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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Medulla oblongata</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%84" title="نخاع مستطيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نخاع مستطيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE" title="মেডুলা অবলংগাটা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেডুলা অবলংগাটা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B5" title="Оҙонса мейе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Оҙонса мейе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3" title="Прадаўгаваты мозг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прадаўгаваты мозг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BA" title="Продълговат мозък – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Продълговат мозък" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produ%C5%BEena_mo%C5%BEdina" title="Produžena moždina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Produžena moždina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulb_raquidi" title="Bulb raquidi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bulb raquidi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodlou%C5%BEen%C3%A1_m%C3%ADcha" title="Prodloužená mícha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prodloužená mícha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Medulla oblongata" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Medulla oblongata" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piklikaju" title="Piklikaju – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Piklikaju" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BC%CF%85%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Προμήκης μυελός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προμήκης μυελός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbo_raqu%C3%ADdeo" title="Bulbo raquídeo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bulbo raquídeo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjela_plilongigo" title="Mjela plilongigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mjela plilongigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizkarrezur-erraboil" title="Bizkarrezur-erraboil – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bizkarrezur-erraboil" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="بصل النخاع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بصل النخاع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moelle_allong%C3%A9e" title="Moelle allongée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moelle allongée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earr_na_hinchinne" title="Earr na hinchinne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Earr na hinchinne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbo_raqu%C3%ADdeo" title="Bulbo raquídeo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bulbo raquídeo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%A8%EB%87%8C" title="숨뇌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="숨뇌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Երկարավուն ուղեղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկարավուն ուղեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produ%C5%BEena_mo%C5%BEdina" title="Produžena moždina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Produžena moždina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medula_oblongata" title="Medula oblongata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Medula oblongata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbo_(encefalo)" title="Bulbo (encefalo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bulbo (encefalo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9A" title="המוח המוארך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המוח המוארך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მოგრძო ტვინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოგრძო ტვინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Сопақша ми – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сопақша ми" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iegaren%C4%81s_smadzenes" title="Iegarenās smadzenes – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Iegarenās smadzenes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verl%C3%A4ngert_Muerch" title="Verlängert Muerch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Verlängert Muerch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C3%BAltvel%C5%91" title="Nyúltvelő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyúltvelő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Продолжен мозок – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Продолжен мозок" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2_%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1" title="മെഡുല ഒബ്ളോംഗേറ്റ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെഡുല ഒബ്ളോംഗേറ്റ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%B7%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მოგჷრძე ტვინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მოგჷრძე ტვინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medula_oblongata" title="Medula oblongata – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Medula oblongata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Medulla oblongata" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E9%AB%84" title="延髄 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="延髄" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forlengede_marg" title="Forlengede marg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forlengede marg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_forlenga_mergen" title="Den forlenga mergen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den forlenga mergen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzunchoq_miya" title="Uzunchoq miya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uzunchoq miya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rdze%C5%84_przed%C5%82u%C5%BCony" title="Rdzeń przedłużony – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rdzeń przedłużony" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbo_raquidiano" title="Bulbo raquidiano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bulbo raquidiano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulb_rahidian" title="Bulb rahidian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bulb rahidian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3" title="Продолговатый мозг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Продолговатый мозг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Medulla oblongata" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pred%C4%BA%C5%BEen%C3%A1_miecha" title="Predĺžená miecha – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Predĺžená miecha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podalj%C5%A1ana_hrbtenja%C4%8Da" title="Podaljšana hrbtenjača – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Podaljšana hrbtenjača" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8E%D8%B4%DB%95%D9%85%DB%86%D8%AE" title="لاکێشەمۆخ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لاکێشەمۆخ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a 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data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Medulla oblongata" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="முகுளம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முகுளம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%82" title="మజ్జాముఖం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మజ్జాముఖం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="ก้านสมองส่วนท้าย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ก้านสมองส่วนท้าย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omurilik_so%C4%9Fan%C4%B1" title="Omurilik soğanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Omurilik soğanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Довгастий мозок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Довгастий мозок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%83" title="يىلىك – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يىلىك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0nh_n%C3%A3o" title="Hành não – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hành não" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Structure of the brain stem</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Medulla_Oblongata_(film)" title="Medulla Oblongata (film)">Medulla Oblongata (film)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Medulla_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Medulla (disambiguation)">Medulla (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Medulla_oblongata" title="Special:EditPage/Medulla oblongata">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Medulla+oblongata%22">"Medulla oblongata"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Medulla+oblongata%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Medulla+oblongata%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Medulla+oblongata%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Medulla+oblongata%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Medulla+oblongata%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lemonchiffon">Medulla oblongata</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1311_Brain_Stem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1311_Brain_Stem.jpg/300px-1311_Brain_Stem.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1311_Brain_Stem.jpg/450px-1311_Brain_Stem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1311_Brain_Stem.jpg/600px-1311_Brain_Stem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="685" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Medulla oblongata part of the <a href="/wiki/Brain_stem" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain stem">brain stem</a> <i>(purple colored)</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray694.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gray694.png/300px-Gray694.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gray694.png/450px-Gray694.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Gray694.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="392" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Section of the medulla oblongata at about the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Olivary_body" title="Olivary body">olivary body</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brain_stem" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain stem">Brain stem</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>medulla oblongata, myelencephalon</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D008526">D008526</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroNames" title="NeuroNames">NeuroNames</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=698">698</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroLex" title="NeuroLex">NeuroLex</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/birnlex_957">birnlex_957</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.03.003%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.03.003</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=5983">5983</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma62004">62004</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189033" class="extiw" title="d:Q189033">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>medulla oblongata</b> or simply <b>medulla</b> is a long stem-like structure which makes up the lower part of the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is anterior and partially inferior to the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>. It is a cone-shaped <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuronal</a> mass responsible for <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic</a> (involuntary) functions, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sneezing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneezing">sneezing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medulla contains the <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular center">cardiovascular center</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_center" title="Respiratory center">respiratory center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Area_postrema" title="Area postrema">vomiting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasomotor" title="Vasomotor">vasomotor</a> centers, responsible for the autonomic functions of <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">breathing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">sleep–wake cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Medulla" is from Latin, ‘pith or marrow’. And "oblongata" is from Latin, ‘lengthened or longish or elongated'. </p><p>During embryonic development, the medulla oblongata develops from the <a href="/wiki/Myelencephalon" title="Myelencephalon">myelencephalon</a>. The myelencephalon is a secondary <a href="/wiki/Brain_vesicle" title="Brain vesicle">brain vesicle</a> which forms during the maturation of the <a href="/wiki/Rhombencephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhombencephalon">rhombencephalon</a>, also referred to as the hindbrain. </p><p>The <b>bulb</b> is an archaic term for the medulla oblongata.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern clinical usage, the word <b>bulbar</b> (as in <a href="/wiki/Bulbar_palsy" title="Bulbar palsy">bulbar palsy</a>) is retained for terms that relate to the medulla oblongata, particularly in reference to <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">medical conditions</a>. The word bulbar can refer to the <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neural_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural tract">tracts</a> connected to the medulla such as the <a href="/wiki/Corticobulbar_tract" title="Corticobulbar tract">corticobulbar tract</a>, and also by association to those <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a> <a href="/wiki/Innervation" class="mw-redirect" title="Innervation">innervated</a>, including those of the <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medulla_oblongata&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide11ee.