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href="#Primary_and_secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Primary and secondary education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Primary and secondary education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compulsory_attendance_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compulsory_attendance_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Compulsory attendance requirements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compulsory_attendance_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australian_Curriculum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian_Curriculum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Australian Curriculum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian_Curriculum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Types of schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholar_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholar_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Scholar performance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholar_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 School years </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-School_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle School years subsection </button> <ul id="toc-School_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Primary schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Secondary schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Middle schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combined_and_central_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combined_and_central_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Combined and central schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combined_and_central_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisational_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisational_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Organisational structures </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organisational_structures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organisational structures subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organisational_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Government schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-government_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-government_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Non-government schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-government_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Catholic schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Private schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialist_organisational_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialist_organisational_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Specialist organisational structures </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specialist_organisational_structures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Specialist organisational structures subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Specialist_organisational_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Special_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Special schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selective_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selective_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Selective schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selective_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialist_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialist_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Specialist schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialist_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 International schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixed-sex_and_single-sex_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed-sex_and_single-sex_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Mixed-sex and single-sex education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed-sex_and_single-sex_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day_and_boarding_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_and_boarding_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Day and boarding schools </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Day_and_boarding_schools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Day and boarding schools subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Day_and_boarding_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Qualifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qualifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Qualifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qualifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basic_skills_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_skills_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Basic skills tests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_skills_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provider_of_school_education_to_international_students" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provider_of_school_education_to_international_students"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Provider of school education to international students </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provider_of_school_education_to_international_students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues_in_Australian_school_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_in_Australian_school_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Issues in Australian school education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues_in_Australian_school_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_education_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_education_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Government education policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_education_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_primary_and_secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_primary_and_secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.2 Indigenous primary and secondary education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_primary_and_secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bilingual_education_in_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilingual_education_in_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.3 Bilingual education in schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilingual_education_in_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_education_in_government_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_education_in_government_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.4 Religious education in government schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_education_in_government_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.5 School violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ESOS_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ESOS_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.6 ESOS Act </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ESOS_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Tertiary education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tertiary_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tertiary education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_tertiary_students" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_tertiary_students"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 International tertiary students </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_tertiary_students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Rankings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Education in Australia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" > 16 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="التعليم في أستراليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التعليم في أستراليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_%C3%A9ducatif_en_Australie" title="Système éducatif en Australie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système éducatif en Australie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կրթությունն Ավստրալիայում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրթությունն Ավստրալիայում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istruzione_in_Australia" title="Istruzione in Australia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Istruzione in Australia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBUREZI_BWO_MURI_AUSTRALIA" title="UBUREZI BWO MURI AUSTRALIA – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="UBUREZI BWO MURI AUSTRALIA" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_Pendidikan_di_Australia" title="Sistem Pendidikan di Australia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistem Pendidikan di Australia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Австралийн боловсролын тогтолцоо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Австралийн боловсролын тогтолцоо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="オーストラリアの教育 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーストラリアの教育" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstraliyada_ta%E2%80%99lim" title="Avstraliyada ta’lim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avstraliyada ta’lim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਆਸਟਰੇਲੀਆ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਸਟਰੇਲੀਆ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%9Bwiata_w_Australii" title="Oświata w Australii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oświata w Australii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_na_Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Educação na Austrália – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Educação na Austrália" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Образование в Австралии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Образование в Австралии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Education in Australia</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="397" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Australia,_2019%E2%80%932020)" title="Department of Education (Australia, 2019–2020)">Australian Government</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Education_(Australia)" title="Minister for Education (Australia)">Minister for Education</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Clare" title="Jason Clare">Jason Clare</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">National education budget (2015)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">A$111.8 billion<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> 5.9 percent of <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product">GDP</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">General details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">System type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">State</a><a href="#cite_note-ACARA2017-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established compulsory education</th><td class="infobox-data">1830s<a href="#cite_note-ifhaa-3">[3]</a> 1870s<a href="#cite_note-ifhaa-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Literacy (2003)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">99%<a href="#cite_note-ciaFactBook-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Male</th><td class="infobox-data">99%<a href="#cite_note-ciaFactBook-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Female</th><td class="infobox-data">99%<a href="#cite_note-ciaFactBook-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Enrollment (2021)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">20.4% of population<a href="#cite_note-absyear-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary</th><td class="infobox-data">2.0 million<a href="#cite_note-abs2021edu-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Secondary</th><td class="infobox-data">1.6 million<a href="#cite_note-abs2021edu-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Post secondary</th><td class="infobox-data">1.1 million<a href="#cite_note-abs2021edu-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Attainment (2023)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary diploma</a></th><td class="infobox-data">79.1%<a href="#cite_note-abs2023edu-8">[8]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Education in Australia encompasses the sectors of <a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">early childhood education</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> (preschool) and <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a> (primary schools), followed by <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a> (high schools), and finally <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a>, which includes higher education (<a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> and other higher education providers) and vocational education (<a href="/wiki/Registered_training_organisation" title="Registered training organisation">registered training organisations</a>).<a href="#cite_note-About_the_skills_sector-10">[10]</a> Regulation and funding of education is primarily the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories</a>;<a href="#cite_note-ACARA2017-2">[2]</a> however, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian Government</a> also plays a funding role.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Education in Australia is compulsory between the ages of four, five, or six<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and fifteen, sixteen or seventeen, depending on the state or territory and the date of birth.<a href="#cite_note-ied-14">[14]</a> For primary and secondary education, government schools educate approximately 64 per cent of Australian students, with approximately 36 per cent in non-government schools.<a href="#cite_note-abs2023edu-8">[8]</a> At the tertiary level, the majority of <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Australia" title="List of universities in Australia">Australia's universities</a> are public,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and student fees are subsidised through a <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education_fees_in_Australia" title="Tertiary education fees in Australia">student loan program</a> where payment becomes due when debtors reach a certain income level, known as HECS.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Underpinned by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Qualifications_Framework" title="Australian Qualifications Framework">Australian Qualifications Framework</a>, implemented in 1995, Australia has adopted a national system of qualifications, encompassing higher education, <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational education and training</a> (VET), and school-based education.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> For primary and secondary schools, a national <a href="/wiki/Australian_Curriculum" title="Australian Curriculum">Australian Curriculum</a> has been progressively developed and implemented since 2010.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Australia is a leading global provider of education to international students, and in 2012 was ranked as the third-largest provider of international education after the United States and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Australia has the highest ratio of international students per head of population in the world by a large margin, with 812,000 international students enrolled in the nation's universities and vocational institutions in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-theaustralian.com.au-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-macrobusiness.com.au-22">[22]</a> However, Australian students placed 16th in the world in reading, 29th in maths and 17th in science in the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">PISA</a> study by the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OCED</a>. This continues a sharp decline in educational standards.<a href="#cite_note-:1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Education_Index" title="Education Index">Education Index</a>, published with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> in 2018, based on data from 2017, listed Australia as 0.929, the second-highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-:0-27">[27]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation_and_funding">Regulation and funding</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Regulation and funding">edit</a>]</div> The regulation, operation, and funding of education is the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">states and territories</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ACARA2017-2">[2]</a> because the Australian Government does not have a specific <a href="/wiki/Section_51_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia">constitutional power</a> to pass laws with concerning education.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> However, the federal government helps to fund non-government schools,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> helps to fund public universities and subsidises tertiary education through <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education_fees_in_Australia" title="Tertiary education fees in Australia">a national student loan scheme</a>,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> and regulates vocational education providers.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> 96.3% of gross income for government schools was government funds in 2022, as was 76.4% for Catholic schools and 48.7% for independent schools.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Post-compulsory education is regulated within the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Qualifications_Framework" title="Australian Qualifications Framework">Australian Qualifications Framework</a>, a unified system of national qualifications in schools, vocational education and training, and the tertiary education sector.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The Australian Government's involvement in education has been the responsibility of several departments over the years,<a href="#endnote_a">[note a]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education,_Skills_and_Employment" title="Department of Education, Skills and Employment">Department of Education, Skills and Employment</a> being formed in 2020. The academic year in Australia varies between States and institutions; however, it generally runs from late January/early February until early/mid-December for primary and secondary schools, with slight variations in the inter-term holidays<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> and TAFE colleges,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> and from late February until mid-November for universities with seasonal holidays and breaks for each educational institute.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preschool">Preschool</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preschool">edit</a>]</div> Historically, preschool and pre-prep programs in Australia were relatively unregulated and not compulsory.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> While still not mandatory for children to attend, the Federal Government has had a focus since 2009 on encouraging families to enrol their children (from around 4 years of age) in a preschool or kindergarten that delivers quality early childhood education and care.