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(PDF) Line Length in Old English Poetry: A Chronological and Stylistic Criterion
<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="3eg9upI2Co2LF2iJm1Qwf1QFp9iTqA3SfCfgSUEpqBUkdBO2QKIhHsG9AZNagzl5Xi2igKyyWC524COZbHVE_A" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Line Length in Old English Poetry: A Chronological and Stylistic Criterion" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Yi Zhao" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jie Yu" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Leonard Neidorf" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/38393079/Line_Length_in_Old_English_Poetry_A_Chronological_and_Stylistic_Criterion" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Line Length in Old English Poetry: A Chronological and Stylistic Criterion" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="This article presents the first systematic, quantitative assessment of line length in Old English poetry. Its aim is to determine whether line length can be used as a reliable criterion in studies pertaining to relative chronology and authorship" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/207326/48205/113486571/s200_leonard.neidorf.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/38393079/Line_Length_in_Old_English_Poetry_A_Chronological_and_Stylistic_Criterion" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Line Length in Old English Poetry: A Chronological and Stylistic Criterion" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="This article presents the first systematic, quantitative assessment of line length in Old English poetry. Its aim is to determine whether line length can be used as a reliable criterion in studies pertaining to relative chronology and authorship" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://szu.academia.edu/LeonardNeidorf" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://nanjing.academia.edu/YiZhao" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://nanjing.academia.edu/AugustYu" /> <meta name="description" content="This article presents the first systematic, quantitative assessment of line length in Old English poetry. Its aim is to determine whether line length can be used as a reliable criterion in studies pertaining to relative chronology and authorship" /> <title>(PDF) Line Length in Old English Poetry: A Chronological and Stylistic Criterion</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/38393079/Line_Length_in_Old_English_Poetry_A_Chronological_and_Stylistic_Criterion" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '1e60a92a442ff83025cbe4f252857ee7c49c0bbe'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740567485000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740567485000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"This article presents the first systematic, quantitative assessment of line length in Old English poetry. Its aim is to determine whether line length can be used as a reliable criterion in studies pertaining to relative chronology and authorship attribution. Our findings indicate that line length is a rather complicated criterion, which is affected not only by language change, but also by subject matter and other non-linguistic variables. Nevertheless, we conclude that critical application of the criterion of line length can yield substantial insights into the dating and authorship of Old English poetry.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Leonard Neidorf","url":"https://szu.academia.edu/LeonardNeidorf"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Yi Zhao","url":"https://nanjing.academia.edu/YiZhao"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Jie Yu","url":"https://nanjing.academia.edu/AugustYu"}],"contributor":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Yi Zhao","url":"https://nanjing.academia.edu/YiZhao"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Jie Yu","url":"https://nanjing.academia.edu/AugustYu"}],"dateCreated":"2019-02-19","headline":"Line Length in Old English Poetry: A Chronological and Stylistic Criterion","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58449757/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Digital 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[{"id":58449757,"identifier":"Attachment_58449757","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":38393079,"created_at":"2019-02-19T21:43:59.542-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2024-11-28T15:41:51.717-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"This article presents the first systematic, quantitative assessment of line length in Old English poetry. Its aim is to determine whether line length can be used as a reliable criterion in studies pertaining to relative chronology and authorship attribution. Our findings indicate that line length is a rather complicated criterion, which is affected not only by language change, but also by subject matter and other non-linguistic variables. Nevertheless, we conclude that critical application of the criterion of line length can yield substantial insights into the dating and authorship of Old English poetry.","ai_title_tag":"Assessing Line Length as a Criterion in Old English Poetry"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Line Length in Old English Poetry: A Chronological and Stylistic Criterion","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [65886511,65713159,207326]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":58449757,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Line Length in Old English Poetry: A Chronological and Stylistic Criterion”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/58449757/mini_magick20190219-16264-y0dnnm.png?1550643683" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Line Length in Old English Poetry: A Chronological and Stylistic Criterion</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="65886511" href="https://nanjing.academia.edu/YiZhao"><img alt="Profile image of Yi Zhao" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/65886511/22821829/21978012/s65_yi.zhao.jpg" />Yi