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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_concept-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of concept subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alexis_de_Tocqueville_and_others_(1835)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexis_de_Tocqueville_and_others_(1835)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Alexis de Tocqueville and others (1835)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alexis_de_Tocqueville_and_others_(1835)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_debate_(1927)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_debate_(1927)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Communist debate (1927)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_debate_(1927)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-America_in_The_LDS_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#America_in_The_LDS_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>America in The LDS Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-America_in_The_LDS_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniqueness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniqueness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Uniqueness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniqueness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obama_administration_and_later" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obama_administration_and_later"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Obama administration and later</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obama_administration_and_later-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes_in_historical_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_in_historical_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Causes in historical context</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes_in_historical_context-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes in historical context subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes_in_historical_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Absence_of_feudalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absence_of_feudalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Absence of feudalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absence_of_feudalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puritan_roots_and_Protestant_promise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puritan_roots_and_Protestant_promise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Puritan roots and Protestant promise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puritan_roots_and_Protestant_promise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Revolution_and_Republicanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolution_and_Republicanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>American Revolution and Republicanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Revolution_and_Republicanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jefferson_and_the_Empire_of_Liberty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jefferson_and_the_Empire_of_Liberty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Jefferson and the Empire of Liberty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jefferson_and_the_Empire_of_Liberty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basis_of_arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basis_of_arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Basis of arguments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Basis_of_arguments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Basis of arguments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Basis_of_arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republican_ethos_and_ideas_about_nationhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_ethos_and_ideas_about_nationhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Republican ethos and ideas about nationhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_ethos_and_ideas_about_nationhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_leadership_and_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_leadership_and_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Global leadership and activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_leadership_and_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frontier_spirit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frontier_spirit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Frontier spirit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frontier_spirit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobility_and_welfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobility_and_welfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Mobility and welfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobility_and_welfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_American_Exceptionalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_American_Exceptionalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>African American Exceptionalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_American_Exceptionalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exceptionalism_as_"exemptionalism"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exceptionalism_as_"exemptionalism""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Exceptionalism as "exemptionalism"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exceptionalism_as_"exemptionalism"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moral_purity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moral_purity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Moral purity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moral_purity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Double_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Double standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inconsistent_support_for_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inconsistent_support_for_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Inconsistent support for democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inconsistent_support_for_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americanist_heresy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americanist_heresy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Americanist heresy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americanist_heresy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-emptive_declinism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-emptive_declinism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Pre-emptive declinism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-emptive_declinism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similarities_between_the_U.S._and_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similarities_between_the_U.S._and_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Similarities between the U.S. and Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similarities_between_the_U.S._and_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"America_First"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"America_First""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>"America First"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"America_First"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">American exceptionalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="استثنائية أمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استثنائية أمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikan_istisna%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Amerikan istisnaçılığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amerikan istisnaçılığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Американска изключителност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Американска изключителност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreistelezh_stadunanat" title="Dreistelezh stadunanat – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dreistelezh stadunanat" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excepcionalisme_americ%C3%A0" title="Excepcionalisme americà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Excepcionalisme americà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americk%C3%A1_v%C3%BDjime%C4%8Dnost" title="Americká výjimečnost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Americká výjimečnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eithriadolaeth_Americanaidd" title="Eithriadolaeth Americanaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eithriadolaeth Americanaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikansk_exceptionalisme" title="Amerikansk exceptionalisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Amerikansk exceptionalisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanischer_Exzeptionalismus" title="Amerikanischer Exzeptionalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amerikanischer Exzeptionalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_erandlikkus" title="Ameerika erandlikkus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika erandlikkus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αμερικανικός εξαιρετισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμερικανικός εξαιρετισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excepcionalismo_estadounidense" title="Excepcionalismo estadounidense – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Excepcionalismo estadounidense" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatubatuar_eszepzionalismoa" title="Estatubatuar eszepzionalismoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estatubatuar eszepzionalismoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="استثناگرایی آمریکایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استثناگرایی آمریکایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exceptionnalisme_am%C3%A9ricain" title="Exceptionnalisme américain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Exceptionnalisme américain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%98%88%EC%99%B8%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="미국 예외주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 예외주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksepsionalisme_Amerika_Serikat" title="Eksepsionalisme Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eksepsionalisme Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccezionalismo_americano" title="Eccezionalismo americano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eccezionalismo americano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אמריקניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמריקניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A4" title="അമേരിക്കയുടെ വ്യതിരിക്തത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമേരിക്കയുടെ വ്യതിരിക്തത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanisme" title="Amerikanisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amerikanisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E4%BE%8B%E5%A4%96%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="アメリカ例外主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ例外主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="American exceptionalism" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_istisnoligi" title="Amerika istisnoligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Amerika istisnoligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87" title="امریکايي استثناپالنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="امریکايي استثناپالنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excepcionalismo_americano" title="Excepcionalismo americano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Excepcionalismo americano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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title="Yhdysvaltalainen ekseptionalismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltalainen ekseptionalismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="คติข้อยกเว้นอเมริกัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คติข้อยกเว้นอเมริกัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikan_istisnac%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Amerikan istisnacılığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerikan istisnacılığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Американська винятковість – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Американська винятковість" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%8B%E5%A4%96%E8%AB%96" title="美國例外論 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美國例外論" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Idea of the United States as unique nation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the theory that the United States is either distinctive, unique, or exemplary compared to other nations. For the ideology that the U.S. has an exceptional mission in the world, see <a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Americanism (ideology)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Liberty_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Statue_of_Liberty_7.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Liberty_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Statue_of_Liberty_7.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Liberty_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Statue_of_Liberty_7.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Liberty_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="2022" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a> contains several features commonly associated with American exceptionalism: the date of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Declaration of Independence">U.S. Declaration of Independence</a>, a broken shackle and chain representing the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Torch" title="Torch">torch</a> symbolizing <a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">enlightenment</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_H._Lanier" title="Lyle H. Lanier">Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington (Booker)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Taney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_LaHaye" title="Beverly LaHaye">LaHaye (Beverly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye (Tim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Virginia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Newspapers</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>TV channels</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Economics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gun rights</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> <p><b>Identity politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America"><i>ACT!</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> <p><b>Nativist</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> <p><b>Religion</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> <p><b>Watchdog groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Youth/student groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> <p><b>Miscellaneous</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican"><i>South Park</i> Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width: 15em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background: #EAECF0; font-size: 100%;">History of the United States expansion<br />and influence</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Colonialism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceded_lands_(Hawaii)" title="Ceded lands (Hawaii)">Ceded lands</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Militarism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations" title="Timeline of United States military operations">Military operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States" title="List of wars involving the United States">List of wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_deployments" title="United States military deployments">Military deployments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_military_installations" title="List of American military installations">Military bases abroad</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">Foreign policy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_interventions_by_the_United_States" title="Foreign interventions by the United States">Foreign interventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">Involvement in regime change</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change_in_Latin_America" title="United States involvement in regime change in Latin America">Latin America</a>)</li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Exceptionalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Americana" title="Pax Americana">Pax Americana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Backyard" title="America's Backyard">America's Backyard</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_imperialism" title="Template:American imperialism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_imperialism" title="Template talk:American imperialism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_imperialism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American imperialism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>American exceptionalism</b> is the belief that the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> is either distinctive, unique, or exemplary compared to other <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents argue that the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">values</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">political system</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">historical development of the U.S.</a> are unique in <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a>, often with the implication that it is both destined and entitled to play a distinct and positive role on the world stage.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It originates in the observations and writings of French political scientist and historian <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a>, most notably in his comparison of the United States with <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and his native France. Tocqueville was the first writer to describe the country as "exceptional" following his travels there in 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest documented use of the specific term "American exceptionalism" is by American communists in intra-communist disputes in the late 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Seymour Martin Lipset</a>, a widely cited <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political scientist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologist</a>, argues that the United States is exceptional in that it started from a revolutionary event. He therefore traces the origins of American exceptionalism to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, from which the U.S. emerged as "the first new nation" with a distinct <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>, and having a unique mission to transform the world.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ideology, which Lipset called "<a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Americanism</a>", but is often also referred to as "American exceptionalism", is based on <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">meritocracy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire economics</a>; these principles are sometimes collectively referred to as "American exceptionalism".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a term in <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, American exceptionalism refers to the United States' status as a global <a href="/wiki/Outlier" title="Outlier">outlier</a> both in good and bad ways. Critics of the concept claim that the idea of American exceptionalism suggests that the US is better than other <a href="/wiki/Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries">countries</a>, has a superior culture, or has a unique mission to transform the planet and its inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American exceptionalism is a prominent feature of <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a> believe that America is the "<a href="/wiki/First_Nephi" title="First Nephi">promised land</a>" that was settled by <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(Book_of_Mormon_prophet)" title="Lehi (Book of Mormon prophet)">Lehi</a> and his fellow <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> as an exceptional <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">society</a> has a long history, sometimes traced back to French writer <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a><sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to the ideas espoused by the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in August 1861 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> alluded to "the 'exceptionalism', if one may use the word, on which the Americans rather pride themselves" in a discussion of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the specific term "American exceptionalism" appears to have originated with American communists in the late 1920s. The earliest documented usage cited by the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> is from the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Worker" title="Daily Worker">Daily Worker</a></i>, 29 January 1929: "This American 'exceptionalism' applies to the whole tactical line of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> as applied to America."<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (who was likely aware of this earlier use) condemned the "heresy of American exceptionalism" in a tense discussion with <a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Jay Lovestone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a>, after Lovestone echoed the arguments of other American communists that the U.S. is independent of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Marxist laws of history</a> "thanks to its natural resources, industrial capacity, and absence of rigid class distinctions."<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term later moved into general use by intellectuals.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "American exceptionalism" was rarely used after the 1930s until U.S. newspapers popularized it in the 1980s to describe America's cultural and political uniqueness.