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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contemporary news values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_news_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_news_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_news_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of news values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_news_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audience_perceptions_of_news" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audience_perceptions_of_news"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Audience perceptions of news</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audience_perceptions_of_news-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Evolutionary perspectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zpravodajsk%C3%A9_hodnoty" title="Zpravodajské hodnoty – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zpravodajské hodnoty" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyhedskriterier" title="Nyhedskriterier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nyhedskriterier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachrichtenwert" title="Nachrichtenwert – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nachrichtenwert" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ارزش‌های خبری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارزش‌های خبری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%89%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B0%80%EC%B9%98" title="뉴스 가치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뉴스 가치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilai_berita" title="Nilai berita – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nilai berita" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/News" title="News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_style" title="News style">Writing style</a> (<a href="/wiki/Five_Ws" title="Five Ws">Five Ws</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">Ethics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Code_of_ethics_in_media" title="Code of ethics in media">code of ethics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_culture" title="Journalism culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_objectivity" title="Journalistic objectivity">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">News values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">Editorial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_school" title="Journalism school">Journalism school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_journalism_articles" title="Index of journalism articles">Index of journalism articles</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_journalism" title="Arts journalism">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_journalism" title="Entertainment journalism">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_journalism" title="Medical journalism">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_journalism" title="Political journalism">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_journalism" title="Technology journalism">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_journalism" title="Video game journalism">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_news" title="World news">World</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_journalism" title="Adversarial journalism">Adversarial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_journalism" title="Advocacy journalism">Advocacy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Journalistic_interventionism" title="Journalistic interventionism">Interventionism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_journalism" title="Analytic journalism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_journalism" title="Broadcast journalism">Broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churnalism" title="Churnalism">Churnalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_journalism" title="Civic journalism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_journalism" title="Collaborative journalism">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_journalism" title="Community journalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_journalism" title="Digital journalism">Digital/Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_journalism" title="Explanatory journalism">Explanatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">Fact-checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">Gonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_journalism" title="Immersion journalism">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretive_journalism" title="Interpretive journalism">Interpretive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">Investigative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_journalism" title="Multimedia journalism">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_journalism" title="Narrative journalism">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit journalism">Non-profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_journalism" title="Opinion journalism">Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">Press release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensor_journalism" title="Sensor journalism">Sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_journalism" title="Video journalism">Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_journalism" title="Visual journalism">Visual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Social impact</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate" title="Fourth Estate">Fourth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate" title="Fifth Estate">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_race_journalism" title="Horse race journalism">Horse race journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> (<a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspapers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">Newspaper of record</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">TV and radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">News agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Roles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">Journalists (reporters)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">Meteorologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">News presenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundit" title="Pundit">Pundit / commentator</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/16px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/24px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/32px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Journalism" title="Category:Journalism">Category: Journalism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Journalism_sidebar" title="Template:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Journalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>News values</b> are "criteria that influence the selection and presentation of events as published news." These values help explain what makes something "newsworthy."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>News values are not universal and can vary between different <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a>. Among the many lists of news values that have been drawn up by <a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">scholars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalists</a>, some attempt to describe news practices across cultures, while others have become remarkably specific to the press of particular (often <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a>) nations. In the Western tradition, decisions on the selection and prioritization of news are made by <a href="/wiki/Editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Editors">editors</a> on the basis of their experience and intuition, although analysis by Galtung and Ruge showed that several factors are consistently applied across a range of <a href="/wiki/News_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="News organizations">news organizations</a>. Their theory was tested on the news presented in four different <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> newspapers from the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution">Cuban crisis</a> of July 1960 and the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_crisis_of_1963%E2%80%931964" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964">Cyprus crisis</a> of March–April 1964. Results were mainly consistent with their theory and hypotheses.