="History of the firearm">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types_of_firearms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Firearm#Types" title="Firearm">Types of firearms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breechloader" title="Breechloader">Breechloader</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">muzzleloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Combination guns">Combination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_gun" title="Elephant gun">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare_gun" title="Flare gun">Flare gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_thrower" title="Line thrower">Line thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gun" title="Long gun">Long gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">Carbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">Musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_gun" title="Takedown gun">Takedown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-barrel_firearm" title="Multiple-barrel firearm">Multiple-barrel</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_multiple-barrel_firearms" title="List of multiple-barrel firearms">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlegun" title="Needlegun">Needler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_gun" title="Net gun">Net gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_gun" title="Pen gun">Pen gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_gun" title="Riot gun">Riot gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_cannon" title="Rotary cannon">Rotary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-shot" title="Single-shot">Single-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve_gun" title="Sleeve gun">Sleeve gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">Smoothbore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring-gun" title="Spring-gun">Spring-gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_firearm" title="Underwater firearm">Underwater firearm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Handgun" title="Handgun">Handguns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cane_gun" title="Cane gun">Cane gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derringer" title="Derringer">Derringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duelling_pistol" title="Duelling pistol">Duelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">Pistol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pistols" title="List of pistols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_pistol" title="Machine pistol">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepper-box" title="Pepper-box">Pepper-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_pistol" title="Pocket pistol">Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">Revolver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revolvers" title="List of revolvers">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol" title="Semi-automatic pistol">Semi-automatic pistol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_semi-automatic_pistols" title="List of semi-automatic pistols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_caliber_carbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistol caliber carbine">Pistol caliber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_defence_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal defence weapon">Personal defence weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">Submachine gun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starting_pistol" title="Starting pistol">Starting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallet_gun" title="Wallet gun">Wallet gun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">Rifles</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_rifles" title="List of rifles">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-materiel_rifle" title="Anti-materiel rifle">Anti-materiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_rifle" title="Anti-tank rifle">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">Assault</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assault_rifles" title="List of assault rifles">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_rifle" title="Automatic rifle">Automatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_rifle" title="Battle rifle">Battle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battle_rifles" title="List of battle rifles">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbine_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbine rifle">Carbine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_carbines" title="List of carbines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_rifle" title="Double rifle">Double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunting rifle">Hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_rifle" title="Buffalo rifle">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephant rifle">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Express_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Express rifle">Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_gun" title="Punt gun">Punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varmint_rifle" title="Varmint rifle">Varmint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designated_marksman_rifle" title="Designated marksman rifle">Marksman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">Rifling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_rifling" title="Polygonal rifling">Polygonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeating_rifle" title="Repeating rifle">Repeating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">Sniper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sniper_rifles" title="List of sniper rifles">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">Machine guns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_purpose_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="General purpose machine gun">General purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_machine_gun" title="Light machine gun">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_machine_gun" title="Medium machine gun">Medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun">Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squad_automatic_weapon" title="Squad automatic weapon">SAW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">Shotguns</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_shotguns" title="List of shotguns">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_shotgun" title="Automatic shotgun">Automatic shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coach_gun" title="Coach gun">Coach gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_shotgun" title="Combat shotgun">Combat shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barreled_shotgun" title="Double-barreled shotgun">Double-barreled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_action" title="Pump action">Pump action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_shotgun" title="Riot shotgun">Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawed-off_shotgun" title="Sawed-off shotgun">Sawed-off</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Ammunition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20-gauge_shotgun" title="20-gauge shotgun">20-gauge shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaching_round" title="Breaching round">Breaching round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_breath_(ammunition)" title="Dragon's breath (ammunition)">Dragon's breath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Shotgun shell">Shotgun shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.410_bore" title=".410 bore">.410 bore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_(pellet)" title="Shot (pellet)">Shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_slug" title="Shotgun slug">Slug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_firearm" title="History of the firearm">Historic</a> or famous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AR-15_style_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="AR-15 style rifle">AR-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M16" class="mw-redirect" title="M16">M16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antique_firearms" title="Antique firearms">Antique firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">Gatling gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_rifle" title="Winchester rifle">Winchester rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1_Garand" title="M1 Garand">M1 Garand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauser_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauser rifles">Mauser rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun" title="Thompson submachine gun">Tommy Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP_40" title="MP 40">MP 