<sup id="cite_ref-atl1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atl1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, the Scottish political scientist Richard Rose noted that most American historians endorse exceptionalism, and he suggested their reasoning to be as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>America marches to a different drummer. Its uniqueness is explained by any or all of a variety of reasons: history, size, geography, political institutions, and culture. Explanations of the growth of government in Europe are not expected to fit American experience, and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, <a href="/wiki/Postnationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Postnationalist">postnationalist</a> scholars reject American exceptionalism and argue the U.S. did not break from European history and accordingly has retained class-based and <a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Racial inequality in the United States">race-based differences</a> as well as imperialism and willingness to wage war.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, scholars from numerous disciplines, as well as politicians and commentators in the traditional media, have debated the meaning and usefulness of the concept. Roberts and DiCuirci ask: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Why has the myth of American exceptionalism, characterized by a belief in America's highly distinctive features or unusual trajectory based on the abundance of its natural resources, its revolutionary origins and its Protestant religious culture that anticipated God's blessing of the nation, held such tremendous staying power, from its influence in popular culture to its critical role in foreign policy?<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some historians support the concept of American exceptionalism but avoid the terminology to avoid getting entangled in rhetorical debates. <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bailyn" title="Bernard Bailyn">Bernard Bailyn</a>, a leading colonial specialist at Harvard, was a believer in the distinctiveness of American civilization. Although he rarely, if ever, used the phrase "American exceptionalism," he insisted upon the "distinctive characteristics of British North American life." He argued that the process of social and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural transmission">cultural transmission</a> result in peculiarly-American patterns of education in the broadest sense of the word, and he believed in the unique character of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term became an issue of contention between the presidential candidates <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 presidential campaign</a>, with McCain criticizing Obama for allegedly disbelieving the concept.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_concept">History of concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alexis_de_Tocqueville_and_others_(1835)"><span id="Alexis_de_Tocqueville_and_others_.281835.29"></span>Alexis de Tocqueville and others (1835)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alexis de Tocqueville and others (1835)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first reference to the concept by name, and possibly its origin, was by the French writer <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a> in his 1835/1840 work <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The position of the Americans is therefore <i>quite exceptional</i> [emphasis added], and it may be believed that no democratic people will ever be placed in a similar one. Their strictly Puritanical origin, their exclusively commercial habits, even the country they inhabit, which seems to focus their minds on the pursuit of science, literature, and the arts, the proximity of Europe, which allows them to sometimes neglect these pursuits without relapsing into barbarism, a thousand special causes, of which I have only been able to point out the most important, have singularly concurred to fix the mind of the American upon purely practical objects. His passions, his wants, his education, and everything about him seem to unite in drawing the natives of the United States earthward; his religion alone bids him turn, from time to time, a transient and distracted glance to heaven. Let us cease, then, to view all democratic nations under the example of the American people.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kammen" title="Michael Kammen">Michael Kammen</a> says that many foreign writers commented on American exceptionalism including <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Lieber" title="Francis Lieber">Francis Lieber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Eduard_von_Holst" title="Hermann Eduard von Holst">Hermann Eduard von Holst</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">James Bryce</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a> and that they did so in complimentary terms.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theme became common, especially in textbooks. From the 1840s to the late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/McGuffey_Readers" title="McGuffey Readers">McGuffey Readers</a> sold 120 million copies and were studied by most American students. Skrabec (2009) argues the <i>Readers</i> "hailed American exceptionalism, <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a>, and America as God's country.... Furthermore, McGuffey saw America as having a future mission to bring liberty and democracy to the world."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annexation_Here_to_Stay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Annexation_Here_to_Stay.jpg/220px-Annexation_Here_to_Stay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Annexation_Here_to_Stay.jpg/330px-Annexation_Here_to_Stay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Annexation_Here_to_Stay.jpg/440px-Annexation_Here_to_Stay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7760" data-file-height="10082" /></a><figcaption>Newspaper reporting the <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">annexation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a> in 1898. American exceptionalism has fueled American expansion through the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_debate_(1927)"><span id="Communist_debate_.281927.29"></span>Communist debate (1927)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Communist debate (1927)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1927 <a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Jay Lovestone</a>, a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> and who would soon be named as general secretary, described America's economic and social uniqueness. He noted the increasing strength of American capitalism and the country's "tremendous reserve power" and said that they both prevented a <a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">communist revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fried1997_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fried1997-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-1929, Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, disbelieving that America was so resistant to revolution, denounced Lovestone's ideas as "the heresy of American exceptionalism",<sup id="cite_ref-Keywords_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keywords-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was likely a reference to an article published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Worker" title="Daily Worker">Daily Worker</a></i> earlier that year.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression in the United States</a> appeared to underscore Stalin's argument that American capitalism falls under the general laws of Marxism.<sup id="cite_ref-atl1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atl1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1930, during the <a href="/wiki/National_conventions_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="National conventions of the Communist Party USA">national convention of the Communist Party USA</a> in New York, it was declared: "The storm of the economic crisis in the United States blew down the house of cards of American exceptionalism and the whole system of opportunistic theories and illusions that had been built upon American capitalist 'prosperity'".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="America_in_The_LDS_Church">America in The LDS Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: America in The LDS Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (most commonly known as Mormons or the LDS Church) believes that the Americas, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, are a unique place,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> populated by a <a href="/wiki/Chosen_people" title="Chosen people">chosen people</a> and the Native Americans are, at least in part, composed of <a href="/wiki/Lamanites" title="Lamanites">Lamanites</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a> for a singular destiny, linking the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> to the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Promised_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Promised land">promised land</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a> being <a href="/wiki/Divine_inspiration" title="Divine inspiration">divinely inspired</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> argued that the <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">millennial</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a> was to be built in America (10th <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)">Article of Faith</a>) and reported God as saying "it is not right that any man should be in bondage one to another. And for this purpose have I established the Constitution of this land, by the hands of wise men whom I raised up unto this very purpose, and redeemed the land by the shedding of blood" (<a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">D&C</a> 101:79–80).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although officially shunned by the LDS Church, <a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">fundamentalist Mormons</a> believe in the <a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a>, which argues that Mormons will be the ones called upon to preserve the Constitution as it hangs "by a thread".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniqueness">Uniqueness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uniqueness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, Americans have had the consideration of national "uniqueness." The historian <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Ross_(historian)" title="Dorothy Ross (historian)">Dorothy Ross</a> points to three different currents regarding unique characteristics. </p> <ol><li>Some Protestants believed American progress would facilitate the return of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Christian Millennium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some 19th century historians linked American liberty to the development of liberty in Anglo-Saxon England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailsy00rosspage24_24–25]_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailsy00rosspage24_24–25]-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Other American writers looked to the "millennial newness" of America. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Nash_Smith" title="Henry Nash Smith">Henry Nash Smith</a> stressed the theme of "virgin land" in the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a> that promised an escape from the decay that had befallen earlier republics.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailsy00rosspage25_25]_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailsy00rosspage25_25]-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obama_administration_and_later">Obama administration and later</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Obama administration and later"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2009, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> responded to a journalist's question in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> with this statement: "I believe in American exceptionalism, just as I suspect that the Brits believe in British exceptionalism and the Greeks believe in Greek exceptionalism."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obama further noted, "I see no contradiction between believing that America has a continued extraordinary role in leading the world towards peace and prosperity and recognizing that leadership is incumbent, depends on, our ability to create partnerships because we can't solve these problems alone."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> attacked Obama's statement and argued it showed Obama did not believe in American exceptionalism.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Arkansas Governor <a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a> said that Obama's "worldview is dramatically different from any president, Republican or Democrat, we've had... He grew up more as a globalist than an American. To deny American exceptionalism is in essence to deny the heart and soul of this nation."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a speech on the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syria crisis</a> on September 10, 2013, Obama said that "however, when, with modest effort and risk, we can stop children from being gassed to death, and thereby make our kids safer over the long run, I believe we should act.... That is what makes America different. That is what makes us exceptional."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a direct response the next day, Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> published an <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-ed</a> in <i>The New York Times</i>, articulating, "It is extremely dangerous to encourage people to see themselves as exceptional, whatever the motivation.... We are all different, but when we ask for the Lord's blessings, we must not forget that God created us equal."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Putin's views were soon endorsed by future President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, who declared the op-ed "a masterpiece." "You think of the term as being beautiful, but all of sudden you say, what if you're in Germany or Japan or any one of 100 countries? You are not going to like that term," Trump said. "It is very insulting, and Putin put it to him about that."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some left-wing American commentators agree with Trump's stance; one example is Sherle Schwenninger, a co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/New_America_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="New America Foundation">New America Foundation</a>, who in a 2016 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">Nation</a></i> magazine symposium remarked, "Trump would redefine American exceptionalism by bringing an end to the neoliberal/neoconservative globalist project that <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> and many Republicans support."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Trump has also advocated an "<a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a>" policy, emphasizing <a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unilateralism" title="Unilateralism">unilateralism</a>, though with a greater emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-interventionism</a>. </p><p>American exceptionalism has been a plank of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Party_platform" title="Party platform">party platform</a> since 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The platform <a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention#Platform" title="2016 Republican National Convention">adopted in 2016</a> defines it as "the notion that our ideas and principles as a nation give us a unique place of moral leadership" and affirms that the U.S. therefore must "retake its natural position as leader of the <a href="/wiki/Free_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Free world">free world</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term was adopted by former U.S. Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> in his 2015 book <i><a href="/wiki/Exceptional:_Why_the_World_Needs_a_Powerful_America" title="Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America">Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-simonandschuster_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simonandschuster-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes_in_historical_context">Causes in historical context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Causes in historical context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars have explored possible justifications for the notion of American exceptionalism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absence_of_feudalism">Absence of feudalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Absence of feudalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many scholars use a model of American exceptionalism developed by Harvard political scientist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hartz" title="Louis Hartz">Louis Hartz</a>. In <i>The Liberal Tradition in America</i> (1955), Hartz argued that the American political tradition lacks the left-wing/socialist and right-wing/aristocratic elements that dominated in Europe because colonial America lacked feudal traditions, such as established churches, landed estates, and a hereditary nobility. As a result, American politics developed around a tradition of <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">'Lockean'</a> liberalism.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some European practices of feudal origin, such as <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>, were transmitted to America, Hartz argued that their abolition during the American Revolution only confirmed the U.S.' liberalism.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "liberal consensus" school, typified by <a href="/wiki/David_M._Potter" title="David M. Potter">David Potter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boorstin" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Boorstin">Daniel Boorstin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Richard Hofstadter</a> followed Hartz in emphasizing that political conflicts in American history remained within the tight boundaries of this liberal tradition, especially regarding <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>, <a href="/wiki/Individual_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual right">individual rights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Representative_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative government">representative government</a>. The national government that emerged was far less centralized or nationalized than its European counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars, however, have disputed whether feudalism was absent from America. <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Wolin" title="Sheldon Wolin">Sheldon Wolin</a> has argued that the American Revolution was a reaction against increased centralization by the British government, while <a href="/wiki/Karen_Orren" title="Karen Orren">Karen Orren</a> has claimed that aspects of feudal employment law lasted in America as late as the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_T._Kloppenberg" title="James T. Kloppenberg">James T. Kloppenberg</a> has criticized Hartz for viewing American politics as a liberal consensus, arguing that this oversimplifies U.S. history.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Catherine A. Holland, while accepting other criticisms of Hartz, has argued that this is a misinterpretation, and that Hartz acknowledged divisions within American politics (albeit divisions within liberalism).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puritan_roots_and_Protestant_promise">Puritan roots and Protestant promise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Puritan roots and Protestant promise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parts of American exceptionalism can be traced to American <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> roots.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Puritans with <a href="/wiki/Arminian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminian">Arminian</a> leanings embraced a middle ground between strict <a href="/wiki/Predestination_(Calvinism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Predestination (Calvinism)">Calvinist predestination</a> and a less restricting theology of <a href="/wiki/Divine_Providence" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Providence">Divine Providence</a>. They believed that God had made a covenant with their people and had chosen them to provide a model for the other nations of the Earth. One Puritan leader, <a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">John Winthrop</a>, metaphorically expressed this idea as a "<a href="/wiki/City_upon_a_Hill" title="City upon a Hill">City upon a Hill</a>: the Puritan community of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> should serve as a model for the rest of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That metaphor is often used by proponents of exceptionalism. The Puritans' moralistic values have remained a component of the national identity for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eric Luis Uhlmann of <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a> argues that Puritan values were eventually taken up by all other Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kevin M. Schultz underlines how they helped America to keep to its <i>Protestant Promise</i>, especially <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolution_and_Republicanism">American Revolution and Republicanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: American Revolution and Republicanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ideas that created the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> were derived from a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a> that had been repudiated by the British mainstream. The historian <a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Wood" title="Gordon S. Wood">Gordon S. Wood</a> has argued, "Our beliefs in liberty, equality, constitutionalism, and the well-being of ordinary people came out of the Revolutionary era. So too did our idea that we Americans are a special people with a special destiny to lead the world toward liberty and democracy."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wood notes that the term is "presently much-maligned" although it is vigorously supported by others such as Jon Butler.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_(pamphlet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Sense (pamphlet)">Common Sense</a></i> for the first time expressed the belief that America was not just an extension of Europe but a new land and a country of nearly unlimited potential and opportunity that had outgrown the British mother country. Those sentiments laid the intellectual foundations for the revolutionary concept of American exceptionalism and were closely tied to <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>, the belief that sovereignty belonged to the people, not a hereditary ruling class.