Zhao</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="65713159" href="https://nanjing.academia.edu/AugustYu"><img alt="Profile image of Jie Yu" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/65713159/22834888/35853764/s65_jie.yu.jpg" />Jie Yu</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="207326" href="https://szu.academia.edu/LeonardNeidorf"><img alt="Profile image of Leonard Neidorf" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/207326/48205/113486571/s65_leonard.neidorf.jpg" />Leonard Neidorf</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">17 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 38393079; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This article presents the first systematic, quantitative assessment of line length in Old English poetry. Its aim is to determine whether line length can be used as a reliable criterion in studies pertaining to relative chronology and authorship attribution. Our findings indicate that line length is a rather complicated criterion, which is affected not only by language change, but also by subject matter and other non-linguistic variables. Nevertheless, we conclude that critical application of the criterion of line length can yield substantial insights into the dating and authorship of Old English poetry.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":58449757,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/38393079/Line_Length_in_Old_English_Poetry_A_Chronological_and_Stylistic_Criterion"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":58449757,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/38393079/Line_Length_in_Old_English_Poetry_A_Chronological_and_Stylistic_Criterion"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="38393079" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Taking as its sample all metrically regular Old English poems known to have survived in more than one twelfth-century or earlier witness, it divides this corpus into three main contextual groups, each of which exhibits a characteristic pattern of substantive textual variation. Chapter Two examines “Glossing, Translating, and Occasional” poems. These texts are generally short, are found in primarily non-poetic contexts, and appear to have been transmitted independently of their surrounding context. They also all show a high level of substantive textual accuracy. At their most accurate, the scribes responsible for copying the surviving witnesses to these poems show themselves to have been able to reproduce their common texts with little or no variation in vocabulary, word order, or syntax – and preserve this accuracy even in the face of a corrupt common exemplar or thoroughgoing dialectal translation. The substantive variants the witnesses to these texts do show tend either to be obvious mistakes or to have a relatively insignificant effect on sense, syntax, and metre. Apparently significant inflectional differences more often than not can be attributed to graphic error, orthographic difference, or phonological change. Verbal substitutions are rare and almost invariably involve words which look alike and have similar meanings. Examples of the addition or omission of words and elements either destroy the sense of the passage in which they occur, or involve unstressed and syntactically unimportant sentence particles. Chapter Three looks at the poems preserved in “Fixed Contexts” – as constituents of larger vernacular prose framing texts such as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the Old English translation of the Pastoral Care, and the Old English translation of Bede’s Historia ecclesiastica. With the exception of a single, late witness to the Old English Historia, these poems are found in exactly the same contextual position in each surviving witness. The Battle of Brunanburh is always found in manuscripts of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; the Metrical Preface to the Old English Pastoral Care survives only in manuscripts of Alfred’s translation. In contrast to the Glossing, Translating, and Occasional poems discussed in Chapter Two, the Fixed Context poems differ greatly in the amount and types of textual variation they exhibit. At their most conservative, the scribes of the surviving witnesses to these texts produce copies as accurate as the least variable Glossing, Translating, and Occasional poems; the scribes of other witnesses, however, show themselves to be far more willing to introduce substantive changes of vocabulary and inflection. In either case the amount and nature of the variation introduced is directly comparable to the substantive textual variation found in the surrounding prose. Scribes who show themselves to have been innovative copyists of the prose texts in which these poems are found, also invariably produce innovative copies of the poems themselves; scribes who produce conservative copies of the poetic texts, on the other hand, are responsible for the most conservative texts of the surrounding frame. The third standard of accuracy is exhibited by the “Anthologised and Excerpted” poems discussed in Chapter Four. These poems differ from the Glossing, Translating, and Occasional poems of Chapter Two and the Fixed Context poems of Chapter Three in both the nature of the contexts in which they are found and the amount and significance of the substantive variation they exhibit. Unlike the texts discussed in the preceding chapters, the Anthologised and Excerpted poems show evidence of the intelligent involvement of the persons first responsible for collecting or excerpting them in their surviving witnesses. Like the greater part of the corpus of Old English poetry as a whole – but unlike the poems discussed in Chapters Two and Three – these texts all survive with at least one witness in a compilation or anthology. In four out of the six cases, their common text shows signs of having been excerpted from, inserted into, or joined with other prose or verse texts in one or another witness. Where the variation exhibited by the poems discussed in Chapters Two and Three was to be explained only on the grounds of the personal interests, abilities, or