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzi" title="Uzi">Uzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colt_Single_Action_Army" title="Colt Single Action Army">Colt Peacemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1911" class="mw-redirect" title="M1911">M1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glock" title="Glock">Glock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mechanics_and_components" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mechanics and <a href="/wiki/Category:Firearm_components" title="Category:Firearm components">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Firearm_components" title="Category:Firearm components">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">Barrel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ramp" title="Feed ramp">Feed ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slug_barrel" title="Slug barrel">Slug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_threads" title="Barrel threads">Threads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunnion" title="Trunnion">Trunnion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">Bayonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_(firearms)" title="Belt (firearms)">Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blank-firing_adapter" title="Blank-firing adapter">Blank-firing adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breechblock" title="Breechblock">Breechblock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breechface" title="Breechface">Breechface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(firearms)" title="Bolt (firearms)">Bolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_bolt" title="Rotating bolt">Rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescoping_bolt" title="Telescoping bolt">Telescoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flapper_locking" title="Flapper locking">Flapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_locked" title="Roller locked">Roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilting_bolt" title="Tilting bolt">Tilting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bump_stock" title="Bump stock">Bump stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_(firearms)" title="Chamber (firearms)">Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocking_handle" title="Cocking handle">Cocking handle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(firearms)" title="Cylinder (firearms)">Cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extractor_(firearms)" title="Extractor (firearms)">Extractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firing_pin" title="Firing pin">Firing pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_suppressor" title="Flash suppressor">Flash suppressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluting_(firearms)" title="Fluting (firearms)">Fluting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_assist" title="Forward assist">Forward assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freebore" title="Freebore">Freebore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm_(firearm_component)" title="Forearm (firearm component)">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_forward_grip" title="Vertical forward grip">Foregrip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)" title="Hammer (firearms)">Hammer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-cock" title="Half-cock">Half-cock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)#Linear_hammer" title="Hammer (firearms)">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)#Striker" title="Hammer (firearms)">Striker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_(firearm)" title="Lock (firearm)">Lock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">Flintlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheellock" title="Wheellock">Wheellock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine_(firearms)" title="Magazine (firearms)">Magazine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_metal" title="Bottom metal">Bottom metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clip_(firearms)" title="Clip (firearms)">Clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_magazine" title="Drum magazine">Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-capacity_magazine" title="High-capacity magazine">High-capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedloader" title="Speedloader">Speedloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripper_clip" title="Stripper clip">Stripper clip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_brake" title="Muzzle brake">Muzzle brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_shroud" title="Muzzle shroud">Muzzle shroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_grip" title="Pistol grip">Pistol grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_slide" title="Pistol slide">Pistol slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_system_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail system (firearms)">Rail system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receiver_(firearms)" title="Receiver (firearms)">Receiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoil_pad" title="Recoil pad">Recoil pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim_(firearms)" title="Rim (firearms)">Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_(firearms)" title="Safety (firearms)">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sear_(firearm)" title="Sear (firearm)">Sear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_sear" title="Auto sear">Auto sear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_shroud" title="Barrel shroud">Shroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silencer_(firearms)" title="Silencer (firearms)">Silencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_bore" title="Squeeze bore">Squeeze bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choke_(firearms)" title="Choke (firearms)">Choke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_(firearms)" title="Stock (firearms)">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization_gear" title="Synchronization gear">Synchronization gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapering_(firearms)" title="Tapering (firearms)">Tapering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigger_(firearms)" title="Trigger (firearms)">Trigger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigger_guard" title="Trigger guard">guard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sight_(device)" title="Sight (device)">Sights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diopter_sight" title="Diopter sight">Diopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finderscope" title="Finderscope">Finderscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_sight" title="Globe sight">Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_weapon_sight" title="Holographic weapon sight">Holographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_sights" title="Iron sights">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_sight_(firearms)" title="Laser sight (firearms)">Laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticle" title="Reticle">Reticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflex_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflex sight">Reflex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_dot_sight" title="Red dot sight">Red dot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sight_magnifier" title="Sight magnifier">Magnifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_mount" title="Scope mount">Scope mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_sight" title="Tang sight">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight" title="Telescopic sight">Telescopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-vision_device" title="Night-vision device">Night vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_weapon_sight" title="Thermal weapon sight">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sighting_in" title="Sighting in">Zeroing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Action_(firearms)" title="Action (firearms)">Actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowback_(firearms)" title="Blowback (firearms)">Blowback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow-forward" class="mw-redirect" title="Blow-forward">Blow-forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_action" title="Bolt action">Bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxlock_action" title="Boxlock action">Boxlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breechloader" title="Breechloader">Breechloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_action" title="Break action">Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_bolt" title="Open bolt">Open bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bolt" title="Closed bolt">Closed bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_firing" title="Electronic firing">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas-operated_reloading" title="Gas-operated