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">Religious freedom</a> characterized the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> in unique ways when most major nations had state religions. Republicanism, led by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, created modern <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional republicanism">constitutional republicanism</a>, which limits ecclesiastical powers. The historian Thomas Kidd (2010) argues, "With the onset of the revolutionary crisis, a significant conceptual shift convinced Americans across the theological spectrum that God was raising America for some particular purpose."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kidd further argues that "a new blend of Christian and republican ideology led religious traditionalists to embrace wholesale the concept of republican virtue."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jefferson_and_the_Empire_of_Liberty">Jefferson and the Empire of Liberty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jefferson and the Empire of Liberty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Tucker and Hendrickson (1992), Jefferson believed America "was the bearer of a new diplomacy, founded on the confidence of a free and virtuous people, that would secure ends based on the natural and universal rights of man, by means that escaped war and its corruptions." Jefferson sought a radical break from the traditional European emphasis on "<a href="/wiki/Reason_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Reason of state">reason of state</a>," which could justify any action, and the usual priority of foreign policy and the needs of the ruling family over those of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jefferson envisaged America becoming the world's great "<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Liberty" title="Empire of Liberty">Empire of Liberty</a>," the model for democracy and republicanism. He identified his nation as a beacon to the world, as he said when he departed the presidency in 1809: "Trusted with the destinies of this solitary republic of the world, the only monument of human rights, and the sole depository of the sacred fire of freedom and self-government, from hence it is to be lighted up in other regions of the earth, if other areas of the earth shall ever become susceptible of its benign influence."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basis_of_arguments">Basis of arguments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Basis of arguments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_B._Young" title="Marilyn B. Young">Marilyn B. Young</a> argues that after the end of the Cold War in 1991, neoconservative intellectuals and policymakers embraced the idea of an "American empire," a national mission to establish freedom and democracy in other nations, particularly poor ones. She argues that after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the George W. Bush administration reoriented foreign policy to an insistence on maintaining the supreme military and economic power of America, an attitude that harmonized with the new vision of American empire. Young says the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–2011) exemplified American exceptionalism.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2019)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2012, the conservative historians <a href="/wiki/Larry_Schweikart" title="Larry Schweikart">Larry Schweikart</a> and Dave Dougherty argued that American exceptionalism be based on four pillars: (1) <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>; (2) virtue and morality located in Protestant Christianity; (3) free-market capitalism; and (4) the sanctity of private property.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2015 book, <i>Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America</i>, former <a href="/wiki/U.S._Vice_President" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Vice President">U.S. Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> sets out and argues the case for American exceptionalism and concludes: "we are, as <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> said, 'the last, best hope of earth.' We are not just one more nation, one more same entity on the world stage. We have been essential to the preservation and progress of freedom, and those who lead us in the years ahead must remind us, as <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> did, of the unique role we play. Neither they nor we should ever forget that we are, in fact, exceptional."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_ethos_and_ideas_about_nationhood">Republican ethos and ideas about nationhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Republican ethos and ideas about nationhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proponents of American exceptionalism argue that the United States is exceptional in that it was founded on a set of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a> ideals rather than on a common heritage, ethnicity, or ruling elite. In the formulation of President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a>, America is a nation "conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal." In Lincoln's interpretation, America is inextricably connected with freedom and equality, and the American mission is to ensure "that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." The historian <a href="/wiki/T._Harry_Williams" title="T. Harry Williams">T. Harry Williams</a> argues that Lincoln believed: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the United States man would create a society that would be the best and the happiest in the world. The United States was the supreme demonstration of democracy. However, the Union did not exist just to make men free in America. It had an even greater mission—to make them free everywhere. By the mere force of its example, America would bring democracy to an undemocratic world.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>American policies have been characterized since their inception by a system of federalism (between the states and the federal government) and <a href="/wiki/Checks_and_balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Checks and balances">checks and balances</a> (among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches), which were designed to prevent any faction, region, or government organ from becoming too powerful. Some proponents of the theory of American exceptionalism argue that the system and the accompanying distrust of concentrated power prevent the United States from suffering a "<a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">tyranny of the majority</a>," preserve a free republican democracy, and allow citizens to live in a locality whose laws reflect those voters' values. </p><p>A consequence of the political system is that laws can vary widely across the country. Critics of American exceptionalism maintain that the system merely replaces the power of the federal majority over states with power by the states over local entities. On the balance, the American political system arguably allows for more local dominance but prevents more domestic dominance than a more <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> system would.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a> has explored the question of <a href="/wiki/Birthright_citizenship_in_the_United_States" title="Birthright citizenship in the United States">birthright citizenship</a>, the provision of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> (1868) that makes anyone born in the United States a full citizen. He argues that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>birthright citizenship stands as an example of the much-abused idea of American exceptionalism... birthright citizenship does make the United States (along with Canada) unique in the developed world. No European nation recognizes the principle.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_leadership_and_activism">Global leadership and activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Global leadership and activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a> Dean <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hongju_Koh" title="Harold Hongju Koh">Harold Hongju Koh</a> has identified what he says is "the most important respect in which the United States has been genuinely exceptional, about international affairs, international law, and promotion of human rights: namely, in its outstanding global leadership and activism." He argues: </p> <blockquote><p>To this day, the United States remains the only superpower capable, and at times willing, to commit real resources and make real sacrifices to build, sustain, and drive an international system committed to international law, democracy, and the promotion of human rights. Experience teaches that when the United States leads on human rights, from Nuremberg to Kosovo, other countries follow.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Noonan" title="Peggy Noonan">Peggy Noonan</a>, an American political pundit, wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> that "America is not exceptional because it has long attempted to be a force for good in the world, it tries to be a force for good because it is exceptional." </p><p>Former <a href="/wiki/U.S._Vice_President" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Vice President">U.S. Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> explores the concept of United States global leadership in a 2015 book on <a href="/wiki/American_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="American foreign policy">American foreign policy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Exceptional:_Why_the_World_Needs_a_Powerful_America" title="Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America">Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America</a></i>, co-authored with his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Liz_Cheney" title="Liz Cheney">Liz Cheney</a>, a former official of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frontier_spirit">Frontier spirit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Frontier spirit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proponents of American exceptionalism often claim that many features of the "American spirit" were shaped by the frontier experience. In line with historian <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner">Frederick Jackson Turner</a>'s influential <a href="/wiki/Frontier_Thesis" title="Frontier Thesis">Frontier Thesis</a>, they argue that the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a> allowed <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> to flourish as pioneers adopted democracy and <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">social equality</a>, and shed centuries-old European institutions such as royalty, <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing armies</a>, established churches, and a <a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">landed aristocracy</a> that owned most of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the frontier experience was not entirely unique to the United States. Other nations also had frontiers, but were not shaped by them nearly as much as America was by its frontier, usually because they were under the control of a strong national government. South Africa, Russia, Brazil, Argentina, Canada, and Australia all had long frontiers, but they did not have "free land" and local control.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political and cultural environments were much different since these other frontiers neither involved widespread ownership of free land nor allowed the settlers to control the local and provincial governments, as was the case in America. Consequently, their frontiers did not shape their national psyches.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of these nations had entirely different frontier experiences. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a> in South Africa were defeated in war by Britain. In Australia, "mateship" and working together were valued more than individualism was in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobility_and_welfare">Mobility and welfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mobility and welfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economic_mobility" title="Economic mobility">Economic mobility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></div> <p>For most of its history, especially from the mid-19th to the early-20th centuries, the United States has been known as the "land of opportunity" and in that sense prided and promoted itself on providing individuals with the opportunity to escape from the contexts of their class and family background.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of that <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social mobility</a> include: </p> <ul><li>Occupational: children could easily choose careers that were not based upon their parents' choices.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Physical: geographical location was not seen as static, and citizens often relocated freely over long distances without a barrier.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Status: as in most countries, family standing and riches were often a means to remain in a higher social circle. America was notably unusual because of an accepted wisdom that anyone, from poor immigrants upwards, who worked hard could aspire to similar standing, regardless of circumstances of birth. That aspiration is commonly called living the <a href="/wiki/American_dream" class="mw-redirect" title="American dream">American dream</a>. Birth details were not taken as a social barrier to the upper echelons or high political status in <a href="/wiki/American_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="American culture">American culture</a>. That stood in contrast to other countries in which many larger offices were socially determined and usually difficult to enter unless one was born into the suitable social group.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>However, social mobility in the U.S. is lower than in some <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> countries if it is defined by income movements. American men born into the lowest income quintile are much more likely to stay there than similar people in the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> or the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many economists, such as Harvard economist <a href="/wiki/N._Gregory_Mankiw" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Gregory Mankiw">N. Gregory Mankiw</a>, however, state that the discrepancy has little to do with class rigidity; rather, it is a reflection of income disparity: "Moving up and down a short ladder is a lot easier than moving up and down a tall one."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding public welfare, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rose_(political_scientist)" title="Richard Rose (political scientist)">Richard Rose</a> asked in 1989 whether the evidence shows whether the U.S. "is becoming more like other mixed-economy welfare states, or increasingly exceptional." He concluded, "By comparison with other advanced industrial nations America is today exceptional in total public expenditure, in major program priorities, and in the value of public benefits."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_American_Exceptionalism">African American Exceptionalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: African American Exceptionalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A corollary of American Exceptionalism holds that African Americans are exceptional within the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> and the entire world. The intrinsic injustice, moral wrong, and oppression of U.S. slavery would seem to exclude African Americans from the concept of American Exceptionalism. Comparisons to other slave systems in the Caribbean, South America, Arabia, and the entire Islamic world document on a statistical basis that the U.S. slave population increased in size, and is the only slave population in history shown to have increased in numbers. Only 3.63% of Africans brought across the Atlantic Ocean as slaves were brought to what is now the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After abolition of the U.S. Atlantic slave trade on Jan. 1, 1808, the first date allowed by the U.S. Constitution's 20-year allowance, by all accounts the treatment of U.S. slaves improved according to the law of supply and demand. Most other slave systems, including those based primarily on sugar, were in the unhealthier tropics,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which encouraged continual importation of slaves from Africa and unbalanced sex ratios. The U.S. slave population lived in a temperate climate, on lands with the best soil, and U.S. slaveowners encouraged large slave families. By 1860, about half of the slave population in the New World lived in the USA.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birthrates generally are considered strong indicators of well-being. </p><p> African Americans overcame numerous obstacles to their advancement and continue to struggle against past bondage and discrimination. Those difficult obstacles were so powerful, long-standing, and pervasive that most Americans did not and do not perceive African Americans as exceptional. The First Statement of African American Exceptionalism was made by Booker T. Washington in 1901:</p><blockquote><p>"The ten million Negroes inhabiting this country, who themselves or whose ancestors went through the school of American slavery, are in a stronger and more hopeful condition, materially, intellectually, morally, and religiously, than is true of an equal number of black people in any other portion of the globe."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Washington's observation is more true as of 2024. African Americans are the wealthiest, best educated, most accomplished, and most famous African-descended people in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just as Booker T. Washington observed in 1901. Scholars of the African Diaspora concede that African Americans are at the pinnacle of the worldwide African Diaspora.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are "embedded in the very cultural and economic hegemony of the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>African Americans benefitted from the rule of law in the USA. This benefit before 1865 was indirect and extractive, but thereafter, starting with the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, the USA rose to prominence as the world's preeminent superpower through the inclusive rule of law.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of African American Exceptionalism differs from what some call "Black Exceptionalism," the emphasis on exceptional Black people, such as during Black History Month.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kammen" title="Michael Kammen">Michael Kammen</a> argues that criticisms of the notion were raised in the 1970s in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kammen, many intellectuals then decided, "The American Adam had lost his innocence and given way to a helpless, tarnished <a href="/wiki/Lemuel_Gulliver" title="Lemuel Gulliver">Gulliver</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At about the same time, the new <a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social history</a> used statistical techniques on population samples that seemed to show resemblances with Europe on issues such as <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social mobility</a>. By the 1980s, labor historians were emphasizing that the failure of a workers' party to emerge in the United States meant that America was not exceptionally favorable for workers. By the late 1980s, other academic critics started mocking the extreme <a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">chauvinism</a> displayed by the modern usage of exceptionalism. Finally, in the mid-1980s, colonial historians debated the uniqueness of the American experience in the context of British history.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Wilentz argued for "distinctively American forms of class conflict," and Foner said there was a "distinctive character of American trade unionism."<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third idea of American exceptionalism, superiority, has been criticized with charges of moral defectiveness and the existence of double standards. In <i>American Exceptionalism and Human Rights</i> (2005), the Canadian commentator <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a> treats the idea negatively and identifies three main sub-types: "exemptionalism" (supporting treaties as long as U.S. citizens are exempt from them); "double standards" (criticizing "others for not heeding the findings of international human rights bodies but ignoring what the organizations say of the United States"), and "legal isolationism" (the tendency of U.S. judges to ignore other jurisdictions).<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exceptionalism_as_"exemptionalism""><span id="Exceptionalism_as_.22exemptionalism.22"></span>Exceptionalism as "exemptionalism"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Exceptionalism as "exemptionalism""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration">George W. Bush administration</a> (2001–2009), the term was somewhat abstracted from its historical context.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents and opponents alike began using it to describe a phenomenon wherein certain political interests view the United States as being "above" or an "exception" to the law, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Public_international_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Public international law">law of nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (That phenomenon is less concerned with justifying American uniqueness than with asserting its immunity to international law.) </p><p>The new use of the term has served to confuse the topic and muddy the waters since its unilateralist emphasis and the actual orientation diverge somewhat from prior uses of the phrase. A certain number of those who subscribe to "old-style" or "traditional American exceptionalism," the idea that America is a more nearly exceptional nation than are others and that it differs qualitatively from the rest of the world and has a unique role to play in world history, also agree that the United States is and ought to be entirely subject to and bound by public international law. Indeed, recent research shows that "there is some indication for American exceptionalism among the [U.S.] public, but very little evidence of <a href="/wiki/Unilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unilateral">unilateral</a> attitudes."<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moral_purity">Moral purity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Moral purity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights in the United States</a></div> <p>Critics such as Marilyn Young and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a> have argued that American history is so morally flawed because of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a> issues that it cannot be an exemplar of virtue.