difficulties of the scribes responsible for the tradition leading up to each of the surviving witnesses, that exhibited by the witnesses to the Anthologised and Excerpted poems frequently can be explained on contextual grounds – and often involves the introduction of metrically, lexically or syntactically coordinated variants at different places in the common text. This argument has some important implications for our understanding of the transmission of Old English poetry. In the first place, it suggests that there was no single style of Old English poetic transmission. Since Sisam first asked “Was the poetry accurately transmitted?” scholars examining variation in the transmission of Old English verse texts have tended to assume they were investigating a single phenomenon – that is to say, have assumed that, a few late, early, or otherwise exceptional examples aside, all Old English poems showed pretty much the same kinds of textual variation, whether this variation be the result of “error,” or the application of “oral” or “formulaic” ways of thinking. The evidence presented here, however, suggests that the scribes themselves worked far less deterministically. Rather than copying “the poetry” to any single standard of substantive accuracy, the scribes seem instead to have adjusted their standards to suit the demands of the context in which the specific poem they were copying was to appear. When the wording of their text was important – as it was when the poem was being copied as a gloss or translation – the scribes reproduced their exemplars more or less word-for-word. When the relationship between their text and its surrounding context was paramount – as it appears to have been in the case of the Anthologised and Excerpted poems – the evidence of the surviving witnesses suggests that the persons responsible for transmitting these texts were more willing to adjust sense, syntax, and metre. When other factors</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Manuscript Variation in Multiple-Recension Old English Poetic Texts: The Technical Problem and Poetical Art","attachmentId":31316937,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3624630/Manuscript_Variation_in_Multiple_Recension_Old_English_Poetic_Texts_The_Technical_Problem_and_Poetical_Art","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3624630/Manuscript_Variation_in_Multiple_Recension_Old_English_Poetic_Texts_The_Technical_Problem_and_Poetical_Art"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="40829162" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40829162/Reply_to_Large_scale_quantitative_profiling_of_the_Old_English_verse_tradition">Reply to: Large-scale quantitative profiling of the Old English verse tradition</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="814368" href="https://cas-cz.academia.edu/PetrPlech%C3%A1%C4%8D">Petr Plecháč</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5782339" href="https://su-se.academia.edu/AndrewCooper">Andrew Cooper</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6931509" href="https://ut-ee.academia.edu/Artjoms%C5%A0e%C4%BCa">Artjoms Šeļa</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="135232846" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NagyBenjamin">Benjamin Nagy</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In Nature Human Behaviour 3/2019, an article was published entitled Large-scale quantitative profiling of the Old English verse tradition dealing with (besides other things) the question of the authorship of the Old English poem Beowulf. The authors provide various textual measurements that they claim present "serious obstacles to those who would advocate for composite authorship or scribal recomposition" (p. 565). In what follows we raise doubts about their methods and address serious errors in both their data and their code. We show that reliable stylometric methods actually identify significant stylistic heterogeneity in Beowulf. In what follows we discuss each method separately following the order of the original article.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Reply to: Large-scale quantitative profiling of the Old English verse tradition","attachmentId":61112969,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40829162/Reply_to_Large_scale_quantitative_profiling_of_the_Old_English_verse_tradition","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40829162/Reply_to_Large_scale_quantitative_profiling_of_the_Old_English_verse_tradition"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="49769406" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49769406/The_Evolution_of_Verse_Structure_in_Old_and_Middle_English_Poetry">The Evolution of Verse Structure in Old and Middle English Poetry</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="92925731" href="https://brown.academia.edu/GeoffreyRussom">Geoffrey Russom</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Evolution of Verse Structure in Old and Middle English Poetry</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This chapter surveys predictable developments in alliterative meter after Beowulf, which was probably composed around ad 700. 1 The most important evidence for these developments comes from The Battle of Maldon, a late Old English poem about one-tenth the size of Beowulf. Our language-based theory makes many predictions and testing them systematically can compensate for a smaller body of evidence. Suppose, for example, that the theory predicts an increase in frequency for a variant with an extrametrical word. If Beowulf provides one instance of the variant, one instance in Maldon will represent a tenfold increase in frequency. Since Maldon provides only one instance, however, the frequency rise might be due to chance. This kind of prediction has limited weight on its own, like the prediction that a flipped coin will land heads-up. Predicting that a coin will land heads-up nineteen times out of twenty is quite a different matter. 