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Federal and state legislation now requires preschool services to implement and deliver programming based on the nationally approved <a href="/wiki/Early_Years_Learning_Framework" title="Early Years Learning Framework">Early Years Learning Framework</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The first exposure many Australian children have to learn with others outside of traditional parenting is <a href="/wiki/Day_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Day care">daycare</a> or a parent-run <a href="/wiki/Pre-school_playgroup#Playgroups_in_Australia" title="Pre-school playgroup">playgroup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> This sort of activity is not generally considered schooling, as preschool education is separate from primary school in all states and territories except Western Australia—where pre-school education is taught as part of the primary school system<a href="#cite_note-resp-43">[43]</a>—and Victoria, where the state framework, the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Early_Years_Learning_and_Development_Framework" title="Victorian Early Years Learning and Development Framework">Victorian Early Years Learning and Development Framework</a> (VEYLDF) covers children from birth to eight years old, is used by some schools over the national framework.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In Queensland, preschool programs are often called <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a> or Pre-Prep and are usually privately run but attract state government funding if run for at least 600 hours a year and delivered by a registered teacher.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Preschools are usually run by the state and territory governments, except in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> where they are more often run by local councils, community groups or private organisations.<a href="#cite_note-resp-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a> is offered for children ages three to five; attendance numbers vary widely between the states, but 85.7% of children attended preschool the year before school.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The year before a child is due to attend primary school is the main year for preschool education. This year is far more commonly attended and may take the form of a few hours of activity during weekdays.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Most states of Australia now fund government preschools to offer 15 hours per week (600 hours over a year) for each enrolled child in the year before they commence formal schooling<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2817_Infants_Primary_Total_Persons.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2817_Infants_Primary_Total_Persons.svg/330px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2817_Infants_Primary_Total_Persons.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2817_Infants_Primary_Total_Persons.svg/495px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2817_Infants_Primary_Total_Persons.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2817_Infants_Primary_Total_Persons.svg/660px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2817_Infants_Primary_Total_Persons.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1574" /></a><figcaption>People attending a primary school as a percentage of the local population at the 2011 census, geographically subdivided by statistical local area</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2829_Secondary_Total_Persons.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2829_Secondary_Total_Persons.svg/330px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2829_Secondary_Total_Persons.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2829_Secondary_Total_Persons.svg/495px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2829_Secondary_Total_Persons.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2829_Secondary_Total_Persons.svg/660px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2829_Secondary_Total_Persons.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1574" /></a><figcaption>People attending secondary school as a percentage of the local population at the 2011 census, geographically subdivided by statistical local area</figcaption></figure> In 2023, 4,086,998 students were enrolled in 9,629 primary, secondary and special schools in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-abs2023edu-8">[8]</a> As of 2023, <a href="/wiki/State_school#Australia" title="State school">government schools</a> educated 64% of all students, while Catholic schools (19.7%) and independent schools (16.3%) educated the rest.<a href="#cite_note-abs2023edu-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-DoE_funding_2019-49">[49]</a> In 2023, there were just under 311,655 full-time equivalent (FTE) teaching staff in Australian primary and secondary schools.<a href="#cite_note-abs2023edu-8">[8]</a> The major part of government-run schools' costs is met by the relevant state or territory government.<a href="#cite_note-immedu-50">[50]</a> The Australian Government provides the majority of public funding for non-government schools, which is supplemented by states and territories.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Non-government schools, both religious or secular typically charge compulsory tuition and other fees. Government schools provide education without compulsory tuition fees, although many government schools ask for payment of 'voluntary' fees to defray particular expenses.<a href="#cite_note-aph-52">[52]</a> Regardless of whether a school is government or non-government, it is regulated by the same curriculum standards framework. The framework is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Curriculum,_Assessment_and_Reporting_Authority" title="Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority">Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Most schools require students to wear prescribed <a href="/wiki/School_uniform" title="School uniform">school uniforms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> A school year in Australia starts in January and finishes in December. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compulsory_attendance_requirements">Compulsory attendance requirements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Compulsory attendance requirements">edit</a>]</div> School education in Australia is compulsory between certain ages as specified by state or territory legislation. Depending on the state or territory, and date of birth of the child, school is compulsory from the age of five to six to the age of fifteen to seventeen.<a href="#cite_note-ied-14">[14]</a> In the ACT,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> NSW,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> the Northern Territory,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Queensland,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> South Australia,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Victoria,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> and Western Australia,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> children are legally required to attend school from the age of six years old, until the minimum leaving age. In Tasmania, the compulsory school starting age is 5 years old.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> However, most children commence the preliminary year of formal schooling, in <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Pre-Year 1</a>, between four and a half and five and a half years of age,<a href="#cite_note-absyear2012-66">[66]</a> variously called kindergarten (sometimes called Year K),<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> reception,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> preparation (also abbreviated as "prep"),<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-VIC_types-73">[73]</a> transition,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> or foundation.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit">[update]</a>, the national apparent retention rate (ARR), a measure of student engagement that provides an indicator of the success of education systems in keeping students in school beyond the minimum leaving age, was 78 per cent for all full-time students in <a href="/wiki/Year_Twelve" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Twelve">Year 12</a>.<a href="#cite_note-absyear-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-absyear2012-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australian_Curriculum">Australian Curriculum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Australian Curriculum">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Curriculum" title="Australian Curriculum">Australian Curriculum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Curriculum,_Assessment_and_Reporting_Authority" title="Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority">Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority</a></div> While state and territory governments are responsible for the regulation and delivery of school-based education within their jurisdiction, through the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Australian_Governments" title="Council of Australian Governments">Council of Australian Governments</a>, the Commonwealth Government has, since 2014, played an increasing role in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Curriculum" title="Australian Curriculum">Australian Curriculum</a> that sets the expectations for what all young Australians should be taught, regardless of where they live in Australia or their background. The development of the Australian Curriculum is based on the principles of improving the quality, equity and transparency of Australia's education system.<a href="#cite_note-Australian_Curriculum-76">[76]</a> The Australian Curriculum, for <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">pre-Year 1</a> to <a href="/wiki/Year_Nine" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Nine">Year 9</a>, is made up of the following eight learning areas: English; Mathematics; Science; Humanities and Social Sciences; The Arts; Technologies; Health and Physical Education as well as Languages.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In the senior secondary Australian Curriculum, for <a href="/wiki/Year_Ten" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Ten">Year 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Year_Eleven" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Eleven">Year 11</a> and <a href="/wiki/Year_Twelve" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Twelve">Year 12</a>, fifteen senior secondary subjects across English, Mathematics, Science, History and Geography were endorsed between 2012 and 2013. The Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority has mandated the achievement standards that describe the quality of learning (including the depth of understanding, the extent of knowledge, and the sophistication of skill) expected of students who have studied the content for each subject.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_schools">Types of schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types of schools">edit</a>]</div> The types of schools in Australia fall broadly into two categories: <a href="/wiki/State_school#Australia" title="State school">government schools</a>, being those schools operated by state or territory <a href="/wiki/Government_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Government department">departments</a> or <a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">agencies</a>; and non-government schools, being those schools that are not operated by government departments or agencies.<a href="#cite_note-absyear2012-66">[66]</a> Non-government schools can be further classified, based on self-identification of the school's affiliation. Non-government schools are grouped for reporting as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church in Australia">Catholic</a> schools (including Catholic-affiliated private schools)<a href="#cite_note-NCEC_facts-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCEC-schools-review-2011-80">[80]</a> or private (other non-government schools).<a href="#cite_note-absyear2012-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-VIC_types-73">[73]</a> Government schools receive funding from the relevant state or territory government. Non-government schools receive funding from the Australian Government and relevant state or territory government;<a href="#cite_note-absyear2012-66">[66]</a> and in most cases, parents are required to make a co-payment for their child's education.<a href="#cite_note-aph-52">[52]</a> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit">[update]</a> across primary and secondary education, approximately two-thirds of all school students attended government schools; with the remaining one-third of students educated in non-government schools.<a href="#cite_note-DoE_funding_2019-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-absyear2012-66">[66]</a> A small portion of students are legally <a href="/wiki/Home-school" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-school">home-schooled</a>, particularly in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholar_performance">Scholar performance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scholar performance">edit</a>]</div> According to the 2022 PISA evaluations, Australian 15-year-olds ranked ninth in the OECD for reading and science and tenth for maths. However, less than 60% of Australian students achieved the National Proficiency Standard – 51% in maths, 58% in science and 57% in reading.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="School_years">School years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: School years">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_schools">Primary schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Primary schools">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary school</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Patrick%27s_Primary_school.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Saint_Patrick%27s_Primary_school.jpg/220px-Saint_Patrick%27s_Primary_school.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Saint_Patrick%27s_Primary_school.jpg/330px-Saint_Patrick%27s_Primary_school.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Saint_Patrick%27s_Primary_school.jpg/440px-Saint_Patrick%27s_Primary_school.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>St Patricks Primary in Murrumbeena is one of many Catholic primary schools in Australia</figcaption></figure> Also sometimes called infants schools, Australia adopts the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> term of <a href="/wiki/Primary_school#Australia" title="Primary school">primary school</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> that generally covers a child's education from pre–<a href="/wiki/Year_One_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Year One (education)">Year 1</a> and finishes with <a href="/wiki/Year_Six" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Six">Year 6</a>. The duration of primary school years varies across each Australian state and territory, with most adopting seven years; except in South Australia, where, until 2022,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> students finish with <a href="/wiki/Year_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Seven">Year 7</a>, making the duration of primary school eight years;<a href="#cite_note-MySchoolsDefinitions-86">[86]</a>: [see "Primary"]  until they are 11, 12 or 13 years of age. Primary schools focus on developing essential literacy, numeracy and social skills, and provide foundational knowledge to children about the world around them.<a href="#cite_note-DFAT_Foundation_Level-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_schools">Secondary schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Secondary schools">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school#Australia" title="Secondary school">Secondary school § Australia</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school#Australia" title="Secondary school">Secondary schools</a> in Australia are also called high schools<a href="#endnote_b">[note b]</a> and colleges (or junior, intermediate, or senior colleges). Secondary schools vary across each Australian state and territory, but they generally cover <a href="/wiki/Year_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Seven">Year 7</a> to <a href="/wiki/Year_Nine" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Nine">Year 9</a> (compulsory period of education) and senior secondary schools continue to <a href="/wiki/Year_Twelve" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Twelve">Year 12</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Progressively, as students move from primary into secondary schools, subject matters becomes increasingly specialised,<a href="#cite_note-DFAT_Foundation_Level-87">[87]</a> offering opportunities to students that show preferences in <a href="/wiki/STEM" class="mw-redirect" title="STEM">STEM</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> or in Humanities and Social Sciences,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> among other interests. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_schools">Middle schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Middle schools">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Middle_school#Australia" title="Middle school">Middle school § Australia</a></div> In the majority of Australian states and territories, <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle schools</a> are relatively uncommon. Students progress from primary school to secondary school.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> As an alternative to the middle school model, some secondary schools divided their grades into "junior high school" (Years 7, 8 and 9) and "senior high school" (Years 10, 11 and 12). Some have three levels, "junior" (Years 7 and 8), "intermediate" (Years 9 and 10), and "senior" (Years 11 and 12). In June 2006 the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory_Government" title="Northern Territory Government">Northern Territory Government</a> introduced a <a href="/wiki/Three-tier_education" title="Three-tier education">three-tier system</a> featuring middle schools for Year 7 to Year 9 (approximate age 12–15) and high school for Year 10 to Year 12 (approximate age 15–18).<a href="#cite_note-NT-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combined_and_central_schools">Combined and central schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Combined and central schools">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Combined_school" title="Combined school">Combined school</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_school" title="Central school">Central school</a></div> In Australia, <a href="/wiki/Combined_school" title="Combined school">combined schools</a> are schools that have classes from both primary and secondary year levels.<a href="#cite_note-MySchoolsDefinitions-86">[86]</a>: [see "Combined school"]  These schools may be located in an urban, regional or rural area and can be government or non-government schools. As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit">[update]</a> there were approximately 500 Australian combined government schools<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a>: [search "Combined school"]  and approximately 850 Australian combined non-government schools.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a>: [search "Combined school"]  <a href="/wiki/Central_school" title="Central school">Central schools</a> are predominantly, but not exclusively, government schools located in a rural area that provides both primary and lower secondary education to students, usually concluding at <a href="/wiki/Year_Ten" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Ten">Year 10</a>. As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit">[update]</a> there were 62 Australian central schools, and all except one were located in rural New South Wales.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a>: [search "Central school"]  In Western Australia, the term district high school is <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonymous</a> with central school. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisational_structures">Organisational structures</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Organisational structures">edit</a>]</div> Schools are broadly categorised into government and non-government schools. The non-government schools are further categorised into Catholic schools and private schools. As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit">[update]</a>, 65.7% of students were enrolled in government schools, 19.7% in catholic schools and 14.6% in private schools.<a href="#cite_note-ABS2018-96">[96]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Student enrolments by school affiliation, Australia, 2014–2018<a href="#cite_note-ABS2018-96">[96]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"></th> <th>2014</th> <th>2015</th> <th>2016</th> <th>2017</th> <th>2018 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/State_school#Australia" title="State school">Government</a></td> <td align="right">2,406,495</td> <td align="right">2,445,130</td> <td align="right">2,483,802</td> <td align="right">2,524,865</td> <td align="right">2,558,169 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Non-government</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catholic_education_in_Australia" title="Catholic education in Australia">Catholic</a></td> <td align="right">765,539</td> <td align="right">757,749</td> <td align="right">767,050</td> <td align="right">766,870</td> <td align="right">765,735 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Private_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Private schools">Private schools</a></td> <td align="right">529,857</td> <td align="right">540,304</td> <td align="right">547,374</td> <td align="right">557,490</td> <td align="right">569,930 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Totals</th> <th align="right">3,694,101</th> <th align="right">3,750,973</th> <th align="right">3,798,226</th> <th align="right">3,849,225</th> <th align="right">3,893,834 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_schools">Government schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Government schools">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/State_school#Australia" title="State school">State school § Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mac.Robertson_Girls_High_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mac.Robertson_Girls_High_School.jpg/220px-Mac.Robertson_Girls_High_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mac.Robertson_Girls_High_School.jpg/330px-Mac.Robertson_Girls_High_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mac.Robertson_Girls_High_School.jpg/440px-Mac.Robertson_Girls_High_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3291" data-file-height="2343" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mac.Robertson_Girls%27_High_School" title="Mac.Robertson Girls' High School">Mac.Robertson Girls' High School</a>, a government school in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_City_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne City Centre">Melbourne CBD</a>, pictured in 2007</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warwick_High_School,_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Warwick_High_School%2C_2017.jpg/220px-Warwick_High_School%2C_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Warwick_High_School%2C_2017.jpg/330px-Warwick_High_School%2C_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Warwick_High_School%2C_2017.jpg/440px-Warwick_High_School%2C_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3986" data-file-height="2989" /></a><figcaption>Warwick High School, a government school in <a href="/wiki/Warwick,_Queensland" title="Warwick, Queensland">Warwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, pictured in 2007</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quairading_District_High_School,_2018_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Quairading_District_High_School%2C_2018_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Quairading_District_High_School%2C_2018_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Quairading_District_High_School%2C_2018_%2801%29.jpg/330px-Quairading_District_High_School%2C_2018_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Quairading_District_High_School%2C_2018_%2801%29.jpg/440px-Quairading_District_High_School%2C_2018_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Quairading District High School, a government school in <a href="/wiki/Quairading,_Western_Australia" title="Quairading, Western Australia">Quairading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, pictured in 2018</figcaption></figure> Also called state schools or public schools, government schools educate approximately two-thirds of all school students in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-DoE_funding_2019-49">[49]</a> If a student elects to attend a government school, they are required to attend a school within their local <a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">school district</a> unless the student has dispensation to attend another school, usually approved based on academic merit, specialisation, or other reasons, such as a student disability. Government schools are run by the respective state government agency.<a href="#cite_note-immedu-50">[50]</a> They offer free education; however, many government schools ask parents to pay a contribution fee and a materials and services charge<a href="#cite_note-aph-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> for stationery, textbooks, sports, uniforms, school camps and other schooling costs that are not covered under government funding. In 2010 the additional cost for schooling was estimated to be on average $316 per year per child.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Government schools may be further categorised into <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive schools">open or comprehensive</a> schools, <a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">selective</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Special school">special</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Specialist_school" title="Specialist school">specialist</a> schools; all defined below. In 2009 the Western Australia government introduced <a href="/wiki/Independent_Public_Schools" title="Independent Public Schools">Independent Public Schools</a> to describe a government school that, while a part of the state education system, was granted a higher degree of decision-making authority than a regular government school.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> A similar reform was introduced in Queensland and, as of December 2018, 250 government schools commenced as independent public schools in Queensland.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In February 2014 the then <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Education_and_Training" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Education and Training">Federal Education Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Pyne" title="Christopher Pyne">Christopher Pyne</a>, announced a $70 million Independent Public Schools Initiative to support 1,500 Australian government schools to become more <a href="/wiki/Autonomous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous">autonomous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Government <a href="/wiki/Hospital_school" title="Hospital school">hospital schools</a> are located at some major hospitals and provide access to tuition for students who have extended stays in hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Across Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Australia,_2019%E2%80%932020)" title="Department of Education (Australia, 2019–2020)">Federal Department of Education</a> sets the overall national policy and direction for education in Australia. The following <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">state and territory</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Government department">government departments</a> are responsible for the administration of education within their respective jurisdictions: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Government educational authority by state/territory </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>State/territory</th> <th>Government educational agency</th> <th>Other relevant authorities </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ACT_Government#ACT_Government_Directorates" class="mw-redirect" title="ACT Government">ACT Education Directorate</a></td> <td>ACT Board of Senior Secondary Studies<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(New_South_Wales)" title="Department of Education (New South Wales)">NSW Department of Education</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Education_Standards_Authority" title="New South Wales Education Standards Authority">NSW Education Standards Authority</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Education_(Northern_Territory)" title="Minister for Education (Northern Territory)">NT Department of Education</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_and_Training_(Queensland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Education and Training (Queensland)">QLD Department of Education</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Curriculum_and_Assessment_Authority" title="Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority">Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Education_(South_Australia)" title="Department for Education (South Australia)">SA Department for Education</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Certificate_of_Education" title="South Australian Certificate of Education">SACE Board of South Australia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Tasmania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Education (Tasmania)">Department for Education, Children and Young People</a></td> <td>Office of Tasmanian Assessment, Standards and Certification </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Victoria)" title="Department of Education (Victoria)">VIC Department of Education</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Curriculum_and_Assessment_Authority" title="Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority">Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Western_Australia)" title="Department of Education (Western Australia)">WA Department of Education</a></td> <td>School Curriculum and Standards Authority </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-government_schools">Non-government schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Non-government schools">edit</a>]</div> Schools from the non-government sector operate under the authority of state or territory governments but are not operated by government education departments. Schools from the non-government sector may operate as individual schools, in small groups or as a system such as those coordinated by the Catholic Education Commission in each state and territory.<a href="#cite_note-MySchoolsDefinitions-86">[86]</a>: [see "non-government sector"]  All non-government schools in Australia receive funding from the Commonwealth government.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholic_schools">Catholic schools</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Catholic schools">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_education_in_Australia" title="Catholic education in Australia">Catholic education in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Mary%27s_College,_Hobart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/St_Mary%27s_College%2C_Hobart.jpg/220px-St_Mary%27s_College%2C_Hobart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/St_Mary%27s_College%2C_Hobart.jpg/330px-St_Mary%27s_College%2C_Hobart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/St_Mary%27s_College%2C_Hobart.jpg/440px-St_Mary%27s_College%2C_Hobart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2406" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_College,_Hobart" title="St Mary's College, Hobart">St Mary's College, Hobart</a>, pictured in 2014. The college is affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Presentation_Sisters" title="Presentation Sisters">Presentation Sisters</a>, a religious institute of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church in Australia">Catholic Church</a>.</figcaption></figure> The education system delivered by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church in Australia">Roman Catholic Church in Australia</a> has grown from 18th-century foundations to be the second-biggest provider of school-based education in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-NCEC_facts-79">[79]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit">[update]</a>, one in five Australian students attended Catholic schools.<a href="#cite_note-NCEC_facts-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> There are over 1,700 Catholic schools in Australia with more than 750,000 students enrolled, employing almost 60,000 teachers.<a href="#cite_note-NCEC_facts-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Administrative oversight of Catholic education providers varies depending on the origins, ethos, and purpose of each education provider. Oversight of Catholic systemic schools may rest with a Catholic <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diocese#Catholic_Church" title="Diocese">diocese, or archdiocese</a>;<a href="#cite_note-NCEC_facts-79">[79]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious institutes</a> have oversight of Catholic independent schools.<a href="#cite_note-NCEC-schools-review-2011-80">[80]</a> The National Catholic Education Commission (NCEC), established by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Catholic_Bishops_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Catholic Bishops Conference">Australian Catholic Bishops Conference</a> through the Bishops Commission for Catholic Education, is tasked with maintaining liaison with the federal government and other key national education bodies and complements and supports the work of the state and territory Catholic education commissions.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> While some Catholic schools operate independently via religious institutes,<a href="#cite_note-NCEC-schools-review-2011-80">[80]</a> the majority of Catholic schools, called systemic schools,<a href="#cite_note-NCEC_facts-79">[79]</a> operate under the <a href="/wiki/Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon Law">Canon Law</a> jurisdiction of an ecclesiastical public juridic person, such as a <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Catholic Church)">bishop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCEC-governance-114">[114]</a>: 7  In practice, the bishop assigns a Catholic Education Office (CEO), Catholic Education Commission, Catholic Schools Offices, or a similar body<a href="#cite_note-NCEC-governance-114">[114]</a>: 4  with daily operational responsibility for the leadership, efficient operation, and management of the Catholic systemic schools which educate in parish primary and regional secondary schools in Australia. These diocesan bodies are charged with the implementation and management of the policies of the diocese and the allocation and administration of the funds provided by the government and private sources to Catholic systemic schools, as well as the financial responsibilities for the administration of salaries for staff members.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Most Catholic schools (96 per cent) are systemically funded, meaning that the government funding they nominally attract is provided to the relevant state Catholic Education Commission for needs-based distribution. Sixty-one Australian Catholic schools are non-systemically funded (independent schools) and receive government grants directly.<a href="#cite_note-NCEC-schools-review-2011-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Private_schools">Private schools</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Private schools">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Independent_Public_Schools" title="Independent Public Schools">Independent Public Schools</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotch_College_Melbourne_chapel_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Scotch_College_Melbourne_chapel_2.jpg/300px-Scotch_College_Melbourne_chapel_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Scotch_College_Melbourne_chapel_2.jpg/450px-Scotch_College_Melbourne_chapel_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Scotch_College_Melbourne_chapel_2.jpg/600px-Scotch_College_Melbourne_chapel_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4088" data-file-height="1311" /></a><figcaption>The chapel at <a href="/wiki/Scotch_College,_Melbourne" title="Scotch College, Melbourne">Scotch College, Melbourne</a>, a well-known Australian private school, that enrols students from <a href="/wiki/Pre-school_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-school education">early learning</a> to <a href="/wiki/Year_Twelve" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Twelve">Year 12</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Private_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Private schools">Private schools</a> are non-government schools that are not operated by government authority and have a system of governance that ensures their independent operation. Such schools are typically operated by an independently elected school council or board of governors and range broadly in the type of school education provided and the <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socio-economics</a> of the school community served. Some private schools are run by <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious institutes</a>; others have no religious affiliation and are driven by a national philosophy (such as <a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">international schools</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogical</a> philosophy (such as <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf-Steiner schools</a>), or specific needs (such as <a href="/wiki/Special_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Special school">special schools</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Study_in_Australia_home-116">[116]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit">[update]</a>, including private schools run by Catholic religious institutes, of the 9,477 schools in Australia 1,140 schools (12 per cent) are in the private sector. In the same year, private schools enrolled over 617,000 students or 16 per cent of the Australian student population.<a href="#cite_note-isca-about-117">[117]</a> Private school fees can vary from under $100 per month<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> to $3,200,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-exfin-120">[120]</a> depending on the student's year level, the school's size, and the socioeconomics of the school community. In late 2018 it was reported that the most expensive private schools (such as the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Public_Schools_of_Victoria" title="Associated Public Schools of Victoria">APS Schools</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Grammar_Schools_of_Victoria" title="Associated Grammar Schools of Victoria">AGSV Schools</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Public_Schools_Association_of_Queensland" title="Great Public Schools Association of Queensland">GPS Schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Girls%27_Secondary_Schools_Sports_Association" title="Queensland Girls' Secondary Schools Sports Association">QGSSSA Schools</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Athletic_Association_of_the_Great_Public_Schools_of_New_South_Wales" title="Athletic Association of the Great Public Schools of New South Wales">NSW GPS Schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combined_Associated_Schools" title="Combined Associated Schools">Combined Associated Schools</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Sporting_Association_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Sporting Association (Australia)">ISA Schools</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> and New South Wales) charge fees of up to $500,000 for the thirteen years of private school education.