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zinn argues that American exceptionalism cannot be of divine origin because it was not benign, especially in dealing with <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Myth_of_American_Exceptionalism_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Myth_of_American_Exceptionalism-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Donald_E._Pease" title="Donald E. Pease">Donald E. Pease</a> mocks American exceptionalism as a "state fantasy" and a "myth" in his 2009 book <i>The New American Exceptionalism</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-Pease_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pease-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Pease notes that state fantasies cannot altogether conceal the inconsistencies they mask, showing how such events as the revelations of prisoner abuse at <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_prison" title="Abu Ghraib prison">Abu Ghraib prison</a> and the exposure of government incompetence after <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> opened fissures in the myth of exceptionalism."<sup id="cite_ref-Pease_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pease-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American theologian <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a> argued that the automatic assumption that America acts for the right will bring about moral corruption, although Niebuhr supported America's Cold War policies. His position, "<a href="/wiki/Christian_realism" title="Christian realism">Christian realism</a>," advocated a liberal notion of responsibility that justified interference in other nations.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Jon Meacham points out examples of leaders that have made both good and bad moral choices, in some cases one person changing a position for better or worse, and in other cases rectifying bad choices made by a predecessor.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double_standards">Double standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Double standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U.S. historians like Thomas Bender "try and put an end to the recent revival of American exceptionalism, a defect he esteems to be inherited from the Cold War."<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gary W. Reichard and Ted Dickson argue "how the development of the United States has always <a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">depended</a> on its transactions with other nations for <a href="/wiki/Commodities" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodities">commodities</a>, cultural values and populations."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Cohen" title="Roger Cohen">Roger Cohen</a> asks, "How exceptional can you be when every major problem you face, from terrorism to nuclear proliferation to gas prices, requires joint action?"<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hongju_Koh" title="Harold Hongju Koh">Harold Koh</a> distinguishes "distinctive rights, different labels, the '<a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttress</a>' mentality, and <a href="/wiki/Double_standard" title="Double standard">double standards</a>. (...) [T]he fourth face—double standards—presents the most dangerous and destructive form of American exceptionalism."<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Godfrey Hodgson also concludes that "the U.S. national myth is dangerous".<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Samantha Power</a> asserts that "we're neither the shining example, nor even competent meddlers. It's going to take a generation or so to reclaim American exceptionalism."<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inconsistent_support_for_democracy">Inconsistent support for democracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Inconsistent support for democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_United_States_foreign_policy" title="Criticism of United States foreign policy">Criticism of United States foreign policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._policy_toward_authoritarian_governments" title="U.S. policy toward authoritarian governments">U.S. policy toward authoritarian governments</a></div> <p>After the abolition of slavery, the federal government ignored the requirements of the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> with respect to African-Americans during the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow era">Jim Crow era</a>, and with respect to <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> in 1920. Though the <a href="/wiki/Guarantee_Clause" title="Guarantee Clause">Guarantee Clause</a> gives Congress the responsibility to ensure a republican form of government in the states, successful white supremacist coups in local governments were tolerated in the <a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Election riot of 1874</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilmington_Insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington Insurrection of 1898">Wilmington Insurrection of 1898</a>. (Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts_by_country#United_States" title="List of coups and coup attempts by country">other coup attempts</a> were successfully suppressed.) </p><p>The United States military, diplomats, intelligence agencies, and foreign aid have been used to protect democratic regimes in many countries, including many <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a> democracies during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. In its <a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">regime change activities</a>, it has also brought democracy to many countries, sometimes by force. These include the governments and protectorates created in areas defeated in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>. </p><p>The United States has also supported the overthrow of democratically elected governments in pursuit of other objectives, typically economic and anti-communist. These include the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Tragic_Days" title="Ten Tragic Days">1913 Mexican coup</a> (against the orders of the President; see <a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution</a>), the 1941 coup deposing <a href="/wiki/Arnulfo_Arias" title="Arnulfo Arias">Arnulfo Arias</a> to secure the Panama Canal, the <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a>, the 1960 overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a>. The United States reversed its previous support for a military junta and restored democracy to Haiti with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Operation Uphold Democracy</a> in 1994–95. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americanist_heresy">Americanist heresy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Americanist heresy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Americanism_(heresy)" title="Americanism (heresy)">Americanism (heresy)</a></div> <p>In 1898, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> denounced what he deemed to be the heresy of <a href="/wiki/Americanism_(heresy)" title="Americanism (heresy)">Americanism</a> in his encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Testem_benevolentiae_nostrae" title="Testem benevolentiae nostrae">Testem benevolentiae nostrae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He targeted American exceptionalism in the ecclesiastical domain and argued that it stood in opposition to papal denunciations of modernism.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 19th century, there was a tendency for U.S. Catholic clergy to view American society as inherently different from other Christian nations and to argue that the understanding of Church doctrine had to be enlarged in order to encompass the "American Experience," which included greater individualism, tolerance of other religions, and separation of church and state.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-emptive_declinism">Pre-emptive declinism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pre-emptive declinism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Herbert_London" title="Herbert London">Herbert London</a> defined <i>pre-emptive <a href="/wiki/Declinism" title="Declinism">declinism</a></i> as a postmodern belief "that the United States is not an exceptional nation and is not entitled by virtue of history to play a role on the world stage different from other nations".<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> London ascribed that view to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Krugman_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krugman-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krugman had written in <i>The New York Times</i>, "We have always known that America's reign as the world's greatest nation would eventually end. However, most of us imagined that our downfall, when it came, would be something grand and tragic."<sup id="cite_ref-Krugman_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krugman-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a>, declarations of <a href="/wiki/American_decline" title="American decline">America's declining power</a> have been common in the English-language media. In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Flora_Lewis" title="Flora Lewis">Flora Lewis</a> said, "Talk of U.S. decline is real in the sense that the U.S. can no longer pull all the levers of command or pay all the bills." According to <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lewis" title="Anthony Lewis">Anthony Lewis</a> in 1990, Europeans and Asians are already finding confirmation of their suspicion that the United States is in decline. Citing America's dependence on foreign sources of energy and "crucial weaknesses" in the military, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wicker" title="Tom Wicker">Tom Wicker</a> concluded "that maintaining superpower status is becoming more difficult—nearly impossible—for the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-realclearpolitics.com_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-realclearpolitics.com-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Buchanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Buchanan">Patrick Buchanan</a> lamented "the decline and fall of the greatest industrial republic the world had ever seen."<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parris" title="Matthew Parris">Matthew Parris</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i> wrote that the United States is "overstretched," and he romantically recalled the Kennedy presidency, when "America had the best arguments" and could use moral <a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">persuasion</a>, rather than force, to have its way in the world. From his vantage point in Shanghai, the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Howard_W._French" title="Howard W. French">Howard French</a> worries about "the declining moral influence of the United States" over an emergent China.<sup id="cite_ref-realclearpolitics.com_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-realclearpolitics.com-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book, <i>The Post-American World</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i> editor <a href="/wiki/Fareed_Zakaria" title="Fareed Zakaria">Fareed Zakaria</a> refers to a "Post-American world" that he says "is not about the decline of America, but rather about the rise of everyone else."<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similarities_between_the_U.S._and_Europe">Similarities between the U.S. and Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Similarities between the U.S. and Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2009, historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Baldwin_(professor)" title="Peter Baldwin (professor)">Peter Baldwin</a> published a book arguing that despite widespread attempts to contrast the "<a href="/wiki/American_way_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="American way of life">American way of life</a>" and the "<a href="/wiki/European_social_model" title="European social model">European social model</a>," America and Europe are actually very similar in a number of social and economic indices. Baldwin claimed that the black underclass accounts for many of the few areas in which a stark difference exists between the U.S. and Europe, such as homicide and child poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Armesto" title="Felipe Fernández-Armesto">Felipe Fernández-Armesto</a> argues that it be commonly thought that all people consider themselves exceptional. In most cases in which the subject has been broached, the similarities between the conflicting parties outweigh the differences. Things such as the "dynamic wealth creation, the democracy, the accessibility of opportunity, the cult of civil liberty, the tradition of tolerance," and what Fernández-Armesto considers evils such as the materialistic economy, the excessive privileges of wealth, and the selective illiberality are standard features in many modern societies. However, he adds, America is made exceptional by the intensity with which those characteristics are concentrated there.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""America_First""><span id=".22America_First.22"></span>"America First"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: "America First""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics may identify the political slogan "<a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a>" as an apparent manifestation of American exceptionalism. Such critics may, examining American exceptionalism as the most important factor shaping the greater American political identity, further claim that the attitude is a <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a> in the United States that disproportionally emphasizes the priority of American interests."<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics of American exceptionalism argue that it has led to some of the expansion that is seen during the 18th and 19th centuries in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deborah Madsen argued that the effects of American exceptionalism have changed over time, from the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American genocide">annexation of Native American lands</a> then to the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a> (which encompassed the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">purchases of land in the 19th century</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madsen also cited <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, a prominent black abolitionist before and during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865), who argued that the idea of American exceptionalism was absurd because the inherent nature of slavery still existed at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics of American exceptionalism have argued that the bipartisan political class believes that one purpose of the United States is to <a href="/wiki/Democracy_promotion" title="Democracy promotion">spread democracy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nations</a> that are under <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">tyrannical governments</a>. This can be seen in the contemporary <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">2001 invasion of Afghanistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_arrogance" title="Global arrogance">Global arrogance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First (policy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_decline" title="American decline">American decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">American civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Americanism (ideology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americentrism" title="Americentrism">Americentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">Anti-Western sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_exceptionalism" title="Chinese exceptionalism">Chinese exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocentrism" title="Eurocentrism">Eurocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_the_United_States" title="International rankings of the United States">International rankings of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongrel_complex" title="Mongrel complex">Mongrel complex</a> (reportedly inferiority complex felt by some people in Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_equivalence" title="Moral equivalence">Moral equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalism" title="Korean nationalism">nationalist</a> state ideology of <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i> (the theory which states that <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German National History underwent an exceptional development</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato-damashii" title="Yamato-damashii">Yamato-damashii</a> (Japanese spirit)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonjinron" title="Nihonjinron">Nihonjinron</a> (Japanese uniqueness)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Idea" title="Russian Idea">Russian Idea</a> (Russian global purpose idea)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPease2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_E._Pease" title="Donald E. Pease">Pease, Donald E.</a> (June 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199827251/obo-9780199827251-0176.xml">"American Exceptionalism"</a>. <i>Oxford Bibliographies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199827251-0176">10.1093/obo/9780199827251-0176</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627021403/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199827251/obo-9780199827251-0176.xml">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies&rft.atitle=American+Exceptionalism&rft.date=2018-06-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199827251-0176&rft.aulast=Pease&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199827251%2Fobo-9780199827251-0176.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lipset, <i>American Exceptionalism</i>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Tocqueville, Alexis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oEQvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA36"><i>Democracy in America</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930002553/https://books.google.com/books?id=oEQvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> September 30, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1840), part 2, p. 36: "The position of the Americans is therefore quite exceptional, and it may be believed that no other democratic people will ever be placed in a similar one."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimmer-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zimmer_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zimmer_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zimmer_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zimmer_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zimmer_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zimmer_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2013" class="citation web cs1">Zimmer, Ben (September 27, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2013/09/27/american_exceptionalism_neither_joseph_stalin_nor_alexis_de_tocqueville.html">"Did Stalin Really Coin "American Exceptionalism"?"</a>. <i>Slate.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180920204750/http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2013/09/27/american_exceptionalism_neither_joseph_stalin_nor_alexis_de_tocqueville.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate.com&rft.atitle=Did+Stalin+Really+Coin+%22American+Exceptionalism%22%3F&rft.date=2013-09-27&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fblogs%2Flexicon_valley%2F2013%2F09%2F27%2Famerican_exceptionalism_neither_joseph_stalin_nor_alexis_de_tocqueville.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seymour Martin Lipset, <i>The first new nation</i> (1963).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lipset, <i>American Exceptionalism</i>, pp. 1, 17–19, 165–74, 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes" class="citation web cs1">Holmes, Kim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.org/american-founders/commentary/why-american-exceptionalism-different-other-countries-nationalisms">"Why American Exceptionalism Is Different From Other Countries' "Nationalisms"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Heritage Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Heritage+Foundation&rft.atitle=Why+American+Exceptionalism+Is+Different+From+Other+Countries%E2%80%99+%E2%80%9CNationalisms%E2%80%9D&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Famerican-founders%2Fcommentary%2Fwhy-american-exceptionalism-different-other-countries-nationalisms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walt, Stephen M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/11/the-myth-of-american-exceptionalism/">"The Myth of American Exceptionalism."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911221429/https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/11/the-myth-of-american-exceptionalism/">Archived</a> September 11, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Foreign Policy (October 21, 2011)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Bailyn, <i>The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution</i>. p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFried1997" class="citation book cs1">Fried, Albert (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mLJbT3NMbN4C&pg=PA7"><i>Communism in America: A History in Documents</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231102353" title="Special:BookSources/9780231102353"><bdi>9780231102353</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism+in+America%3A+A+History+in+Documents&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780231102353&rft.aulast=Fried&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmLJbT3NMbN4C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_E._Pease2009" class="citation book cs1">Donald E. Pease (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ewC6rekn86gC&pg=PA10"><i>The New American Exceptionalism</i></a>. U of Minnesota Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2782-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2782-0"><bdi>978-0-8166-2782-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+American+Exceptionalism&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-2782-0&rft.au=Donald+E.