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Slide11ee.JPG/220px-Slide11ee.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Slide11ee.JPG/330px-Slide11ee.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Slide11ee.JPG/440px-Slide11ee.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Medulla oblongata</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medulla_oblongata_and_foramen_magnum_animation_small.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Medulla_oblongata_and_foramen_magnum_animation_small.gif/220px-Medulla_oblongata_and_foramen_magnum_animation_small.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Medulla_oblongata_and_foramen_magnum_animation_small.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Medulla-animated as it protrudes from the <a href="/wiki/Foramen_magnum" title="Foramen magnum">foramen magnum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Skull-base" class="mw-redirect" title="Skull-base">skull-base</a>, after which it gives rise to the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The medulla can be thought of as being in two parts: </p> <ul><li>an upper <b>open part</b> or superior part where the dorsal surface of the medulla is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_ventricle" title="Fourth ventricle">fourth ventricle</a>.</li> <li>a lower <b>closed part</b> or inferior part where the fourth ventricle has narrowed at the <a href="/wiki/Obex" title="Obex">obex</a> in the caudal medulla, and surrounds part of the <a href="/wiki/Central_canal_of_spinal_cord" class="mw-redirect" title="Central canal of spinal cord">central canal</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_surfaces">External surfaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medulla_oblongata&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: External surfaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Anterior_median_fissure_of_the_medulla_oblongata" title="Anterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata">anterior median fissure</a> contains a fold of <a href="/wiki/Pia_mater" title="Pia mater">pia mater</a>, and extends along the length of the medulla oblongata. It ends at the lower border of the <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a> in a small triangular area, termed the <a href="/wiki/Foramen_cecum_(frontal_bone)" title="Foramen cecum (frontal bone)">foramen cecum</a>. On either side of this fissure are raised areas termed the <a href="/wiki/Medullary_pyramids" class="mw-redirect" title="Medullary pyramids">medullary pyramids</a>. The pyramids house the <a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_tracts" title="Pyramidal tracts">pyramidal tracts</a>–the <a href="/wiki/Corticospinal_tract" title="Corticospinal tract">corticospinal tract</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Corticobulbar_tract" title="Corticobulbar tract">corticobulbar tract</a> of the nervous system. At the caudal part of the medulla these tracts cross over in the <a href="/wiki/Decussation_of_the_pyramids" class="mw-redirect" title="Decussation of the pyramids">decussation of the pyramids</a> obscuring the fissure at this point. Some other fibers that originate from the anterior median fissure above the decussation of the pyramids and run laterally across the surface of the pons are known as the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_external_arcuate_fibers" title="Anterior external arcuate fibers">anterior external arcuate fibers</a>. </p><p>The region between the <a href="/wiki/Anterolateral_sulcus_of_medulla" title="Anterolateral sulcus of medulla">anterolateral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Posterolateral_sulcus_of_medulla_oblongata" title="Posterolateral sulcus of medulla oblongata">posterolateral sulcus</a> in the upper part of the medulla is marked by a pair of swellings known as <a href="/wiki/Olivary_body" title="Olivary body">olivary bodies</a> (also called <i>olives</i>). They are caused by the largest <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Nucleus (neuroanatomy)">nuclei</a> of the olivary bodies, the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_olivary_nucleus" title="Inferior olivary nucleus">inferior olivary nuclei</a>. </p><p>The posterior part of the medulla between the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_median_sulcus_of_medulla_oblongata" title="Posterior median sulcus of medulla oblongata">posterior median sulcus</a> and the posterolateral sulcus contains tracts that enter it from the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_funiculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior funiculus">posterior funiculus</a> of the spinal cord. These are the <a href="/wiki/Gracile_fasciculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracile fasciculus">gracile fasciculus</a>, lying medially next to the midline, and the <a href="/wiki/Cuneate_fasciculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneate fasciculus">cuneate fasciculus</a>, lying laterally. These fasciculi end in rounded elevations known as the gracile and the cuneate tubercles. They are caused by masses of <a href="/wiki/Gray_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray matter">gray matter</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Gracile_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracile nucleus">gracile nucleus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cuneate_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneate nucleus">cuneate nucleus</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Soma_(biology)" title="Soma (biology)">soma</a> (cell bodies) in these nuclei are the second-order neurons of the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway">posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway</a>, and their axons, called the <a href="/wiki/Internal_arcuate_fibers" title="Internal arcuate fibers">internal arcuate fibers</a> or fasciculi, decussate from one side of the medulla to the other to form the <a href="/wiki/Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">medial lemniscus</a>. </p><p>Just above the tubercles, the posterior aspect of the medulla is occupied by a triangular fossa, which forms the lower part of the floor of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_ventricle" title="Fourth ventricle">fourth ventricle</a>. The fossa is bounded on either side by the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">inferior cerebellar peduncle</a>, which connects the medulla to the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>. </p><p>The lower part of the medulla, immediately lateral to the cuneate fasciculus, is marked by another longitudinal elevation known as the <a href="/wiki/Tuberculum_cinereum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuberculum cinereum">tuberculum cinereum</a>. It is caused by an underlying collection of gray matter known as the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_trigeminal_nucleus" title="Spinal trigeminal nucleus">spinal trigeminal nucleus</a>. The gray matter of this nucleus is covered by a layer of nerve fibers that form the spinal tract of the <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">trigeminal nerve</a>. The base of the medulla is defined by the <a href="/wiki/Commissural_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissural fibers">commissural fibers</a>, crossing over from the ipsilateral side in the spinal cord to the contralateral side in the brain stem; below this is the spinal cord. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_supply">Blood supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medulla_oblongata&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Blood supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blood to the medulla is supplied by a number of <a href="/wiki/Arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteries">arteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_spinal_artery" title="Anterior spinal artery">Anterior spinal artery</a>: This supplies the whole medial part of the medulla oblongata.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_inferior_cerebellar_artery" title="Posterior inferior cerebellar artery">Posterior inferior cerebellar artery</a>: This is a major branch of the vertebral artery, and supplies the posterolateral part of the medulla, where the main sensory tracts run and <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synapse</a>. It also supplies part of the cerebellum.</li> <li>Direct branches of the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_artery" title="Vertebral artery">vertebral artery</a>: The vertebral artery supplies an area between the anterior spinal and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries, including the <a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">solitary nucleus</a> and other sensory nuclei and fibers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_spinal_artery" title="Posterior spinal artery">Posterior spinal artery</a>: This supplies the dorsal column of the closed medulla containing <a href="/wiki/Gracile_fasciculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracile fasciculus">fasciculus gracilis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gracile_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracile nucleus">gracile nucleus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuneate_fasciculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneate fasciculus">fasciculus cuneatus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cuneate_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneate nucleus">cuneate nucleus</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medulla_oblongata&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The medulla oblongata forms in <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">fetal development</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Myelencephalon" title="Myelencephalon">myelencephalon</a>. The final differentiation of the medulla is seen at week 20 gestation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Neuroblast" title="Neuroblast">Neuroblasts</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Alar_plate" title="Alar plate">alar plate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Neural_tube" title="Neural tube">neural tube</a> at this level will produce the sensory nuclei of the medulla. The <a href="/wiki/Basal_plate_(neural_tube)" title="Basal plate (neural tube)">basal plate</a> <a href="/wiki/Neuroblast" title="Neuroblast">neuroblasts</a> will give rise to the motor nuclei. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alar_plate" title="Alar plate">Alar plate</a> neuroblasts give rise to: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">solitary nucleus</a>, which contains the <a href="/wiki/General_visceral_afferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General visceral afferent fibers">general visceral afferent fibers</a> for <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">taste</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Special_visceral_afferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special visceral afferent">special visceral afferent</a> column.</li> <li>The spinal <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve_nuclei" title="Trigeminal nerve nuclei">trigeminal nerve nuclei</a> which contains the <a href="/wiki/General_somatic_afferent_fiber" title="General somatic afferent fiber">general somatic afferent column</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochlear nuclei">cochlear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">vestibular nuclei</a>, which contain the <a href="/wiki/Special_somatic_afferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special somatic afferent">special somatic afferent</a> column.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Inferior_olivary_nucleus" title="Inferior olivary nucleus">inferior olivary nucleus</a>, which relays to the cerebellum.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_column_nuclei" title="Dorsal column nuclei">dorsal column nuclei</a>, which contain the <a href="/wiki/Gracile_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracile nucleus">gracile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuneate_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneate nuclei">cuneate nuclei</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basal_plate_(neural_tube)" title="Basal plate (neural tube)">Basal plate</a> neuroblasts give rise to: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_nucleus" title="Hypoglossal nucleus">hypoglossal nucleus</a>, which contains <a href="/wiki/General_somatic_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic efferent fibers">general somatic efferent fibers</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">nucleus ambiguus</a>, which form the <a href="/wiki/Special_visceral_efferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special visceral efferent">special visceral efferent</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve" title="Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve">dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_salivatory_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior salivatory nucleus">inferior salivatory nucleus</a>, both of which form the <a href="/wiki/General_visceral_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General visceral efferent fibers">general visceral efferent