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Australian private schools broadly fall into the following categories:<a href="#cite_note-isca-about-117">[117]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Types of Australian private schools </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Broad description</th> <th colspan="2">Examples of schools </th></tr> <tr> <th>Example school(s) name</th> <th>Examples of <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious institute</a>(s) or religious affiliation(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8">Schools affiliated with Christian denominations</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anglican_education_in_Australia" title="Anglican education in Australia">Anglican</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Grammar_School" title="Canberra Grammar School">Canberra Grammar School</a> (ACT), <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_School,_Parramatta" title="The King's School, Parramatta">The King's School, Parramatta</a> (NSW), <a href="/wiki/The_Southport_School" title="The Southport School">The Southport School</a> (QLD), <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_College,_Adelaide" title="St Peter's College, Adelaide">St Peter's College, Adelaide</a> (SA), <a href="/wiki/The_Hutchins_School" title="The Hutchins School">The Hutchins School</a> (TAS), <a href="/wiki/Geelong_Grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelong Grammar">Geelong Grammar</a> (VIC), and <a href="/wiki/St_Hilda%27s_Anglican_School_for_Girls" title="St Hilda's Anglican School for Girls">St Hilda's Anglican School for Girls</a> (WA)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catholic_education_in_Australia" title="Catholic education in Australia">Catholic</a><a href="#endnote_c">[note c]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/St_Edmund%27s_College,_Canberra" title="St Edmund's College, Canberra">St Edmund's College, Canberra</a> (ACT), <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Darwin" title="St John's College, Darwin">St John's College, Darwin</a> (NT), <a href="/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_College,_Hunters_Hill" title="St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill">St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill</a> (NSW), <a href="/wiki/Loreto_College_Coorparoo" title="Loreto College Coorparoo">Loreto College Coorparoo</a> (QLD), <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_College_(Adelaide)" title="Sacred Heart College (Adelaide)">Sacred Heart College, Adelaide</a> (SA), <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_College,_Hobart" title="St Mary's College, Hobart">St Mary's College, Hobart</a> (TAS), <a href="/wiki/Xavier_College" title="Xavier College">Xavier College</a> (VIC), and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Perth" title="Trinity College, Perth">Trinity College, Perth</a> (WA)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers" title="Congregation of Christian Brothers">Christian Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Missionaries of the Sacred Heart">Missionaries of the Sacred Heart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Daughters of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart">Daughters of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marist_Brothers" title="Marist Brothers">Marist Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presentation_Sisters" title="Presentation Sisters">Presentation Sisters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_Australia" title="Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia">Greek Orthodox</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/St_Spyridon_College" title="St Spyridon College">St Spyridon College</a> (NSW) and <a href="/wiki/St_George_College,_South_Australia" title="St George College, South Australia">St George College, South Australia</a> (SA)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_of_Australia#Education" title="Lutheran Church of Australia">Lutheran</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_College,_Walla_Walla" title="St Paul's College, Walla Walla">St Paul's College, Walla Walla</a> (NSW), Good Shepherd Lutheran School (NT), <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Lutheran_College_(Queensland)" title="Trinity Lutheran College (Queensland)">Trinity Lutheran College (Queensland)</a> (QLD), <a href="/wiki/Concordia_College,_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Concordia College, Adelaide">Concordia College, Adelaide</a> (SA), <a href="/wiki/Eastside_Lutheran_College" title="Eastside Lutheran College">Eastside Lutheran College</a> (TAS), <a href="/wiki/Lakeside_College" title="Lakeside College">Lakeside College</a> (VIC), <a href="/wiki/Living_Waters_Lutheran_College" title="Living Waters Lutheran College">Living Waters Lutheran College</a> (WA)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uniting_Church_of_Australia#Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniting Church of Australia">Uniting Church</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newington_College" title="Newington College">Newington College</a> (NSW), <a href="/wiki/St_Philip%27s_College_(Australia)" title="St Philip's College (Australia)">St Philip's College (Australia)</a> (NT), <a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay_College" title="Moreton Bay College">Moreton Bay College</a> (QLD), <a href="/wiki/Scotch_College,_Adelaide" title="Scotch College, Adelaide">Scotch College, Adelaide</a> (SA), <a href="/wiki/Scotch_Oakburn_College" title="Scotch Oakburn College">Scotch Oakburn College</a> (TAS), <a href="/wiki/Haileybury,_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Haileybury, Melbourne">Haileybury, Melbourne</a> (VIC), and <a href="/wiki/Wesley_College,_Perth" title="Wesley College, Perth">Wesley College, Perth</a> (WA)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church#Australia" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_Adventist_School" title="Central Coast Adventist School">Central Coast Adventist School</a> (NSW), <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Adventist_College" title="Brisbane Adventist College">Brisbane Adventist College</a> (QLD), <a href="/wiki/Prescott_Schools" title="Prescott Schools">Prescott Schools</a> (SA), <a href="/wiki/Hilliard_Christian_School" title="Hilliard Christian School">Hilliard Christian School</a> (TAS), and <a href="/wiki/Nunawading_Christian_College" title="Nunawading Christian College">Nunawading Christian College</a> (VIC)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Australia#Education" title="Presbyterian Church of Australia">Presbyterian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Covenant_College,_Canberra" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenant College, Canberra">Covenant College, Canberra</a> (ACT), <a href="/wiki/Scots_College_(Sydney)" title="Scots College (Sydney)">The Scots College</a> (NSW), <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Boys%27_College" title="Brisbane Boys' College">Brisbane Boys' College</a> (QLD), <a href="/wiki/Scotch_College,_Adelaide" title="Scotch College, Adelaide">Scotch College, Adelaide</a> (SA), <a href="/wiki/Scotch_College,_Melbourne" title="Scotch College, Melbourne">Scotch College, Melbourne</a> (VIC), and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Ladies%27_College,_Perth" title="Presbyterian Ladies' College, Perth">Presbyterian Ladies' College, Perth</a> (WA)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Redeemer_Baptist_School" title="Redeemer Baptist School">Redeemer Baptist School</a> (NSW), <a href="/wiki/Glasshouse_Christian_College" title="Glasshouse Christian College">Glasshouse Christian College</a> (QLD), <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Baptist_Grammar_School" title="King's Baptist Grammar School">King's Baptist Grammar School</a> (SA), <a href="/wiki/Carey_Baptist_Grammar_School" title="Carey Baptist Grammar School">Carey Baptist Grammar School</a> (VIC), and <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Baptist_College" title="Kennedy Baptist College">Kennedy Baptist College</a> (WA)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-denominational Christian">Non-denominational Christian</a> schools</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Covenant_Christian_School_(Canberra)" title="Covenant Christian School (Canberra)">Covenant Christian School, Canberra</a> (ACT), <a href="/wiki/The_Pittwater_House_School" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pittwater House School">The Pittwater House School</a> (NSW), <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Christian_College" title="Brisbane Christian College">Brisbane Christian College</a> (QLD), <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_School" title="Wilderness School">Wilderness School</a> (SA), <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Christian_School_(Kingston,_Tasmania)" title="Calvin Christian School (Kingston, Tasmania)">Calvin Christian School</a> (TAS), <a href="/wiki/Ruyton_Girls%27_School" title="Ruyton Girls' School">Ruyton Girls' School</a> (VIC), <a href="/wiki/Australian_Christian_College_%E2%80%93_Darling_Downs" title="Australian Christian College – Darling Downs">Australian Christian College – Darling Downs</a> (WA)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a>, unaligned, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Christian_Churches" title="Australian Christian Churches">Australian Christian Churches</a>, Life Church Brisbane, and Christian Education Ministries via the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Christian_College" title="Australian Christian College">Australian Christian Colleges</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Australia#Education" title="Islam in Australia">Islamic</a> schools</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malek_Fahd_Islamic_School" title="Malek Fahd Islamic School">Malek Fahd Islamic School</a> (NSW), <a href="/wiki/Islamic_College_of_Brisbane" title="Islamic College of Brisbane">Islamic College of Brisbane</a> (QLD), <a href="/wiki/Islamic_College_of_South_Australia" title="Islamic College of South Australia">Islamic College of South Australia</a> (SA), <a href="/wiki/The_Islamic_Schools_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="The Islamic Schools of Victoria">The Islamic Schools of Victoria</a> (VIC), and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Islamic_College" title="Australian Islamic College">Australian Islamic College</a> (WA)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Australia#Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Australia">Jewish</a> schools</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_School,_Australia" title="Emanuel School, Australia">Emanuel School, Australia</a> (NSW), <a href="/wiki/Beth_Rivkah_Ladies_College" title="Beth Rivkah Ladies College">Beth Rivkah Ladies College</a> (VIC), and <a href="/wiki/Carmel_School,_Perth" title="Carmel School, Perth">Carmel School, Perth</a> (WA)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodoxy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodoxy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori</a> schools</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Montessori_School" title="Sydney Montessori School">Sydney Montessori School</a> (NSW), <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Independent_College" title="Queensland Independent College">Queensland Independent College</a> (QLD), Melbourne Montessori School (VIC), <a href="/wiki/Perth_Montessori_School" title="Perth Montessori School">Perth Montessori School</a> (WA)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Steiner</a> schools</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orana_Steiner_School" title="Orana Steiner School">Orana Steiner School</a> (ACT), <a href="/wiki/Glenaeon_Rudolf_Steiner_School" title="Glenaeon Rudolf Steiner School">Glenaeon Rudolf Steiner School</a> (NSW), <a href="/wiki/Mount_Barker_Waldorf_School" title="Mount Barker Waldorf School">Mount Barker Waldorf School</a> (SA), <a href="/wiki/Tarremah_Steiner_School" title="Tarremah Steiner School">Tarremah Steiner School</a> (TAS), <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Mundi_Steiner_School" title="Sophia Mundi Steiner School">Sophia Mundi Steiner School</a> (VIC)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Schools constituted under specific Acts of Parliament (such as grammar schools in some states)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Grammar_School" title="Sydney Grammar School">Sydney Grammar School</a> (NSW) and <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Grammar_School" title="Brisbane Grammar School">Brisbane Grammar School</a> (QLD)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Indigenous community schools</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalgoorlie-Boulder_Community_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalgoorlie-Boulder Community High School">Kalgoorlie-Boulder Community High School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karalundi_Aboriginal_Education_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Karalundi Aboriginal Education Community">Karalundi Aboriginal Education Community</a> (WA)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Schools that specialise in meeting the needs of students with disabilities</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mater_Dei_Special_School" title="Mater Dei Special School">Mater Dei Special School</a> (NSW) and <a href="/wiki/Western_Autistic_School" title="Western Autistic School">Western Autistic School</a> (VIC)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Schools that cater for students at severe educational risk due to a range of social/emotional/behavioural and other risk factors</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specialist_organisational_structures">Specialist organisational structures</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Specialist organisational structures">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_schools">Special schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Special schools">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Special_education#Special_schools" title="Special education">Special education § Special schools</a></div> A <a href="/wiki/Special_education#Special_schools" title="Special education">special school</a> is a school catering for students who have special educational needs due to <a href="/wiki/Learning_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning disabilities">learning difficulties</a>, physical <a href="/wiki/Disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabilities">disabilities</a>, developmental disabilities or social/emotional disturbance, or who are in custody, on remand or in hospital.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Special schools may be specifically designed, staffed and resourced to provide appropriate special education for children with additional needs. Students attending special schools generally do not attend any classes in mainstream schools. The schools cater for students with mild, moderate and profound intellectual disabilities, deaf and hard of hearing students, students with Autism and students with a physical disability.<a href="#cite_note-ACD-125">[125]</a> Class sizes at specialist schools are smaller than at mainstream schools, and there is a much lower ratio of teaching and support staff to students. Some specialist schools also have therapists on staff. Specialist schools generally already have an accessible environment and curriculum for their student population; this may mean that there are limited subjects on offer.<a href="#cite_note-ACD-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selective_schools">Selective schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Selective schools">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a></div> A <a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">selective school</a> is a government school that enrols students based on some sort of selection criteria, usually academic. The term may have different connotations in different systems and is the opposite of an <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">open or comprehensive</a> school, which accepts all students, regardless of aptitude. In New South Wales, student placement in fully and partially <a href="/wiki/Selective_school_(New_South_Wales)" title="Selective school (New South Wales)">selective high schools</a> is highly competitive, with approximately 3,600 places offered to the 15,000 students who sit the Selective High School Test. As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit">[update]</a> there were 47 fully or partially selective government high schools, including 17 fully selective high schools (some of which are co-educational and others provide a single-sex educational environment); 25 partially selective high schools (high schools with both selective and comprehensive classes); four selective <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural school">agricultural high schools</a>; and one <a href="/wiki/Virtual_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual school">virtual</a> selective high school.<a href="#cite_note-list-126">[126]</a> Of the 47 schools, 34 are located in greater metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>. Of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_selective_high_schools_in_New_South_Wales" title="List of selective high schools in New South Wales">government selective high schools</a> in New South Wales, <a href="/wiki/James_Ruse_Agricultural_High_School" title="James Ruse Agricultural High School">James Ruse Agricultural High School</a> is renowned for its academic achievements and competitiveness, as well as a near-perfect record of all students gaining university admission, especially in medicine, law and science. The school has outperformed every high school in New South Wales in the past 20 years in public university entrance examinations.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-SMH261120052-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-SMH-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In Victoria, selective government high schools select all of their students based on an entrance examination. As of 2011, there were four selective schools: <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_High_School_(Victoria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne High School (Victoria)">Melbourne High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mac.Robertson_Girls%27_High_School" title="Mac.Robertson Girls' High School">Mac.Robertson Girls' High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nossal_High_School" title="Nossal High School">Nossal High School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Cory_High_School" title="Suzanne Cory High School">Suzanne Cory High School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In addition, there are three special schools namely <a href="/wiki/Victorian_College_of_the_Arts_Secondary_School" title="Victorian College of the Arts Secondary School">Victorian College of the Arts Secondary School</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Monash_Science_School" title="John Monash Science School">John Monash Science School</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Blackburn_School_of_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Blackburn School of Sciences (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Blackburn School of Sciences</a> which cater to students opting for focused education in arts and science respectively.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Queensland, there are four selective entry high schools. <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_State_High_School" title="Brisbane State High School">Brisbane State High School</a>, established in 1921, is partially selective; and the three Queensland Academies which are fully selective and were formed during 2007 and 2008. All require entry based on academic entry tests, NAPLAN results, primary school grades, interviews and other considerations.