<sup id="cite_ref-Galtung_Holmboe_Ruge_1965_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galtung_Holmboe_Ruge_1965-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johan Galtung later said that the media have misconstrued his work and become far too negative, sensational, and adversarial.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Methodologically and conceptually, news values can be approached from four different perspectives: material (focusing on the material reality of events), cognitive (focusing on people's beliefs and value systems), social (focusing on <a href="/wiki/Journalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Journalistic">journalistic</a> practice), and discursive (focusing on the discourse).<sup id="cite_ref-Bednarek_Caple_2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bednarek_Caple_2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A discursive perspective tries to systematically examine how news values such as Negativity, Proximity, Eliteness, and others, are constructed through words and images in published <a href="/wiki/News_story" class="mw-redirect" title="News story">news stories</a>. This approach is influenced by <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_semiotics" title="Social semiotics">social semiotics</a>, and is called "discursive news values analysis" (DNVA).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It focuses on the "distortion" step in Galtung and Ruge's chain of news communication, by analysing how events are discursively constructed as newsworthy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_values&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially labelled "news factors," news values are widely credited to <a href="/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung">Johan Galtung</a> and Mari Holmboe Ruge.<sup id="cite_ref-Galtung_Holmboe_Ruge_1965_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galtung_Holmboe_Ruge_1965-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their seminal 1965 study,<sup id="cite_ref-Galtung_Holmboe_Ruge_1965_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galtung_Holmboe_Ruge_1965-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galtung and Ruge put forward a system of twelve factors describing events that together are used as defining "newsworthiness." Focusing on <a href="/wiki/Newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers">newspapers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_journalism" title="Broadcast journalism">broadcast news</a>, Galtung and Ruge devised a list describing what they believed were significant contributing factors as to how the <a href="/wiki/News" title="News">news</a> is constructed. They proposed a "chain of news communication,"<sup id="cite_ref-Galtung_Holmboe_Ruge_1965_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galtung_Holmboe_Ruge_1965-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65">: 65 </span></sup> which involves processes of selection (the more an event satisfies the "news factors," the more likely it is selected as news), distortion (accentuating the newsworthy factors of the event, once it has been selected), and replication (selection and distortion are repeated at all steps in the chain from event to reader). Furthermore, three basic hypotheses are presented by Galtung and Ruge: the additivity hypothesis that the more factors an event satisfies, the higher the probability that it becomes news; the complementary hypothesis that the factors will tend to exclude each other; and the exclusion hypothesis that events that satisfy none or very few factors will not become news. </p><p>In 2001, the influential 1965 study was updated by Tony Harcup and Deirdre O'Neill, in a study of the <a href="/wiki/British_press" class="mw-redirect" title="British press">British press</a>. The findings of a content analysis of three major national newspapers in the UK were used to critically evaluate Galtung and Ruge's original criteria and to propose a contemporary set of news values. Forty years on, they found some notable differences, including the rise of <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">celebrity</a> news and that good news (as well as bad news) was a significant news value, as well as the newspaper's own agenda. They examined three <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabloid newspapers">tabloid newspapers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_news_values">Contemporary news values</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_values&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contemporary news values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a rapidly evolving market, achieving <a href="/wiki/Relevance" title="Relevance">relevance</a>, giving <a href="/wiki/Audiences" class="mw-redirect" title="Audiences">audiences</a> the news they want and find interesting, is an increasingly important goal for media outlets seeking to maintain market share. This has made news organizations more open to audience input and feedback, and forced them to adopt and apply news values that attract and keep audiences. Given these changes and the rapid rise of digital technology in recent years, Harcup and O’Neill updated their 2001 study in 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other scholars have analysed news values in viral news shared via social media.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growth of <a href="/wiki/Interactive_media" title="Interactive media">interactive media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">citizen journalism</a> is fast altering the traditional distinction between news producer and passive audience and may in future lead to a redefinition of what "news" means and the role of the news industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_news_values">List of news values</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_values&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of news values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variety of external and internal pressures influence <a href="/wiki/Journalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Journalistic">journalistic</a> decisions during the <a href="/wiki/News" title="News">news</a>-making process, which can sometimes lead to <a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">bias</a> or unethical reporting. Many different factors have the potential to influence whether an event is first noticed by a <a href="/wiki/News_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="News organisation">news organisation</a>, second whether a <a href="/wiki/News_story" class="mw-redirect" title="News story">story</a> will be written about that event, third, how that story is written, and fourth whether this story will end up being published as news and if so, where it is placed. Therefore, "there is no end to lists of news criteria."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are multiple competing lists of news values (including Galtung & Ruge's news factors, and others put forward by Schlesinger,<sup id="cite_ref-Schlesinger_1987_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger_1987-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bell,<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_1991-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bednarek & Caple<sup id="cite_ref-Bednarek_Caple_2017_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bednarek_Caple_2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), with considerable overlap but also disagreement as to what should be included.<sup id="cite_ref-Caple_Bednarek_2013_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caple_Bednarek_2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>News values can relate to aspects of events and actors, or to aspects of news gathering and processing:<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_1991-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Values in news actors and events:</i> </p> <ul><li><b>Frequency</b>: Events that occur suddenly and fit well with the news organization's schedule are more likely to be reported than those that occur gradually or at inconvenient times of day or night. Long-term trends are not likely to receive much coverage.