fibers</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medulla_oblongata&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The medulla oblongata connects the higher levels of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>, and is responsible for several functions of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_nervous_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous nervous system">autonomous nervous system</a> which include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Control_of_ventilation" title="Control of ventilation">control of ventilation</a> via signals from the <a href="/wiki/Carotid_body" title="Carotid body">carotid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aortic_body" title="Aortic body">aortic bodies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">Respiration</a> is regulated by groups of <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">chemoreceptors</a>. These sensors detect changes in the acidity of the blood; if, for example, the blood becomes too acidic, the medulla oblongata sends electrical signals to <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercostal muscle">intercostal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phrenic_nerve" title="Phrenic nerve">phrenical</a> muscle tissue to increase their contraction rate and increase oxygenation of the <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ventral_respiratory_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral respiratory group">ventral respiratory group</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_respiratory_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal respiratory group">dorsal respiratory group</a> are neurons involved in this regulation. The <a href="/wiki/Pre-B%C3%B6tzinger_complex" title="Pre-Bötzinger complex">pre-Bötzinger complex</a> is a cluster of interneurons involved in the respiratory function of the medulla.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular center">Cardiovascular center</a> – sympathetic, <a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system" title="Parasympathetic nervous system">parasympathetic nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasomotor_center" title="Vasomotor center">Vasomotor center</a> – <a href="/wiki/Baroreceptor" title="Baroreceptor">baroreceptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflex" title="Reflex">Reflex</a> centers of vomiting, coughing, sneezing and swallowing. These reflexes which include the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_reflex" title="Pharyngeal reflex">pharyngeal reflex</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Swallowing" title="Swallowing">swallowing</a> reflex (also known as the palatal reflex), and the <a href="/wiki/Masseter_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Masseter reflex">masseter reflex</a> can be termed <i>bulbar</i> reflexes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medulla_oblongata&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Vascular_occlusion" title="Vascular occlusion">blood vessel blockage</a> (such as in a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>) will injure the <a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramidal tract">pyramidal tract</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">medial lemniscus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_nucleus" title="Hypoglossal nucleus">hypoglossal nucleus</a>. This causes a syndrome called <a href="/wiki/Medial_medullary_syndrome" title="Medial medullary syndrome">medial medullary syndrome</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lateral_medullary_syndrome" title="Lateral medullary syndrome">Lateral medullary syndrome</a> can be caused by the blockage of either the posterior inferior cerebellar artery or of the vertebral arteries. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Progressive_bulbar_palsy" title="Progressive bulbar palsy">Progressive bulbar palsy</a> (PBP) is a disease that attacks the nerves supplying the bulbar muscles. <a href="/wiki/Infantile_progressive_bulbar_palsy" title="Infantile progressive bulbar palsy">Infantile progressive bulbar palsy</a> is progressive bulbar palsy in children. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medulla_oblongata&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both lampreys and hagfish possess a fully developed medulla oblongata.<sup id="cite_ref-Nishizawa_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nishizawa-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rovainen_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rovainen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since these are both very similar to early <a href="/wiki/Agnathans" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnathans">agnathans</a>, it has been suggested that the medulla evolved in these early fish, approximately 505 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Haycock_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haycock-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The status of the medulla as part of the primordial <a href="/wiki/Reptilian_brain" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptilian brain">reptilian brain</a> is confirmed by its disproportionate size in modern <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alligator" title="Alligator">alligator</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monitor_lizard" title="Monitor lizard">monitor lizard</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medulla_oblongata&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerebrum_lobes.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lobes"><img alt="Lobes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cerebrum_lobes.svg/120px-Cerebrum_lobes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cerebrum_lobes.svg/180px-Cerebrum_lobes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cerebrum_lobes.svg/240px-Cerebrum_lobes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="707" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lobes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medulla_Oblongata_and_Cerebellum.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross section of the medulla (in red) and surrounding tissues."><img alt="Cross section of the medulla (in red) and surrounding tissues." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Medulla_Oblongata_and_Cerebellum.svg/120px-Medulla_Oblongata_and_Cerebellum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Medulla_Oblongata_and_Cerebellum.svg/180px-Medulla_Oblongata_and_Cerebellum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Medulla_Oblongata_and_Cerebellum.svg/240px-Medulla_Oblongata_and_Cerebellum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross section of the medulla (in red) and surrounding tissues.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray679.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Anteroinferior view of the medulla oblongata and pons."