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<li id="toc-Immediate_context_rebuff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediate_context_rebuff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Immediate context rebuff </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immediate_context_rebuff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Prelude </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Operation timeline </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation_timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operation timeline subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operation_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-9_October_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#9_October_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 9 October 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-9_October_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ground_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Ground offensive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-10_October_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#10_October_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 10 October 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-10_October_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-11_October_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11_October_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 11 October 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11_October_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-12_October_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#12_October_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 12 October 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-12_October_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-13_October_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#13_October_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 13 October 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-13_October_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tell_Abyad_captured_and_M4_highway_cut_by_Turkey_and_SNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tell_Abyad_captured_and_M4_highway_cut_by_Turkey_and_SNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Tell Abyad captured and M4 highway cut by Turkey and SNA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tell_Abyad_captured_and_M4_highway_cut_by_Turkey_and_SNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_government–SDF_deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_government–SDF_deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 Syrian government–SDF deal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_government–SDF_deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-14_October_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14_October_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 14 October 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-14_October_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Announcement_of_total_U.S._withdrawal_from_north_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Announcement_of_total_U.S._withdrawal_from_north_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Announcement of total U.S. withdrawal from north Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Announcement_of_total_U.S._withdrawal_from_north_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-15_October_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15_October_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 15 October 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15_October_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16_October_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16_October_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 16 October 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16_October_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._army_withdrawal_from_its_military_bases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._army_withdrawal_from_its_military_bases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.1 U.S. army withdrawal from its military bases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._army_withdrawal_from_its_military_bases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17_October_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17_October_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 17 October 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17_October_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-120-hour_ceasefire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#120-hour_ceasefire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9.1 120-hour ceasefire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-120-hour_ceasefire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_the_ceasefire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_ceasefire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 During the ceasefire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_the_ceasefire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-18_October_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18_October_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.1 18 October 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18_October_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19_October_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19_October_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.2 19 October 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19_October_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20_October_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20_October_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.3 20 October 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20_October_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SDF_withdraws_from_Ras_al-Ayn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SDF_withdraws_from_Ras_al-Ayn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.3.1 SDF withdraws from Ras al-Ayn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SDF_withdraws_from_Ras_al-Ayn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continued_U.S._withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_U.S._withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.3.2 Continued U.S. withdrawal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continued_U.S._withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21_October_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21_October_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.4 21 October 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21_October_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-22_October_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#22_October_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.5 22 October 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-22_October_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian–Turkish_memorandum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian–Turkish_memorandum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.5.1 Russian–Turkish memorandum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian–Turkish_memorandum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-23_October_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#23_October_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.6 23 October 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-23_October_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-24_October_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#24_October_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.7 24 October 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-24_October_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-25_October_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#25_October_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.8 