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In Western Australia, selective secondary education (officially named Gifted and Talented Education (GATE)<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a>) is operated by the Western Australian Department of Education through the Gifted and Talented Selective Entrance Programs for Year 7, and subject to limited placement availability for year-levels upward to Year 11.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> All applicants are required to sit the Academic Selective Entrance Test and possibly complete combined interviews, auditions and/or workshops depending on the program(s) applied for.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The programs are categorised into three strands: academic, language, and arts.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Eighteen government schools participate in the Gifted and Talented Programs, each specialising in one of the strands.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> All participating schools are partially selective and partially local intake, except for <a href="/wiki/Perth_Modern_School" title="Perth Modern School">Perth Modern School</a> which is fully selective.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialist_schools">Specialist schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Specialist schools">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Special_education#Special_schools" title="Special education">Special education § Special schools</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Specialist_school" title="Specialist school">Specialist school</a></div> Schools that operate specialist education programs exist in all Australian states and territories. These schools are typically associated with the arts or elite sports programs. In South Australia, specialist schools cover the arts, gifted and talented programs, <a href="/wiki/Languages_other_than_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages other than English">languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural school">agricultural schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering_and_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Science, technology, engineering and mathematics">science, technology, engineering and mathematics</a>, advanced technology project schools, <a href="/wiki/Sports_school" title="Sports school">sports schools</a>, and trade training centres.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In Victoria, examples of specialist government schools include those focused on science and maths (<a href="/wiki/John_Monash_Science_School" title="John Monash Science School">John Monash Science School</a>), performing arts (<a href="/wiki/Victorian_College_of_the_Arts_Secondary_School" title="Victorian College of the Arts Secondary School">Victorian College of the Arts Secondary School</a>), sports (<a href="/wiki/Maribyrnong_Secondary_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Maribyrnong Secondary College">Maribyrnong Secondary College</a>), and leadership and enterprise (The Alpine School).<a href="#cite_note-VIC-types-140">[140]</a> An alternative model is those sporting organisations that deliver specialist programs to a narrow selection of schools, such as <a href="/wiki/Cricket_Australia" title="Cricket Australia">Cricket Australia</a>'s Specialist School Program to three Western Australian schools.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_schools">International schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: International schools">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">International school</a></div> In Australia, <a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">international schools</a> promote <a href="/wiki/International_education" title="International education">international education</a> and may be operated by the government of the country of origin, the government of the state or territory in which the school is located, or be operated as a private school. International schools include those schools that have received international accreditation such as from the Council of International Schools, the <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="International Baccalaureate Organization">International Baccalaureate Organization</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Western_Association_of_Schools_and_Colleges" title="Western Association of Schools and Colleges">Western Association of Schools and Colleges</a>, or other similar organisations.<a href="#cite_note-IASL_school_criteria-142">[142]</a> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit">[update]</a>, approximately 80 Australian schools meet that definition, with the vast majority being schools that offered one or more of the International Baccalaureate programs. Other schools are affiliated with specific cultures or languages, most notably <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Telopea_Park_School" title="Telopea Park School">Telopea Park School</a> (ACT), <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Condorcet_(Sydney)" title="Lycée Condorcet (Sydney)">Lycée Condorcet</a> (NSW), <a href="/wiki/Auburn_High_School_(Victoria)" title="Auburn High School (Victoria)">Auburn High School</a> (VIC)), <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/German_International_School_Sydney" title="German International School Sydney">German International School Sydney</a> (NSW) and <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Schule_Melbourne" title="Deutsche Schule Melbourne">Deutsche Schule Melbourne</a> (VIC)), or <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Japanese_International_School" title="Sydney Japanese International School">Sydney Japanese International School</a> (NSW), <a href="/wiki/The_Japanese_School_of_Melbourne" title="The Japanese School of Melbourne">The Japanese School of Melbourne</a> (VIC) and <a href="/wiki/The_Japanese_School_in_Perth" title="The Japanese School in Perth">The Japanese School in Perth</a> (WA)) schools, including <a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Japanese_Schools_in_Australia" title="Supplementary Japanese Schools in Australia">Japanese supplementary weekend schools</a>; or may generally be international in their outlook, including the <a href="/wiki/International_Grammar_School" title="International Grammar School">International Grammar School</a> (NSW) or the <a href="/wiki/International_School_of_Western_Australia" title="International School of Western Australia">International School of Western Australia</a> (WA). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mixed-sex_and_single-sex_education">Mixed-sex and single-sex education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mixed-sex and single-sex education">edit</a>]</div> In Australia, both government and non-government schools operate <a href="/wiki/Mixed-sex_education" title="Mixed-sex education">co-educational</a> and <a href="/wiki/Single-sex_education" title="Single-sex education">single-sex</a> educational environments for students. The overwhelming number of schools are co-educational, with a small proportion of government schools operating single-sex schools, sometimes with a separate boys' and girls' school in the same suburb. All government single-sex schools are secondary schools. Examples of adjacent single-sex government secondary schools include <a href="/wiki/Asquith_Boys_High_School" title="Asquith Boys High School">Asquith Boys'</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asquith_Girls_High_School" title="Asquith Girls High School">Asquith Girls'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Boys%27_High_School" title="Canterbury Boys' High School">Canterbury Boys'</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Sydney_Boys_High_School" title="North Sydney Boys High School">North Sydney Boys'</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Sydney_Girls_High_School" title="North Sydney Girls High School">North Sydney Girls'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randwick_Boys_High_School" title="Randwick Boys High School">Randwick Boys'</a> and <a href="/wiki/Randwick_Girls%27_High_School" title="Randwick Girls' High School">Randwick Girls'</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Boys_High_School" title="Sydney Boys High School">Sydney Boys'</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Girls_High_School" title="Sydney Girls High School">Sydney Girls'</a> (all in Sydney); and <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_High_School" title="Melbourne High School">Melbourne High</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Girls%27_Secondary_College" title="Canterbury Girls' Secondary College">Canterbury Girls'</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mac.Robertson_Girls%27_High_School" title="Mac.Robertson Girls' High School">Mac.Robertson Girls'</a> (in Melbourne). The majority of single-sex schools in Australia are non-government schools, heavily weighted towards private schools, some of which are Catholic private schools. Some Catholic systemic schools are also single-sex schools; however, like government schools, the overwhelming majority are co-educational schools. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Day_and_boarding_schools">Day and boarding schools</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Day and boarding schools">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_boarding_schools_in_Australia" title="List of boarding schools in Australia">List of boarding schools in Australia</a></div> In Australia, both government and non-government schools operate <a href="/wiki/Day_school" title="Day school">day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding</a> schools. As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit">[update]</a>, of the 10,584 registered schools operating in Australia, approximately 250 schools (or less than 2.5 per cent) were boarding schools.<a href="#cite_note-ABSA-143">[143]</a> Boarding schools can provide a valuable platform for students to achieve their potential academically along with providing support and guidance with their psychological, social, emotional and spiritual development.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Some Australian schools offer <a href="/wiki/Single-sex_education" title="Single-sex education">gender-specific</a> (boys' [approximately 21 per cent] or girls' [approximately 28 per cent]) and <a href="/wiki/Mixed-sex_education" title="Mixed-sex education">co-educational</a> boarding schools (51 per cent);<a href="#cite_note-ABSA-143">[143]</a> with multi-modal options, such as full-time boarding and part-time boarding (for example, going home on the weekends) offered by some schools.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Some specialist education schools, such as <a href="/wiki/Australian_Ballet" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Ballet">The Australian Ballet School</a>, offer boarding facilities.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The largest peak body for boarding schools in Australia, the Australian Boarding Schools Association, claimed that, in 2017, there were 22,815 students in boarding schools covered by the association, an increase from 19,870 in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-ABSA-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qualifications">Qualifications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Qualifications">edit</a>]</div> Within the context of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Qualifications_Framework" title="Australian Qualifications Framework">Australian Qualifications Framework</a>, each state and territory is responsible for issuing certificates and/or qualifications to secondary students, collectively referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Senior_Secondary_Certificate_of_Education" title="Senior Secondary Certificate of Education">Senior Secondary Certificate of Education</a>. The following table serves as a summary of the qualifications issued by each state or territory: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Qualifications by state/territory </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>State/territory</th> <th>Did not matriculate from <a href="/wiki/Year_Twelve" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Twelve">Year 12</a></th> <th>Matriculated from <a href="/wiki/Year_Twelve" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Twelve">Year 12</a></th> <th>Trade-based secondary qualifications<a href="#cite_note-Executive_summary-147">[147]</a></th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a></td> <td>Statement of Achievement</td> <td>ACT Senior Secondary Certificate and Record of Achievement (ACT SSC)</td> <td>VET Certificates and Statements of Attainment</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Record_of_School_Achievement" title="Record of School Achievement">Record of School Achievement</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Higher_School_Certificate_(New_South_Wales)" title="Higher School Certificate (New South Wales)">NSW Higher School Certificate</a> (HSC)</td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">NT</a></td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory_Certificate_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Territory Certificate of Education">NT Certificate of Education and Training</a> (NTCET)<a href="#endnote_d">[note d]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">QLD</a></td> <td>Queensland Certificate of Individual Achievement (QCIA)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Certificate_of_Education" title="Queensland Certificate of Education">Queensland Certificate of Education</a> (QCE)</td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">SA</a></td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Certificate_of_Education" title="South Australian Certificate of Education">South Australian Certificate of Education</a> (SACE)<a href="#endnote_d">[note d]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SACE-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">TAS</a></td> <td>Tasmanian Qualifications Certificate (TQC)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Certificate_of_Education" title="Tasmanian Certificate of Education">Tasmanian Certificate of Education</a> (TCE)</td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">VIC</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Certificate_of_Education" title="Victorian Certificate of Education">Victorian Certificate of Education</a> (VCE)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Certificate_of_Applied_Learning" title="Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning">Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning</a> (VCAL) 2002-2023 VCE Vocational Major 2023- </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">WA</a></td> <td>Western Australian Statement of Student Achievement (WASSA)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Certificate_of_Education" title="Western Australian Certificate of Education">Western Australian Certificate of Education</a> (WACE)</td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> As an alternative form (or as an addition to) the government-endorsed certification path, students, by approval, may elect to receive certification under the <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate_Diploma_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme">International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Basic_skills_tests">Basic skills tests</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Basic skills tests">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Assessment_Program_%E2%80%93_Literacy_and_Numeracy" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy">National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy</a></div> Australia’s system of national assessments, the National Assessment Program, established by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Education_Research_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australian Education Research Organization (page does not exist)">Australian Education Research Organization</a>, uses four main standardised assessments to measure literacy and numeracy achievement of schoolar students over time: the <a href="/wiki/National_Assessment_Program_%E2%80%93_Literacy_and_Numeracy" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy">National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy</a> (abbreviated as NAPLAN), the <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a> (PISA), the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS).<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The NAPLAN is a series of tests focused on basic skills that are administered annually to Australian students. These standardised tests assess students' reading, writing, language (spelling, grammar and punctuation) and numeracy. Introduced in 2008, NAPLAN is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Curriculum,_Assessment_and_Reporting_Authority" title="Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority">Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority</a> (ACARA) and is overseen by the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) Education Council.<a href="#cite_note-NAP-161">[161]</a> The tests are designed to determine if Australian students are achieving <a href="/wiki/Outcome-based_education" title="Outcome-based education">outcomes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ciia-162">[162]</a> The tests are designed to be carried out on the same days across Australia in any given year. Parents can decide whether their children take the test or not.<a href="#cite_note-sfn-163">[163]</a> The vast majority of Year 3, 5, 7 and 9 students participate. One of the aims of NAPLAN is to prepare young children for competitive examinations.<a href="#cite_note-dafql-164">[164]</a> Unlike NAPLAN; PISA,<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> TIMMS<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> and PIRLS<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> are international assessments aimed at small samples of students, and are not necessarily intended to assess their understanding of the Australian Curriculum, but to compare their results with those of samples of students around the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provider_of_school_education_to_international_students">Provider of school education to international students</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Provider of school education to international students">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_students_in_Australia" title="International students in Australia">International students in Australia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">International school</a>.</div> In Australia, a student is considered as an international student if he/she studies at an approved educational institution and he/she is not an <a href="/wiki/Australian_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian citizen">Australian citizen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_permanent_resident" title="Australian permanent resident">Australian permanent resident</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealander" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealander">New Zealand citizen</a>, or a holder of an Australian permanent resident <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_visa" title="Humanitarian visa">humanitarian visa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/esfosa2000442/">Education Services for Overseas Students Act 2000 </a> (Cth), the Australian Government regulates the delivery of school and tertiary education to international students who are granted a <a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">student visa</a> to study in Australia. The government maintains the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Register_of_Institutions_and_Courses_for_Overseas_Students" title="Commonwealth Register of Institutions and Courses for Overseas Students">Commonwealth Register of Institutions and Courses for Overseas Students</a> (CRICOS) and, as of 2018, there were 396 school providers with an overall approved capacity of 88,285 students.