><img alt="Anteroinferior view of the medulla oblongata and pons." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gray679.png/100px-Gray679.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gray679.png/151px-Gray679.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gray679.png/201px-Gray679.png 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Terms_for_anatomical_location" class="mw-redirect" title="Terms for anatomical location">Anteroinferior view</a> of the medulla oblongata and pons.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray724.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Base of brain."><img alt="Base of brain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray724.png/120px-Gray724.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray724.png/180px-Gray724.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray724.png/240px-Gray724.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="588" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Base of brain.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray768.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram showing the positions of the three principal subarachnoid cisternæ."><img alt="Diagram showing the positions of the three principal subarachnoid cisternæ." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gray768.png/120px-Gray768.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gray768.png/180px-Gray768.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gray768.png/240px-Gray768.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="408" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diagram showing the positions of the three principal subarachnoid cisternæ.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medulla_oblongata_-_posterior_-_very_low_mag.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Micrograph of the posterior portion of the open part of the medulla oblongata, showing the fourth ventricle (top of image) and the nuclei of CN XII (medial) and CN X (lateral). H&E-LFB stain."><img alt="Micrograph of the posterior portion of the open part of the medulla oblongata, showing the fourth ventricle (top of image) and the nuclei of CN XII (medial) and CN X (lateral). H&E-LFB stain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Medulla_oblongata_-_posterior_-_very_low_mag.jpg/120px-Medulla_oblongata_-_posterior_-_very_low_mag.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Medulla_oblongata_-_posterior_-_very_low_mag.jpg/180px-Medulla_oblongata_-_posterior_-_very_low_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Medulla_oblongata_-_posterior_-_very_low_mag.jpg/240px-Medulla_oblongata_-_posterior_-_very_low_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> of the posterior portion of the <i>open part</i> of the medulla oblongata, showing the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_ventricle" title="Fourth ventricle">fourth ventricle</a> (top of image) and the nuclei of CN XII (medial) and CN X (lateral). <a href="/wiki/LFB_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="LFB stain">H&E-LFB stain</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medulla_oblongata&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray#page/767/mode/2up">page 767</a> of the 20th edition of</i> <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy" title="Gray's Anatomy">Gray's Anatomy</a> <i>(1918)</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWebb2017" class="citation cs2">Webb, Wanda G. 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Manupod Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9569621-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9569621-0-2"><bdi>978-0-9569621-0-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+and+Perceiving&rft.pub=Manupod+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9569621-0-2&rft.au=Haycock+DE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfXFeQb1z6bsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedulla+oblongata" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medulla_oblongata&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nervous_system" title="Template:Nervous system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nervous_system" title="Template talk:Nervous system"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nervous_system" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nervous system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nervous_system73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">Central nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meninges" title="Meninges">Meninges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">Brain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindbrain" title="Hindbrain">Hindbrain</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">Pons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">Cerebellum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">Midbrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forebrain" title="Forebrain">Forebrain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diencephalon" title="Diencephalon">Diencephalon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">Retina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">Optic nerve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">Cerebrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">Limbic system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">Peripheral nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">Somatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_nerve" title="Sensory nerve">Sensory nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_nerve" title="Motor nerve">Motor nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">Cranial nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerve" title="Spinal nerve">Spinal nerve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">Autonomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">Sympathetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system" title="Parasympathetic nervous system">Parasympathetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system" title="Enteric nervous system">Enteric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_medulla102" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medulla" title="Template:Medulla"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medulla" title="Template talk:Medulla"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medulla" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medulla"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_medulla102" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">medulla</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_nucleus" title="Cranial nerve nucleus">Cranial nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>afferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">Solitary