2 Making the correct prediction for a variety of cases can validate a theory even if each prediction has limited weight. An array of predictions is questionable if the researcher has ignored an important false prediction or has failed to make a prediction explicit enough for proper testing (has failed, in technical idiom, to make the prediction falsifiable). From a statistical point of view, however, what matters is the probability of chance occurrence for the whole array of successful predictions. Poetic universals provide additional help in dealing with a small corpus. The principle of closure makes it possible to deduce the complexity of a verse pattern from its placement within the line. The universal principle of "interest" provides help of a different kind. 3 We would expect Old English poets to use complex types at appropriate frequencies for metrical variety, with frequent return to the norm for metrical coherence. As Ruth Lehmann pointed out, the Beowulf poet does exactly that, pairing the optimal type A1 with a more complex verse pattern in a typical line. 4 For Late Old English Meter to Middle English Meter</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Evolution of Verse Structure in Old and Middle English Poetry","attachmentId":68009827,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49769406/The_Evolution_of_Verse_Structure_in_Old_and_Middle_English_Poetry","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/49769406/The_Evolution_of_Verse_Structure_in_Old_and_Middle_English_Poetry"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="86265023" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86265023/Andrew_Cooper_A_quantitative_analysis_of_the_Old_English_verse_line_QAV">Andrew Cooper 'A quantitative analysis of the Old English verse line' QAV</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5782339" href="https://su-se.academia.edu/AndrewCooper">Andrew Cooper</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Analyses of Old English verse have depended on typologies of acceptable verse forms, however, there has never been a means of determining unacceptability, and the underlying phonological causes of the features described by these typologies have never been adduced. There are many existing analyses, but only point of agreement is that each line has prototypically four stressed syllables marked by alliteration. These analyses become increasingly complex as they become more precise. This talk proposes that these phonological underlying features can be both identified and explained by entirely quantitative means, and that there is a single metrical model for every line of OE verse. A large corpus of Old English verse was created and annotated for stress, syllabic weight and alliteration. It is shown that line length, foot size and metrical prominence are functions of a verse structure based around a quantitative line of 8-16 moras, with a prototypical line of 12 moras. Metrical prominence, often congruent with stress, is determined by foot length, which is normally distributed around 10 syllables (with a minimum of 8 and a maximum of 14) and 12 vocalic moras (with a minimum of 8 and a maximum of 16). This analysis is contrasted with Old Saxon verse and Old Icelandic fornyrðislag verse forms, and it is shown that despite the superficial similarities, the model presented here is applicable only to Old English. These findings and the model developed from them both represent a substantial deviation from previous, qualitative, studies and provide a reliable means of distinguishing acceptable from unaccepable lines in Old English verse, while allowing all Old English verse lines to be described with a single metrical pattern.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Andrew Cooper 'A quantitative analysis of the Old English verse line' QAV","attachmentId":90757223,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86265023/Andrew_Cooper_A_quantitative_analysis_of_the_Old_English_verse_line_QAV","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86265023/Andrew_Cooper_A_quantitative_analysis_of_the_Old_English_verse_line_QAV"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="30570338" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30570338/Metrical_Criteria_for_the_Emendation_of_Old_English_Poetic_Texts">Metrical Criteria for the Emendation of Old English Poetic Texts</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="207326" href="https://szu.academia.edu/LeonardNeidorf">Leonard Neidorf</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Metrical Criteria for the Emendation of Old English Poetic Texts","attachmentId":51012120,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30570338/Metrical_Criteria_for_the_Emendation_of_Old_English_Poetic_Texts","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30570338/Metrical_Criteria_for_the_Emendation_of_Old_English_Poetic_Texts"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="620616" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/620616/Elaine_Treharne_Manuscript_Sources_of_Old_English_Poetry_in_Gale_Owen_Crocker_ed_Working_with_Anglo_Saxon_Manuscripts_Exeter_ExeterUP_2009_pp_88_111">Elaine Treharne, ‘Manuscript Sources of Old English Poetry’, in Gale Owen-Crocker, ed., Working with Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (Exeter: ExeterUP, 2009), pp. 88-111</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="416607" href="https://stanford.academia.edu/ElaineTreharne">Elaine Treharne</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Elaine Treharne, ‘Manuscript Sources of Old English Poetry’, in Gale Owen-Crocker, ed., Working with Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (Exeter: ExeterUP, 2009), pp. 88-111","attachmentId":31825569,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/620616/Elaine_Treharne_Manuscript_Sources_of_Old_English_Poetry_in_Gale_Owen_Crocker_ed_Working_with_Anglo_Saxon_Manuscripts_Exeter_ExeterUP_2009_pp_88_111","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/620616/Elaine_Treharne_Manuscript_Sources_of_Old_English_Poetry_in_Gale_Owen_Crocker_ed_Working_with_Anglo_Saxon_Manuscripts_Exeter_ExeterUP_2009_pp_88_111"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="67495736" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67495736/Robust_Rhymes_The_Stability_of_Authorial_Style_in_Medieval_Narratives">Robust