<a href="#cite_note-ESOS_AR2018-169">[169]</a>: 6  While Australia as an education destination showed strong and sustained growth over many years, as of June 2019, school-based education fell by three per cent for the year, and represented approximately three per cent of all international student enrolments, with tertiary education, vocational education and training, and English Language Intensive Courses for Overseas Students (ELICOS)<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> accounting for 93 per cent of all enrolments and recording 21 per cent annual growth.<a href="#cite_note-monthly_summary_2019-06-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issues_in_Australian_school_education">Issues in Australian school education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Issues in Australian school education">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_education_policy">Government education policy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Government education policy">edit</a>]</div> Despite a substantial increase in government spending per student over ten years (after correcting for <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>), the proportion of students who are proficient in maths, reading and science has actually declined over that same period. The <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Menzies_Research_Centre" title="Menzies Research Centre">Menzies Research Centre</a> have both concluded that increasing school funding above a basic level has little effect on student proficiency. Instead, they both recommend greater autonomy. That is, the states should merely monitor the performance of the schools. Individual principals should have full authority and responsibility for ensuring student proficiency in core areas.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> In 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Gillard_government" title="Gillard government">Gillard government</a> commissioned <a href="/wiki/David_Gonski" title="David Gonski">David Gonski</a> to the chair a committee to review funding of Australian schools. Entitled the <a href="/wiki/Gillard_government#Gonski_Report" title="Gillard government">Gonski Report</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Australian_Governments" title="Council of Australian Governments">Council of Australian Governments</a> the Gillard government sought to implement the National Education Reform Agreement that would deliver an A$9.4 billion school funding plan. Despite some states and territories becoming parties to the Agreement,<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> the plan was shelved following the <a href="/wiki/2013_Australian_federal_election" title="2013 Australian federal election">2013 federal election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Turnbull_government" title="Turnbull government">Turnbull government</a> commissioned Gonski in 2017 to chair the independent Review to Achieve Educational Excellence in Australian Schools, commonly called Gonski 2.0.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The government published the report on 30 April 2018.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Following negotiation, <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilateral agreement">bilateral agreements</a> between the Commonwealth of Australia with each state and territory commenced on 1 January 2019, with the exception of Victoria, whose bilateral agreement commenced on 1 February 2019. The funding agreements provide states with funding for government schools (20 percent) and non-government schools (80 percent) taking into consideration annual changes in enrolment numbers, indexation and student or school characteristics. A National School Resourcing Board was charged with the responsibility of independently reviewing each state's compliance with the funding agreement(s).<a href="#cite_note-DoE_funding_2019-49">[49]</a> Australian students placed 16th in the world in reading, 29th in maths and 17th in science in the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Program_for_International_Student_Assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Program for International Student Assessment">PISA</a> study by the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OCED</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> The Australian education system has suffered from the years of minimisation of funding, too often relying upon the full fee paying students from abroad across all levels of education, to prop up the short falls created by funding cuts. International full fee paying students, from primary school right through to Australia's universities have shown a slow decline in education standards.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indigenous_primary_and_secondary_education">Indigenous primary and secondary education</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Indigenous primary and secondary education">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander">Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander</a> children are at a significant disadvantage when compared to non-Indigenous Australians across a number of key school educational measures.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Australian_Governments" title="Council of Australian Governments">Council of Australian Governments</a> announced seven<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#endnote_e">[note e]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Closing_the_Gap" title="Closing the Gap">closing the gap</a>" targets, of which four related to education, namely:<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <ol><li>participation in early childhood education: with the goal of 95 per cent of all Indigenous four-year-olds enrolled in early childhood education by 2025;<a href="#endnote_f">[note f]</a></li> <li>reading, writing and numeracy levels: with the goal to halve the gap for Indigenous students in reading, writing and numeracy within a decade (by 2018);</li> <li>Year 12 attainment: with the goal to halve the gap for Indigenous 20–24 year olds in year 12 or equivalent attainment rates (by 2020); and</li> <li>school attendance: with the aim to close the gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous school attendance within five years (by 2018).<a href="#endnote_c">[note c]</a></li></ol> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit">[update]</a>, the target results were:<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>National Indigenous Reform Agreement: Performance data (Closing the gap) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Measure</th> <th colspan="2">2017-18 results </th></tr> <tr> <th>Indigenous</th> <th>Non- Indigenous </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">The proportion of children who are enrolled in (and attending, where possible to measure) a pre-school program in state-specific year before formal schooling</td> <td align="center">95.0%</td> <td align="center">89.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Percentage of students at or above the minimum standard in reading, writing and numeracy for Years 3, 5, 7 & 9</td> <td align="center" colspan="2">unavailable<a href="#endnote_g">[note g]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">Attainment of Year 12 or equivalent</td> <td>Major cities</td> <td align="center">73.8%</td> <td align="center">90.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inner regional</td> <td align="center">65.1%</td> <td align="center">83.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Outer regional</td> <td align="center">64.5%</td> <td align="center">82.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Remote</td> <td align="center">51.0%</td> <td align="center">82.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Very remote</td> <td align="center">42.6%</td> <td align="center">84.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Attendance rates: Year 1 to Year 12</td> <td align="center">82.3%</td> <td align="center">92.5% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bilingual_education_in_schools">Bilingual education in schools</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bilingual education in schools">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_education" title="Bilingual education">Bilingual education</a> in Australia may be divided into three different types, or target audiences, each having somewhat different purposes: <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander">Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander</a> peoples; immigrant (<a href="/wiki/Culturally_and_linguistically_diverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Culturally and linguistically diverse">CALD</a>) groups; and English speakers looking to add another language to their education. The first two are interested in language maintenance and <a href="/wiki/Language_revitalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Language revitalisation">language revitalisation</a> for ensuing generations.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The first recorded government support for bilingual education came under the <a href="/wiki/Menzies_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Menzies government">Menzies government</a> in 1950, when the first government schools for Aboriginal students were opened at four sites in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> (NT), where instruction "should include English Language, Native Language (where appropriate)". Policies and practices varied in the following years, with the first five pilot programs introduced in 1973 after the <a href="/wiki/Whitlam_government" title="Whitlam government">Whitlam government</a> came to power and brought in new federal policies.<a href="#cite_note-Devlin_2020-187">[187]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> (the jurisdiction with the greatest proportion of Indigenous people, and many remote communities), bilingual programs for Indigenous students begun with <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Federal Government</a> support in the early 1970s. <a href="/wiki/Yirrkala_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Yirrkala School">Yirrkala Community School</a> was identified as the first to undergo bilingual accreditation in 1980, and bilingual students outperformed the non-bilingual students. However, by December 1998 the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory_Government" title="Northern Territory Government">Northern Territory Government</a> had announced its decision to shift A$3 million away from the 29 bilingual programs to a Territory-wide program teaching English as a second language. Within 12 months though the government had softened its position, after people took to the streets in protest.<a href="#cite_note-Devlin_2020-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-areyonga-188">[188]</a> From around 2000, most bilingual programs were allowed to continue under the names "two-way education",<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> or "both-ways" learning.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Other programs included language maintenance and language revitalisation in remote schools across the NT. Then on 24 August 2005, the Minister for Employment, Education and Training announced that the government would be "revitalising bi-lingual education" at 15 Community Education Centres: <a href="/wiki/Alekarenge,_Northern_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Alekarenge, Northern Territory">Alekarenge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angurugu,_Northern_Territory" title="Angurugu, Northern Territory">Angurugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borroloola,_Northern_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Borroloola, Northern Territory">Borroloola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gapuwiyak,_Northern_Territory" title="Gapuwiyak, Northern Territory">Gapuwiyak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunbalanya,_Northern_Territory" title="Gunbalanya, Northern Territory">Gunbalanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalkaringi,_Northern_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalkaringi, Northern Territory">Kalkaringi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lajamanu,_Northern_Territory" title="Lajamanu, Northern Territory">Lajamanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maningrida,_Northern_Territory" title="Maningrida, Northern Territory">Maningrida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milingimbi_Island" title="Milingimbi Island">Milingimbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramingining,_Northern_Territory" title="Ramingining, Northern Territory">Ramingining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ngukurr,_Northern_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngukurr, Northern Territory">Ngukurr</a>, Shepherdson College, <a href="/wiki/Numbulwar,_Northern_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbulwar, Northern Territory">Numbulwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yirrkala,_Northern_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Yirrkala, Northern Territory">Yirrkala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuendumu,_Northern_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuendumu, Northern Territory">Yuendumu</a>. This revitalisation is conceived as part of an effort aimed at "providing effective education from pre-school through to senior secondary at each of the Territory's 15 Community Education Centres".<a href="#cite_note-Devlin_2020-187">[187]</a> However, in October 2008, in the first year of <a href="/wiki/NAPLAN" title="NAPLAN">NAPLAN</a> testing,<a href="#cite_note-areyonga-188">[188]</a> despite the NT Indigenous Education Strategic Plan 2006-2009 supporting bilingual instruction, it was mandated by the NT Government that English should be the language of instruction in all NT schools for the first four hours of the school day. After legal challenges, an <a href="/wiki/AIATSIS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIATSIS">AIATSIS</a> Symposium on Bilingual Education in 2009, media coverage and much debate, the policy was replaced by a new policy: "Literacy for Both Worlds", but that was soon withdrawn again. There was intervention by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Australian Human Rights Commission">Australian Human Rights Commission</a>, and in 2012 the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="Australian House of Representatives committees">House of Representatives Standing Committee</a> on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander affairs issued a report which included the recommendation that: "Indigenous language education should be introduced to all schools with Aboriginal students, and indigenous languages included as an official <a href="/wiki/Closing_the_Gap" title="Closing the Gap">Closing the Gap</a> measure".<a href="#cite_note-Devlin_2020-187">[187]</a> Prominent schools involved in bilingual education programs in the NT include <a href="/wiki/Yirrkala_Community_Education_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Yirrkala Community Education Centre">Yirrkala Community Education Centre</a> (CEC) and <a href="/wiki/Shepherdson_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherdson College">Shepherdson College</a> on <a href="/wiki/Galiwin%27ku" class="mw-redirect" title="Galiwin'ku">Galiwin'ku</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Devlin_2020-187">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yirrkala#Education" title="Yirrkala">Yirrkala School</a> and its sister school ignored the government directive, and has continued to teach its "both ways" methodology. The students' first language, <a href="/wiki/Yolngu_Matha" class="mw-redirect" title="Yolngu Matha">Yolngu Matha</a>, is taught alongside English. The method has proven effective against reducing the drop-out rate, and in 2020 eight students were the first in their community to graduate year 12 with scores enabling them to attend university. Yirrkala School and its sister school, Laynhapuy Homelands School, are now being looked to as models for learning in remote traditional communities.<a href="#cite_note-masters-192">[192]</a> Areyonga School, in <a href="/wiki/Areyonga,_Northern_Territory" title="Areyonga, Northern Territory">Areyonga</a>, was still using both-ways education in August 2023, 50 years since it had begun there, teaching in <a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitjantjatjara language">Pitjantjatjara language</a> and culture.<a href="#cite_note-areyonga-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_education_in_government_schools">Religious education in government schools</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Religious education in government schools">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Australia" title="Freedom of religion in Australia">Freedom of religion in Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_Australia" title="Separation of church and state in Australia">Separation of church and state in Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Christian_Education_in_Schools" title="Council for Christian Education in Schools">Council for Christian Education in Schools</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_School_Chaplaincy_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="National School Chaplaincy Program">National School Chaplaincy Program</a></div> Constitutionally, Australia is a <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a> country.<a href="#cite_note-conversation-Rowe-193">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Section_116_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia">Section 116</a> of Chapter V. The States in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Constitution">Australian Constitution</a> reads: <blockquote>The Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></blockquote> Nevertheless, Australia maintains one of the highest concentrations of religious schools, when compared with other OECD countries. Historically, the teaching of religion in Australian government schools has been a contentious issue<a href="#cite_note-conversation-Rowe-193">[193]</a> and was a motivator for the foundation of the government schooling system. While the <a href="/wiki/National_School_Chaplaincy_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="National School Chaplaincy Program">National School Chaplaincy Program</a> provides an overarching framework based on <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_care" title="Pastoral care">pastoral care</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Religious_instruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious instruction">religious instruction</a>,<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> the practices and policies of religious instruction in Australian schools vary significantly from state to state. In New South Wales, the <a href="/wiki/Special_Religious_Education_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Religious Education in Australia">Special Religious Education</a> classes are held in the government school sector that enable students to learn about the <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">beliefs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Practices_of_the_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Practices of the Religion">practices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Values_education" title="Values education">values</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morals</a> of a chosen religion.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> In Queensland, religious organisations may apply to <a href="/wiki/Principal_(school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principal (school)">school principals</a> and, if approved, deliver approved religious instruction programs in government schools.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> In Victoria, legislation prescribes that government schools must not promote any particular religious practice, denomination or sect, and must be open to adherents of any philosophy, religion or faith. However, individual school principals may permit approved organisations to deliver non-compulsory special religious instruction classes of no more than 30 minutes per week per student, during lunchtime or in the hour before or after usual school hours.