reloading">Gas-operated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lever_action" title="Lever action">Lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">Muzzleloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-battery" title="Out-of-battery">Out-of-battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_action" title="Pump action">Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_feed_and_controlled_feed" title="Push feed and controlled feed">Push/Controlled feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoil_operation" title="Recoil operation">Recoil-operated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeating_firearm" title="Repeating firearm">Repeating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">Revolver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-loading_rifle" title="Self-loading rifle">Self-loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-shot" title="Single-shot">Single-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slamfire" title="Slamfire">Slamfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physics_of_firearms" title="Physics of firearms">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">Ballistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_coefficient" title="Ballistic coefficient">Ballistic coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_ballistics" title="External ballistics">External</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_ballistics" title="Terminal ballistics">Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_ballistics" title="Transitional ballistics">Transitional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_of_firearms" title="Physics of firearms">Physics of firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder" title="Rangefinder">Rangefinding/keeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_discussion_of_rangekeeping" title="Mathematical discussion of rangekeeping">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadiametric_rangefinding" title="Stadiametric rangefinding">Stadiametric</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accurizing" title="Accurizing">Accurizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bore_axis" title="Bore axis">Bore axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">Caliber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_error_probable" title="Circular error probable">Circular error probable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_range#Weapons" title="Effective range">Effective range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(firearms)" title="Gauge (firearms)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_chronograph" title="Gun chronograph">Gun chronograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_harmonisation" title="Gun harmonisation">Gun harmonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headspace_(firearms)" title="Headspace (firearms)">Headspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Length_of_pull" title="Length of pull">Length of pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_time" title="Lock time">Lock time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_grade" title="Match grade">Match grade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_time_between_failures" title="Mean time between failures">Mean time between failures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc#Firearms" title="Minute and second of arc">Minute of Angle (MOA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle (firearms)">Muzzle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_energy" title="Muzzle energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_rise" title="Muzzle rise">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">Velocity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_(weaponry)" title="Penetration (weaponry)">Penetration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_factor_(shooting_sports)" title="Power factor (shooting sports)">Power factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision-guided_firearm" title="Precision-guided firearm">Precision-guided</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rate_of_fire" title="Rate of fire">Rate of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">Recoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_grouping" title="Shot grouping">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_(firearms)#Stock_measurements" title="Stock (firearms)">Stock measurements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_power" title="Stopping power">Stopping power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handgun_effectiveness" title="Handgun effectiveness">Handgun effectiveness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifling#Twist_rate" title="Rifling">Twist rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Shooting_and_ammunition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gunshot" title="Gunshot">Gunshot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_fire" title="Dry fire">Dry fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Firing (Shooting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunshot" title="Gunshot">Gunshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shootout" title="Shootout">Firefight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_maintenance" title="Firearm maintenance">Maintenance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_strip" title="Field strip">Field strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouling" title="Fouling">Fouling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_malfunction" title="Firearm malfunction">Malfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_off" title="Cooking off">Cooking off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_fire" title="Hang fire">Hang fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squib_load" title="Squib load">Squib load</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricochet" title="Ricochet">Ricochet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Ignition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_forming" title="Fire forming">Fire forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturation" title="Obturation">Obturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primer_(firearms)" title="Primer (firearms)">Primer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">Gunpowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_cap" title="Percussion cap">Percussion cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimfire_ammunition" title="Rimfire ammunition">Rimfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubes_and_primers_for_ammunition" title="Tubes and primers for ammunition">Tubes and Primers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_propellant" title="Firearm propellant">Propellant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_propellant" title="Ball propellant">Ball propellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordite" title="Cordite">Cordite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improved_military_rifle_powder" title="Improved military rifle powder">Improved Military Rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramrod" title="Ramrod">Ramrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">Smokeless powder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">Ammunition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannelure" title="Cannelure">Cannelure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_round" title="Dummy round">Dummy round</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snap_cap" title="Snap cap">Snap cap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flechette" title="Flechette">Flechette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_check" title="Gas check">Gas check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpressure_ammunition" title="Overpressure ammunition">Overpressure ammunition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer-cased_ammunition" title="Polymer-cased ammunition">PCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabot_(firearms)" title="Sabot (firearms)">Sabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadding" title="Wadding">Wadding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bullet" title="Bullet">Bullets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armor-piercing_bullet" title="Armor-piercing bullet">Armour piercing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_bullet" title="Cast bullet">Cast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanding_bullet" title="Expanding bullet">Expanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_metal_jacket_(ammunition)" title="Full metal jacket (ammunition)">Full metal jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frangible_bullet" title="Frangible bullet">Frangible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_bullet" title="Green bullet">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_ammunition" title="Incendiary