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<span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Subdivision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_lines_and_subgenera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_lines_and_subgenera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Evolutionary lines and subgenera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_lines_and_subgenera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_evolutionary_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_evolutionary_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>First evolutionary line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_evolutionary_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_evolutionary_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_evolutionary_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Second evolutionary line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_evolutionary_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_evolutionary_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_evolutionary_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Third evolutionary line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_evolutionary_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_infrageneric_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_infrageneric_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Proposed infrageneric groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_infrageneric_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telomere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telomere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Telomere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telomere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ornamental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ornamental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ornamental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ornamental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Chapters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Allium</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%85_(%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3)" title="ثوم (جنس) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثوم (جنس)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Allium" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C4%9Fan" title="Soğan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Soğan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Allium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Цыбуля – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цыбуля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Цыбуля (расьліна) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цыбуля (расьліна)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Лук (род) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лук (род)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Allium" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сухан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сухан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Allium" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesnek" title="Česnek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Česnek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8g-sl%C3%A6gten" title="Løg-slægten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Løg-slægten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauch_(Gattung)" title="Lauch (Gattung) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lauch (Gattung)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobo%C5%82k" title="Kobołk – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kobołk" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauk" title="Lauk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lauk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Allium" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliumo" title="Aliumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aliumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Allium" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1_(%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87)" title="سیر (سرده) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیر (سرده)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Allium" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%85_(%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80)" title="Хох (баьцовгӀай ваьр) – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хох (баьцовгӀай ваьр)" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EC%B6%94%EC%86%8D" title="부추속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부추속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobo%C5%82k" title="Kobołk – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kobołk" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk_(biljni_rod)" title="Luk (biljni rod) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Luk (biljni rod)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Allium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%C3%A6%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Хъæдындз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хъæдындз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laukar" title="Laukar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Laukar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Allium" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9D_(%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%92)" title="שום (סוג) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שום (סוג)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Allium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ხახვი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხახვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Жуа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жуа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEr" title="Sîr – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sîr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_(genus)" title="Allium (genus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Allium (genus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%ABpoli" title="Sīpoli – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sīpoli" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesnakas" title="Česnakas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Česnakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagyma_(n%C3%B6v%C3%A9nynemzets%C3%A9g)" title="Hagyma (növénynemzetség) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hagyma (növénynemzetség)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongolo" title="Tongolo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tongolo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ხვარხვი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ხვარხვი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%85_(%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="ثوم (جنس من النباتات) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثوم (جنس من النباتات)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Allium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_(geslacht)" title="Look (geslacht) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Look (geslacht)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%AE%E5%B1%9E" title="ネギ属 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネギ属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%85_(%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Хох (орамат) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хох (орамат)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look" title="Look – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Look" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8kslekta" title="Løkslekta – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Løkslekta" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laukslekta" title="Laukslekta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Laukslekta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Allium" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Allium" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czosnek" title="Czosnek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czosnek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Allium" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Allium" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulla" title="Pulla – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pulla" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Лук (растение) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лук (растение)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Allium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Allium" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Allium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesnak_(rod)" title="Cesnak (rod) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cesnak (rod)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk" title="Luk – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Luk" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Allium" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laukat" title="Laukat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laukat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6ksl%C3%A4ktet" title="Löksläktet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Löksläktet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அல்லியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அல்லியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Суган – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Суган" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8F%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D" title="ఏలియమ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఏలియమ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Allium" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Согуна – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Согуна" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Цибуля – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цибуля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="ثومی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ثومی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_H%C3%A0nh" title="Chi Hành – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chi Hành" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Allium" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Allium" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%B1%E5%B1%9E" title="葱属 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="葱属" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%94%A5%E5%B1%AC" title="蔥屬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蔥屬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%94%A5%E5%B1%AC" title="蔥屬 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蔥屬" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijoz" title="Pijoz – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Pijoz" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49391#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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</th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Allium_sativum_Woodwill_1793.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Allium_sativum_Woodwill_1793.jpg/250px-Allium_sativum_Woodwill_1793.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Allium_sativum_Woodwill_1793.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="435" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Allium_sativum" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium sativum">Allium sativum</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Allium" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Allioideae" title="Allioideae">Allioideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Allieae" title="Allieae">Allieae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Allium</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Allium_sativum" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium sativum">Allium sativum</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Linnaeus_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnaeus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary lines">Evolutionary lines</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><a href="#Evolutionary_lines_and_subgenera">§ Evolutionary lines and subgenera</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><small>Synonymy</small></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Cepa</i> <small>Mill.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Moly</i> <small>Mill.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Porrum</i> <small>Mill.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Saturnia</i> <small>Maratti</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Moenchia</i> <small>Medik. 1790, illegitimate homonym not Ehrh. 1783 nor Roth 1788 nor Wender. ex Steud. 1841</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Ascalonicum</i> <small>P.Renault</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Schoenoprasum</i> <small>Kunth</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Ophioscorodon</i> <small>Wallr.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Geboscon</i> <small>Raf.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Codonoprasum</i> <small>Rchb.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Molium</i> <small>(G.Don) Haw.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Nectaroscordum</i> <small>Lindl.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Aglitheis</i> <small>Raf.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Endotis</i> <small>Raf.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Getuonis</i> <small>Raf.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Gynodon</i> <small>Raf.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Kalabotis</i> <small>Raf.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Kepa</i> <small>Tourn. ex</small> <small>Raf.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Kromon</i> <small>Raf.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Loncostemon</i> <small>Raf.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Maligia</i> <small>Raf.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Panstenum</i><small>Raf.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Plexistena</i> <small>Raf.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Stelmesus</i> <small>Raf.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Stemodoxis</i> <small>Raf.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Praskoinon</i> <small>Raf.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Trigonea</i> <small>Parl.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Caloscordum</i> <small>Herb.