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> In Western Australia, both special religious education (not part of the general curriculum)<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> and general religious education (as part of the general curriculum)<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> are offered in government schools. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="School_violence">School violence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: School violence">edit</a>]</div> In July 2009, the Queensland Minister for Education said that the rising levels of <a href="/wiki/School_violence" title="School violence">violence in schools</a> in the state were "totally unacceptable" and that not enough had been done to combat violent behaviour. In Queensland, 55,000 school students were suspended in 2008, nearly a third of which were for "physical misconduct".<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> In South Australia, 175 violent attacks against students or staff were recorded in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Students were responsible for deliberately causing 3,000 injuries reported by teachers over two years from 2008 to 2009.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ESOS_Act">ESOS Act</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: ESOS Act">edit</a>]</div> The Education Services for Overseas Students Act 2000 (or ESOS Act) sets out the legal framework governing delivery of education to international students visiting Australia on a <a href="/wiki/Student_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="Student visa">student visa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tertiary_education">Tertiary education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Tertiary education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education_in_Australia" title="Tertiary education in Australia">Tertiary education in Australia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Australia" title="List of universities in Australia">List of universities in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2865_University_or_other_Tertiary_Institution_Total_Persons.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2865_University_or_other_Tertiary_Institution_Total_Persons.svg/330px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2865_University_or_other_Tertiary_Institution_Total_Persons.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2865_University_or_other_Tertiary_Institution_Total_Persons.svg/495px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2865_University_or_other_Tertiary_Institution_Total_Persons.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2865_University_or_other_Tertiary_Institution_Total_Persons.svg/660px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2865_University_or_other_Tertiary_Institution_Total_Persons.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1574" /></a><figcaption>People attending a tertiary institution as a percentage of the local population at the 2011 census, geographically subdivided by statistical local area</figcaption></figure> Tertiary education (or higher education) in Australia is primarily study at <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Registered_training_organisation" title="Registered training organisation">registered training organisation</a><a href="#cite_note-About_the_skills_sector-10">[10]</a> studying Diploma or above in order to receive a qualification or further skills and training.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> A higher education provider is a body that is established or recognised by or under the law of the Australian Government, a State, the Australian Capital Territory or the Northern Territory.<a href="#cite_note-deewroverview-208">[208]</a> VET providers, both public and private are registered by state and territory governments. In 2021, 1,185,450 students were attending university or other higher education.<a href="#cite_note-abs2021edu-7">[7]</a> There are 42 universities in Australia: 37 <a href="/wiki/Public_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Public universities">public universities</a>, 3 <a href="/wiki/Private_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Private universities">private universities</a> and 2 international private universities,<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit">[update]</a>, the largest university in Australia was <a href="/wiki/Monash_University" title="Monash University">Monash University</a> in Melbourne: with five campuses and 75,000 students.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> There are non-self-accrediting higher education providers accredited by state and territory authorities, numbering more than 132 as listed on state and territory registers. These include several that are registered in more than one state and territory. All students doing nationally recognised training need to have a <a href="/wiki/Unique_Student_Identifier" title="Unique Student Identifier">Unique Student Identifier</a> (USI).<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_tertiary_students">International tertiary students</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: International tertiary students">edit</a>]</div> Australia has the highest ratio of international students per head of population in the world by a large margin, with 812,000 international students enrolled in the nation's universities and vocational institutions in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-theaustralian.com.au-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-macrobusiness.com.au-22">[22]</a> Accordingly, in 2019, international students represented on average 26.7% of the student bodies of Australian universities. International education, therefore, represents one of the country's largest exports and has a pronounced influence on the country's demographics, with a significant proportion of international students remaining in Australia after graduation on various skill and employment visas.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> The Australian onshore international education sector is predicted to rise to 940,000 by 2025. The biggest source markets for onshore international learner enrolments in 2025 are expected to be China, India, Vietnam, Thailand, Nepal, Malaysia, Brazil and South Korea. According to a 2016 report by <a href="/wiki/Deloitte" title="Deloitte">Deloitte Access Economics</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Austrade" title="Austrade">Australian Trade and Investment Commission</a>, higher education and Vocational Education and Training (VET) were projected to be the fastest-growing sectors in onshore international education by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Australian Government is also planning to add another 1.46 billion AUD according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdrforaustralia.com/strategy-to-attract-fresher-engineer/">Modern Manufacturing Strategy</a>, which predicts a high jump in job growth and <a href="/wiki/Australian_migration_zone" title="Australian migration zone">migration</a> of people. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rankings">Rankings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Rankings">edit</a>]</div> Thirty-six Australian tertiary educational institutions were listed in the <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a> for 2021;<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> and 37 institutions were listed in the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a> in the same year.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> As of 2020, 34 Australian universities were listed in China's <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a> ranking, with <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Melbourne">The University of Melbourne</a> achieving the highest global ranking, at 35th.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> In the same year, according to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a> Best Global Universities Rankings, 38 Australian universities were ranked, ranging from the University of Melbourne, at 25th place, to <a href="/wiki/Bond_University" title="Bond University">Bond University</a>, at 1133th place.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Education_Index" title="Education Index">Education Index</a>, published with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> in 2018, based on data from 2017, listed Australia as 0.929, the second-highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-:0-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/28px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/42px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/56px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></li></ul></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Flexible_Learning_Framework" title="Australian Flexible Learning Framework">Australian Flexible Learning Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Education in the Australian Capital Territory">Education in the Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales#Education" title="New South Wales">Education in New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Australia" title="Education in South Australia">Education in South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tasmania" title="Education in Tasmania">Education in Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Victoria" title="Education in Victoria">Education in Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Western_Australia" title="Education in Western Australia">Education in Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyneth_Dow" title="Gwyneth Dow">Gwyneth Dow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_state_education_in_Queensland" title="History of state education in Queensland">History of state education in Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_and_distance_education_in_Australia" title="Homeschooling and distance education in Australia">Homeschooling and distance education in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_schools_in_Australia" title="Lists of schools in Australia">Lists of schools in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music education in Australia">Music education in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_education" title="Reconciliation education">Reconciliation education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Schools_Coalition_Australia" title="Safe Schools Coalition Australia">Safe Schools Coalition Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education_in_Australia" title="Tertiary education in Australia">Tertiary education in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education_fees_in_Australia" title="Tertiary education fees in Australia">Tertiary education fees in Australia</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_a">^[note a]</a> These include: Department of Education, Employment and Training (DEET) (1988), <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Employment,_Education,_Training_and_Youth_Affairs" title="Department of Employment, Education, Training and Youth Affairs">Department of Employment, Education, Training and Youth Affairs</a> (DEETYA) (1996), <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education,_Training_and_Youth_Affairs" title="Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs">Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs</a> (DETYA) (1997), <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education,_Science_and_Training_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Education, Science and Training (Australia)">Department of Education, Science and Training</a> (DEST) (2001), <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education,_Employment_and_Workplace_Relations" title="Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations">Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations</a> (DEEWR) (2007), <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Australia,_2019%E2%80%932020)" title="Department of Education (Australia, 2019–2020)">Department of Education (Australia, 2019–2020)</a> (2013), <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_and_Training_(Australia)" title="Department of Education and Training (Australia)">Department of Education and Training (Australia)</a> (2014).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_b">^[note b]</a> : In Western Australia, the term district high school refers to schools that enrol students from <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Year K</a> to <a href="/wiki/Year_Ten" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Ten">Year 10</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_c">^[note c]</a> : The schools listed here are Catholic schools that are <a href="/wiki/Private_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Private schools">private schools</a> and administered by a <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious institute</a>. It does not include Catholic schools that are <a href="/wiki/Catholic_education_in_Australia#Systemic" title="Catholic education in Australia">systemically</a> administered by a diocese, Catholic Education Office, or Catholic Education Commission.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_d">^[note d]</a> : The South Australian Certificate of Education is also taught in Northern Territory secondary schools, where it is known as the Northern Territory Certificate of Education and Training.<a href="#cite_note-SACE-152">[152]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_e">^[note e]</a> : Initially six targets were set; with the school attendance target set at a subsequent COAG meeting.<a href="#cite_note-NIRA-p4.18-218">[218]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_f">^[note f]</a> : The initial target of 95% was set in 2008 with the aim to be achieved by 2013. The target was not achieved and was renewed in December 2015 with the aim to be achieved by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-NIRA-p4.18-218">[218]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_g">^[note g]</a> : The 2018 <a href="/wiki/NAPLAN" title="NAPLAN">NAPLAN</a> data were unavailable at the time of publication of the 2017–18 National Indigenous Reform Agreement Performance data report.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEdwards,_DanielRice,_James_MahmudMcMillan,_Julie2019" class="citation news cs1">Edwards, Daniel; Rice, James Mahmud; McMillan, Julie (24 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/three-charts-on-how-much-australia-spends-on-all-levels-of-education-120076">"Three charts on: how much Australia spends on all levels of education"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>. 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Retrieved 9 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.acara.edu.au&rft.atitle=School+income&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acara.edu.au%2Freporting%2Fnational-report-on-schooling-in-australia%2Fschool-income%23%3A~%3Atext%3DKey%2520Facts%2Cgross%2520income%2520for%2520Independent%2520schools.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aqf.edu.au/">"Home"</a>. Australian Qualifications Framework. 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2012, retrieved 2 April 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Education+%28Western+Australia%29&rft.atitle=School+Term+Dates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.det.wa.edu.au%2Feducation%2Ftermdates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>For New South Wales:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091011041034/http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/calendar/?do=setViewPeriod&categoryid=21&viewType=yearView">"School Calendar"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_and_Training_(New_South_Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Education and Training (New South Wales)">Department of Education and Training (New South Wales)</a>, Government of New South Wales, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/calendar/?do=setViewPeriod&categoryid=21&viewType=yearView">the original</a> on 11 October 2009, retrieved 16 February 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Education+and+Training+%28New+South+Wales%29&rft.atitle=School+Calendar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schools.nsw.edu.au%2Fcalendar%2F%3Fdo%3DsetViewPeriod%26categoryid%3D21%26viewType%3DyearView&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>For South Australia:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100214133409/http://www.decs.sa.gov.au/custserve/">"South Australian State Schools Term Dates"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_and_Children%27s_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Education and Children's Services">Department of Education and Children's Services</a>, Government of South Australia, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decs.sa.gov.au/custserve/">the original</a> on 14 February 2010, retrieved 16 February 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Education+and+Children%27s+Services&rft.atitle=South+Australian+State+Schools+Term+Dates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.decs.sa.gov.au%2Fcustserve%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>For the Northern Territory:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120730080814/http://www.det.nt.gov.au/students/at-school/term-dates">"Term Dates"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Education_(Northern_Territory)" title="Minister for Education (Northern Territory)">Department of Education (Northern Territory)</a>, Government of the Northern Territory, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.det.nt.gov.au/students/at-school/term-dates">the original</a> on 30 July 2012, retrieved 16 February 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Education+%28Northern+Territory%29&rft.atitle=Term+Dates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.det.nt.gov.au%2Fstudents%2Fat-school%2Fterm-dates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>For Victoria <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209113302/http://www.education.vic.gov.au/about/keydates/termdates.htm">"Term Dates – Key Dates"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_and_Early_Childhood_Development_(Victoria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (Victoria)">Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (Victoria)</a>, Victorian Government, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.education.vic.gov.au/about/keydates/termdates.htm">the original</a> on 9 February 2010, retrieved 16 February 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Education+and+Early+Childhood+Development+%28Victoria%29&rft.atitle=Term+Dates+%E2%80%93+Key+Dates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.education.vic.gov.au%2Fabout%2Fkeydates%2Ftermdates.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>For the ACT:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100331033242/http://www.det.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/108521/Term_Dates_and_Public_Holidays_2010.pdf">"Term Dates and Public Holidays"</a> (PDF), ACT Educational Directorate, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Government of the Australian Capital Territory">Government of the Australian Capital Territory</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.det.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/108521/Term_Dates_and_Public_Holidays_2010.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 31 March 2010, retrieved 16 February 2010</cite><span 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title="TAFE SA">TAFE SA</a>, Government of South Australia, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tafe.sa.edu.au/Default.aspx?tabid=1316">the original</a> on 1 October 2009, retrieved 16 February 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TAFE+SA&rft.atitle=Term+Dates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tafe.sa.edu.au%2FDefault.aspx%3Ftabid%3D1316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swin.edu.au/studentoperations/calendar/useful-information.html#tafe">TAFE Term Dates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swinburne_University_of_Technology" title="Swinburne University of Technology">Swinburne University of Technology</a>, retrieved 16 February 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"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Australia_and_the_Empire/The_State_Schoolmaster" class="extiw" title="s:Australia and the Empire/The State Schoolmaster">The State Schoolmaster</a>". Australia and the Empire: 157–187. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107340726" class="extiw" title="d:Q107340726">Q107340726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australia+and+the+Empire&rft.atitle=The+State+Schoolmaster&rft.pages=157-187&rft.date=1889&rft.au=Arthur+Patchett+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Passow, A. Harry et al. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalcasestud0000unse">The National Case Study: An Empirical Comparative Study of Twenty-One Educational Systems</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Australia&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1819/Quick_Guides/SchoolEducation">"School education: a quick guide to key internet links"</a>. 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Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade: Diplomatic Academy. Australian Government. 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dfat.gov.au/aid/topics/investment-priorities/education-health/education/Documents/australian-education-system-foundation.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Australian+Education+System%3A+Foundation+Level&rft.pub=Australian+Government&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdfat.gov.au%2Faid%2Ftopics%2Finvestment-priorities%2Feducation-health%2Feducation%2FDocuments%2Faustralian-education-system-foundation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/Education">Australian Bureau of Statistics – Education</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_Australia" title="Template:Education in Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_Australia" title="Template talk:Education in Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education in Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National overview</a></li> <li>States and territories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Education in the Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in New South Wales">NSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory#Education" title="Northern Territory">NT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland#Education" title="Queensland">Qld</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_state_education_in_Queensland" title="History of state education in Queensland">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Australia" title="Education in South Australia">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tasmania" title="Education in Tasmania">Tas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Victoria" title="Education in Victoria">Vic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Western_Australia" title="Education in Western Australia">WA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Qualifications_Framework" title="Australian Qualifications Framework">Australian Qualifications Framework</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Curriculum" title="Australian Curriculum">Australian Curriculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_schools_in_Australia" title="Lists of schools in Australia">List of schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Curriculum" title="Australian Curriculum">Australian Curriculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_schools_in_Australia" title="Lists of schools in Australia">List of schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAPLAN" title="NAPLAN">NAPLAN</a></li> <li>Leaving certificates <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_Senior_Secondary_Certificate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACT Senior Secondary Certificate (page does not exist)">ACT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_School_Certificate_(New_South_Wales)" title="Higher School Certificate (New South Wales)">NSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory_Certificate_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Territory Certificate of Education">NT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Certificate_of_Education" title="Queensland Certificate of Education">Qld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Certificate_of_Education" title="South Australian Certificate of Education">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Certificate_of_Education" title="Tasmanian Certificate of Education">Tas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Certificate_of_Education" title="Victorian Certificate of Education">Vic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Certificate_of_Education" title="Western Australian Certificate of Education">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IB_Diploma_Programme" title="IB Diploma Programme">International Baccalaureate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tertiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education_in_Australia" title="Tertiary education in Australia">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education_fees_in_Australia" title="Tertiary education fees in Australia">Tuition fees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Australia" title="Academic grading in Australia">Academic grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Australia" title="List of universities in Australia">List of universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)" title="Academic ranks (Australia and New Zealand)">Academic ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Tertiary_Admission_Rank" title="Australian Tertiary Admission Rank">Australian Tertiary Admission Rank</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Schools" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_business_schools_in_Australia" title="List of business schools in Australia">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dental_schools_in_Australia" title="List of dental schools in Australia">Dental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_Australia" title="List of law schools in Australia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mathematical_science_schools_in_Australia" title="List of mathematical science schools in Australia">Mathematical science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Australia" title="List of medical schools in Australia">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nursing_schools_in_Australia" title="List of nursing schools in Australia">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paramedicine_schools_in_Australia" title="List of paramedicine schools in Australia">Paramedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmacy_schools_in_Australia" title="List of pharmacy schools in Australia">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_physiotherapy_schools_in_Australia" title="List of physiotherapy schools in Australia">Physiotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychology_schools_in_Australia" title="List of psychology schools in Australia">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_veterinary_medicine_schools_in_Australia" title="List of veterinary medicine schools in Australia">Veterinary medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vocational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technical_and_further_education" title="Technical and further education">TAFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Training_System_(Australia)" title="National Training System (Australia)">National Training System (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registered_training_organisation" title="Registered training organisation">Registered training organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Australia)" title="Department of Education (Australia)">Department of Education</a></li> <li>Australian Skills Quality Authority</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Curriculum,_Assessment_and_Reporting_Authority" title="Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority">Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Register_of_Institutions_and_Courses_for_Overseas_Students" title="Commonwealth Register of Institutions and Courses for Overseas Students">Commonwealth Register of Institutions and Courses for Overseas Students</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory#ACT_Government_Directorates" title="Government of the Australian Capital Territory">ACT Education Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(New_South_Wales)" title="Department of Education (New South Wales)">Department of Education (NSW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Education_Standards_Authority" title="New South Wales Education Standards Authority">NESA (NSW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Education_(Northern_Territory)" title="Minister for Education (Northern Territory)">Department of Education (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Queensland)" title="Department of Education (Queensland)">Department of Education (Qld)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Education_(South_Australia)" title="Department for Education (South Australia)">Department of Education (SA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Education,_Children_and_Young_People" title="Department for Education, Children and Young People"> Department for Education, Children and Young People (Tas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Victoria)" title="Department of Education (Victoria)">Department of Education (Vic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Curriculum_and_Assessment_Authority" title="Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority">Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (VIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Western_Australia)" title="Department of Education (Western Australia)">Department of Education (WA)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Tertiary_Admissions_Centre" title="Queensland Tertiary Admissions Centre">Queensland Tertiary Admissions Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Tertiary_Admissions_Centre" title="South Australian Tertiary Admissions Centre">South Australian Tertiary Admissions Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_Institutions_Service_Centre" title="Tertiary Institutions Service Centre">Tertiary Institutions Service Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_Admissions_Centre" title="Universities Admissions Centre">Universities Admissions Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Tertiary_Admissions_Centre" title="Victorian Tertiary Admissions Centre">Victorian Tertiary Admissions Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Chapman_(Australian_economist)" title="Bruce Chapman (Australian economist)">Bruce Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dawkins" title="John Dawkins">John Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gonski" title="David Gonski">David Gonski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Education_(Australia)" title="Minister for Education (Australia)">Minister for Education (Australia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_Australia" title="Universities Australia">Universities Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Tertiary_Education_Union" title="National Tertiary Education Union">National Tertiary Education Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navitas_Limited" title="Navitas Limited">Navitas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Education in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Fiji" title="Education in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kiribati" title="Education in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nauru" title="Education in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_Zealand" title="Education in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Education in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tonga" title="Education in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Education in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Niue" title="Education in Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_New_Caledonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in New Caledonia (page does not exist)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Education in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tokelau" title="Education in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australia_topics" title="Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australia_topics" title="Template talk:Australia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_history" title="Timeline of Australian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Australia" title="Archaeology of Australia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_land_exploration_of_Australia" title="European land exploration of Australia">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Australia" title="Territorial evolution of Australia">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">1788–1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1851%E2%80%931900)" title="History of Australia (1851–1900)">1851–1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">1901–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Australia (1945–present)">Since 1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Australians" title="History of Asian Australians">Asian Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia" title="Constitutional history of Australia">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_Australia" title="Diplomatic history of Australia">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_history_of_Australia" title="Immigration history of Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia" title="Military history of Australia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Australia" title="History of monarchy in Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Australia" title="History of rail transport in Australia">Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Australia" title="Geography of Australia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Australia" title="Climate of Australia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Australia" title="Environment of Australia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia" title="Environmental issues in Australia">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Australia" title="List of earthquakes in Australia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Australia" title="Forests of Australia">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Australia" title="Geology of Australia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Australia" title="List of mountains in Australia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Australia" title="List of regions of Australia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reserve_System" title="National Reserve System">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Australia" title="List of rivers of Australia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Australia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Australia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_Australia" title="Asylum in Australia">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Donations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_federal_budget" title="Australian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Australia" title="Human rights in Australia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Australia" title="Intersex rights in Australia">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Australia" title="LGBTQ rights in Australia">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Intelligence and security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_legal_system" title="Australian legal system">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law" title="Australian constitutional law">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Australia" title="Law enforcement in Australia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia#Ideology_in_Australian_politics" title="Politics of Australia">Political ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_Australia" title="Christian politics in Australia">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_government_in_Australia" title="Women and government in Australia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_government_in_Australia" title="List of female heads of government in Australia">Government leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_cabinet_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of female cabinet ministers of Australia">Government ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_ministries" title="List of Australian ministries">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Australia" title="List of governors-general of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of prime ministers of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Australia" title="Energy in Australia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">Gross state product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_ownership_in_Australia" title="Home ownership in Australia">Home ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Australia" title="Public housing in Australia">Public housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_household_income_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Median household income in Australia and New Zealand">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Australia" title="Manufacturing in Australia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Australia" title="Mass media in Australia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange" title="Australian Securities Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">Superannuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Australia" title="Transport in Australia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Australia" title="Social security in Australia">Welfare system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Australia" title="Category:Society of Australia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aged_care_in_Australia" title="Aged care in Australia">Aged care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Australia" title="Censorship in Australia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Australia" title="Crime in Australia">Crime</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_dying_in_Australia" title="Assisted dying in Australia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Australia" title="Homelessness in Australia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Australian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Australia" title="Demographics of Australia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Australia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Australia" title="Prostitution in Australia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Australia" title="Squatting in Australia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Australia" title="Architecture of Australia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_art" title="Australian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_Australia" title="Arts in Australia">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Australia" title="Public holidays in Australia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Australia" title="List of radio stations in Australia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Australia" title="National symbols of Australia">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Australia" title="Television in Australia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Australia" title="Theatre of Australia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_studies" title="Australian studies">Australian studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td 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