ammunition">Incendiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-explosive_incendiary" title="High-explosive incendiary">High explosive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-explosive_incendiary/armor-piercing_ammunition" title="High-explosive incendiary/armor-piercing ammunition">HEIAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">Projectile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raufoss_Mk_211" title="Raufoss Mk 211">Raufoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">Round shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saboted_light_armor_penetrator" title="Saboted light armor penetrator">SLAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft-point_bullet" title="Soft-point bullet">Soft point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercavitating_ammunition" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercavitating ammunition">Supercavitating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_metal_jacket" title="Total metal jacket">Total metal jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracer_ammunition" title="Tracer ammunition">Tracer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow-base_bullet" title="Hollow-base bullet">Hollow base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow-point_bullet" title="Hollow-point bullet">Hollow point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_ball" title="Minié ball">Minié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meplat" title="Meplat">Meplat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-tipped_bullet" title="Plastic-tipped bullet">Plastic tipped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armour-piercing,_capped,_ballistic_capped_shell" title="Armour-piercing, capped, ballistic capped shell">ABCBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_shot" title="Snake shot">Snake shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_(bullet)" title="Spitzer (bullet)">Spitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-low-drag_bullet" title="Very-low-drag bullet">VLD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cartridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blank_(cartridge)" title="Blank (cartridge)">Blank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caseless_ammunition" title="Caseless ammunition">Caseless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centerfire_cartridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Centerfire cartridge">Centrefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handloading" title="Handloading">Handloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifle_cartridge" title="Rifle cartridge">Rifle cartridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fully_powered_cartridge" title="Fully powered cartridge">Fully powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_cartridge" title="Intermediate cartridge">Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rifle_cartridges" title="List of rifle cartridges">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_cartridge" title="Paper cartridge">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinfire_cartridge" title="Pinfire cartridge">Pinfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcat_cartridge" title="Wildcat cartridge">Wildcat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society,_safety,_industry,_and_laws" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">safety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firearm_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm industry">industry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">laws</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celebratory_gunfire" title="Celebratory gunfire">Celebratory gunfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_ownership" title="Gun ownership">Civilian gun ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percent_of_households_with_guns_by_country" title="Percent of households with guns by country">Household ownership rates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_shooting" title="Exhibition shooting">Exhibition shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Gun cultures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_culture_in_the_United_States" title="Gun culture in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_shows_in_the_United_States" title="Gun shows in the United States">Gun shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_firearms" title="List of U.S. state firearms">State firearms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_style_(firearm_magazines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungle style (firearm magazines)"><i>Jungle style</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_duelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistol duelling">Pistol duelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_gun_politics_articles" title="Index of gun politics articles">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">Shooting sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Marksmanship_Program" title="Civilian Marksmanship Program">Civilian Marksmanship Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gun_violence" title="Gun violence">Gun violence</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Gun violence in the United States">in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_by_firearm" title="List of assassinations by firearm">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_firearm-related_death_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by firearm-related death rate">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_firearm_examination" title="Forensic firearm examination">Forensics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfighter" title="Gunfighter">Gunfighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">Gun safety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firearm_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm industry">Firearm industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_printed_firearm" title="3D printed firearm">3D printed firearm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_printed_weapons_and_parts" title="List of 3D printed weapons and parts">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_firearm_brands" title="List of firearm brands">Firearm brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Firearms_by_country" title="Category:Firearms by country">Firearms by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_shop" title="Gun shop">Gun shops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Firearm_commerce" title="Category:Firearm commerce">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunsmith" title="Gunsmith">Gunsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_firearm" title="Improvised firearm">Improvised firearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-produced_firearms" title="List of most-produced firearms">Most-produced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privately_made_firearm" class="mw-redirect" title="Privately made firearm">Privately made</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_arms_trade" title="Small arms trade">Small arms trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">Gun control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Arms_Trade" title="Campaign Against Arms Trade">Campaign Against Arms Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featureless_rifles" title="Featureless rifles">Featureless rifles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Gun laws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel_with_firearms_and_ammunition" title="Air travel with firearms and ammunition">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault weapons">Assault weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concealed_carry" title="Concealed carry">Concealed carry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concealed_carry_in_the_United_States" title="Concealed carry in the United States">in the U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_license" title="Firearms license">License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-capacity_magazine_ban" title="High-capacity magazine ban">High-capacity magazine ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Arms_and_Light_Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Arms and Light Weapons">Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">United States Gun</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_the_United_States" title="Gun law in the United States">Laws</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Gun laws in the United States by state">by U.S. state</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_weapons_legislation_in_the_United_States" title="Assault weapons legislation in the United States">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban" title="Federal Assault Weapons Ban">Federal Assault Weapons Ban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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