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Berenice</i> <small>Salisb. 1866, illegitimate homonym not Tul. 1857</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Briseis</i> <small>Salisb.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Butomissa</i> <small>Salisb.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Calliprena</i> <small>Salisb.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Camarilla</i> <small>Salisb.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Canidia</i> <small>Salisb.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Hexonychia</i> <small>Salisb.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Hylogeton</i> <small>Salisb.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Iulus</i> <small>Salisb.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Molyza</i> <small>Salisb.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Phyllodolon</i> <small>Salisb.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Raphione</i> <small>Salisb.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Schoenissa</i> <small>Salisb.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Xylorhiza</i> <small>Salisb. 1866, illegitimate homonym not Nutt. 1840</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Anguinum</i> <small>Fourr.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Rhizirideum</i> <small>Fourr.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Scorodon</i> <small>Fourr.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Milula</i> <small>Prain</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Validallium</i> <small>Small</small> </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alliumspecies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Alliumspecies.jpg/220px-Alliumspecies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Alliumspecies.jpg/330px-Alliumspecies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Alliumspecies.jpg/440px-Alliumspecies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Allium_flavum" title="Allium flavum">Allium flavum</a></i> (yellow) and <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_carinatum" title="Allium carinatum">Allium carinatum</a></i> (purple)</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Allium</b></i> is a large genus of <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">monocotyledonous</a> flowering plants with around 1000 accepted species,<sup id="cite_ref-WCSP_Allium_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCSP_Allium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making <i>Allium</i> the largest genus in the family <a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a> and amongst the largest plant genera in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-frodin2004_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frodin2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the species are edible, and some have a long history of cultivation and human consumption as a vegetable including the <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scallion" title="Scallion">scallions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shallot" title="Shallot">shallots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">leeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">chives</a>, with onions being the second most grown vegetable globally after tomatoes as of 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Allium</i> species occur in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, except for a few species occurring in Chile (such as <i>A. juncifolium</i>), Brazil (<i>A. sellovianum</i>), and tropical Africa (<a href="/wiki/Allium_spathaceum" title="Allium spathaceum"><i>A. spathaceum</i></a>). They vary in height between 5–150 centimetres (2–59 in). The <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> form an <a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">umbel</a> at the top of a leafless stalk. The <a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">bulbs</a> vary in size between species, from small (around 2–3 mm in diameter) to rather large (8–10 cm). Some species (such as Welsh onion <a href="/wiki/Allium_fistulosum" title="Allium fistulosum"><i>A. fistulosum</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Leek_(vegetable)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leek (vegetable)">leeks</a> (<i>A. ampeloprasum</i>)) develop thickened leaf-bases rather than forming bulbs as such. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> first described the genus <i>Allium</i> in 1753. The <a href="/wiki/Generic_name_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic name (biology)">generic name</a> <i>Allium</i> is the Latin word for garlic,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuattrocchi1999vol.&nbsp;1_p.&nbsp;91_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuattrocchi1999vol.&nbsp;1_p.&nbsp;91-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gledhill_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gledhill-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> for the genus is <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_sativum" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium sativum">Allium sativum</a></i> which means "cultivated garlic".<sup id="cite_ref-ingallium_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ingallium-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision to include a species in the genus <i>Allium</i> is <a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">taxonomically</a> difficult, and <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> boundaries are unclear. Estimates of the number of species are as low as 260,<sup id="cite_ref-rahn1998_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rahn1998-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as high as 979.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/APG_III_system" title="APG III system">APG III classification system</a>, <i>Allium</i> is placed in the family <a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a>, subfamily <a href="/wiki/Allioideae" title="Allioideae">Allioideae</a> (formerly the family Alliaceae).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some of the older <a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">classification systems</a>, <i>Allium</i> was placed in <a href="/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Block2010_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Block2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogenetic">Molecular phylogenetic</a> studies have shown this <a href="/wiki/Circumscription_(taxonomy)" title="Circumscription (taxonomy)">circumscription</a> of Liliaceae is not <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a>. </p><p> Various <i>Allium</i> species have been cultivated from the earliest times. About a dozen species are economically important as <a href="/wiki/Crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Crops">crops</a>, or garden <a href="/wiki/Vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetables">vegetables</a>, and an increasing number of species are important as <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamental plants">ornamental plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Block2010_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Block2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants of the genus produce chemical compounds, mostly derived from <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulfoxide" title="Sulfoxide">sulfoxides</a>, that give them a characteristic onion or garlic taste and odor.<sup id="cite_ref-Block2010_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Block2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many are used as food plants, though not all members of the genus are equally flavorful. In most cases, both bulb and leaves are edible. The characteristic <i>Allium</i> flavor depends on the <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> content of the soil the plant grows in.<sup id="cite_ref-Block2010_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Block2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the rare occurrence of sulfur-free growth conditions, all <i>Allium</i> species completely lose their usual pungency.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style></p><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allium_oreophilum_%C3%96BG_2014-05-25_(04).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Allium_oreophilum_%C3%96BG_2014-05-25_%2804%29.jpg/250px-Allium_oreophilum_%C3%96BG_2014-05-25_%2804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Allium_oreophilum_%C3%96BG_2014-05-25_%2804%29.jpg/330px-Allium_oreophilum_%C3%96BG_2014-05-25_%2804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Allium_oreophilum_%C3%96BG_2014-05-25_%2804%29.jpg/500px-Allium_oreophilum_%C3%96BG_2014-05-25_%2804%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2567" data-file-height="3851" /></a><figcaption>Capsule of <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_oreophilum" title="Allium oreophilum">Allium oreophilum</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i>Allium</i> (alliums) is characterised by <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Geophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophyte">geophyte</a> <a href="/wiki/Perennials" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennials">perennials</a> with true <a href="/wiki/Bulbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulbs">bulbs</a>, some of which are borne on <a href="/wiki/Rhizomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizomes">rhizomes</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a> odor and flavor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler_et_al2013_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler_et_al2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bulbs are solitary or clustered and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tunicate" class="extiw" title="wikt:tunicate">tunicate</a> and the plants are perennialized by the bulbs reforming annually from the base of the old bulbs, or are produced on the ends of <a href="/wiki/Rhizomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizomes">rhizomes</a> or, in a few species, at the ends of <a href="/wiki/Stolons" class="mw-redirect" title="Stolons">stolons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-efloras.org_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-efloras.org-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small number of species have <a href="/wiki/Tuberous" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuberous">tuberous</a> roots. The bulbs' outer coats are commonly brown or grey, with a smooth texture, and are fibrous, or with cellular reticulation. The inner coats of the bulbs are membranous. </p><p>Many alliums have basal leaves that commonly wither away from the tips downward before or while the plants flower, but some species have persistent foliage. Plants produce from one to 12 leaves, most species having linear, channeled or flat leaf blades. The leaf blades are straight or variously coiled, but some species have broad leaves, including <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_victorialis" title="Allium victorialis">A. victorialis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">A. tricoccum</a></i>. The leaves are <a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">sessile</a>, and very rarely narrowed into a <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a>. </p><p>The flowers, which are produced on <a href="/wiki/Scape_(botany)" title="Scape (botany)">scapes</a> are erect or in some species pendent, having six petal-like <a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">tepals</a> produced in two whorls. The flowers have one <a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">style</a> and six epipetalous <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">anthers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> can vary in color depending on the species. The <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(plants)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovary (plants)">ovaries</a> are superior, and three-lobed with three <a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">locules</a>. </p><p>The fruits are capsules that open longitudinally along the capsule wall between the partitions of the locule.<sup id="cite_ref-efloras.org_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-efloras.org-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seeds are black, and have a rounded shape. </p><p>The <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/terete" class="extiw" title="wikt:terete">terete</a> or flattened flowering scapes are normally persistent. The inflorescences are <a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">umbels</a>, in which the outside flowers bloom first and flowering progresses to the inside. Some species produce <a href="/wiki/Bulbils" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulbils">bulbils</a> within the umbels, and in some species, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_paradoxum" title="Allium paradoxum">Allium paradoxum</a></i>, the bulbils replace some or all the flowers. The umbels are subtended by noticeable spathe bracts, which are commonly fused and normally have around three veins. </p><p>Some bulbous alliums increase by forming little bulbs or "offsets" around the old one, as well as by <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a>. Several species can form many bulbils in the flowerhead; in the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Tree_onion" title="Tree onion">tree onion</a>" or Egyptian onion (<i>A.</i> × <i>proliferum</i>) the bulbils are few, but large enough to be <a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">pickled</a>. </p><p>Many of the species of <i>Allium</i> have been used as food items throughout their ranges. There are several unrelated species that are somewhat similar in appearance to Alliums but are poisonous (e.g. in North America, death camas, <i><a href="/wiki/Toxicoscordion_venenosum" title="Toxicoscordion venenosum">Toxicoscordion venenosum</a></i>), but none of these has the distinctive scent of onions or garlic.