25 October 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-25_October_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-26_October_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#26_October_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.9 26 October 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-26_October_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-27_October_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#27_October_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.10 27 October 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-27_October_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-29_October_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#29_October_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.11 29 October 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-29_October_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-ceasefire_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-ceasefire_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Post-ceasefire activity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-ceasefire_activity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-ceasefire activity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-ceasefire_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Diplomatic relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Situation_around_the_safe_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Situation_around_the_safe_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Situation around the safe zone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Situation_around_the_safe_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-31_October_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#31_October_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 31 October 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-31_October_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1_November_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1_November_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 1 November 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1_November_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-6_November_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#6_November_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 6 November 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-6_November_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-8_November_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#8_November_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 8 November 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-8_November_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-11_November_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11_November_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 11 November 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11_November_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16_November_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16_November_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.6 16 November 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16_November_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17_November_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17_November_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.7 17 November 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17_November_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18_November_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18_November_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.8 18 November 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18_November_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20_November_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20_November_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.9 20 November 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20_November_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ayn_Issa_clashes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayn_Issa_clashes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.10 Ayn Issa clashes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ayn_Issa_clashes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-23_November_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#23_November_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.11 23 November 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-23_November_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-24_November_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#24_November_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.12 24 November 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-24_November_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 War crimes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle War crimes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reports_by_the_Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reports_by_the_Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Reports by the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reports_by_the_Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_displacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_displacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Population displacement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_displacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ISIL_prisoners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISIL_prisoners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 ISIL prisoners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISIL_prisoners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Reactions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reactions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic_Turkish_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_Turkish_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Domestic Turkish reaction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_Turkish_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Detainments_in_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detainments_in_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Detainments in Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detainments_in_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_in_Northern_Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Controversy in Northern Cyprus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_in_Northern_Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanctions_and_suspension_of_arms_sales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctions_and_suspension_of_arms_sales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Sanctions and suspension of arms sales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctions_and_suspension_of_arms_sales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Media coverage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turkish_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Turkish actions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_and_AANES_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_and_AANES_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Syrian and AANES actions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_and_AANES_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomacy_with_NATO_member_nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomacy_with_NATO_member_nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Diplomacy with NATO member nations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomacy_with_NATO_member_nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomacy_with_nations_outside_NATO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomacy_with_nations_outside_NATO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Diplomacy with nations outside NATO </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomacy_with_nations_outside_NATO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" > 36 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="عملية نبع السلام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عملية نبع السلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BClh_Bula%C4%9F%C4%B1_%C9%99m%C9%99liyyat%C4%B1" title="Sülh Bulağı əməliyyatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sülh Bulağı əməliyyatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="باریش پیناری عملیاتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باریش پیناری عملیاتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%C2%AB%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%C2%BB" title="Аперацыя «Крыніца міру» – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аперацыя «Крыніца міру»" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argadenn_2019_a-enep_Rojava" title="Argadenn 2019 a-enep Rojava – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Argadenn 2019 a-enep Rojava" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3_turca_de_Rojava" title="Invasió turca de Rojava – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Invasió turca de Rojava" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operace_Pramen_m%C3%ADru" title="Operace Pramen míru – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Operace Pramen míru" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkische_Milit%C3%A4roffensive_in_Nordsyrien_2019" title="Türkische Militäroffensive in Nordsyrien 2019 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Türkische Militäroffensive in Nordsyrien 2019" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019._aasta_T%C3%BCrgi_sissetung_P%C3%B5hja-S%C3%BC%C3%BCriasse" title="2019. aasta Türgi sissetung Põhja-Süüriasse – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="2019. aasta Türgi sissetung Põhja-Süüriasse" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_(2019)" title="Τουρκική εισβολή στη Συρία (2019) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τουρκική εισβολή στη Συρία (2019)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofensiva_turca_en_el_noreste_de_Siria_de_2019" title="Ofensiva turca en el noreste de Siria de 2019 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ofensiva turca en el noreste de Siria de 2019" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87_(%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B1%DB%B9)" title="حمله نظامی ترکیه به شمال شرقی سوریه (۲۰۱۹) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حمله نظامی ترکیه به شمال شرقی سوریه (۲۰۱۹)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Source_de_paix" title="Opération Source de paix – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Opération Source de paix" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%82%A4%EC%98%88%EC%9D%98_%EB%B6%81%EB%8F%99%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%B9%A8%EA%B3%B5" title="튀르키예의 북동시리아 침공 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="튀르키예의 북동시리아 침공" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%C2%BB_%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="«Խաղաղության աղբյուր» ռազմագործողություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="«Խաղաղության աղբյուր» ռազմագործողություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangan_Rojava_2019" title="Serangan Rojava 2019 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Serangan Rojava 2019" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensiva_turca_nella_Siria_nordorientale_del_2019" title="Offensiva turca nella Siria nordorientale del 2019 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Offensiva turca nella Siria nordorientale del 2019" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המתקפה הטורקית על כורדיסטן הסורית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המתקפה הטורקית על כורדיסטן הסורית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangan_Rojava_2019" title="Serangan Rojava 2019 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Serangan Rojava 2019" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E8%BB%8D%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E4%BE%B5%E6%94%BB_(2019%E5%B9%B4)" title="トルコ軍によるシリア侵攻 (2019年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルコ軍によるシリア侵攻 (2019年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%8F%D8%AA%DB%92_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%DB%81%D8%8C%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B1%DB%B9" title="ترکی دا شمال مشرقی شام اُتے حملہ،۲۰۱۹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترکی دا شمال مشرقی شام اُتے حملہ،۲۰۱۹" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacja_%C5%B9r%C3%B3d%C5%82o_Pokoju" title="Operacja Źródło Pokoju – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Operacja Źródło Pokoju" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nascente_de_Paz" title="Operação Nascente de Paz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Operação Nascente de Paz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C8%9Biunea_%E2%80%9EIzvorul_P%C4%83cii%E2%80%9D" title="Operațiunea „Izvorul Păcii” – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Operațiunea „Izvorul Păcii”" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%C2%AB%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%C2%BB" title="Операция «Источник мира» – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Операция «Источник мира»" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulmi_turk_n%C3%AB_Sirin%C3%AB_veri-lindore_(2019)" title="Sulmi turk në Sirinë veri-lindore (2019) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sulmi turk në Sirinë veri-lindore (2019)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper%C3%A1cia_Prame%C5%88_mieru" title="Operácia Prameň mieru – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Operácia Prameň mieru" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%DB%86_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D9%A2%D9%A0%D9%A1%D9%A9)" title="ھێرشی تورکیا بۆ سەر ڕۆژاوای کوردستان (٢٠١٩) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێرشی تورکیا بۆ سەر ڕۆژاوای کوردستان (٢٠١٩)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Операција Извор мира – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Операција Извор мира" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkin_hy%C3%B6kk%C3%A4ys_Pohjois-Syyriaan_2019" title="Turkin hyökkäys Pohjois-Syyriaan 2019 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turkin hyökkäys Pohjois-Syyriaan 2019" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_Harek%C3%A2t%C4%B1" title="Barış Pınarı Harekâtı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Barış Pınarı Harekâtı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97_2019" title="Турецька інтервенція на північному сході Сирії 2019 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Турецька інтервенція на північному сході Сирії 2019" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%D9%BE%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%DB%81%D8%8C2019%D8%A1" title="ترکیہ کا شمال مشرقی سوریہ پر حملہ،2019ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترکیہ کا شمال مشرقی سوریہ پر حملہ،2019ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_d%E1%BB%8Bch_M%E1%BA%A1ch_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_H%C3%B2a_b%C3%ACnh" title="Chiến dịch Mạch nước Hòa bình – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến dịch Mạch nước Hòa bình" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1mey_Suriya_sero_operasyon%C3%AA_T%C4%B1rkiya" title="Zımey Suriya sero operasyonê Tırkiya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zımey Suriya sero operasyonê Tırkiya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other Turkish military interventions in Syria, see <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;;width:400px"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War">Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)">Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Peace_Spring.