+Pease&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DewC6rekn86gC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atl1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atl1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atl1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy2012" class="citation web cs1">McCoy, Terrence (March 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/03/how-joseph-stalin-invented-american-exceptionalism/254534/">"How Joseph Stalin Invented 'American Exceptionalism'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Atlantic, March 15, 2012</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210810181105/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/03/how-joseph-stalin-invented-american-exceptionalism/254534/">Archived</a> from the original on August 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic%2C+March+15%2C+2012&rft.atitle=How+Joseph+Stalin+Invented+%27American+Exceptionalism%27&rft.date=2012-03-15&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Terrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2012%2F03%2Fhow-joseph-stalin-invented-american-exceptionalism%2F254534%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1989" class="citation journal cs1">Rose, Richard (1989). "How Exceptional is the American Political Economy?". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>104</b> (1): 91–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2150989">10.2307/2150989</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2150989">2150989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=How+Exceptional+is+the+American+Political+Economy%3F&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-115&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2150989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2150989%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David W. Noble, <i>Death of a Nation: American Culture and the end of exceptionalism</i>, pp. xxiii ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Roberts and Lindsay DiCuirci, eds., <i>American Exceptionalism</i> (2013) vol. 1, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Kammen and Stanley N. Katz. "Bernard Bailyn, Historian, and Teacher: An Appreciation." by James A. Henretta, Michael Kämmen, and Stanley N. Katz, eds. <i>The Transformation of Early American History: Society, Authority, and Ideology</i> (1991) p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvieaGinerb2009" class="citation journal cs1">Iviea, Robert L.; Ginerb, Oscar (2009). "American Exceptionalism in a Democratic Idiom: Transacting the Mythos of Change in the 2008 Presidential Campaign". <i>Communication Studies</i>. <b>60</b> (4): 359–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10510970903109961">10.1080/10510970903109961</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143578350">143578350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+Studies&rft.atitle=American+Exceptionalism+in+a+Democratic+Idiom%3A+Transacting+the+Mythos+of+Change+in+the+2008+Presidential+Campaign&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=359-75&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10510970903109961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143578350%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Iviea&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft.au=Ginerb%2C+Oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Foreword: on American Exceptionalism; Symposium on Treaties, Enforcement, and U.S. Sovereignty", <i>Stanford Law Review</i>, May 1, 2003, p. 1479</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i>, Vintage Books, 1945</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kammen p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuentin_R._Skrabec2009" class="citation book cs1">Quentin R. Skrabec (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uiBkkpCRRg4C&pg=PA223"><i>William McGuffey: Mentor to American Industry</i></a>. Algora Publishing. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-728-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-728-1"><bdi>978-0-87586-728-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+McGuffey%3A+Mentor+to+American+Industry&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-728-1&rft.au=Quentin+R.+Skrabec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuiBkkpCRRg4C%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidlerHeidler" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanne T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Manifest-Destiny">"Manifest Destiny"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920031036/https://www.britannica.com/event/Manifest-Destiny">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manifest+Destiny&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Heidler&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft.au=Heidler%2C+Jeanne+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FManifest-Destiny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fried1997-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fried1997_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fried, Albert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mLJbT3NMbN4C&pg=PA82"><i>Communism in America: a history in documents</i>, pp. 7–8, 19, 82–92.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930002553/https://books.google.com/books?id=mLJbT3NMbN4C&pg=PA82#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> September 30, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Columbia University Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-10235-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-10235-6">0-231-10235-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keywords-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keywords_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pease, Donald E. Editors: Bruce Burgett and Glenn Hendler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2vIR8U3XyQMC&pg=PT116">"Exceptionalism", pp. 108–12</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930002553/https://books.google.com/books?id=2vIR8U3XyQMC&pg=PT116#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> September 30, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <i>Keywords for American Cultural Studies</i>. NYU Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-9948-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-9948-5">0-8147-9948-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsGaonkar2010" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Brian T.; Gaonkar, Dilip Parameshwar (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8-4sZu02tqIC&pg=PA58"><i>Globalizing American Studies</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 58–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-18507-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-18507-1"><bdi>978-0-226-18507-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930002721/https://books.google.com/books?id=8-4sZu02tqIC&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalizing+American+Studies&rft.pages=58-59&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-226-18507-1&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Brian+T.&rft.au=Gaonkar%2C+Dilip+Parameshwar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8-4sZu02tqIC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnpoll, Bernard K. A Documentary History of the Communist Party of the United States. Vol. II, Vol. II. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1994, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Articles of Faith 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Introduction to The Book of Mormon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow2012" class="citation journal cs1">Barlow, Philip L. (June 1, 2012). "Chosen Land, Chosen People: Religious and American Exceptionalism Among the Mormons". <i>The Review of Faith & International Affairs</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 51–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15570274.2012.682511">10.1080/15570274.2012.682511</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1557-0274">1557-0274</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145547250">145547250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Faith+%26+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Chosen+Land%2C+Chosen+People%3A+Religious+and+American+Exceptionalism+Among+the+Mormons&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=51-58&rft.date=2012-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145547250%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1557-0274&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15570274.2012.682511&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Philip+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuammen2020" class="citation news cs1">Quammen, Betsy Gaines (May 10, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/175390">"COVID-19 and the White Horse Prophecy: The Theology of Ammon Bundy"</a>. <i>History News Network</i>. Columbian College of Arts and Sciences: The <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211011005008/http://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/175390">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+News+Network&rft.atitle=COVID-19+and+the+White+Horse+Prophecy%3A+The+Theology+of+Ammon+Bundy&rft.date=2020-05-10&rft.aulast=Quammen&rft.aufirst=Betsy+Gaines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorynewsnetwork.org%2Farticle%2F175390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan2020" class="citation news cs1">Duncan, Charles (February 6, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article240035018.html">"Did Mitt Romney fulfill a Mormon prophecy with vote to convict Trump?"</a>. <i>Miami Herald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414011930/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article240035018.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Did+Mitt+Romney+fulfill+a+Mormon+prophecy+with+vote+to+convict+Trump%3F&rft.date=2020-02-06&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fnational%2Farticle240035018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ross_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Ross_(historian)" title="Dorothy Ross (historian)">Ross, Dorothy</a> (1991). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_American_Social_Science" title="The Origins of American Social Science">The Origins of American Social Science</a></i>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/y00ross/page/23">23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-35092-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-35092-1"><bdi>0-521-35092-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+American+Social+Science&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-521-35092-1&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailsy00rosspage24_24–25]-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailsy00rosspage24_24–25]_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1991">Ross 1991</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/y00ross/page/24">24–25</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1950" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Henry Nash (Spring 1950). "The Frontier Hypothesis and the Myth of the West". <i>American Quarterly</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 3–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2710571">10.2307/2710571</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2710571">2710571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Frontier+Hypothesis+and+the+Myth+of+the+West&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-11&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2710571&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2710571%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Henry+Nash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailsy00rosspage25_25]-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailsy00rosspage25_25]_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1991">Ross 1991</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/y00ross/page/25">25</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirchick2009" class="citation news cs1">Kirchick, James (April 28, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-kirchick28-2009apr28,0,4218519.story">"Squanderer in chief"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501140537/http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-kirchick28-2009apr28,0,4218519.story">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Squanderer+in+chief&rft.date=2009-04-28&rft.aulast=Kirchick&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fla-oe-kirchick28-2009apr28%2C0%2C4218519.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheer2009" class="citation news cs1">Sheer, Michael (April 5, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/04/AR2009040400700.html">"On European Trip, President Tries to Set a New, Pragmatic Tone"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114140752/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/04/AR2009040400700.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=On+European+Trip%2C+President+Tries+to+Set+a+New%2C+Pragmatic+Tone&rft.date=2009-04-05&rft.aulast=Sheer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F04%2F04%2FAR2009040400700.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitt_Romney2010" class="citation book cs1">Mitt Romney (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PDpBpo5CVB4C&pg=PA29"><i>No Apology: The Case for American Greatness</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-3960-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-3960-7"><bdi>978-1-4299-3960-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Apology%3A+The+Case+for+American+Greatness&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-3960-7&rft.au=Mitt+Romney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPDpBpo5CVB4C%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinSmith2010" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Jonathan; Smith, Ben (August 20, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/stories/0810/41273.html">"The New Battle: What It Means to be American"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709161242/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0810/41273.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=The+New+Battle%3A+What+It+Means+to+be+American&rft.date=2010-08-20&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Smith%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F0810%2F41273.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karen Tumulty, "American exceptionalism, explained", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/09/12/american-exceptionalism-explained/?hpid=z10"><i>The Washington Post</i> September 12, 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024070130/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/09/12/american-exceptionalism-explained/?hpid=z10">Archived</a> October 24, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutin2013" class="citation web cs1">Putin, Vladimir (September 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/12/opinion/putin-plea-for-caution-from-russia-on-syria.html">"A Plea for Caution From Russia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141030092347/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/12/opinion/putin-plea-for-caution-from-russia-on-syria.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Plea+for+Caution+From+Russia&rft.date=2013-09-11&rft.aulast=Putin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F09%2F12%2Fopinion%2Fputin-plea-for-caution-from-russia-on-syria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Kirchick" title="James Kirchick">James Kirchick</a> (15 August 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/08/15/beware-the-hillary-clinton-loathing-donald-trump-loving-useful-idiots-of-the-left.html?via=newsletter&source=CSAMedition">"Beware the Hillary Clinton-Loathing, Donald Trump-Loving Useful Idiots of the Left"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021085653/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/08/15/beware-the-hillary-clinton-loathing-donald-trump-loving-useful-idiots-of-the-left.html?via=newsletter&source=CSAMedition">Archived</a> October 21, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwenninger, Sherle R., Heather Hurlburt, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kinzer" title="Stephen Kinzer">Stephen Kinzer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Cole" title="Juan Cole">Juan Cole</a> (24 May 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/the-promise-and-the-peril-of-donald-trumps-foreign-policy/">"When Donald Trump Says His Foreign Policy Is 'America First'—What Exactly Does He Mean?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190829142235/https://www.thenation.com/article/the-promise-and-the-peril-of-donald-trumps-foreign-policy/">Archived</a> August 29, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstroff2013" class="citation web cs1">Ostroff, Joseph (May 6, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exclaim.ca/gaming/article/bioshock_infinite-taking_american_exceptionalism_to_extreme">"<i>Bioshock Infinite</i> - Taking American Exceptionalism to the Extreme"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Exclaim!" title="Exclaim!">Exclaim!</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416120719/https://exclaim.ca/gaming/article/bioshock_infinite-taking_american_exceptionalism_to_extreme">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Exclaim%21&rft.atitle=Bioshock+Infinite+-+Taking+American+Exceptionalism+to+the+Extreme&rft.date=2013-05-06&rft.aulast=Ostroff&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexclaim.ca%2Fgaming%2Farticle%2Fbioshock_infinite-taking_american_exceptionalism_to_extreme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216091206/https://www.gop.com/platform/american-exceptionalism/">"America Resurgent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gop.com/platform/american-exceptionalism/">the original</a> on December 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=America+Resurgent&rft.pub=Republican+Party&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gop.com%2Fplatform%2Famerican-exceptionalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-simonandschuster-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-simonandschuster_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDick_Cheney_and_Liz_Cheney2015" class="citation book cs1">Dick Cheney and Liz Cheney (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.simonandschuster.com/Exceptional/Dick-Cheney/9781501115417"><i>Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442388314" title="Special:BookSources/9781442388314"><bdi>9781442388314</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905073401/http://books.simonandschuster.com/Exceptional/Dick-Cheney/9781501115417">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exceptional%3A+Why+the+World+Needs+a+Powerful+America&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781442388314&rft.au=Dick+Cheney+and+Liz+Cheney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.simonandschuster.com%2FExceptional%2FDick-Cheney%2F9781501115417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2005" class="citation journal cs1">Holland, Catherine A. (2005). "Hartz and Minds: The Liberal Tradition after the Cold War". <i>Studies in American Political Development</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 227–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0898588X05000155">10.1017/S0898588X05000155</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143913731">143913731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+American+Political+Development&rft.atitle=Hartz+and+Minds%3A+The+Liberal+Tradition+after+the+Cold+War&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-33&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0898588X05000155&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143913731%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Catherine+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloppenberg2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kloppenberg, James T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30030991">"In Retrospect: Louis Hartz's <i>The Liberal Tradition in America</i>"</a>. <i>Reviews in American History</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 465–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frah.2001.0047">10.1353/rah.2001.0047</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30030991">30030991</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143383190">143383190</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118152826/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30030991">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+American+History&rft.atitle=In+Retrospect%3A+Louis+Hartz%27s+The+Liberal+Tradition+in+America&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=465-6&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143383190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30030991%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Frah.2001.0047&rft.aulast=Kloppenberg&rft.aufirst=James+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30030991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross1995" class="citation journal cs1">Cross, Gary (1995). "Comparative Exceptionalism: Rethinking the Hartz Thesis in the Settler Societies of Nineteenth-Century United States and Australia". <i>Australasian Journal of American Studies</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 15–41. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41053761">41053761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Journal+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Comparative+Exceptionalism%3A+Rethinking+the+Hartz+Thesis+in+the+Settler+Societies+of+Nineteenth-Century+United+States+and+Australia&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-41&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41053761%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson1990" class="citation journal cs1">Levinson, Sanford (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/191556">"Reviewed Work: <i>The Presence of the Past: Essays on the State and the Constitution</i>, by Sheldon S. Wolin"</a>. <i>Political Theory</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 703. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/191556">191556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Theory&rft.atitle=Reviewed+Work%3A+The+Presence+of+the+Past%3A+Essays+on+the+State+and+the+Constitution%2C+by+Sheldon+S.+Wolin&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=703&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F191556%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=Sanford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F191556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuurman1993" class="citation journal cs1">Stuurman, Siep (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44582265">"Reviewed Work: <i>Belated Feudalism: Labor, the Law and Liberal Development in the United States</i>, by Karen Orren"</a>. <i>International Review of Social History</i>. <b>38</b> (3): 382–84. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44582265">44582265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Reviewed+Work%3A+Belated+Feudalism%3A+Labor%2C+the+Law+and+Liberal+Development+in+the+United+States%2C+by+Karen+Orren&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=382-84&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44582265%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stuurman&rft.aufirst=Siep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44582265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2005" class="citation journal cs1">Holland, Catherine A (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0898588X05000155">"Hartz and Minds: The Liberal Tradition after the Cold War"</a>. <i>American Political Development</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 227–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0898588X05000155">10.1017/S0898588X05000155</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143913731">143913731</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930002536/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-american-political-development/article/abs/hartz-and-minds-the-liberal-tradition-after-the-cold-war/3B0D8AECF9CC6AB7C152EB3AECECF090">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2021</span> – via Cambridge Core.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Development&rft.atitle=Hartz+and+Minds%3A+The+Liberal+Tradition+after+the+Cold+War&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-29&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0898588X05000155&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143913731%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Catherine+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FS0898588X05000155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloppenberg2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kloppenberg, James T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30030991">"In Retrospect: Louis Hartz's <i>The Liberal Tradition in America</i>"</a>. <i>Reviews in American History</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 460–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frah.2001.0047">10.1353/rah.2001.0047</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30030991">30030991</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143383190">143383190</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118152826/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30030991">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+American+History&rft.atitle=In+Retrospect%3A+Louis+Hartz%27s+The+Liberal+Tradition+in+America&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=460-78&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143383190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30030991%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Frah.2001.0047&rft.aulast=Kloppenberg&rft.aufirst=James+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30030991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2005" class="citation journal cs1">Holland, Catherine A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0898588X05000155">"Hartz and Minds: The Liberal Tradition after the Cold War"</a>. <i>American Political Development</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0898588X05000155">10.1017/S0898588X05000155</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143913731">143913731</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930002536/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-american-political-development/article/abs/hartz-and-minds-the-liberal-tradition-after-the-cold-war/3B0D8AECF9CC6AB7C152EB3AECECF090">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2021</span> – via Cambridge Core.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Development&rft.atitle=Hartz+and+Minds%3A+The+Liberal+Tradition+after+the+Cold+War&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0898588X05000155&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143913731%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Catherine+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FS0898588X05000155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anna Gandziarowski, <i>The Puritan Legacy to American Politics</i> (2010) p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justin B. Litke, "Varieties of American Exceptionalism: Why John Winthrop Is No Imperialist," <i>Journal of Church and State</i>, 54 (Spring 2012), 197–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Hanover_Historical_Texts_Project1996" class="citation web cs1">The Hanover Historical Texts Project, ed. (August 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.hanover.edu/texts/winthmod.html">"John Winthrop, A Modell of Christian Charity(1630)"</a>. Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society (Boston, 1838), 3rd series 7:31–48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100413143419/http://history.hanover.edu/texts/winthmod.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Winthrop%2C+A+Modell+of+Christian+Charity%281630%29&rft.pub=Collections+of+the+Massachusetts+Historical+Society+%28Boston%2C+1838%29%2C+3rd+series+7%3A31%E2%80%9348.&rft.date=1996-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.hanover.edu%2Ftexts%2Fwinthmod.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Rivett, "Religious Exceptionalism and American Literary History: 'The Puritan Origins of the American Self' in 2012." <i>Early American Literature</i> 7.2 (2012): 391-410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialjudgments.com/docs/AME%20CHAPTER.POSTING.pdf">"Chapter posting"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.socialjudgments.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930003030/http://www.socialjudgments.com/docs/AME%20CHAPTER.POSTING.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.socialjudgments.com&rft.atitle=Chapter+posting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialjudgments.com%2Fdocs%2FAME%2520CHAPTER.POSTING.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2013" class="citation book cs1">Schultz, Kevin M. (January 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MPIVDAAAQBAJ&q=protestant+promise&pg=PA94"><i>Tri-Faith America: How Catholics and Jews Held Postwar America to Its Protestant Promise</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199987542" title="Special:BookSources/9780199987542"><bdi>9780199987542</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930003140/https://books.google.com/books?id=MPIVDAAAQBAJ&q=protestant+promise&pg=PA94#v=snippet&q=protestant%20promise&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tri-Faith+America%3A+How+Catholics+and+Jews+Held+Postwar+America+to+Its+Protestant+Promise&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft.isbn=9780199987542&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Kevin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMPIVDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dprotestant%2Bpromise%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon Wood, "Introduction" in <i>Idea of America: Reflections on the Birth of the United States</i> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Idea-America-Reflections-United-States/dp/1594202907#reader_B004IYIUFG">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930003033/https://www.amazon.com/Idea-America-Reflections-United-States/dp/1594202907#reader_B004IYIUFG">Archived</a> September 30, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon_S._Wood2009" class="citation book cs1">Gordon S. Wood (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/purposeofpastref00wood"><i>The Purpose of the Past: Reflections on the Uses of History</i></a></span>. Penguin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/purposeofpastref00wood/page/240">240</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440637919" title="Special:BookSources/9781440637919"><bdi>9781440637919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Purpose+of+the+Past%3A+Reflections+on+the+Uses+of+History&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781440637919&rft.au=Gordon+S.+Wood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpurposeofpastref00wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoogenboom2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ari_Hoogenboom" title="Ari Hoogenboom">Hoogenboom, Ari</a> (2002). "American Exceptionalism Republicanism as Ideology". In Gläser, Elisabeth; Wellenreuther, Hermann (eds.). <i>Bridging the Atlantic: the question of American exceptionalism in perspective</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78205-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78205-0"><bdi>978-0-521-78205-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=American+Exceptionalism+Republicanism+as+Ideology&rft.btitle=Bridging+the+Atlantic%3A+the+question+of+American+exceptionalism+in+perspective&rft.pages=43-67&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78205-0&rft.aulast=Hoogenboom&rft.aufirst=Ari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd2010" class="citation book cs1">Kidd, Thomas S. (2010). <i>God of Liberty: A Religious History of the American Revolution</i>. New York: Basic Books. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00235-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00235-1"><bdi>978-0-465-00235-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+of+Liberty%3A+A+Religious+History+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00235-1&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kidd, <i>God of Liberty,</i> p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerHendrickson1992" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Robert W.; Hendrickson, David C. (1992). <i>Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson</i>. Oxford University Press. p. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198022763" title="Special:BookSources/9780198022763"><bdi>9780198022763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Liberty%3A+The+Statecraft+of+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780198022763&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.au=Hendrickson%2C+David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Tucker and Hendrickson, <i>Empire of Liberty</i> p. 7; see John P. Foley, ed. <i>The Jeffersonian Cyclopedia</i> (1900) <a href="//archive.org/details/bub_gb_ZTIoAAAAYAAJ/page/n946" class="extiw" title="iarchive:bub gb ZTIoAAAAYAAJ/page/n946"> text p. 895</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marilyn B. Young, "One Empire Under G", <i>European Contributions to American Studies</i>, May 2004, Vol. 55, pp. 8–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larry Schweikart and Dave Dougherty, <i>A Patriot's History of the Modern World, From America's Exceptional Ascent to the Atomic Bomb, 1898–1945</i>. Sentinel. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59523-089-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59523-089-8">978-1-59523-089-8</a>. Moreover, <i>A Patriot's History of the Modern World, Vol. II, From the Cold War to the Age of Entitlement, 1945–2012</i>. Sentinel. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59523-104-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59523-104-8">978-1-59523-104-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cheney, Dick and Liz Cheney. <i>Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America</i>, Threshold Editions, New York, 2015. pp. 259ff. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-1541-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-1541-7">978-1-5011-1541-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1953" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, T. Harry (June 1953). "Abraham Lincoln – Principle and Pragmatism in Politics: A Review Article". <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1897545">10.2307/1897545</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1897545">1897545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln+%E2%80%93+Principle+and+Pragmatism+in+Politics%3A+A+Review+Article&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97&rft.date=1953-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1897545&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1897545%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=T.+Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Alan_Dahl1997" class="citation book cs1">Robert Alan Dahl (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FacUAQAAIAAJ"><i>Toward democracy--a journey: reflections, 1940–1997</i></a>. Institute of Governmental Studies Press, University of California, Berkeley. p. 2:711. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877723721" title="Special:BookSources/9780877723721"><bdi>9780877723721</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+democracy--a+journey%3A+reflections%2C+1940%E2%80%931997&rft.pages=2%3A711&rft.pub=Institute+of+Governmental+Studies+Press%2C+University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780877723721&rft.au=Robert+Alan+Dahl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFacUAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Foner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/article/birthright-citizenship-is-the-good-kind-of-american-exceptionalism/">"Birthright Citizenship Is the Good Kind of American Exceptionalism," <i>The Nation</i> Aug. 27, 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215320/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/birthright-citizenship-is-the-good-kind-of-american-exceptionalism/">Archived</a> January 14, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold Hongju Koh, "On American Exceptionalism" 55 Stan. L. Rev. 1479 (2003) quote at p. 1487 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2737&context=fss_papers">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517164302/http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2737&context=fss_papers">Archived</a> May 17, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.simonandschuster.com/Exceptional/Dick-Cheney/9781501115417"><i>Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America, By Dick Cheney and Liz Cheney</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. September 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442388314" title="Special:BookSources/9781442388314"><bdi>9781442388314</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905073401/http://books.simonandschuster.com/Exceptional/Dick-Cheney/9781501115417">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exceptional%3A+Why+the+World+Needs+a+Powerful+America%2C+By+Dick+Cheney+and+Liz+Cheney&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2015-09&rft.isbn=9781442388314&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.simonandschuster.com%2FExceptional%2FDick-Cheney%2F9781501115417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard W. Etulain, <i>Does the Frontier Experience Make America Exceptional?</i> (1999)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker D. Wyman and Clifton B. Kroeber, eds. <i>Frontier in Perspective</i> (1957)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marvin K. Mikesell, "Comparative Studies in Frontier History," in Richard Hofstadter and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., <i>Turner and the Sociology of the Frontier</i> (1968) pp. 152–72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll1982" class="citation journal cs1">Carroll, Dennis (1982). "Mateship and Individualism in Modern Australian Drama". <i>Theatre Journal</i>. <b>34</b> (4): 467–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3206809">10.2307/3206809</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3206809">3206809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=Mateship+and+Individualism+in+Modern+Australian+Drama&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=467-80&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3206809&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3206809%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaelble1981" class="citation book cs1">Kaelble, Hartmut (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalresear0000kael"><i>Social Mobility in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Europe and America in Comparative Perspective</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-05274-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-05274-0"><bdi>978-0-231-05274-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Mobility+in+the+Nineteenth+and+Twentieth+Centuries%3A+Europe+and+America+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-231-05274-0&rft.aulast=Kaelble&rft.aufirst=Hartmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricalresear0000kael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThernstrom1999" class="citation book cs1">Thernstrom, Stephan (1999). <i>The Other Bostonians: Poverty and Progress in the American Metropolis, 1880–1970</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58348-443-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58348-443-2"><bdi>978-1-58348-443-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Bostonians%3A+Poverty+and+Progress+in+the+American+Metropolis%2C+1880%E2%80%931970&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-58348-443-2&rft.aulast=Thernstrom&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephensonJensenWebster1978" class="citation book cs1">Stephenson, Charles; Jensen, Richard; Webster, Janice Reiff (1978). <i>Social predictors of American mobility: a census capture-recapture study of New York and Wisconsin, 1875–1905</i>. Newberry Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+predictors+of+American+mobility%3A+a+census+capture-recapture+study+of+New+York+and+Wisconsin%2C+1875%E2%80%931905&rft.pub=Newberry+Library&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Jensen%2C+Richard&rft.au=Webster%2C+Janice+Reiff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlauDuncan1978" class="citation book cs1">Blau, Peter M.; Duncan, Otis Dudley (1978). <i>The American Occupational Structure</i>. London: Collier Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-903670-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-903670-9"><bdi>978-0-02-903670-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Occupational+Structure&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collier+Macmillan&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-02-903670-9&rft.aulast=Blau&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+Otis+Dudley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Grauwe2007" class="citation web cs1">De Grauwe, Paul (July 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node%2F338">"Structural rigidities in the US and Europe"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531013631/http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node%2F338">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Structural+rigidities+in+the+US+and+Europe&rft.date=2007-07-02&rft.aulast=De+Grauwe&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voxeu.org%2Findex.php%3Fq%3Dnode%252F338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMankiw2011" class="citation web cs1">Mankiw, Greg (January 12, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gregmankiw.blogspot.com/2011/01/half-full-glass-of-economic-mobility.html">"Half-Full Glass of Economic Mobility"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(blog)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110122182147/http://gregmankiw.blogspot.com/2011/01/half-full-glass-of-economic-mobility.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Half-Full+Glass+of+Economic+Mobility&rft.date=2011-01-12&rft.aulast=Mankiw&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgregmankiw.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F01%2Fhalf-full-glass-of-economic-mobility.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rose, "How Exceptional is the American Political Economy?" <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> (1989) 104#1 pp. 91, 92 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2150989">2150989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SlaveVoyages, Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade - Estimates @ <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://slavevoyages.org/assessment/estimates">https://slavevoyages.org/assessment/estimates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513212631/https://www.slavevoyages.org/assessment/estimates">Archived</a> May 13, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sachs, Mellinger & Gallup, The Geography of Poverty and Wealth, Scientific American (March 2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hacker J.D. (2020) From '20. and odd" to 10 million: The growth of the slave population in the U.S. Slavery & Abolition, 41(4), 840-855. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0144039x.2020.1755502">https://doi.org/10.1080/0144039x.2020.1755502</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930003134/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0144039X.2020.1755502">Archived</a> September 30, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Booker T. Washington, Up From Slavery (1901)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaba, Amadu Jacky. Life Expectancy, Death Rates, Geography, and Black People: A Statistical World Overview. Journal of Black Studies 39, no. 3,(2009): 337-47. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40282565">40282565</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe, African Diasporas: Toward a Global History. African Studies Review 53, No. 1, (2010):1-19; <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40863100">40863100</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Id.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, Daron Acemoglu & James Robinson, Why Nations Fail - The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jodi Robinson, Black History Month and Black Exceptionalism, March 26, 2023 @ <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://brownpoliticalreview.org/2023/03/black-history-month-and-black-exceptionalism/">https://brownpoliticalreview.org/2023/03/black-history-month-and-black-exceptionalism/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512214933/https://brownpoliticalreview.org/2023/03/black-history-month-and-black-exceptionalism/">Archived</a> May 12, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Kamman, "The Problem of American Exceptionalism" <i>American Quarterly</i> (1993) p. 11 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2713051">2713051</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamman, "The Problem of American Exceptionalism" p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamman, "The Problem of American Exceptionalism" pp. 12–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamman, "The Problem of American Exceptionalism" pp. 12–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Ignatieff2009" class="citation book cs1">Michael Ignatieff (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OUiZLQdGJwkC&pg=PA4"><i>American Exceptionalism and Human Rights</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 3–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400826889" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400826889"><bdi>978-1400826889</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Exceptionalism+and+Human+Rights&rft.pages=3-8&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1400826889&rft.au=Michael+Ignatieff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOUiZLQdGJwkC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Philippe_David,_David_Grondin2006" class="citation cs2">Charles Philippe David, David Grondin (2006), <i>Hegemony or Empire?: The Redefinition of US Power Under George W. Bush</i>, Ashgate, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754647744" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754647744"><bdi>978-0754647744</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hegemony+or+Empire%3F%3A+The+Redefinition+of+US+Power+Under+George+W.