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Allium" title="Taxonomy of Allium">Taxonomy of Allium</a></div> <p>With over 850 species<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al2015_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al2015-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Allium</i> is the sole genus in the <a href="/wiki/Allieae" title="Allieae">Allieae</a>, one of four <a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">tribes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamily</a> <a href="/wiki/Allioideae" title="Allioideae">Allioideae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a>). New species continue to be described<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al2015_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al2015-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Allium</i> is one of the largest monocotyledonous genera,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the precise <a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">taxonomy</a> of <i>Allium</i> is poorly understood,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al2015_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al2015-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with incorrect descriptions being widespread. The difficulties arise from the fact that the genus displays considerable polymorphism and has adapted to a wide variety of habitats. Furthermore, traditional classifications had been based on <a href="/wiki/Homoplasious" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoplasious">homoplasious</a> characteristics (the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages). However, the genus has been shown to be <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a>, containing three major <a href="/wiki/Clades" class="mw-redirect" title="Clades">clades</a>, although some proposed subgenera are not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some progress is being made using molecular phylogenetic methods, and the <a href="/wiki/Internal_transcribed_spacer" title="Internal transcribed spacer">internal transcribed spacer</a> (ITS) region, including the 5.8S <a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_DNA" title="Ribosomal DNA">rDNA</a> and the two <a href="/wiki/Spacer_DNA" title="Spacer DNA">spacers</a> ITS1 and ITS2, is one of the more commonly used markers in the study of the differentiation of the <i>Allium</i> species.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al2015_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al2015-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Allium</i> includes a number of taxonomic groupings previously considered separate genera (<i>Caloscordum</i> Herb., <i>Milula</i> Prain and <i>Nectaroscordum</i> Lindl.) <i>Allium spicatum</i> had been treated by many authors as <i>Milula spicata</i>, the only species in the <a href="/wiki/Monotypic_taxon" title="Monotypic taxon">monospecific</a> genus <i>Milula</i>. In 2000, it was shown to be <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">embedded</a> in <i>Allium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriesen_et_al2000_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesen_et_al2000-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%; line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a>: Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Allioideae" title="Allioideae">Allioideae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Allieae" title="Allieae">Allieae</a> (monogeneric, <i>Allium</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Tulbaghieae" title="Tulbaghieae">Tulbaghieae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Tribes <a href="/wiki/Gilliesieae" title="Gilliesieae">Gilliesieae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leucocoryneae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leucocoryneae">Leucocoryneae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Linnaeus<sup id="cite_ref-Linnaeus_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnaeus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formerly described the genus <i>Allium</i> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i> (1753), there were thirty species with this name. He placed <i>Allium</i> in a grouping he referred to as <i>Hexandria monogynia</i> (i.e. six stamens and one <a href="/wiki/Pistil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistil">pistil</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus_Sexual_System2015_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus_Sexual_System2015-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> containing 51 genera in all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13829page297mode1up_Hexandria_monogynia_I_pp.&nbsp;285–332]_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13829page297mode1up_Hexandria_monogynia_I_pp.&nbsp;285–332]-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivision">Subdivision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subdivision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linnaeus originally grouped his 30 species into three <a href="/wiki/Alliance_(taxonomy)" title="Alliance (taxonomy)">alliances</a>, <i>e.g.</i> <i>Foliis caulinis planis</i>. Since then, many attempts have been made to divide the growing number of recognised species into infrageneric subgroupings, initially as sections, and then as subgenera further divided into sections. For a brief history, see Li <i>et al.</i> (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern era of <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic analysis">phylogenetic analysis</a> dates to 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Berg_et_al1996_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Berg_et_al1996-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006 Friesen, Fritsch, and Blattner<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> described a new classification with 15 <a href="/wiki/Subgenera" class="mw-redirect" title="Subgenera">subgenera</a>, 56 <a href="/wiki/Section_(botany)" title="Section (botany)">sections</a>, and about 780 species based on the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nuclear</a> <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosomal</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> <a href="/wiki/Internal_transcribed_spacer" title="Internal transcribed spacer">internal transcribed spacers</a>. Some of the subgenera correspond to the once separate genera (<i>Caloscordum</i>, <i>Milula</i>, <i>Nectaroscordum</i>) included in the <a href="/wiki/Gilliesieae" title="Gilliesieae">Gilliesieae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESykorova2006_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESykorova2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terminology has varied with some authors subdividing subgenera into Sections and others Alliances. The term Alliance has also been used for subgroupings within species, <i>e.g.</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_nigrum" title="Allium nigrum">Allium nigrum</a></i>, and for subsections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al2010_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al2010-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequent <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogenetic">molecular phylogenetic</a> studies have shown the 2006 classification is a considerable improvement over previous classifications, but some of its subgenera and sections are probably not <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a>. Meanwhile, the number of new species continued to increase, reaching 800 by 2009, and the pace of discovery has not decreased. Detailed studies have focused on a number of subgenera, including <i>Amerallium</i>. <i>Amerallium</i> is strongly <a href="/wiki/Resampling_(statistics)" title="Resampling (statistics)">supported</a> as monophyletic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENguyen_et_al2008_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENguyen_et_al2008-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subgenus <i>Melanocrommyum</i> has also been the subject of considerable study (see below), while work on subgenus <i>Allium</i> has focussed on section <i>Allium</i>, including <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_ampeloprasum" title="Allium ampeloprasum">Allium ampeloprasum</a></i>, although <a href="/wiki/Sample_(material)" title="Sample (material)">sampling</a> was not sufficient to test the monophyly of the section.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschegger_et_al2010_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschegger_et_al2010-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_lineages" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary lineages">evolutionary lineages</a> or lines correspond to the three major clades. Line one (the oldest) with three subgenera is predominantly bulbous, the second, with five subgenera and the third with seven subgenera contain both bulbous and rhizomatous taxa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_lines_and_subgenera">Evolutionary lines and subgenera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Evolutionary lines and subgenera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Allium_species" title="List of Allium species">List of Allium species</a></div> <p>The three evolutionary lineages and 15 subgenera here represent the classification schemes of Friesen <i>et al.</i> (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Li (2010),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequent additional species<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrullo_et_al.2003_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrullo_et_al.2003-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENguyen_et_al.2008_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENguyen_et_al.2008-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETzanoudakisTrigas2015_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETzanoudakisTrigas2015-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoçyiğıt_et_al.2016_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoçyiğıt_et_al.2016-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and revisions. </p> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">Cladogram of evolutionary lines in <i>Allium</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><i>Allium</i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>First evolutionary line </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Second evolutionary line </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Third evolutionary line </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <dl><dt>Evolutionary lines and subgenera (number of sections/number of species)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRIN_Taxonomy2023_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRIN_Taxonomy2023-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Allium#First_evolutionary_line" title="Taxonomy of Allium">First evolutionary line</a> (3 subgenera) <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Allium#Subgenus_Nectaroscordum" title="Taxonomy of Allium">Nectaroscordum</a></i> <small>(Lindl.) Asch. et Graebn </small> Type: <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_siculum" title="Allium siculum">Allium siculum</a></i> (1/3) Mediterranean bells, Sicilian honey garlic</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Allium#Subgenus_Microscordum" title="Taxonomy of Allium">Microscordum</a></i> <small>(Maxim.) N. Friesen</small> Type: <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_monanthum" title="Allium monanthum">Allium monanthum</a></i> (1/1)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Allium#Subgenus_Amerallium" title="Taxonomy of Allium">Amerallium</a></i> <small>Traub</small> Type: <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Allium canadense</a></i> (12/135)</li></ol></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Allium#Second_evolutionary_line" title="Taxonomy of Allium">Second evolutionary line</a> (5 subgenera) <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Allium#Subgenus_Caloscordum" title="Taxonomy of Allium">Caloscordum</a></i> <small>(Herb.) R. M. Fritsch</small> Type: <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_neriniflorum" title="Allium neriniflorum">Allium neriniflorum</a></i> (1/3)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Allium#Subgenus_Anguinum" title="Taxonomy of Allium">Anguinum</a></i> <small>(G. Don ex Koch) N. Friesen</small> Type: <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_victorialis" title="Allium victorialis">Allium victorialis</a></i> (1/12)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Allium#Subgenus_Porphyroprason" title="Taxonomy of Allium">Porphyroprason</a></i> <small>(Ekberg) R. M. Fritsch</small> Type: <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_oreophilum" title="Allium oreophilum">Allium oreophilum</a></i> (1/1)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Allium#Subgenus_Vvedenskya" title="Taxonomy of Allium">Vvedenskya</a></i> <small>(Kamelin) R. M. Fritsch</small> Type: <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_kujukense" title="Allium kujukense">Allium kujukense</a></i> (1/1)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Allium#Subgenus_Melanocrommyum" title="Taxonomy of Allium">Melanocrommyum</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Philip_Barker-Webb" title="Philip Barker-Webb">Webb</a> et <a href="/wiki/Berthel." class="mw-redirect" title="Berthel.">Berthel.