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Operation_Peace_Spring.svg/385px-Operation_Peace_Spring.svg.png" decoding="async" width="385" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Operation_Peace_Spring.svg/578px-Operation_Peace_Spring.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Operation_Peace_Spring.svg/770px-Operation_Peace_Spring.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="10937" data-file-height="4360" /></a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Turkish and Turkish-backed opposition control</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  SDF control</div> For a more detailed, up-to-date, interactive map, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_Civil_War_detailed_map" title="Template:Syrian Civil War detailed map">here</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>Main combat phase: 9–17 October 2019<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> (1 week and 1 day) Post-ceasefire operations: 18 October – 25 November 2019<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> (1 month and 1 week)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasakah_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasakah Governorate">Hasakah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Governorate" title="Raqqa Governorate">Raqqa</a> governorates, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Turkish and SNA victory<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <ul><li>120-hour (5-day) ceasefire, announced by the US and Turkey on 17 October 2019, was partially rejected by the SDF,<a href="#cite_note-oc-cease-13">[13]</a> later on 22 October 2019, Russia and Turkey signed <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">memorandum of understanding</a>, ceasefire extended by 150 hours, and later made permanent<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> and their allies capture an area of 4,820 square kilometres (1,860 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-30days-16">[16]</a> with 600 settlements,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Manajir" title="Al-Manajir">Manajir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suluk,_Syria" title="Suluk, Syria">Suluk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mabrouka" title="Mabrouka">Mabrouka</a> and cut the <a href="/wiki/M4_Motorway_(Syria)" title="M4 Motorway (Syria)">M4 highway</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-SDF-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> reinforcements move through <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tabqah">Al-Tabqah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobani" title="Kobani">Kobani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Issa" title="Ayn Issa">Ayn Issa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tell_Tamer" title="Tell Tamer">Tell Tamer</a>, to be stationed along the Turkish border. <a href="#cite_note-auto4-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-xinhuanet.com-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-timesofisrael.com-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. Armed Forces</a> completely withdraw from <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Governorate" title="Raqqa Governorate">Raqqa</a> governorates and partially withdraw from <a href="/wiki/Hasakah_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasakah Governorate">Hasakah</a> Governorate of Syria;<a href="#cite_note-US_withdraw-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peace_Spr-27">[27]</a> remain in <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor Governorate</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Syrian Interim Government</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/23px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/35px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/45px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg/23px-International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg/35px-International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg/45px-International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion" title="International Freedom Battalion">International Freedom Battalion</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (from 13 October 2019)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Hulusi_Akar" title="Hulusi Akar">Hulusi Akar</a> (Minister of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of National Defence (Turkey)">National Defence</a>) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Gen. <a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_G%C3%BCler" title="Yaşar Güler">Yaşar Güler</a> (Chief of the <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="General Staff of the Republic of Turkey">General Staff</a>)<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Brig. Gen. İdris Acartürk<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_commando_units#Turkey" title="List of commando units">7th Commando Brigade</a> Commander) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Hakan_Fidan" title="Hakan Fidan">Hakan Fidan</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)">MİT</a> Chief) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Salim_Idris" title="Salim Idris">Salim Idris</a> (Minister of Defence) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Maj. Gen. Abu Bakr Sayf (<a href="/wiki/Hamza_Division_(Aleppo)" title="Hamza Division (Aleppo)">Hamza Division</a> Commander)<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Lt. Abdullah Halawa<a href="#cite_note-auto20-33">[33]</a> (Hamza Division Commander) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Abu Hatim Sharqa (Leader of Ahrar al-Sharqiya)<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Abu Hafs Al-Gharbi  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (Commander of Ahrar Al-Sharqiyah)<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/23px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/35px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/45px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mazloum_Abdi" title="Mazloum Abdi">Mazloum Abdi</a> (Commander-in-Chief of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a>) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/23px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/35px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/45px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Infobox_Generic_SDF_MC.png/23px-Infobox_Generic_SDF_MC.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Infobox_Generic_SDF_MC.png/35px-Infobox_Generic_SDF_MC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Infobox_Generic_SDF_MC.png/45px-Infobox_Generic_SDF_MC.