+Bush&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0754647744&rft.au=Charles+Philippe+David%2C+David+Grondin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrel2006" class="citation journal cs1">Frel, Jan (July 10, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alternet.org/waroniraq/38604/">"Could Bush Be Prosecuted for War Crimes?"</a>. <i>AlterNet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513225220/http://www.alternet.org/waroniraq/38604/">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AlterNet&rft.atitle=Could+Bush+Be+Prosecuted+for+War+Crimes%3F&rft.date=2006-07-10&rft.aulast=Frel&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alternet.org%2Fwaroniraq%2F38604%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThimm" class="citation web cs1">Thimm, Johannes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090225014354/http://www.politikwissenschaft.tu-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/pg/Sektionstagung_IB/Thimm-American_exceptionalism.pdf">"American Exceptionalism – Conceptual Thoughts and Empirical Evidence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Berlin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politikwissenschaft.tu-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/pg/Sektionstagung_IB/Thimm-American_exceptionalism.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 25, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Exceptionalism+%E2%80%93+Conceptual+Thoughts+and+Empirical+Evidence&rft.place=Berlin&rft.aulast=Thimm&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politikwissenschaft.tu-darmstadt.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fpg%2FSektionstagung_IB%2FThimm-American_exceptionalism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinn1980" class="citation book cs1">Zinn, Howard (1980). <a href="/wiki/A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States" title="A People's History of the United States"><i>A People's History of the United States: 1492 to Present</i></a>. Harper & Row.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States%3A+1492+to+Present&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Zinn&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Myth_of_American_Exceptionalism-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Myth_of_American_Exceptionalism_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/s6ym9B6I3UM">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216040811/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6ym9B6I3UM&gl=US&hl=en">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward_Zinn2019" class="citation web cs1">Howard Zinn (July 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6ym9B6I3UM">"Howard Zinn at MIT 2005 - The Myth of American Exceptionalism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216040811/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6ym9B6I3UM&gl=US&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Howard+Zinn+at+MIT+2005+-+The+Myth+of+American+Exceptionalism&rft.date=2019-07-29&rft.au=Howard+Zinn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Ds6ym9B6I3UM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pease-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pease_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pease_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPease2009" class="citation book cs1">Pease, Donald E. (2009). <i>The New American Exceptionalism</i>. University of Minnesota Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+American+Exceptionalism&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Pease&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2009" class="citation journal cs1">Edwards, Mark (2009). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'God Has Chosen Us': Re-Membering Christian Realism, Rescuing Christendom, and the Contest of Responsibilities during the Cold War". <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 67–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2008.00747.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.2008.00747.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=%27God+Has+Chosen+Us%27%3A+Re-Membering+Christian+Realism%2C+Rescuing+Christendom%2C+and+the+Contest+of+Responsibilities+during+the+Cold+War&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-94&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2008.00747.x&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeacham2018" class="citation book cs1">Meacham, Jon (2018). <i>The Soul of America: The Battle for Our Better Angels</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0399589812" title="Special:BookSources/978-0399589812"><bdi>978-0399589812</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soul+of+America%3A+The+Battle+for+Our+Better+Angels&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0399589812&rft.aulast=Meacham&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514232217/http://www.gilderlehrman.org/wp/?p=307">"Index of /wp"</a>. Gilderlehrman.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gilderlehrman.org/wp/?p=307">the original</a> on May 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Index+of+%2Fwp&rft.pub=Gilderlehrman.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gilderlehrman.org%2Fwp%2F%3Fp%3D307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reichard, Gary W.; Ted Dickson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qf8k1PsbiSoC"><i>America on the World Stage</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930003141/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qf8k1PsbiSoC">Archived</a> September 30, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of Illinois Press, 2008, back cover. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-07552-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-07552-8">0-252-07552-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2008" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Roger (September 24, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/09/24/opinion/edcohen.php?pass=true">"Roger Cohen: Palin's American exception"</a>. <i>International Herald Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080927021348/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/09/24/opinion/edcohen.php?pass=true">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Heresy+of+Americanism%3A+Response+to+Radical+Traditionalists&rft.pub=Bringyou.to&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bringyou.to%2Fapologetics%2Fp22.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://are.as.wvu.edu/massey.htm">"The Phantom Heresy?"</a>. 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Hudson Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publication_details&id=6372">the original</a> on November 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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August 27, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614034854/http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2007/08/declinism.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+Centuries+of+American+Declinism&rft.pub=RealClearPolitics&rft.date=2007-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearpolitics.com%2Farticles%2F2007%2F08%2Fdeclinism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100129075119/http://www.american.com/archive/2007/august-0807/the-decline-and-fall-of-declinism">"The Decline and Fall of Declinism"</a>. American.com. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Martian+myths+that+flatter+Europe&rft.atitle=Financial+Times&rft.date=2009-12-20&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F2%2F81ba6ffa-ed90-11de-ba12-00144feab49a%2Cs01%3D1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández-Armesto, Felipe. <i>The Americas: A Hemispheric History</i>. New York: Modern Library, 2003. p. 17. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezakhahAghahosseini2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rezakhah, Alireza; Aghahosseini, Alireza (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ensani.ir/fa/article/415225/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%A3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C">"US soft power typology with emphasis on the American component of exceptionalism"</a>. <i>Soft Power Studies</i> (in Persian) (19): 69–98. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930003042/http://ensani.ir/fa/article/415225/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%A3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soft+Power+Studies&rft.atitle=US+soft+power+typology+with+emphasis+on+the+American+component+of+exceptionalism&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=69-98&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Rezakhah&rft.aufirst=Alireza&rft.au=Aghahosseini%2C+Alireza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fensani.ir%2Ffa%2Farticle%2F415225%2F%25DA%25AF%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D9%2587-%25D8%25B4%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C-%25D9%2582%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA-%25D9%2586%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585-%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D8%25AF%25D9%2587-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A3%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1-%25D9%2585%25D8%25A4%25D9%2584%25D9%2581%25D9%2587-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AB%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DB%258C-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DB%258C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadsen,_Deborah_L.1998" class="citation book cs1">Madsen, Deborah L. 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Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-585-12345-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-585-12345-4"><bdi>0-585-12345-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43476384">43476384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+exceptionalism&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43476384&rft.isbn=0-585-12345-4&rft.au=Madsen%2C+Deborah+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F43476384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglass,_Frederick,_1818-1895.1995" class="citation book cs1">Douglass, Frederick, 1818-1895. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31606505"><i>Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass</i></a>. New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-28499-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-28499-9"><bdi>0-486-28499-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31606505">31606505</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930003534/https://search.worldcat.org/title/31606505">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+the+life+of+Frederick+Douglass&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31606505&rft.isbn=0-486-28499-9&rft.au=Douglass%2C+Frederick%2C+1818-1895.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F31606505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStavinoha2017" class="citation web cs1">Stavinoha, Eleanor (April 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pastemagazine.com/politics/afghanistan/the-myth-of-american-exceptionalism-in-afghanistan/">"The Myth of American Exceptionalism in Afghanistan"</a>. <i>pastemagazine.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pastemagazine.com&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+American+Exceptionalism+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2017-04-09&rft.aulast=Stavinoha&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pastemagazine.com%2Fpolitics%2Fafghanistan%2Fthe-myth-of-american-exceptionalism-in-afghanistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritton2006" class="citation journal cs1">Britton, Gregory (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/41054016">"September 11, American 'Exceptionalism' and the War in Iraq"</a>. <i>Australasian Journal of American Studies</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 125–141. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41054016">41054016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Journal+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=September+11%2C+American+%27Exceptionalism%27+and+the+War+in+Iraq&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=125-141&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41054016%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Britton&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41054016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacevich,_Andrew2008" class="citation book cs1">Bacevich, Andrew (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limitsofpowerend00bace"><i>The Limits of Power: The End of American Exceptionalism</i></a></span>. Metropolitan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8815-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8815-1"><bdi>978-0-8050-8815-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Limits+of+Power%3A+The+End+of+American+Exceptionalism&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8815-1&rft.au=Bacevich%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flimitsofpowerend00bace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBender,_Thomas2006" class="citation book cs1">Bender, Thomas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationamongnatio00bend"><i>A Nation Among Nations: America's Place in World History</i></a>. Hill & Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-9527-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-9527-8"><bdi>978-0-8090-9527-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nation+Among+Nations%3A+America%27s+Place+in+World+History&rft.pub=Hill+%26+Wang&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8090-9527-8&rft.au=Bender%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationamongnatio00bend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheney,_Dick_and_Liz_Cheney2015" class="citation book cs1">Cheney, Dick and Liz Cheney (2015). <a href="/wiki/Exceptional:_Why_the_World_Needs_a_Powerful_America" title="Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America"><i>Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America</i></a>. Threshold Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-1541-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-1541-7"><bdi>978-1-5011-1541-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exceptional%3A+Why+the+World+Needs+a+Powerful+America&rft.pub=Threshold+Editions&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-5011-1541-7&rft.au=Cheney%2C+Dick+and+Liz+Cheney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Churchwell, Sarah. <i>Behold, America: The Entangled History of 'America First' and 'the American Dream' </i>(2018). 368 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=53671">online review</a></li> <li>Dollinger, Marc. "American Jewish Liberalism Revisited: Two Perspectives Exceptionalism and Jewish Liberalism". <i>American Jewish History</i> (2002) 90#2 pp. 161+.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDworkin,_Ronald_W.1996" class="citation book cs1">Dworkin, Ronald W. (1996). <i>The Rise of the Imperial Self</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8219-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8219-5"><bdi>978-0-8476-8219-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Imperial+Self&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-8219-5&rft.au=Dworkin%2C+Ronald+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhazal_Aswad2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ghazal Aswad, Noor (2023). "The U.S. American left and reverse moral exceptionalism: when do villains become heroes?". <i><a href="/wiki/Quarterly_Journal_of_Speech" title="Quarterly Journal of Speech">Quarterly Journal of Speech</a></i>. <b>109</b> (4): 354–375. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00335630.2023.2250580">10.1080/00335630.2023.2250580</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1479-5779">1479-5779</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:261651039">261651039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Speech&rft.atitle=The+U.S.+American+left+and+reverse+moral+exceptionalism%3A+when+do+villains+become+heroes%3F&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=354-375&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A261651039%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1479-5779&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00335630.2023.2250580&rft.aulast=Ghazal+Aswad&rft.aufirst=Noor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilfrich,_Fabian2012" class="citation book cs1">Hilfrich, Fabian (2012). <i>Debating American Exceptionalism: Empire and Democracy in the Wake of the Spanish–American War</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-39289-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-39289-2"><bdi>978-0-230-39289-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debating+American+Exceptionalism%3A+Empire+and+Democracy+in+the+Wake+of+the+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-230-39289-2&rft.au=Hilfrich%2C+Fabian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson,_Godfrey2009" class="citation book cs1">Hodgson, Godfrey (2009). <i>The Myth of American Exceptionalism</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12570-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12570-2"><bdi>978-0-300-12570-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+American+Exceptionalism&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12570-2&rft.au=Hodgson%2C+Godfrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hughes, David. "Unmaking an exception: A critical genealogy of US exceptionalism." <i>Review of International Studies</i> (2015) 41#3 pp. 527–51</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadsen,_Deborah_L.1998" class="citation book cs1">Madsen, Deborah L. (1998). <i>American Exceptionalism</i>. University Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-108-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-108-2"><bdi>978-1-57806-108-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Exceptionalism&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57806-108-2&rft.au=Madsen%2C+Deborah+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Glickstein, Jonathan A. <i>American Exceptionalism, American Anxiety: Wages, Competition, and Degraded Labor In The Antebellum United States</i> (2002)</li> <li>Ferrie, Joseph P. <i>The End of American Exceptionalism: Mobility in the US Since 1850,</i> Journal of Economic Perspectives (Summer, 2005)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellerman,_Steven_L._and_Andrei_S._Markovits2001" class="citation book cs1">Hellerman, Steven L. and Andrei S. Markovits (2001). <i>Offside: Soccer and American Exceptionalism</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-07447-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-07447-4"><bdi>978-0-691-07447-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Offside%3A+Soccer+and+American+Exceptionalism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-691-07447-4&rft.au=Hellerman%2C+Steven+L.+and+Andrei+S.+Markovits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnatieff,_Michael2005" class="citation book cs1">Ignatieff, Michael, ed. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/america_xxx_2005_00_6079"><i>American Exceptionalism and Human Rights</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11647-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11647-1"><bdi>978-0-691-11647-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Exceptionalism+and+Human+Rights&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11647-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famerica_xxx_2005_00_6079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKagan,_Robert2003" class="citation book cs1">Kagan, Robert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ofparadisepowera00kaga"><i>Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order</i></a>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4093-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4093-3"><bdi>978-1-4000-4093-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Paradise+and+Power%3A+America+and+Europe+in+the+New+World+Order&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-4093-3&rft.au=Kagan%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fofparadisepowera00kaga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kammen, Michael. "The problem of American exceptionalism: A reconsideration." <i>American Quarterly</i> (1993) 45#1 pp. 1–43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073005/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~DRBR2/kammen.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Koh, Harold Hongju. "On American Exceptionalism" 55 Stan. L. Rev. 1479 (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2737&context=fss_papers">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman,_Paul2007" class="citation book cs1">Krugman, Paul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conscienceoflibe00krug"><i>The Conscience of a Liberal</i></a>. W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06069-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06069-0"><bdi>978-0-393-06069-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conscience+of+a+Liberal&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06069-0&rft.au=Krugman%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconscienceoflibe00krug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lang, Andrew F. <i>A Contest of Civilizations: Exposing the Crisis of American Exceptionalism in the Civil War Era</i> (U of North Carolina Press, 2021).</li> <li>LeBlanc, Paul and Tim Davenport (eds.), <i>The "American Exceptionalism" of Jay Lovestone and His Comrades, 1929–1940: Dissident Marxism in the United States, Volume 1.</i> Leiden, NL: Brill, 2015.</li> <li>Libby, Ronald T., The Church of Woke Vs. American Exceptionalism: The Struggle Over America's Ciivil Religion, 2023.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipset,_Seymour_Martin1997" class="citation book cs1">Lipset, Seymour Martin (1997). <i>American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword</i>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31614-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31614-8"><bdi>978-0-393-31614-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Exceptionalism%3A+A+Double-Edged+Sword&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31614-8&rft.au=Lipset%2C+Seymour+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lipset, Seymour Martin. <i>The First New Nation</i>. Basic Books, 1955.</li> <li>Lipset, Seymour Martin. "Still the Exceptional Nation?" <i>The Wilson Quarterly.