</a>) <a href="/wiki/Georges_Rouy" title="Georges Rouy">Rouy</a></small> Type: <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_nigrum" title="Allium nigrum">Allium nigrum</a></i> (20/160)</li></ol></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Allium#Third_evolutionary_line" title="Taxonomy of Allium">Third evolutionary line</a> (7 subgenera) <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Allium#Subgenus_Butomissa" title="Taxonomy of Allium">Butomissa</a></i> <small>(Salisb.) N. Friesen</small> Type: <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_ramosum" title="Allium ramosum">Allium ramosum</a></i> (2/4) fragrant garlic</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Allium#Subgenus_Cyathophora" title="Taxonomy of Allium">Cyathophora</a></i> <small>R. M. Fritsch</small> Type: <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_cyathophorum" title="Allium cyathophorum">Allium cyathophorum</a></i> (3/5)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Allium#Subgenus_Rhizirideum" title="Taxonomy of Allium">Rhizirideum</a></i> <small>(G. Don ex Koch) Wendelbo s.s</small> Type: <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_senescens" title="Allium senescens">Allium senescens</a></i> (5/37)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Allium#Subgenus_Allium" title="Taxonomy of Allium">Allium</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></small> Type: <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_sativum" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium sativum">Allium sativum</a></i> (15/300)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Allium#Subgenus_Reticulatobulbosa" title="Taxonomy of Allium">Reticulatobulbosa</a></i> <small>(Kamelin) N. Friesen</small> Type: <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_lineare" title="Allium lineare">Allium lineare</a></i> (5/80)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Allium#Subgenus_Polyprason" title="Taxonomy of Allium">Polyprason</a></i> <small>Radic</small> Type: <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_moschatum" title="Allium moschatum">Allium moschatum</a></i> (4/50)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Allium#Subgenus_Cepa" title="Taxonomy of Allium">Cepa</a></i> <small>(Mill.) Radic ́</small> Type: <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_cepa" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium cepa">Allium cepa</a></i> (5/30) onion, garden onion, bulb onion, common onion</li></ol></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_evolutionary_line">First evolutionary line</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First evolutionary line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although this lineage consists of three subgenera, nearly all the species are attributed to subgenus <i>Amerallium</i>, the third largest subgenus of <i>Allium</i>. The lineage is considered to represent the most ancient line within <i>Allium</i>, and to be the only lineage that is purely bulbous, the other two having both bulbous and rhizomatous taxa. Within the lineage <i>Amerallium</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> to the other two subgenera (<i>Microscordum</i>+<i>Nectaroscordum</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_evolutionary_line">Second evolutionary line</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second evolutionary line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nearly all the species in this lineage of five subgenera are accounted for by subgenus <i>Melanocrommyum</i>, which is most closely associated with subgenera <i>Vvedenskya</i> and <i>Porphyroprason</i>, phylogenetically. These three genera are late-branching whereas the remaining two subgenera, <i>Caloscordum</i> and <i>Anguinum</i>, are early branching.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_evolutionary_line">Third evolutionary line</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Third evolutionary line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third evolutionary line contains the greatest number of sections (seven), and also the largest subgenus of the genus <i>Allium</i>: subgenus <i>Allium</i>, which includes the type species of the genus, <i>Allium sativum</i>. This subgenus also contains the majority of the species in its lineage. Within the lineage, the phylogeny is complex. Two small subgenera, <i>Butomissa</i> and <i>Cyathophora</i> form a sister clade to the remaining five subgenera, with <i>Butomissa</i> as the first branching group. Amongst the remaining five subgenera, <i>Rhizirideum</i> forms a medium-sized subgenus that is the sister to the other four, larger, subgenera. This line may not be monophyletic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proposed_infrageneric_groups">Proposed infrageneric groups</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Proposed infrageneric groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Names from<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sect._Acanthoprason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sect. Acanthoprason (page does not exist)">Allium sect. Acanthoprason</a></i> <small>Wendelbo</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_subsect._Acuminatae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium subsect. Acuminatae (page does not exist)">Allium subsect. Acuminatae</a></i> <small>Ownbey ex Traub</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sect._Amerallium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sect. Amerallium (page does not exist)">Allium sect. Amerallium</a></i> <small>Traub</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sect._Anguinum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sect. Anguinum (page does not exist)">Allium sect. Anguinum</a></i> <small>G. Don</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sect._Brevispatha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sect. Brevispatha (page does not exist)">Allium sect. Brevispatha</a></i> <small>Vals.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sect._Briseis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sect. Briseis (page does not exist)">Allium sect. Briseis</a></i> <small>Stearn</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sect._Bromatorrhiza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sect. Bromatorrhiza (page does not exist)">Allium sect. Bromatorrhiza</a></i> <small>Ekberg</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sect._Caloscordum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sect. Caloscordum (page does not exist)">Allium sect. Caloscordum</a></i> <small>Baker</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_subsect._Campanulatae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium subsect. Campanulatae (page does not exist)">Allium subsect. Campanulatae</a></i> <small>Ownbey ex Traub</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sect._Caulorhizideum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sect. Caulorhizideum (page does not exist)">Allium sect. Caulorhizideum</a></i> <small>Traub</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_subsect._Cepa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium subsect. Cepa (page does not exist)">Allium subsect. Cepa</a></i> <small>Stearn</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_subsect._Cernuae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium subsect. Cernuae (page does not exist)">Allium subsect. Cernuae</a></i> <small>Rchb.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sect._Codonoprasum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sect. Codonoprasum (page does not exist)">Allium sect. Codonoprasum</a></i> <small>Ekberg</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sect._Falcatifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sect. Falcatifolia (page does not exist)">Allium sect. Falcatifolia</a></i> <small>N. Friesen</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_subsect._Falcifoliae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium subsect. Falcifoliae (page does not exist)">Allium subsect. Falcifoliae</a></i> <small>Ownbey ex Traub</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sect._Halpostemon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sect. Halpostemon (page does not exist)">Allium sect. Halpostemon</a></i> <small>Boiss.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sect._Haneltia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sect. Haneltia (page does not exist)">Allium sect. Haneltia</a></i> <small>F.O. Khass.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sect._Lophioprason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sect. Lophioprason (page does not exist)">Allium sect. Lophioprason</a></i> <small>Traub.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_subg._Melanocrommyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium subg. Melanocrommyon (page does not exist)">Allium subg. Melanocrommyon</a></i> <small>(Webb & Berthel.) Rouy</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_subsect._Mexicana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium subsect. Mexicana (page does not exist)">Allium subsect. Mexicana</a></i> <small>Traub</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sect._Molium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sect. Molium (page does not exist)">Allium sect. Molium</a></i> <small>G. Don ex W.D.J. Koch</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sect._Multicaulea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sect. Multicaulea (page does not exist)">Allium sect. Multicaulea</a></i> <small>F.O. Khass. & Yengal.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sect._Oreiprason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sect. Oreiprason (page does not exist)">Allium sect. Oreiprason</a></i> <small>F. Herm.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sect._Petroprason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sect. Petroprason (page does not exist)">Allium sect. Petroprason</a></i> <small>F. Herm.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_subg._Polyprason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium subg. Polyprason (page does not exist)">Allium subg. Polyprason</a></i> <small>Radic</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sect._Porrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sect. Porrum (page does not exist)">Allium sect. Porrum</a></i> <small>G. Don</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sect._Rhiziridium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sect. Rhiziridium (page does not exist)">Allium sect. Rhiziridium</a></i> <small>G. Don ex W.D.J. Koch</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sect._Rhophetoprason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sect. Rhophetoprason (page does not exist)">Allium sect. Rhophetoprason</a></i> <small>Traub</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_subsect._Sanbornae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium subsect. Sanbornae (page does not exist)">Allium subsect. Sanbornae</a></i> <small>Ownbey ex Traub</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sect._Schoenoprasum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sect. Schoenoprasum (page does not exist)">Allium sect. Schoenoprasum</a></i> <small>Dumort.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sect._Scorodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sect. Scorodon (page does not exist)">Allium sect. Scorodon</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sect._Unicaulea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sect. Unicaulea (page does not exist)">Allium sect. Unicaulea</a></i> <small>F.O. Khass.</small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some sources refer to Greek ἀλέω (aleo, to avoid) due to the odor of garlic.<sup id="cite_ref-Block2010_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Block2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_Allium_in_Behbahan,_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wild Allium in Behbahan, Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wild_Allium_in_Behbahan%2C_Iran.jpg/250px-Wild_Allium_in_Behbahan%2C_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wild_Allium_in_Behbahan%2C_Iran.jpg/330px-Wild_Allium_in_Behbahan%2C_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wild_Allium_in_Behbahan%2C_Iran.jpg/500px-Wild_Allium_in_Behbahan%2C_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3570" data-file-height="4760" /></a><figcaption>Wild Allium in <a href="/wiki/Behbahan" title="Behbahan">Behbahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of <i>Allium</i> species are native to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, being spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Holarctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Holarctic">holarctic</a> region, from dry <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropics</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_ecosystem" title="Boreal ecosystem">boreal</a> zone,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> predominantly in Asia. Of the latter, 138 species occur in China, about a sixth of all <i>Allium</i> species, representing five subgenera.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few species are native to Africa and Central and South America.<sup id="cite_ref-efloras.org_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-efloras.org-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single known exception, <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_dregeanum" title="Allium dregeanum">Allium dregeanum</a></i> occurs in the Southern Hemisphere (South Africa). There are two <a href="/wiki/Centres_of_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Centres of diversity">centres of diversity</a>, a major one from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, while a minor one is found in western North America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genus is especially diverse in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">eastern Mediterranean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETzanoudakisTrigas2015_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETzanoudakisTrigas2015-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Species grow in various conditions from dry, well-drained mineral-based soils to moist, organic soils; most grow in sunny locations, but a number also grow in forests (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">A. ursinum</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Block2010_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Block2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even in swamps or water.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Various <i>Allium</i> species are used as food plants by the <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Leek_moth" title="Leek moth">leek moth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Onion_fly" class="mw-redirect" title="Onion fly">onion fly</a><sup id="cite_ref-Block2010_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Block2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as other <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> including <a href="/wiki/Cabbage_moth" title="Cabbage moth">cabbage moth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_swift_(moth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Common swift (moth)">common swift</a> moth (recorded on garlic), <a href="/wiki/Garden_dart" title="Garden dart">garden dart</a> moth, <a href="/wiki/Large_yellow_underwing" title="Large yellow underwing">large yellow underwing</a> moth, <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg_(moth)" title="Nutmeg (moth)">nutmeg</a> moth, <a href="/wiki/Setaceous_Hebrew_character" title="Setaceous Hebrew character">setaceous Hebrew character</a> moth, <a href="/wiki/Turnip_moth" title="Turnip moth">turnip moth</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Schinia" title="Schinia">Schinia rosea</a></i>, a moth that feeds exclusively on <i>Allium</i> species.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genus Allium has very large variation between species in their genome size that is not accompanied by changes in <a href="/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy">ploidy</a> level.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This remarkable variation was noted in the discussion of the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Junk_DNA" title="Junk DNA">junk DNA</a> and resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Onion_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Onion Test">Onion Test</a>, a "reality check for anyone who thinks they have come up with a universal function for junk DNA".