</li> <li><b>Timeliness</b>: Events that have only just happened, are current, ongoing, or are about to happen are newsworthy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bednarek_Caple_2017_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bednarek_Caple_2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Familiarity</b>: To do with people or places close to the <a href="/wiki/Target_audience" title="Target audience">target audience</a>. Others prefer the term <b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/proximity" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/proximity">Proximity</a></b> for this news value, which includes geographical and cultural proximity (see "meaningfulness").<sup id="cite_ref-Bednarek_Caple_2017_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bednarek_Caple_2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Negativity</b>: Bad news is more newsworthy than good news. Sometimes described as "the basic news value."<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_1991-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, it has also been suggested that <b>Positivity</b> is a news value in certain cases (such as <a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">sports news</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">science news</a>, feel-good <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">tabloid</a> stories).</li> <li><b>Conflict</b>: Opposition of people or forces resulting in a dramatic effect. Events with conflict are often quite newsworthy. Sometimes included in Negativity rather than listed as a separate news value.<sup id="cite_ref-Bednarek_Caple_2017_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bednarek_Caple_2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Unexpectedness</b>: Events that are out of the ordinary, unexpected, or rare are more newsworthy than routine, unsurprising events.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_1991-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bednarek_Caple_2017_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bednarek_Caple_2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Unambiguity</b>: Events whose implications are clear make for better copy than those that are open to more than one interpretation, or where any understanding of the implications depends on first understanding the complex background in which the events take place.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_1991-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Personalization</b>: Events that can be portrayed as the actions of individuals will be more attractive than one in which there is no such "human interest." Personalization is about whether an event can be contextualised in personal terms (affecting or involving specific, "ordinary" people, not the generalised masses).</li> <li><b>Meaningfulness</b>: This relates to the sense of identification the <a href="/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audience</a> has with the topic. "Cultural proximity" is a factor here—events concerned with people who speak the same language, look the same, and share the same preoccupations as the audience receive more coverage than those concerned with people who speak different languages, look different and have different preoccupations. A related term is <b><a href="/wiki/Relevance" title="Relevance">Relevance</a></b>, which is about the relevance of the event as regards the target readers/viewers own lives or how close it is to their experiences. <b>Impact</b> refers more generally to an event's impact, on the target audience, or on others. An event with significant consequences (high impact) is newsworthy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bednarek_Caple_2017_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bednarek_Caple_2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Eliteness</b>: Events concerned with <a href="/wiki/Global_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Power">global powers</a> receive more attention than those concerned with less influential nations. Events concerned with the rich, powerful, famous and infamous get more coverage. Also includes the eliteness of sources – sometimes called <b>Attribution</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_1991-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Superlativeness</b>: Events with a large scale or scope or with high intensity are newsworthy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_1991-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bednarek_Caple_2017_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bednarek_Caple_2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Consonance</b>: Events that fit with the media's expectations and preconceptions receive more coverage than those that defy them (and for which they are thus unprepared). Note this appears to conflict with unexpectedness above. However, consonance really refers to the media's <i>readiness</i> to report an item. Consonance has also been defined as relating to editors' stereotypes and their mental scripts for how events typically proceed.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_1991-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><i>Values in the news process:</i> </p> <ul><li><b>Continuity</b>: A story that is already in the news gathers a kind of inertia. This is partly because the media organizations are already in place to report the story, and partly because previous reportage may have made the story more accessible to the public (making it less ambiguous).</li> <li><b>Composition</b>: Stories must compete with one another for space in the media. For instance, editors may seek to provide a balance of different types of coverage, so that if there is an excess of foreign news for instance, the least important foreign story may have to make way for an item concerned with the domestic news. In this way the prominence given to a story depends not only on its own news values but also on those of competing stories.<sup id="cite_ref-Galtung_Holmboe_Ruge_1965_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galtung_Holmboe_Ruge_1965-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Competition</b>: Commercial or professional competition between media may lead <a href="/wiki/Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Journalists">journalists</a> to endorse the news value given to a story by a rival.</li> <li><b>Co-option</b>: A story that is only marginally newsworthy in its own right may be covered if it is related to a major running story.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_1991-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Prefabrication</b>: A story that is marginal in news terms but written and available may be selected ahead of a much more newsworthy story that must be researched and written from the ground up.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_1991-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Predictability</b>: An event is more likely to be covered if it has been pre-scheduled.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_1991-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Story impact</b>: The impact of a published story (not the event), for example whether it is being shared widely (sometimes called <b>Shareability</b>), read, liked, commented-on. To be qualified as shareable, a story arguably has to be simple, emotional, unexpected and triggered. Engaging with such analytics is now an important part of newsroom practice.</li> <li><b>Time constraints</b>: Traditional news media such as <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daily_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily newspaper">daily newspapers</a> have strict deadlines and a short production cycle, which selects for items that can be researched and covered quickly.</li> <li><b>Logistics</b>: Although eased by the availability of <a href="/wiki/Global_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Global communication">global communications</a> even from remote regions, the ability to deploy and control production and <a href="/wiki/Correspondent" title="Correspondent">reporting staff</a>, and functionality of technical resources can determine whether a story is covered.