</i> 24#1 (2000) pp. 31+</li> <li>Lloyd, Brian. <i>Left Out: Pragmatism, Exceptionalism, and the Poverty of American Marxism, 1890–1922.</i> Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoble,_David2002" class="citation book cs1">Noble, David (2002). <i>Death of a Nation: American Culture and the End of Exceptionalism</i>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4080-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4080-5"><bdi>978-0-8166-4080-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+of+a+Nation%3A+American+Culture+and+the+End+of+Exceptionalism&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-4080-5&rft.au=Noble%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Restad, Hilde Eliassen, "Old Paradigms in History Die Hard in Political Science: U.S. Foreign Policy and American Exceptionalism", <i>American Political Thought</i> (Notre Dame), (Spring 2012), 1#1 pp. 53–76.</li> <li>Ross, Dorothy. <i>Origins of American Social Science.</i> Cambridge University Press, 1991.</li> <li>Ross, Dorothy. "American Exceptionalism" in <i>A Companion to American Thought.</i> Richard W. Fox and James T. Kloppenberg, eds. London: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 1995: 22–23.</li> <li>Schuck, Peter H., <a href="/wiki/James_Q._Wilson" title="James Q. Wilson">Wilson, James Q.</a>, Eds. <i>Understanding America: The Anatomy of an Exceptional Nation</i>, 704 pp, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-561-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-561-0">978-1-58648-561-0</a></li> <li>Shafer, Byron E., ed. <i>Is America Different?: A New Look at American Exceptionalism</i> (1991) endorses exceptionalism</li> <li>Soderlind, Sylvia, and James Taylor Carson, eds. <i>American Exceptionalisms: From Winthrop to Winfrey</i> (State University of New York Press; 2012) 268 pp; essays on the rhetoric of exceptionalism in American history, from John Winthrop's "city upon a hill" to the "war on terror".</li> <li>Swirski, Peter. <i>American Utopia and Social Engineering in Literature, Social Thought, and Political History.</i> New York, Routledge (2011)</li> <li>Tilman, Rick. "Thorstein Veblen's Views on American 'Exceptionalism': An Interpretation". <i>Journal of Economic Issues.</i> 39#1 2005. pp. 177+.</li> <li>Tomes, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iiss.org/en/publications/survival/sections/2014-4667/survival--global-politics-and-strategy-february-march-2014-e67d/56-1-03-tomes-4b8e">"American Exceptionalism in the Twenty-First Century"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118035000/http://www.iiss.org/en/publications/survival/sections/2014-4667/survival--global-politics-and-strategy-february-march-2014-e67d/56-1-03-tomes-4b8e">Archived</a> November 18, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "Survival." 56#1. pp. 26–50.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner,_Frederick_Jackson1999" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Frederick Jackson (1999). Richard W. Etulain (ed.). <i>The Significance of the Frontier in American History, in Does The Frontier Experience Make America Exceptional?</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Significance+of+the+Frontier+in+American+History%2C+in+Does+The+Frontier+Experience+Make+America+Exceptional%3F&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Turner%2C+Frederick+Jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tyrrell, Ian. "American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History", <i>American Historical Review</i> Vol. 96, No. 4 (Oct., 1991), pp. 1031–55 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2164993">2164993</a></li> <li>Voss, Kim. <i>The Making of American Exceptionalism: The Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century</i> (1993)</li> <li>Wilentz, Sean. <i>Against Exceptionalism: Class Consciousness and the American Labor Movement, 1790–1820</i>, 26 Int'l Lab. & Working Class History 1 (1984)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrobel,_David_M.1996" class="citation book cs1">Wrobel, David M. (1996). <i>The End Of American Exceptionalism: Frontier Anxiety From The Old West To The New Deal</i>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0561-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0561-3"><bdi>978-0-7006-0561-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+Of+American+Exceptionalism%3A+Frontier+Anxiety+From+The+Old+West+To+The+New+Deal&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0561-3&rft.au=Wrobel%2C+David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Roberts, Timothy, and Lindsay DiCuirci. (Eds). <i>American Exceptionalism</i>. Volumes 1–4. London: Pickering & Chatto Publishers, 2012, 1552 pp. A compilation of the primary sources on the subject of American exceptionalism, including pamphlets, sermons, newspaper and magazine articles from colonial period to 1900.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (2011). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_Like_No_Other" title="A Nation Like No Other">A Nation Like No Other</a>: Why American Exceptionalism Matters</i>. <a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781596982710" title="Special:BookSources/9781596982710">9781596982710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Grandin" title="Greg Grandin">Greg Grandin</a>, "The Strange Career of American Exceptionalism", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i>, January 2/9, 2017, pp. 22–27.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2015/9/22/noam_chomsky_on_the_myth_of">"Noam Chomsky on George Orwell, the Suppression of Ideas and the Myth of American Exceptionalism"</a>. <i>Democracy Now!</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Democracy+Now%21&rft.atitle=Noam+Chomsky+on+George+Orwell%2C+the+Suppression+of+Ideas+and+the+Myth+of+American+Exceptionalism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2015%2F9%2F22%2Fnoam_chomsky_on_the_myth_of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+exceptionalism" class="Z3988"></span> Included <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Qe4uL8pJuE&feature=youtu.be&t=230">video</a> discusses subject.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/American_exceptionalism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/postglobal/america">How the World Sees America</a> – Washington Post Feature</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040803210716/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19960301fareviewessay4193/michael-lind/the-american-creed-does-it-matter-should-it-change.html">"The American Creed: Does It Matter? Should It Change?"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2011/03/29/exceptionalism/index.html">Obama and American exceptionalism</a> – <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Greenwald" title="Glenn Greenwald">Glenn Greenwald</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904787404576532623176115558">Obama and the Burden of Exceptionalism</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shelby_Steele" title="Shelby Steele">Shelby Steele</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/WSJ.com" class="mw-redirect" title="WSJ.com">WSJ.com</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130004850/http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-letterstoamericans/article_2032.jsp">The right to be different</a> Debate between <a href="/wiki/Grover_Norquist" title="Grover Norquist">Grover Norquist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Will_Hutton" title="Will Hutton">Will Hutton</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120928203133/http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/71644-1/Seymour+Martin+Lipset.aspx"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Seymour Martin Lipset on <i>American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword</i>, June 23, 1996.</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/American-Exceptionalism-American-Freedom.php">American Exceptionalism, American Freedom</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a> (<i>The Montreal Review</i>, January, 2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histclo.com/country/us/hist/debate/ush-excep.html">American Exceptionalism</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alexis_de_Tocqueville" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Template:Alexis de Tocqueville"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Alexis_de_Tocqueville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Alexis de Tocqueville (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alexis de Tocqueville"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alexis_de_Tocqueville" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> (1835, 1840)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Regime_and_the_Revolution" title="The Old Regime and the Revolution">The Old Regime and the Revolution</a></i> (1856)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_liberty" title="Mutual liberty">Mutual liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_despotism" title="Soft despotism">Soft despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_tyranny" title="Soft tyranny">Soft tyranny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocqueville_effect" title="Tocqueville effect">Tocqueville effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Tour:_Exploring_Democracy_in_America" title="The Alexis de Tocqueville Tour: Exploring Democracy in America">The Alexis de Tocqueville Tour: Exploring Democracy in America</a></i> (1997–1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parrot_and_Olivier_in_America" title="Parrot and Olivier in America">Parrot and Olivier in America</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dream_On_(film)" title="Dream On (film)">Dream On</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Exceptionalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Exceptionalism" title="Template:Exceptionalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Exceptionalism" title="Template talk:Exceptionalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Exceptionalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Exceptionalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Exceptionalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Exceptionalism" title="Exceptionalism">Exceptionalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American exceptionalism</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_exception#The_French_Cultural_Exception" title="Cultural exception">Cultural Exception</a> (France)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i></span> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinocentrism" title="Sinocentrism">Sinocentrism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han chauvinism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chinese_exceptionalism" title="Chinese exceptionalism">Chinese exceptionalism</a> (China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Rome">Third Rome</a> (Europe & <a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">Russia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocentrism#European_exceptionalism" title="Eurocentrism">European exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_exceptionalism" title="Indian exceptionalism">Indian exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy_pride" title="Pinoy pride">Pinoy pride</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_exceptionalism" title="Thai exceptionalism">Thai exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_exceptionalism" title="Nicaraguan exceptionalism">Nicaraguan exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Empire" title="Fifth Empire">Fifth Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Religious exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeneyism" title="Feeneyism">Feeneyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Jews as the chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a> (Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church#Exclusivism" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Debate on Exclusivism in the SDA Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chosen_people" title="Chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God%27s_Own_Country" title="God's Own Country">God's Own Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_China#Zhongguo_and_Zhonghua" title="Names of China">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">Sui generis</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allocentrism" title="Allocentrism">Allocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Anthropocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androcentrism" title="Androcentrism">Androcentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocentrism_(ethics)" title="Biocentrism (ethics)">Biocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">Ecocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnocentrism" title="Template:Ethnocentrism">Template:Ethnocentrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_exceptionalism" title="HIV exceptionalism">HIV exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_chauvinism" title="Carbon chauvinism">Carbon chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_chauvinism" title="Particle chauvinism">Particle chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_chauvinism" title="Planetary chauvinism">Planetary chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiocentrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentiocentrism">Sentiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logocentrism" title="Logocentrism">Logocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phallocentrism" title="Phallocentrism">Phallocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phallogocentrism" title="Phallogocentrism">Phallogocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonocentrism" title="Phonocentrism">Phonocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocentrism" title="Xenocentrism">Xenocentrism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="Supremacist">Supremacist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_particularism" title="Multicultural particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocentrism" title="Theocentrism">Theocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocentrism" title="Technocentrism">Technocentrism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tea_Party_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tea_Party_movement" title="Template:Tea Party movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tea_Party_movement" title="Template talk:Tea Party movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tea_Party_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tea Party movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tea_Party_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_populism" title="Judicial populism">Popular constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_from_America" title="Contract from America">Contract from America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FairTax" title="FairTax">FairTax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">Flat taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Opposition to taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gadsden_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gadsden_flag.svg/150px-Gadsden_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gadsden_flag.svg/225px-Gadsden_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gadsden_flag.svg/300px-Gadsden_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Tea_Party_movement" title="Electoral history of the Tea Party movement">Electoral history of the Tea Party movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Right_America:_Feeling_Wronged_%E2%80%93_Some_Voices_from_the_Campaign_Trail" title="Right America: Feeling Wronged – Some Voices from the Campaign Trail">Right America: Feeling Wronged – Some Voices from the Campaign Trail</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_March_on_Washington" title="Taxpayer March on Washington">Taxpayer March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoring_Honor_rally" title="Restoring Honor rally">Restoring Honor rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_protests" title="Tea Party protests">Tea Party protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Justin Amash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Dick Armey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann" title="Michele Bachmann">Michele Bachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Glenn Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Bevin" title="Matt Bevin">Matt Bevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Cain" title="Herman Cain">Herman Cain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keli_Carender" title="Keli Carender">Keli Carender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_DeMint" title="Jim DeMint">Jim DeMint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Denninger" title="Karl Denninger">Karl Denninger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Gaetz" title="Matt Gaetz">Matt Gaetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trey_Gowdy" title="Trey Gowdy">Trey Gowdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Sean Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Kibbe" title="Matt Kibbe">Matt Kibbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Koch" title="Charles Koch">Charles Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">David Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Kremer" title="Amy Kremer">Amy Kremer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Mark Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Meckler" title="Mark Meckler">Mark Meckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Patrick_(politician)" title="Dan Patrick (politician)">Dan Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santelli" title="Rick Santelli">Rick Santelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Walsh_(Illinois_politician)" title="Joe Walsh (Illinois politician)">Joe Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_West_(politician)" title="Allen West (politician)">Allen West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_affiliated_with_the_Tea_Party_movement" title="List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement">List of Tea Party politicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity" title="Americans for Prosperity">Americans for Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">Americans for Tax Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DontGo" title="DontGo">DontGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Tea_Party_Federation" title="National Tea Party Federation">National Tea Party Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Conservatives_Fund" title="Senate Conservatives Fund">Senate Conservatives Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Express" title="Tea Party Express">Tea Party Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Nation" title="Tea Party Nation">Tea Party Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Caucus" title="Tea Party Caucus">Tea Party Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Community" title="Tea Party Community">Tea Party Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TheBlaze" class="mw-redirect" title="TheBlaze">TheBlaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_for_Trump" title="Women for Trump">Women for Trump</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(founded by Kremer)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-12_Project" title="9-12 Project">9-12 Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&oldid=1258894024">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_exceptionalism&oldid=1258894024</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_exceptionalism" title="Category:American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1920s_neologisms" title="Category:1920s neologisms">1920s neologisms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_nationalism" 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1,\n [\"CITEREFLevinson1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipset,_Seymour_Martin1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloyd2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadsen,_Deborah_L.1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMankiw2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinSmith2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAvoy1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCoy2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeacham2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Ignatieff2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitt_Romney2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoble,_David2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstroff2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPease2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPease2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPutin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuammen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuentin_R._Skrabec2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRezakhahAghahosseini2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Alan_Dahl1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchultz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStavinoha2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephensonJensenWebster1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuurman1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Hanover_Historical_Texts_Project1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThernstrom1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThimm\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuckerHendrickson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner,_Frederick_Jackson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrobel,_David_M.1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZinn1980\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Alexis de Tocqueville\"] = 1,\n [\"American imperialism\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 27,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism US\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Exceptionalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 9,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Tea Party movement\"] = 1,\n [\"United States topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 15,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-g2dn4","timestamp":"20241124053209","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"American exceptionalism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_exceptionalism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q464148","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q464148","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-09-06T17:30:10Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T06:20:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a1\/Statue_of_Liberty_7.jpg","headline":"ideology holding the United States as unique among nations; facet of nationalism in the United States"}</script> </body> </html>