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Genome_size" title="Genome size">Genome sizes</a> vary between 7.5 Gb in <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_schoenoprasum" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium schoenoprasum">A. schoenoprasum</a></i> and 30.9 Gb in <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">A. ursinum</a></i>, both of which are <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Telomere">Telomere</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Telomere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The unusual telomeric sequence of 'Allium cepa' was discovered and cytologically validated to be CTCGGTTATGGG <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bioinformatics method for detecting this unique telomere sequence was demonstrated using SERF de novo Genome Analysis <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selection_of_cultivated_Alliums.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Selection_of_cultivated_Alliums.jpg/220px-Selection_of_cultivated_Alliums.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Selection_of_cultivated_Alliums.jpg/330px-Selection_of_cultivated_Alliums.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Selection_of_cultivated_Alliums.jpg/440px-Selection_of_cultivated_Alliums.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Selection of cultivated alliums displayed at the <i>BBC <a href="/wiki/Gardeners%27_World" title="Gardeners' World">Gardeners' World</a> Live</i> show</figcaption></figure><p>Many <i>Allium</i> species have been harvested through human history, but only about a dozen are still economically important today as crops or garden <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Block2010_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Block2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-S&S_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&S-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ornamental">Ornamental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ornamental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <i>Allium</i> species and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a> are <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">cultivated</a> as <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamentals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rhs_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhs-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_cristophii" title="Allium cristophii">A. cristophii</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_giganteum" title="Allium giganteum">A. giganteum</a></i>, which are used as <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_border" title="Herbaceous border">border</a> plants for their ornamental flowers, and their "architectural" qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RHS_A-Z_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHS_A-Z-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several hybrids have been bred, or selected, with rich purple flowers. <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_hollandicum" title="Allium hollandicum">A. hollandicum</a></i> 'Purple Sensation' is one of the most popular and has been given an <a href="/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit" title="Award of Garden Merit">Award of Garden Merit</a> (H4).<sup id="cite_ref-PlantFinder_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlantFinder-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ornamental onions produce spherical umbels on single stalks in spring and summer, in a wide variety of sizes and colours, ranging from white (<i>Allium</i> 'Mont Blanc'), blue (<i><a href="/wiki/Allium_caeruleum" title="Allium caeruleum">A. caeruleum</a></i>), to yellow (<i><a href="/wiki/Allium_flavum" title="Allium flavum">A. flavum</a></i>) and purple (<i>A. giganteum</i>). By contrast, other species (such as invasive <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_triquetrum" title="Allium triquetrum">A. triquetrum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">A. ursinum</a></i>) can become troublesome garden <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weeds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RHS_A-Z_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHS_A-Z-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd&Rice_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd&Rice-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following cultivars, of uncertain or mixed parentage, have gained the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit" title="Award of Garden Merit">Award of Garden Merit</a>: </p> <ul><li>'Ambassador'<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Beau Regard'<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Gladiator'<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Globemaster'<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Michael H. Hoog' (<a href="/wiki/Allium_rosenorum" title="Allium rosenorum"><i>A. rosenorum</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Round 'n' Purple'<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Universe'<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogs">Dogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cats" class="mw-redirect" title="Cats">cats</a> are very susceptible to poisoning after the consumption of certain species.<sup id="cite_ref-Block2010_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Block2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle have occasionally suffered onion toxicosis as well.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vegetables of the <i>Allium</i> genus can cause digestive disorders for human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genus includes many economically important species. These include <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onions</a> (<i>A. cepa</i>), <a href="/wiki/French_shallot" class="mw-redirect" title="French shallot">French shallots</a> (<i>A. oschaninii</i>), <a href="/wiki/Leek_(vegetable)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leek (vegetable)">leeks</a> (<i>A. ampeloprasum</i>), <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a> (<i>A. sativum</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Scallions" class="mw-redirect" title="Scallions">scallions</a> (various <i>Allium</i> species) and <a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">chives</a> (<i>A. schoenoprasum</i>). Some have been used as traditional medicines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This genus also includes species that are abundantly gathered from the wild such as wild garlic (<i><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Allium ursinum</a></i>) in Europe and ramps (<i><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Allium tricoccum</a></i>) in North America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Linnaeus-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Linnaeus_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linnaeus_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinnaeus1753">Linnaeus 1753</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13829#page/306/mode/1up">Allium I pp. 294–301</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110217151433/http://www.meemelink.com/prints%20pages/16759.Liliaceae%20-%20Allium%20sativum.htm">"1793 illustration from William Woodville: "Medical botany", London, James Phillips, 1793, Vol. 3, Plate 168: <i>Allium sativum</i> (Garlic). Hand-coloured engraving"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meemelink.com/prints%20pages/16759.Liliaceae%20-%20Allium%20sativum.htm">the original</a> on 2011-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1793+illustration+from+William+Woodville%3A+%22Medical+botany%22%2C+London%2C+James+Phillips%2C+1793%2C+Vol.+3%2C+Plate+168%3A+Allium+sativum+%28Garlic%29.+Hand-coloured+engraving&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meemelink.com%2Fprints%2520pages%2F16759.Liliaceae%2520-%2520Allium%2520sativum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=294888">Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WCSP_Allium-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WCSP_Allium_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000901-2">"<i>Allium</i> <small>L.</small>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">Plants of the World Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=Allium+%3Csmall%3EL.%3C%2Fsmall%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30000901-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wfoplantlist.org/taxon/wfo-4000001260-2024-06?page=1">"WFO Plant List World Flora Online"</a>. <i>wfoplantlist.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wfoplantlist.org&rft.atitle=WFO+Plant+List+World+Flora+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwfoplantlist.org%2Ftaxon%2Fwfo-4000001260-2024-06%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frodin2004-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-frodin2004_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrodin2004" class="citation journal cs1">Frodin, David G. (2004). "History and concepts of big plant genera". <i>Taxon</i>. <b>53</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">753–</span>776. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4135449">10.2307/4135449</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4135449">4135449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=History+and+concepts+of+big+plant+genera&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E753-%3C%2Fspan%3E776&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4135449&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4135449%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Frodin&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRabinowitchThomas2022" class="citation book cs1">Rabinowitch, Haim; Thomas, Brian, eds. (2022). <i>Edible alliums: botany, production and uses</i>. Boston: CAB International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78924-997-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78924-997-2"><bdi>978-1-78924-997-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edible+alliums%3A+botany%2C+production+and+uses&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=CAB+International&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-78924-997-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRay2024" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Ramesh C. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sWH8EAAAQBAJ&dq=global+onion+cultivation&pg=PA283"><i>Roots, Tubers, and Bulb Crop Wastes: Management by Biorefinery Approaches</i></a>. Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-99-8266-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-99-8266-0"><bdi>978-981-99-8266-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots%2C+Tubers%2C+and+Bulb+Crop+Wastes%3A+Management+by+Biorefinery+Approaches&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-981-99-8266-0&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsWH8EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dglobal%2Bonion%2Bcultivation%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuattrocchi1999vol.&nbsp;1_p.&nbsp;91-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuattrocchi1999vol.&nbsp;1_p.&nbsp;91_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuattrocchi1999">Quattrocchi 1999</a>, vol. 1 p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gledhill-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gledhill_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521866453" title="Special:BookSources/9780521866453">9780521866453</a> (hardback), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521685535" title="Special:BookSources/9780521685535">9780521685535</a> (paperback). pp 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ingallium-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ingallium_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Allium</i> In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: <a href="/wiki/Regnum_Vegetabile" class="mw-redirect" title="Regnum Vegetabile">Regnum Vegetabile</a> (see <i><a href="#External_links">§ External links</a></i> below).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rahn1998-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rahn1998_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knud Rahn. 1998. "Alliaceae" pages 70-78. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor). <i>The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants</i> volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-64060-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-64060-8">978-3-540-64060-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616150912/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=Allium">The Plant List, for genus <i>Allium</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaseRevealFay2009" class="citation journal cs1">Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. & Fay, M.F. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00999.x">"A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae"</a>. <i>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>161</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">132–</span>136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00999.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=A+subfamilial+classification+for+the+expanded+asparagalean+families+Amaryllidaceae%2C+Asparagaceae+and+Xanthorrhoeaceae&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00999.x&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=M.W.&rft.au=Reveal%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Fay%2C+M.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1095-8339.2009.00999.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Block2010-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Block2010_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Block2010_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Block2010_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Block2010_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Block2010_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Block2010_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Block2010_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Block2010_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Block2010_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEric_Block2010" class="citation book cs1">Eric Block (2010). <i>Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science</i>. Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-190-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-190-9"><bdi>978-0-85404-190-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garlic+and+Other+Alliums%3A+The+Lore+and+the+Science&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-85404-190-9&rft.au=Eric+Block&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDilys_Davies1992" class="citation book cs1">Dilys Davies (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alliums00dily"><i>Alliums: The Ornamental Onions</i></a>. Timber Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-241-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-241-7"><bdi>978-0-88192-241-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alliums%3A+The+Ornamental+Onions&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-88192-241-7&rft.au=Dilys+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falliums00dily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James L. Brewster, "Onions and Other Alliums" (Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haim D. Rabinowitch, Leslie Currah, "Allium Crop Sciences: Recent Advances" (Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Penny Woodward, "Garlic and Friends: The History, Growth and Use of Edible Alliums" (South Melbourne: Hyland House, 1996)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler_et_al2013-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler_et_al2013_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWheeler_et_al2013">Wheeler et al 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-efloras.org-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-efloras.org_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-efloras.org_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-efloras.org_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=101086">"Allium in Flora of China @"</a>. Efloras.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allium+in+Flora+of+China+%40&rft.pub=Efloras.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D2%26taxon_id%3D101086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=101086">"Allium in Flora of North America @"</a>. Efloras.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allium+in+Flora+of+North+America+%40&rft.pub=Efloras.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D1%26taxon_id%3D101086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peterson, R.P. 1982. A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants: Eastern and central North America. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbons, E. 1962. Stalking the wild asparagus. David McKay, New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al2015-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al2015_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al2015_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al2015_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al2015_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeniz_et_al2015">Deniz et al 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_26-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi_et_al.2010">Li et al. 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesen_et_al2000-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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(August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dungenessranchpetresort.com/images/vetm0805_562_566.pdf">"Toxicology Brief: Allium species poisoning in dogs and cats"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Veterinary Medicine</i>. <b>100</b> (8). <a href="/wiki/Edwardsville,_Kansas" title="Edwardsville, Kansas">Edwardsville, Kansas</a>: <span class="nowrap">562–</span>566. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1919">1939-1919</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/8750-7943">8750-7943</a>. [Peer-reviewed.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+Medicine&rft.atitle=Toxicology+Brief%3A+Allium+species+poisoning+in+dogs+and+cats&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E562-%3C%2Fspan%3E566&rft.date=2005-08&rft.eissn=1939-1919&rft.issn=8750-7943&rft.aulast=Cope&rft.aufirst=R.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdungenessranchpetresort.com%2Fimages%2Fvetm0805_562_566.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRae1999" class="citation journal cs1">Rae, Helen A. (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539652">"Onion toxicosis in a herd of beef cows"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Veterinary_Journal" title="Canadian Veterinary Journal">Canadian Veterinary Journal</a></i>. <b>40</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">55–</span>57. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539652">1539652</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9919370">9919370</a>. <q>While humans appear to be relatively resistant to onion toxicity, there is some concern about the susceptibility of certain ethnic groups that have a genetic deficiency of G6PD. / Onion toxicity depends on factors other than variation in species susceptibility. Onions contain varying amounts of disulfide and SMCO toxins, depending on the species of onion, time of year, and growing conditions. Storing onions in large piles also provides a suitable environment for contamination of the crop with other toxins, such as mycotoxins, which could contribute to the disease process.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Veterinary+Journal&rft.atitle=Onion+toxicosis+in+a+herd+of+beef+cows&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=1999-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1539652%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9919370&rft.aulast=Rae&rft.aufirst=Helen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1539652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2022" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Zoomi (October 12, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.healthifyme.com/blog/chives-benefits/#Potential_Side_Effects_of_Chives">"Potential Side Effects of Chives"</a>. <i>Chives: Nutritional Value, Health Benefits and Potential Side Effects of Chives</i>. <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>: HealthifyMe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Potential+Side+Effects+of+Chives&rft.btitle=Chives%3A+Nutritional+Value%2C+Health+Benefits+and+Potential+Side+Effects+of+Chives&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=HealthifyMe&rft.date=2022-10-12&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Zoomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthifyme.com%2Fblog%2Fchives-benefits%2F%23Potential_Side_Effects_of_Chives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrullo_et_al.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Brullo, Salvatore; Guglielmo, Anna; Pavone, Pietro; Salmeri, Cristina; Terrasi, M. Carmen (January 2003). "Three new species of <i>Allium</i> sect. <i>Codonoprasum</i> from Greece". <i>Plant Biosystems</i>. <b>137</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">131–</span>140. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PBios.137..131B">2003PBios.137..131B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F11263500312331351391">10.1080/11263500312331351391</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86821437">86821437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Biosystems&rft.atitle=Three+new+species+of+Allium+sect.+Codonoprasum+from+Greece&rft.volume=137&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86821437%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F11263500312331351391&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PBios.137..131B&rft.aulast=Brullo&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rft.au=Guglielmo%2C+Anna&rft.au=Pavone%2C+Pietro&rft.au=Salmeri%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Terrasi%2C+M.+Carmen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoçyiğıt_et_al.2016" class="citation journal cs1">Koçyiğıt, Mine; Yeşıl, Yeter; Koyuncu, Mehmet (14 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3372%2Fwi.46.46109">"<i>Allium dumanii</i> (<i>A.</i> sect. <i>Codonoprasum</i>, Amaryllidaceae), a new species from E Turkey"</a>. <i>Willdenowia</i>. <b>46</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">113–</span>119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3372%2Fwi.46.46109">10.3372/wi.46.46109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88440208">88440208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Willdenowia&rft.atitle=Allium+dumanii+%28A.+sect.+Codonoprasum%2C+Amaryllidaceae%29%2C+a+new+species+from+E+Turkey&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3372%2Fwi.46.46109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A88440208%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ko%C3%A7yi%C4%9F%C4%B1t&rft.aufirst=Mine&rft.au=Ye%C5%9F%C4%B1l%2C+Yeter&rft.au=Koyuncu%2C+Mehmet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3372%252Fwi.46.46109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNguyen_et_al.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Nguyen, Nhu H.; Driscoll, Heather E.; Specht, Chelsea D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nature.berkeley.edu/brunslab/papers/nguyen2008.pdf">"A molecular phylogeny of the wild onions (<i>Allium</i>; Alliaceae) with a focus on the western North American center of diversity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution" title="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution">Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</a></i>. <b>47</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1157–</span>1172. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MolPE..47.1157N">2008MolPE..47.1157N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2007.12.006">10.1016/j.ympev.2007.12.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18226928">18226928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=A+molecular+phylogeny+of+the+wild+onions+%28Allium%3B+Alliaceae%29+with+a+focus+on+the+western+North+American+center+of+diversity&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1157-%3C%2Fspan%3E1172&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18226928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2007.12.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008MolPE..47.1157N&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Nhu+H.&rft.au=Driscoll%2C+Heather+E.&rft.au=Specht%2C+Chelsea+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnature.berkeley.edu%2Fbrunslab%2Fpapers%2Fnguyen2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlock2009" class="citation book cs1">Block, Eric (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6AB89RHV9ucC"><i>Garlic and other alliums: the lore and the science</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-190-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-190-9"><bdi>978-0-85404-190-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garlic+and+other+alliums%3A+the+lore+and+the+science&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-85404-190-9&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6AB89RHV9ucC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrewster2008" class="citation book cs1">Brewster, J. L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eW_TiZ1jHCkC"><i>Onions and Other Alliums</i></a>. CABI Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-399-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-399-9"><bdi>978-1-84593-399-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Onions+and+Other+Alliums&rft.pub=CABI+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84593-399-9&rft.aulast=Brewster&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeW_TiZ1jHCkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies,_D.1992" class="citation book cs1">Davies, D. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alliums00dily"><i>Alliums: The Ornamental Onions</i></a>. Timber Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-241-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-241-7"><bdi>978-0-88192-241-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alliums%3A+The+Ornamental+Onions&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-88192-241-7&rft.au=Davies%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falliums00dily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1753" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, C.</a> (1753). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary"><i>Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas</i></a>. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Species+Plantarum%3A+exhibentes+plantas+rite+cognitas%2C+ad+genera+relatas%2C+cum+differentiis+specificis%2C+nominibus+trivialibus%2C+synonymis+selectis%2C+locis+natalibus%2C+secundum+systema+sexuale+digestas&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Impensis+Laurentii+Salvii&rft.date=1753&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F669%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRabinowitchCurrah2002" class="citation book cs1">Rabinowitch, H. D.; Currah, L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=grUinwEACAAJ"><i>Allium Crop Sciences: Recent Advances</i></a>. CABI Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-510-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-510-6"><bdi>978-0-85199-510-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allium+Crop+Sciences%3A+Recent+Advances&rft.pub=CABI+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-85199-510-6&rft.aulast=Rabinowitch&rft.aufirst=H.+D.&rft.au=Currah%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgrUinwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuattrocchi1999" class="citation book cs1">Quattrocchi, Umberto (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8KiMmgEACAAJ"><i>CRC world dictionary of plant names: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology</i></a>. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2673-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2673-8"><bdi>978-0-8493-2673-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+world+dictionary+of+plant+names%3A+common+names%2C+scientific+names%2C+eponyms%2C+synonyms%2C+and+etymology&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-2673-8&rft.aulast=Quattrocchi&rft.aufirst=Umberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8KiMmgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1996" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, P. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PF4XnwEACAAJ"><i>Garlic and Friends: The History, Growth and Use of Edible Alliums</i></a>. Hyland House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86447-009-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86447-009-3"><bdi>978-1-86447-009-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garlic+and+Friends%3A+The+History%2C+Growth+and+Use+of+Edible+Alliums&rft.pub=Hyland+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-86447-009-3&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPF4XnwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapters">Chapters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Chapters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFritschFriesen2002" class="citation book cs1">Fritsch, RM; Friesen, N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237309729"><i>Evolution, domestication and taxonomy</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution%2C+domestication+and+taxonomy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.aulast=Fritsch&rft.aufirst=RM&rft.au=Friesen%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F237309729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span>, in <a href="#CITEREFRabinowitchCurrah2002">Rabinowitch & Currah (2002)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBanfiGalassoSoldano2011" class="citation journal cs1">Banfi, Enrico; Galasso, Gabriele; Soldano, Adriano (1 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sisn.pagepress.org/nhs/article/download/nhs.2011.85/36">"Notes on systematics and taxonomy for the Italian vascular flora. 2"</a>. <i>Natural History Sciences (Milan)</i>. <b>152</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">85–</span>106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4081%2Fnhs.2011.85">10.4081/nhs.2011.85</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+History+Sciences+%28Milan%29&rft.atitle=Notes+on+systematics+and+taxonomy+for+the+Italian+vascular+flora.+2.&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.date=2011-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4081%2Fnhs.2011.85&rft.aulast=Banfi&rft.aufirst=Enrico&rft.au=Galasso%2C+Gabriele&rft.au=Soldano%2C+Adriano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsisn.pagepress.org%2Fnhs%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2Fnhs.2011.85%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvon_Berg_et_al1996" class="citation journal cs1">von Berg, Gerlinde Linne; Samoylov, Alexander; Klaas, Manfred; Hanelt, Peter (September 1996). "Chloroplast DNA restriction analysis and the infrageneric grouping of Allium (Alliaceae)". <i><a href="/wiki/Plant_Systematics_and_Evolution" title="Plant Systematics and Evolution">Plant Systematics and Evolution</a></i>. <b>200</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">253–</span>261. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996PSyEv.200..253V">1996PSyEv.200..253V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00984939">10.1007/bf00984939</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12751231">12751231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Systematics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Chloroplast+DNA+restriction+analysis+and+the+infrageneric+grouping+of+Allium+%28Alliaceae%29&rft.volume=200&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E261&rft.date=1996-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12751231%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00984939&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996PSyEv.200..253V&rft.aulast=von+Berg&rft.aufirst=Gerlinde+Linne&rft.au=Samoylov%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Klaas%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Hanelt%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChoiGiussaniJangOh2012" class="citation journal cs1">Choi, Hyeok Jae; Giussani, Liliana M.; Jang, Chang Gee; Oh, Byoung Un; Cota-Sánchez, J. Hugo (June 2012). "Systematics of disjunct northeastern Asian and northern North American <i>Allium</i> (Amaryllidaceae)". <i>Botany</i>. <b>90</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">491–</span>508. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fb2012-031">10.1139/b2012-031</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F68813">11336/68813</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botany&rft.atitle=Systematics+of+disjunct+northeastern+Asian+and+northern+North+American+Allium+%28Amaryllidaceae%29&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E491-%3C%2Fspan%3E508&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F68813&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fb2012-031&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Hyeok+Jae&rft.au=Giussani%2C+Liliana+M.&rft.au=Jang%2C+Chang+Gee&rft.au=Oh%2C+Byoung+Un&rft.au=Cota-S%C3%A1nchez%2C+J.+Hugo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeniz_et_al2015" class="citation journal cs1">Deniz, İsmail Gökhan; Genç, İlker; Sarı, Duygu (9 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.212.4.4/13689">"Morphological and molecular data reveal a new species of <i>Allium</i> (Amaryllidaceae) from SW Anatolia, Turkey"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Phytotaxa" title="Phytotaxa">Phytotaxa</a></i>. <b>212</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">283–</span>292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.212.4.4">10.11646/phytotaxa.212.4.4</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytotaxa&rft.atitle=Morphological+and+molecular+data+reveal+a+new+species+of+Allium+%28Amaryllidaceae%29+from+SW+Anatolia%2C+Turkey&rft.volume=212&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E283-%3C%2Fspan%3E292&rft.date=2015-06-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.212.4.4&rft.aulast=Deniz&rft.aufirst=%C4%B0smail+G%C3%B6khan&rft.au=Gen%C3%A7%2C+%C4%B0lker&rft.au=Sar%C4%B1%2C+Duygu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biotaxa.org%2FPhytotaxa%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2Fphytotaxa.212.4.4%2F13689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDubouzetShinodaMurata1997" class="citation journal cs1">Dubouzet, J. G.; Shinoda, K.; Murata, N. (17 December 1997). "Phylogeny of Allium L. subgenus Rhizirideum (G. Don ex Koch) Wendelbo according to dot blot hybridization with randomly amplified DNA probes". <i>Theoretical and Applied Genetics</i>. <b>95</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1223–</span>1228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs001220050685">10.1007/s001220050685</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33083704">33083704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoretical+and+Applied+Genetics&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+of+Allium+L.+subgenus+Rhizirideum+%28G.+Don+ex+Koch%29+Wendelbo+according+to+dot+blot+hybridization+with+randomly+amplified+DNA+probes&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1223-%3C%2Fspan%3E1228&rft.date=1997-12-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs001220050685&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33083704%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dubouzet&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft.au=Shinoda%2C+K.&rft.au=Murata%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFragman-SapirFritsch2011" class="citation journal cs1">Fragman-Sapir, Ori; Fritsch, Reinhard M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923033204/http://img2.timg.co.il/forums/1_161874743.pdf">"New species of <i>Allium</i> sect. <i>Melanocrommyum</i> from the eastern Mediterranean"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Herbertia_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbertia (journal)">Herbertia</a></i>. <b>65</b>: <span class="nowrap">31–</span>50. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://img2.timg.co.il/forums/1_161874743.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herbertia&rft.atitle=New+species+of+Allium+sect.+Melanocrommyum+from+the+eastern+Mediterranean&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Fragman-Sapir&rft.aufirst=Ori&rft.au=Fritsch%2C+Reinhard+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimg2.timg.co.il%2Fforums%2F1_161874743.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriesenFritschBachmann1997" class="citation journal cs1">Friesen, N.; Fritsch, R.; Bachmann, K. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/hybrid-origin-of-some-ornamentals-of-allium-subgenus-melanocrommyum-verified-with-gish-and-rapd(0d97d57e-1ffc-46e4-96a3-be9e7c2744aa).html">"Hybrid origin of some ornamentals of <i>Allium</i> subgenus <i>Melanocrommyum</i> verified with GISH and RAPD"</a>. <i>Theoretical and Applied Genetics</i>. <b>95</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1229–</span>1238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs001220050686">10.1007/s001220050686</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21554910">21554910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoretical+and+Applied+Genetics&rft.atitle=Hybrid+origin+of+some+ornamentals+of+Allium+subgenus+Melanocrommyum+verified+with+GISH+and+RAPD&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1229-%3C%2Fspan%3E1238&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs001220050686&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21554910%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Friesen&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Fritsch%2C+R.&rft.au=Bachmann%2C+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdare.uva.nl%2Fpersonal%2Fpure%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fhybrid-origin-of-some-ornamentals-of-allium-subgenus-melanocrommyum-verified-with-gish-and-rapd%280d97d57e-1ffc-46e4-96a3-be9e7c2744aa%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriesen_et_al2000" class="citation journal cs1">Friesen, Nikolai; Fritsch, Reinhard M.; Pollner, Sven; Blattner, Frank R. 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(1 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.93.6.814">"Minisatellite telomeres occur in the family Alliaceae but are lost in Allium"</a>. <i>American Journal of Botany</i>. <b>93</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">814–</span>823. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.93.6.814">10.3732/ajb.93.6.814</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21642143">21642143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Minisatellite+telomeres+occur+in+the+family+Alliaceae+but+are+lost+in+Allium&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E814-%3C%2Fspan%3E823&rft.date=2006-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3732%2Fajb.93.6.814&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21642143&rft.aulast=Sykorova&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Fajkus%2C+J.&rft.au=Meznikova%2C+M.&rft.au=Lim%2C+K.+Y.&rft.au=Neplechova%2C+K.&rft.au=Blattner%2C+F.+R.&rft.au=Chase%2C+M.+W.&rft.au=Leitch%2C+A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3732%252Fajb.93.6.814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTzanoudakisTrigas2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tzanoudakis, Dimitris; Trigas, Panayiotis (12 March 2015). 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J.; Mashayekhi, S.; McNeal, D. W.; Columbus, J. T.; Pires, J. C. (26 March 2013). "Molecular systematics of <i>Allium</i> subgenus <i>Amerallium</i> (Amaryllidaceae) in North America". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Botany" title="American Journal of Botany">American Journal of Botany</a></i>. <b>100</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">701–</span>711. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.1200641">10.3732/ajb.1200641</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23535771">23535771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Molecular+systematics+of+Allium+subgenus+Amerallium+%28Amaryllidaceae%29+in+North+America&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E701-%3C%2Fspan%3E711&rft.date=2013-03-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3732%2Fajb.1200641&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23535771&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft.au=Mashayekhi%2C+S.&rft.au=McNeal%2C+D.+W.&rft.au=Columbus%2C+J.+T.&rft.au=Pires%2C+J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZubaida_YousafZabta_Khan_ShinwariRizwana_ALEEM_QureshiMir_Ajab_Khan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Zubaida Yousaf; Zabta Khan Shinwari; Rizwana ALEEM Qureshi; Mir Ajab Khan; Syed Shahinshah Gilani (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/36(3)/PJB36(3)487.pdf">"Can complexity of the genus <i>Allium</i> L., be resolved through some numerical techniques?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pak. J. Bot</i>. <b>36</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">487–</span>501<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pak.+J.+Bot.&rft.atitle=Can+complexity+of+the+genus+Allium+L.%2C+be+resolved+through+some+numerical+techniques%3F&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E487-%3C%2Fspan%3E501&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Zubaida+Yousaf&rft.au=Zabta+Khan+Shinwari&rft.au=Rizwana+ALEEM+Qureshi&rft.au=Mir+Ajab+Khan&rft.au=Syed+Shahinshah+Gilani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakbs.org%2Fpjbot%2FPDFs%2F36%283%29%2FPJB36%283%29487.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Websites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus_Sexual_System2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cronklab.wikidot.com/linnaeus-sexual-system">"Linnaeus Sexual System"</a>. <i>CronkLab</i>. Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CronkLab&rft.atitle=Linnaeus+Sexual+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcronklab.wikidot.com%2Flinnaeus-sexual-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWCLSPF2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Allium">"Allium"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families" title="World Checklist of Selected Plant Families">World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Checklist+of+Selected+Plant+Families&rft.atitle=Allium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.kew.org%2Fwcsp%2Fqsearch.do%3FplantName%3DAllium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dutchgrown.co.uk/collections/alliums">DutchGrown: Alliums</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Allium">Pacific Bulb Society: Allium</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/RhizomatousAlliums">Pacific Bulb Society: Rhizomatous Alliums</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGRIN_Taxonomy2023" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenus?id=403">"Genus Allium L."</a> <i>Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy)</i>. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">USDA, Agricultural Research Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Plant_Germplasm_System" title="National Plant Germplasm System">National Plant Germplasm System</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Germplasm+Resources+Information+Network+%28GRIN+Taxonomy%29&rft.atitle=Genus+Allium+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgsweb.ars-grin.gov%2Fgringlobal%2Ftaxon%2Ftaxonomygenus%3Fid%3D403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllium" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Allium" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Allium">Allium</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121010175440/http://botany.si.edu/ing/INGsearch.cfm?searchword=Allium">Allium</a> At:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botany.si.edu/ing">Index Nominum Genericorum</a> At:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botany.si.edu/index.htm?references">References</a> At:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botany.si.edu/index.htm">NMNH Department of Botany</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloomsta.com">Bloomsta.com Florist Community</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipk-gatersleben.de/fileadmin/content-ipk/content-ipk-institut/Downloads/2015/150312_OrnamAlliumCheckl_FritschMR.pdf">Reinhard M. Fritsch. Checklist of ornamental <i>Allium</i> species and cultivars currently offered in the trade. 2015</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Allium460" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Allium" title="Template:Allium"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Allium" title="Template talk:Allium"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Allium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Allium"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Allium460" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allium</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allium_species" title="List of Allium species"><i>Allium</i> species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">Chives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">Leek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">Onion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_onion_cultivars" title="List of onion cultivars">Onion cultivars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alibag_White_onion" title="Alibag White onion">Alibag White onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_rose_onion" title="Bangalore rose onion">Bangalore rose onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%A7ot" title="Calçot">Calçot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipolla_di_Giarratana" title="Cipolla di Giarratana">Cipolla di Giarratana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_onion" title="Cocktail onion">Cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">Common / Bulb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_onion" title="Yellow onion">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_onion" title="Red onion">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_onion" title="White onion">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figueres_onion" title="Figueres onion">Figueres onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasalgaon_onion" title="Lasalgaon onion">Lasalgaon onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_onion" title="Pearl onion">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato_onion" title="Potato onion">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallion" title="Scallion">Scallion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallot" title="Shallot">Shallot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_onion" title="Sweet onion">Sweet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_onion" title="Tree onion">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidalia_onion" title="Vidalia onion">Vidalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Onion#Varieties" title="Onion">Onion species</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Allium…13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i>Allium…</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_abramsii" title="Allium abramsii">…abramsii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_acuminatum" title="Allium acuminatum">…acuminatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_aflatunense" title="Allium aflatunense">…aflatunense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ampeloprasum" title="Allium ampeloprasum">…ampeloprasum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_amplectens" title="Allium amplectens">…amplectens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_anceps" title="Allium anceps">…anceps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_atrorubens" title="Allium atrorubens">…atrorubens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">…bisceptrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bolanderi" title="Allium bolanderi">…bolanderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_burlewii" title="Allium burlewii">…burlewii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_caeruleum" title="Allium caeruleum">…caeruleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_campanulatum" title="Allium campanulatum">…campanulatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_cernuum" title="Allium cernuum">…cernuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_chinense" title="Allium chinense">…chinense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_cratericola" title="Allium cratericola">…cratericola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_crispum" title="Allium crispum">…crispum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_cristophii" title="Allium cristophii">…cristophii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_fistulosum" title="Allium fistulosum">…fistulosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_koreanum" title="Allium koreanum">…koreanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_monanthum" title="Allium monanthum">…monanthum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_platycaule" title="Allium platycaule">…platycaule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_praecox" title="Allium praecox">…praecox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_punctum" title="Allium punctum">…punctum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_sanbornii" title="Allium sanbornii">…sanbornii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_shevockii" title="Allium shevockii">…shevockii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_siskiyouense" title="Allium siskiyouense">…siskiyouense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_sphaerocephalon" title="Allium sphaerocephalon">…sphaerocephalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_stellatum" title="Allium stellatum">…stellatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_stipitatum" title="Allium stipitatum">…stipitatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_textile" title="Allium textile">…textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tribracteatum" title="Allium tribracteatum">…tribracteatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">…tricoccum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_triquetrum" title="Allium triquetrum">…triquetrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tuolumnense" title="Allium tuolumnense">…tuolumnense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_unifolium" title="Allium unifolium">…unifolium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">…validum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_victorialis" title="Allium victorialis">…victorialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_yosemitense" title="Allium yosemitense">…yosemitense</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Onion#Uses" title="Onion">Onion food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_onion_dishes" title="List of onion dishes">List of onion dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blooming_onion" title="Blooming onion">Blooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_onion" title="Fried onion">Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_cake" title="Onion cake">Onion cake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flammkuchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammkuchen">Flammkuchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwiebelkuchen" title="Zwiebelkuchen">Zwiebelkuchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_ring" title="Onion ring">Onion ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickled_onion" title="Pickled onion">Pickled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogan-dolma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogan-dolma">Sogan-dolma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Garlic cultivars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_garlic" title="Elephant garlic">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tuberosum" title="Allium tuberosum">Garlic chives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_Mountain_Garlic" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow Mountain Garlic">Snow Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_garlic" title="Solo garlic">Solo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Garlic#Origin_and_major_types" title="Garlic">Garlic species</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Allium…13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i>Allium…</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">…canadense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_drummondii" title="Allium drummondii">…drummondii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_moly" title="Allium moly">…moly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_neapolitanum" title="Allium neapolitanum">…neapolitanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_nigrum" title="Allium nigrum">…nigrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_roseum" title="Allium roseum">…roseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_sphaerocephalon" title="Allium sphaerocephalon">…sphaerocephalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_triquetrum" title="Allium triquetrum">…triquetrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">…ursinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">…vineale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Garlic#Culinary_uses" title="Garlic">Garlic food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_garlic_dishes" title="List of garlic dishes">List of garlic dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_garlic" title="Black garlic">Black garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persillade" title="Persillade">Persillade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistou" title="Pistou">Pistou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_oil" title="Garlic oil">Garlic oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_press" title="Garlic press">Garlic press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_bread" title="Garlic bread">Garlic bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_chutney" title="Garlic chutney">Garlic chutney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_butter" title="Garlic butter"><i>Beurre à la bourguignonne</i> (garlic butter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_soup" title="Garlic soup">Garlic soup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Garlic and onion<br />constituents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diallyl_disulfide" title="Diallyl disulfide">Diallyl disulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diallyl_trisulfide" title="Diallyl trisulfide">Diallyl trisulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyl_mercaptan" title="Allyl mercaptan">Allyl mercaptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide" title="Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide">syn-Propanethial-S-oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Garlic_Is_as_Good_as_Ten_Mothers" title="Garlic Is as Good as Ten Mothers">Garlic Is as Good as Ten Mothers</a></i> (1980 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Allium" title="Category:Allium">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers5074" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers5074" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Allium</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49391" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q49391">Q49391</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Allium" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Allium">Allium</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/187948">187948</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/81992">81992</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=124733">124733</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8VTKZ">8VTKZ</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/State_Herbarium_of_South_Australia" title="State Herbarium of South Australia">eFloraSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Allium">Allium</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/17858">17858</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1ALLG">1ALLG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/21219">21219</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=101086">101086</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Allium">Allium</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=101086">101086</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/9624496">9624496</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=403">403</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47357">47357</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/23957-1">23957-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1381516">1381516</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42634">42634</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000455755">NHMSYS0000455755</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4678">4678</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/983a200e-8e4d-4fe2-afbf-5c09d36cd327">983a200e-8e4d-4fe2-afbf-5c09d36cd327</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=781603">781603</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Panarctic Flora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://panarcticflora.org/results?name=#paf-2901">2901</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/ALLIU">ALLIU</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30000901-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000901-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/40010164">40010164</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/800">800</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/bae56750-c47a-4d1a-9f4b-e575c9bb7ee8">bae56750-c47a-4d1a-9f4b-e575c9bb7ee8</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000001260">wfo-4000001260</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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