Rhymes? The Stability of Authorial Style in Medieval Narratives</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49990427" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SandraDominiek">Dominiek Sandra</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Quantitative Linguistics, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We explore the application of stylometric methods developed for modern texts to rhymed medieval narratives (Jacob van Maerlant and Lodewijk van Velthem, ca. 1260–1330). Because of the peculiarities of medieval text transmission, we propose to use highly frequent rhyme words for authorship attribution. First, we shall demonstrate that these offer important benefits, being relatively content-independent and well-spread over texts. Subsequent</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Robust Rhymes? The Stability of Authorial Style in Medieval Narratives","attachmentId":78290335,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67495736/Robust_Rhymes_The_Stability_of_Authorial_Style_in_Medieval_Narratives","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67495736/Robust_Rhymes_The_Stability_of_Authorial_Style_in_Medieval_Narratives"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="7494343" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7494343/Lexical_Evidence_for_the_Relative_Chronology_of_Old_English_Poetry">Lexical Evidence for the Relative Chronology of Old English Poetry</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="207326" href="https://szu.academia.edu/LeonardNeidorf">Leonard Neidorf</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article explores the dating implications of rare vocabulary attested in Beowulf, Genesis A, Daniel, Exodus, Maxims I, and Widsið. It argues that these poems preserve an archaic lexical stratum, which consists of words that became obsolete before the composition of ninth-century poetry and prose. Keywords: Beowulf, Anglo-Saxon Literature, History of the English Language, Germanic Philology, Lexicology.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Lexical Evidence for the Relative Chronology of Old English Poetry","attachmentId":39209325,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7494343/Lexical_Evidence_for_the_Relative_Chronology_of_Old_English_Poetry","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7494343/Lexical_Evidence_for_the_Relative_Chronology_of_Old_English_Poetry"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="19561825" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19561825/Metre_and_the_Editing_of_Middle_English_Verse_Prospects_for_Tail_Rhyme_Romance_Alliterative_Poetry_and_Chaucer">Metre and the Editing of Middle English Verse: Prospects for Tail-Rhyme Romance, Alliterative Poetry, and Chaucer</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11706296" href="https://bristol.academia.edu/AdPutter">Ad Putter</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Discusses the ways knowledge of metre can help with the editing of Middle English texts. Uncorrected proofs. An amended version was published in Poetica 71, 29-47.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Metre and the Editing of Middle English Verse: Prospects for Tail-Rhyme Romance, Alliterative Poetry, and Chaucer","attachmentId":40698713,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19561825/Metre_and_the_Editing_of_Middle_English_Verse_Prospects_for_Tail_Rhyme_Romance_Alliterative_Poetry_and_Chaucer","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19561825/Metre_and_the_Editing_of_Middle_English_Verse_Prospects_for_Tail_Rhyme_Romance_Alliterative_Poetry_and_Chaucer"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="38763290" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38763290/A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_metrical_line">A unified account of the Old English metrical line</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5782339" href="https://su-se.academia.edu/AndrewCooper">Andrew Cooper</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">A unified account of the Old English metrical line, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Old English poems are all written in the same style and all share common features regarding alliteration and metrical prominence. However, within poems, lines differ from each other in length considerably, as do the positions of metrically prominent syllables. This thesis provides an analysis which allows all Old English verse lines to be described according to a single model which addresses all the variation in the sizes of lines and verse feet. This model is defended with statistical evidence from a large corpus of Old English verse, and based on an analysis consistent with contemporary phonological theory. To complement the main study, findings regarding the metrical status of compound numbers, derivational nouns and non-Germanic names are presented using a combination of phonological and philological methods. A statistical comparative study is added to show that this analysis applies to all Old English verse, but not to the closely related Old Norse or Old Saxon verse traditions.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A unified account of the Old English metrical line","attachmentId":58851869,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38763290/A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_metrical_line","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38763290/A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_metrical_line"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":58449757,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":58449757,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_58449757" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="85439942" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/85439942/Review_Poetic_Style_and_Innovation_in_Old_English_Old_Norse_and_Old_Saxon_Megan_E_Hartman_">Review: Poetic Style and Innovation in Old English, Old Norse, and Old Saxon (Megan E. 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