nucleus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_tract" title="Solitary tract">tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_respiratory_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal respiratory group">Dorsal respiratory group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustatory_nucleus" title="Gustatory nucleus">Gustatory nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">Vestibular nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_vestibular_nucleus" title="Lateral vestibular nucleus">Lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_vestibular_nucleus" title="Medial vestibular nucleus">Medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_vestibular_nucleus" title="Inferior vestibular nucleus">Inferior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>efferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_nucleus" title="Hypoglossal nucleus">Hypoglossal nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">Nucleus ambiguus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve" title="Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve">Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_salivatory_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior salivatory nucleus">Inferior salivatory nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dorsal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracile_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracile nucleus">Gracile nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneate_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneate nucleus">Cuneate nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_cuneate_nucleus" title="Accessory cuneate nucleus">Accessory cuneate nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ventral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_respiratory_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral respiratory group">Ventral respiratory group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcuate_nucleus_(medulla)" title="Arcuate nucleus (medulla)">Arcuate nucleus of medulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostral_ventromedial_medulla" title="Rostral ventromedial medulla">Rostral ventromedial medulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botzinger_complex" title="Botzinger complex">Botzinger complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-B%C3%B6tzinger_complex" title="Pre-Bötzinger complex">Pre-Bötzinger complex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dorsal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sensory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_decussation" title="Sensory decussation">Sensory decussation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">Medial lemniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juxtarestiform_body" title="Juxtarestiform body">Juxtarestiform body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus">Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Motor <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus">Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ventral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Descending tracts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olivocerebellar_tract" title="Olivocerebellar tract">Olivocerebellar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubro-olivary_tract" title="Rubro-olivary tract">Rubro-olivary tract</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_(brainstem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid (brainstem)">Pyramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_median_fissure_of_the_medulla_oblongata" title="Anterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata">Anterior median fissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterolateral_sulcus_of_medulla" title="Anterolateral sulcus of medulla">Anterolateral sulcus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivary_body" title="Olivary body">Olive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_olivary_nucleus" title="Inferior olivary nucleus">Inferior olivary nucleus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Back</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_median_sulcus_of_medulla_oblongata" title="Posterior median sulcus of medulla oblongata">Posterior median sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterolateral_sulcus_of_medulla_oblongata" title="Posterolateral sulcus of medulla oblongata">Posterolateral sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_postrema" title="Area postrema">Area postrema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagal_trigone" title="Vagal trigone">Vagal trigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_trigone" title="Hypoglossal trigone">Hypoglossal trigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_eminence_of_floor_of_fourth_ventricle" title="Medial eminence of floor of fourth ventricle">Medial eminence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">Inferior cerebellar peduncle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">Reticular formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gigantocellular_reticular_nucleus" title="Gigantocellular reticular nucleus">Gigantocellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvocellular_reticular_nucleus" title="Parvocellular reticular nucleus">Parvocellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_reticular_nucleus" title="Ventral reticular nucleus">Ventral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_reticular_nucleus" title="Lateral reticular nucleus">Lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramedian_reticular_nucleus" title="Paramedian reticular nucleus">Paramedian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">Raphe nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_obscurus" title="Nucleus raphe obscurus">Obscurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_magnus" title="Nucleus raphe magnus">Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_pallidus" title="Nucleus raphe pallidus">Pallidus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perihypoglossal_nuclei" title="Perihypoglossal nuclei">Perihypoglossal nuclei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/12px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/18px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/24px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anatomy" title="Portal:Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189033#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1411" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189033#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1411" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189033#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Medulla oblongata"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85083246">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span 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