<sup id="cite_ref-Schlesinger_1987_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger_1987-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Data</b>: Media need to back up all of their stories with data in order to remain relevant and reliable. Reporters prefer to look at raw data in order to be able to take an unbiased perspective. An alternative term is <b>Facticity</b> – the favouring of facts and figures in hard news.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_1991-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>One of the key differences in relation to these news values is whether they relate to events or stories. For example, composition and co-option both relate to the published news story. These are news values that concern how news stories fit with the other stories around them. The aim here is to ensure a balanced spread of stories with minimal duplication across a <a href="/wiki/News_program" class="mw-redirect" title="News program">news program</a> or edition.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such news values are qualitatively different from news values that relate to aspects of events, such as Eliteness (the elite status of news actors or sources) or Proximity (the closeness of the event's location to the target audience). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Audience_perceptions_of_news">Audience perceptions of news</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_values&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Audience perceptions of news"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conventional models concentrate on what the journalist perceives as news. But the news process is a two-way transaction, involving both news producer (the journalist) and the news receiver (the audience), although the boundary between the two is rapidly blurring with the growth of citizen journalism and interactive media. Little has been done to define equivalent factors that determine audience perception of news. This is largely because it would appear impossible to define a common factor, or factors, that generate interest in a <a href="/wiki/Mass_audience" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass audience">mass audience</a>. Basing his judgement on many years as a newspaper journalist Hetherington states that: "...anything which threatens people's peace, prosperity and well being is news and likely to make headlines."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whyte-Venables suggests audiences may interpret news as a risk signal.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychologists and <a href="/wiki/Primatologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Primatologists">primatologists</a> have shown that apes and humans constantly monitor the environment for information that may signal the possibility of physical danger or threat to the individual's social position. This receptiveness to risk signals is a powerful and virtually universal survival mechanism. A "risk signal" is characterized by two factors, an element of change (or uncertainty) and the relevance of that change to the security of the individual. The same two conditions are observed to be characteristic of news. The news value of a story, if defined in terms of the interest it carries for an audience, is determined by the degree of change it contains and the relevance that change has for the individual or group. Analysis shows that journalists and publicists manipulate both the element of change and relevance ('security concern') to maximize, or some cases play down, the strength of a story. </p><p>Security concern is proportional to the relevance of the story for the individual, his or her family, social group and societal group, in declining order. At some point there is a Boundary of Relevance, beyond which the change is no longer perceived to be relevant, or newsworthy. This boundary may be manipulated by journalists, power elites and communicators seeking to encourage audiences to exclude, or embrace, certain groups: for instance, to distance a home audience from the enemy in time of <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>, or conversely, to highlight the plight of a distant culture so as to encourage support for aid programs.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2018, Hal Pashler and Gail Heriot published a study showing that perceptions of newsworthiness tend to be contaminated by a political usefulness bias. In other words, individuals tend to view stories that give them "ammunition" for their political views as more newsworthy. They give credence to their own views.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_perspectives">Evolutionary perspectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_values&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Evolutionary perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychology</a> explanation for why negative news have a higher news value than positive news starts with the empirical observation that the human perceptive system and lower level brain functions have difficulty distinguishing between media stimuli and real stimuli. These lower level brain mechanisms which function on a subconscious level make basic evaluations of perceptive stimuli, focus attention on important stimuli, and start basic emotional reactions. Research has also found that the brain differentiates between negative and positive stimuli and reacts quicker and more automatically to negative stimuli which are also better remembered. This likely has evolutionary explanations with it often being important to quickly focus attention on, evaluate, and quickly respond to threats. While the reaction to a strong negative stimulus is to avoid, a moderately negative stimulus instead causes curiosity and further examination. Negative media news is argued to fall into the latter category which explains their popularity. Lifelike audiovisual media are argued to have particularly strong effects compared to reading.<sup id="cite_ref-Grabe_2011_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabe_2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women have on average stronger avoidance reactions to moderately negative stimuli. Men and women also differ on average in how they enjoy, evaluate, remember, comprehend, and identify with the people in news depending on if the news are negatively or positively framed. The stronger avoidance reaction to moderately negative stimuli has been explained as it being the role of men in evolutionary history to investigate and potentially respond aggressively to threats while women and children withdrew. It has been claimed that negative news are framed according to male preferences by the often male journalists who cover such news and that a more positive framing may attract a larger female audience.<sup id="cite_ref-Grabe_2011_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabe_2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other scholars have urged caution as regards evolutionary psychology's claims about gender differences.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_values&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistanism" title="Afghanistanism">Afghanistanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda-setting_theory" title="Agenda-setting theory">Agenda-setting theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="News bias">News bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_impact_on_spatial_perception" title="Mass media impact on spatial perception">Mass media impact on spatial perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">Media imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Media transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reporting_bias" title="Reporting bias">Reporting bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Media_Equation" title="The Media Equation">The Media Equation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_values&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoyd1994" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Andrew (1994). <i>Broadcast journalism: Techniques of radio and TV news</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Focal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-1760-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-1760-4"><bdi>978-0-7506-1760-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32855888">32855888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broadcast+journalism%3A+Techniques+of+radio+and+TV+news&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32855888&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-1760-4&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galtung_Holmboe_Ruge_1965-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Galtung_Holmboe_Ruge_1965_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galtung_Holmboe_Ruge_1965_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galtung_Holmboe_Ruge_1965_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galtung_Holmboe_Ruge_1965_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galtung_Holmboe_Ruge_1965_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaltungHolmboe_Ruge1965" class="citation journal cs1">Galtung, Johan; Holmboe Ruge, Mari (1965). "The structure of foreign news: The presentation of the Congo, Cuba and Cyprus crises in four Norwegian newspapers". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Peace_Research" title="Journal of Peace Research">Journal of Peace Research</a></i>. <b>2</b> (1): 64–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002234336500200104">10.1177/002234336500200104</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/423011">423011</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55063363">55063363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Peace+Research&rft.atitle=The+structure+of+foreign+news%3A+The+presentation+of+the+Congo%2C+Cuba+and+Cyprus+crises+in+four+Norwegian+newspapers&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64-91&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55063363%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F423011%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002234336500200104&rft.aulast=Galtung&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft.au=Holmboe+Ruge%2C+Mari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaagerup2019" class="citation news cs1">Haagerup, Ulrik (18 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/18/johan-galtung-news-principles-journalists-too-negative">"Academic who defined news principles says journalists are too negative"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Academic+who+defined+news+principles+says+journalists+are+too+negative&rft.date=2019-01-18&rft.aulast=Haagerup&rft.aufirst=Ulrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fjan%2F18%2Fjohan-galtung-news-principles-journalists-too-negative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bednarek_Caple_2017-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bednarek_Caple_2017_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bednarek_Caple_2017_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bednarek_Caple_2017_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bednarek_Caple_2017_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bednarek_Caple_2017_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bednarek_Caple_2017_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bednarek_Caple_2017_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bednarek_Caple_2017_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBednarekCaple2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Monika_Bednarek" title="Monika Bednarek">Bednarek, Monika</a>; Caple, Helen (2017). <i>The discourse of news values: How news organizations create newsworthiness</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780190653934.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190653934.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-065393-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-065393-4"><bdi>978-0-19-065393-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+discourse+of+news+values%3A+How+news+organizations+create+newsworthiness&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780190653934.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-065393-4&rft.aulast=Bednarek&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft.au=Caple%2C+Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsvaluesanalysis.com/">"Discursive News Values Analysis"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discursive+News+Values+Analysis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsvaluesanalysis.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarcupO'Neill2001" class="citation journal cs1">Harcup, Tony; O'Neill, Deirdre (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/27381/1/What%20is%20news%20Original.pdf">"What is news? : Galtung and Ruge revisited"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journalism Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 261–280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14616700118449">10.1080/14616700118449</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1461-670X">1461-670X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journalism+Studies&rft.atitle=What+is+news%3F+%3A+Galtung+and+Ruge+revisited&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=261-280&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14616700118449&rft.issn=1461-670X&rft.aulast=Harcup&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=O%27Neill%2C+Deirdre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.hud.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F27381%2F1%2FWhat%2520is%2520news%2520Original.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarcupO'Neill2016" class="citation journal cs1">Harcup, Tony; O'Neill, Deirdre (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1461670X.2016.1150193">"What is news? : News values revisited (again)"</a>. <i>Journalism Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (12): 1470–1488. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1461670X.2016.1150193">10.1080/1461670X.2016.1150193</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147241691">147241691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journalism+Studies&rft.atitle=What+is+news%3F+%3A+News+values+revisited+%28again%29&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1470-1488&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1461670X.2016.1150193&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147241691%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Harcup&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=O%27Neill%2C+Deirdre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F1461670X.2016.1150193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBednarek2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Monika_Bednarek" title="Monika Bednarek">Bednarek, Monika</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fcor.2016.0093">"Investigating evaluation and news values in news items that are shared through social media"</a>. <i>Corpora</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 227–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fcor.2016.0093">10.3366/cor.2016.0093</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corpora&rft.atitle=Investigating+evaluation+and+news+values+in+news+items+that+are+shared+through+social+media&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-257&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fcor.2016.0093&rft.aulast=Bednarek&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3366%252Fcor.2016.0093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1991" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Charlotte (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/primetimeactivis0000ryan"><i>Prime time activism: Media strategies for grassroots organizing</i></a></span>. Boston: South End Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/primetimeactivis0000ryan/page/31">31</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prime+time+activism%3A+Media+strategies+for+grassroots+organizing&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprimetimeactivis0000ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlesinger_1987-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schlesinger_1987_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlesinger_1987_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger1987" class="citation book cs1">Schlesinger, Philip (1987). <i>Putting 'reality' together: BBC News</i> (2nd ed.). London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-416-90190-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-416-90190-0"><bdi>978-0-416-90190-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Putting+%27reality%27+together%3A+BBC+News&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-416-90190-0&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span> Originally published as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger1978" class="citation book cs1">Schlesinger, Philip (1978). <i>Putting 'reality' together: BBC News</i>. London: Constable. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-462040-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-462040-7"><bdi>978-0-09-462040-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Putting+%27reality%27+together%3A+BBC+News&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-09-462040-7&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell_1991-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_1991_11-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1991" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Allan (1991). <i>The language of news media</i>. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16434-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16434-0"><bdi>978-0-631-16434-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+language+of+news+media&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-631-16434-0&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caple_Bednarek_2013-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caple_Bednarek_2013_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapleBednarek2013" class="citation web cs1">Caple, Helen; Bednarek, Monika (December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1f5c6d91-bb1f-4278-a160-66149ecfb36b/files/mc713432d59c70fe493d148ee29b73805">"Delving into the discourse: Approaches to news values in journalism studies and beyond"</a>. Oxford, UK: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Delving+into+the+discourse%3A+Approaches+to+news+values+in+journalism+studies+and+beyond&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Reuters+Institute+for+the+Study+of+Journalism%2C+University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2013-12&rft.aulast=Caple&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Bednarek%2C+Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3A1f5c6d91-bb1f-4278-a160-66149ecfb36b%2Ffiles%2Fmc713432d59c70fe493d148ee29b73805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrightonFoy2007" class="citation book cs1">Brighton, Paul; Foy, Dennis (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newsvalues00brig"><i>News values</i></a></span>. London: Sage. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newsvalues00brig/page/n36">26</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=News+values&rft.place=London&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Brighton&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Foy%2C+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewsvalues00brig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHetherington1985" class="citation book cs1">Hetherington, Alastair (25 October 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qKSwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40"><i>News, newspapers and television</i></a>. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-18000-4">10.1007/978-1-349-18000-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-38606-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-38606-4"><bdi>978-0-333-38606-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=News%2C+newspapers+and+television&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+UK&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1985-10-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-18000-4&rft.isbn=978-0-333-38606-4&rft.aulast=Hetherington&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqKSwCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhyte-Venables2012" class="citation book cs1">Whyte-Venables, John (4 July 2012). <i>What is news?</i> (3rd ed.). Willow Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B008HOADC6">B008HOADC6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+news%3F&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Willow+Publishing&rft.date=2012-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB008HOADC6%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Whyte-Venables&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span> Revised from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenables1993" class="citation book cs1">Venables, John (1993). <i>What is news?</i>. Kings Ripton, UK: Elm Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85450-052-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85450-052-6"><bdi>978-1-85450-052-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30437924">30437924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+news%3F&rft.place=Kings+Ripton%2C+UK&rft.pub=Elm+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30437924&rft.isbn=978-1-85450-052-6&rft.aulast=Venables&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandau2016" class="citation book cs1">Landau, Joel (2016). <i>Source journalism and news values</i>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-365-44689-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-365-44689-4"><bdi>978-1-365-44689-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL17372971W">17372971W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Source+journalism+and+news+values&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL17372971W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-365-44689-4&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (May 2024)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashlerHeriot2018" class="citation journal cs1">Pashler, Harold; Heriot, Gail (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6124072">"Perceptions of newsworthiness are contaminated by a political usefulness bias"</a>. <i>Royal Society Open Science</i>. <b>5</b> (8): 172239. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RSOS....572239P">2018RSOS....572239P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsos.172239">10.1098/rsos.172239</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2054-5703">2054-5703</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6124072">6124072</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30224994">30224994</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3225878">3225878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Society+Open+Science&rft.atitle=Perceptions+of+newsworthiness+are+contaminated+by+a+political+usefulness+bias&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=172239&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6124072%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018RSOS....572239P&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsos.172239&rft.issn=2054-5703&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3225878%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30224994&rft.aulast=Pashler&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft.au=Heriot%2C+Gail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6124072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grabe_2011-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grabe_2011_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grabe_2011_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabe2011" class="citation book cs1">Grabe, Maria Elizabeth (24 November 2011). "News as reality-inducing, survival-relevant, and gender-specific stimuli". In Roberts, S. Craig (ed.). <i>Applied evolutionary psychology</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 361–377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199586073.003.0022">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586073.003.0022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958607-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958607-3"><bdi>978-0-19-958607-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=News+as+reality-inducing%2C+survival-relevant%2C+and+gender-specific+stimuli&rft.btitle=Applied+evolutionary+psychology&rft.pages=361-377&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-11-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199586073.003.0022&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958607-3&rft.aulast=Grabe&rft.aufirst=Maria+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, Deborah (2010). "Sex/gender, language and the new biologism". <i>Applied Linguistics</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 173–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fapplin%2Famp022">10.1093/applin/amp022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Sex%2Fgender%2C+language+and+the+new+biologism&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-192&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fapplin%2Famp022&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_values&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGans2004" class="citation book cs1">Gans, Herbert J. (2004) [1979]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bWpFtVJlAD0C"><i>Deciding what's news: A study of </i>CBS Evening News<i>, </i>NBC Nightly News<i>, </i>Newsweek<i>, and </i>Time<i><span></span></i></a>. Medill School of Journalism visions of the American press (25th anniversary ed.). Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2237-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2237-6"><bdi>978-0-8101-2237-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deciding+what%27s+news%3A+A+study+of+CBS+Evening+News%2C+NBC+Nightly+News%2C+Newsweek%2C+and+Time&rft.place=Evanston%2C+Illinois&rft.series=Medill+School+of+Journalism+visions+of+the+American+press&rft.edition=25th+anniversary&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-2237-6&rft.aulast=Gans&rft.aufirst=Herbert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbWpFtVJlAD0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖstgaard1965" class="citation journal cs1">Östgaard, Einar (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalvoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/39.pdf">"Factors influencing the flow of news"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Peace Research</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 39–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002234336500200103">10.1177/002234336500200103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3433">0022-3433</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/423010">423010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Peace+Research&rft.atitle=Factors+influencing+the+flow+of+news&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-63&rft.date=1965&rft.issn=0022-3433&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F423010%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002234336500200103&rft.aulast=%C3%96stgaard&rft.aufirst=Einar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalvoices.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2008%2F11%2F39.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1982" class="citation journal cs1">Schulz, Winfried Friedrich (1982). "News structure and people's awareness of political events". <i>Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands)</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 139–153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001654928203000301">10.1177/001654928203000301</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-5492">0016-5492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gazette+%28Leiden%2C+Netherlands%29&rft.atitle=News+structure+and+people%27s+awareness+of+political+events&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=139-153&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001654928203000301&rft.issn=0016-5492&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Winfried+Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANews+values" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_values&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/vanessa.otero.9619/posts/10155006385626062">Chart – Real and Fake News (2016)/Vanessa Otero</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708003907/http://www.allgeneralizationsarefalse.com/?p=65">basis</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boingboing.net/2016/12/14/an-attempt-to-chart-new-source.html">Mark Frauenfelder</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journalism.org/2014/10/21/political-polarization-media-habits/pj_14-10-21_mediapolarization-08/">Chart – Real and Fake News (2014)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/pj_14-10-21_mediapolarization-08-2/">2016</a>)/<a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsvaluesanalysis.com/">Discursive News Values Analysis</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Journalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Journalism" title="Template:Journalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Journalism" title="Template talk:Journalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Journalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">Journalists (reporters)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">Meteorologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">News presenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundit" title="Pundit">Pundit / commentator</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Profession</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/News" title="News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_style" title="News style">Writing style</a> (<a href="/wiki/Five_Ws" title="Five Ws">Five Ws</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">Ethics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Code_of_ethics_in_media" title="Code of ethics in media">code of ethics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_culture" title="Journalism culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_objectivity" title="Journalistic objectivity">Objectivity</a></li> <li>News values</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">Editorial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_school" title="Journalism school">Journalism school</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_journalism" title="Arts journalism">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_journalism" title="Entertainment journalism">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_journalism" title="Medical journalism">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_journalism" title="Political journalism">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_journalism" title="Technology journalism">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_journalism" title="Video game journalism">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_news" title="World news">World</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Journalism_genres" title="Journalism genres">Genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_journalism" title="Adversarial journalism">Adversarial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_journalism" title="Advocacy journalism">Advocacy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Journalistic_interventionism" title="Journalistic interventionism">Interventionism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_journalism" title="Analytic journalism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_journalism" title="Broadcast journalism">Broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churnalism" title="Churnalism">Churnalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_journalism" title="Civic journalism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_journalism" title="Collaborative journalism">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_journalism" title="Community journalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_journalism" title="Digital journalism">Digital/Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_journalism" title="Explanatory journalism">Explanatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">Fact-checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">Gonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_journalism" title="Immersion journalism">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretive_journalism" title="Interpretive journalism">Interpretive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">Investigative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_journalism" title="Multimedia journalism">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_journalism" title="Narrative journalism">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit journalism">Non-profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_journalism" title="Opinion journalism">Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">Press release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensor_journalism" title="Sensor journalism">Sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_journalism" title="Video journalism">Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_journalism" title="Visual journalism">Visual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate" title="Fourth Estate">Fourth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate" title="Fifth Estate">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_race_journalism" title="Horse race journalism">Horse race journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> (<a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspapers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">Newspaper of record</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">TV and radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">News agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Index_of_journalism_articles" title="Index of journalism articles">List of journalism articles</a> – <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_journalism" title="Outline of journalism">Outline</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_and_human_factors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_and_human_factors" title="Template:Media and human factors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_and_human_factors" title="Template talk:Media and human factors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_and_human_factors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media and human factors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_and_human_factors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">Media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">human factors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cognition" title="Evolution of cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betteridge%27s_law_of_headlines" title="Betteridge's law of headlines">Betteridge's law of headlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeping_(communication)" title="Gatekeeping (communication)">Gatekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_food_news" title="Junk food news">Junk food news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_objectionable_program" title="Least objectionable program">Least objectionable program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_media" title="Soft media">Soft media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_white_woman_syndrome" title="Missing white woman syndrome">Missing white woman syndrome</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">News values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_take" title="Hot take">Hot take</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_(journalism)" title="Spike (journalism)">Spiking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_television" title="Tabloid television">Tabloid television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_economy" title="Attention economy">Attention economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_inequality" title="Attention inequality">Attention inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_management" title="Attention management">Attention management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_span" title="Attention span">Attention span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumbox" title="Chumbox">Chumbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clickbait" title="Clickbait">Clickbait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_miser" title="Cognitive miser">Cognitive miser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_information_voter" title="Low information voter">Low information voter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_zombie" title="Digital zombie">Digital zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phubbing" title="Phubbing">Phubbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomscrolling" title="Doomscrolling">Doomscrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_multitasking" title="Human multitasking">Human multitasking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_multitasking" title="Media multitasking">Media multitasking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infodemic" title="Infodemic">Infodemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_explosion" title="Information explosion">Information explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_overload" title="Information overload">Information overload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information%E2%80%93action_ratio" title="Information–action ratio">Information–action ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Rage farming">Rage farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binge-watching" title="Binge-watching">Binge-watching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_consumption" title="Television consumption">Television consumption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_content" title="Sticky content">Sticky content</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive bias</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Availability_cascade" title="Availability cascade">Availability cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Availability_heuristic" title="Availability heuristic">Availability heuristic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">Moral panic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_world_syndrome" title="Mean world syndrome">Mean world syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negativity_bias" title="Negativity bias">Negativity bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-desirability_bias" title="Social-desirability bias">Social-desirability bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence_bias" title="Social influence bias">Social influence bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_silence" title="Spiral of silence">Spiral of silence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Political_polarization" title="Political polarization">Political polarization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_radicalization" title="Algorithmic radicalization">Algorithmic radicalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">Fake news website</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">Post-truth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_websites_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news websites in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">Filter bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_divide" title="Knowledge divide">Knowledge divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_gap_hypothesis" title="Knowledge gap hypothesis">Knowledge gap hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_polarization_in_the_United_States" title="Political polarization in the United States">Political polarization in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_in_politics" title="Social media use in politics">Social media use in politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_political_communication_in_the_United_States" title="Social media and political communication in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2016 United States presidential election">2016 U.S. presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2020 United States presidential election">2020 U.S. presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_rage" title="Computer rage">Computer rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">Criticism of Facebook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Facebook_leak" title="2021 Facebook leak">2021 Facebook company files leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook%E2%80%93Cambridge_Analytica_data_scandal" title="Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal">Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Netflix" title="Criticism of Netflix">Criticism of Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_TikTok" title="Cultural impact of TikTok">Cultural impact of TikTok</a></li> <li><a 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