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Riad Khamis al-Khalaf (<a href="/wiki/Tal_Abyad_Military_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Tal Abyad Military Council">Tal Abyad Military Council</a> Commander)<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/23px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/35px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/45px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/RasAlAyn_MC_infobox_flag.png/23px-RasAlAyn_MC_infobox_flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/RasAlAyn_MC_infobox_flag.png/35px-RasAlAyn_MC_infobox_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/RasAlAyn_MC_infobox_flag.png/46px-RasAlAyn_MC_infobox_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /> Imad Meno (<a href="/wiki/Ser%C3%AA_Kaniy%C3%AA_Military_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Serê Kaniyê Military Council">Serê Kaniyê Military Council</a> Commander)<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/23px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/35px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/45px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Asayish_infobox_flag.png/23px-Asayish_infobox_flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Asayish_infobox_flag.png/35px-Asayish_infobox_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Asayish_infobox_flag.png/45px-Asayish_infobox_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Tolhildan Zagros <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (HAT commander)<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Maj. Gen. Sharif Ahmed  (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)<a href="#cite_note-return-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto21-40">[40]</a> (Hasakah Province commander) <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Brig. Gen. Aqil Juma'a<a href="#cite_note-return-39">[39]</a> (106th Brigade commander) <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Col. Munif Mansour  (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)<a href="#cite_note-auto21-40">[40]</a> (79th Battalion commander)<a href="#cite_note-return-39">[39]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> See <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_for_the_2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria#Turkey_and_allied_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle for the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">order of battle</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> See <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_for_the_2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria#SDF_and_allied_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle for the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">order of battle</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> 15,000<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> 14,000<a href="#cite_note-aj-turkey-begins-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-rebelgroups-43">[43]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/23px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/35px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/45px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Unknown <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4,000–10,000<a href="#cite_note-return-39">[39]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Per <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">SOHR</a>:<a href="#cite_note-syriahr347802-44">[44]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> 355 killed <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> 11 killed <hr /> Per Turkey: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> 251 killed, 760 wounded, 1 missing<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> 12 killed (1 non-combat),<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_deaths">[a]</a> 164 wounded<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Per SOHR:<a href="#cite_note-syriahr347802-44">[44]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/23px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/35px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/45px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> 445 killed <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> 29 killed <hr /> Per SDF: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/23px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/35px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/45px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> 508 killed, 1,547 wounded, 73 captured<a href="#cite_note-balance2019-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 25 killed<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <hr /> Per Turkey: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/23px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/35px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/45px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> 1,313 killed or captured<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 146 civilians killed in Syria by TAF and SNA<a href="#cite_note-30days-16">[16]</a> and 1 civilian killed in Syria by SDF (per SOHR)<a href="#cite_note-About_10-50">[50]</a> 73 civilians killed in Syria by SDF (per Turkey)<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> 522 civilians killed in Syria by Turkey (per SDF)<a href="#cite_note-balance2019-47">[47]</a> 22 civilians killed in Turkey by SDF shelling (per Turkey)<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> 300,000+ civilians displaced (per SOHR)<a href="#cite_note-Turkish_east-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562">a Two additional Turkish soldiers were killed in the area of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a> in northwestern Syria,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> which are counted in the toll provided by some media outlets.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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2012)">January–April 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)">May–August 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)">September–December 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)">January–April 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)">May–December 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2014)">January–July 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)">August–December 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)">January–July 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)">August–December 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">January–April 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2016)">May–August 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)">September–December 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)">January–April 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)">May–August 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)">September–December 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)">January–April 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)">May–August 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)">September–December 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)">January–April 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)">May–August 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)">September–December 2019</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2024)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2024)">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian civil war">Background and causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_cities_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Control of cities during the Syrian civil war">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_Civil_War_detailed_map" title="Template:Syrian Civil War detailed map">map</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_Syria" title="List of terrorist incidents in Syria">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">Massacres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; width: 25em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;;float:right; clear:right; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 0.5em; width:300px; display:table;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #CEE0F2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_uprising_in_Syria_(March–August_2011)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war">Civil uprising in Syria</a> (March–August 2011)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daraa" title="Siege of Daraa">Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baniyas" title="Siege of Baniyas">Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Homs (May–August 2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Talkalakh_(May_2011)" title="Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)">Talkalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rastan_and_Talbiseh" title="Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh">Rastan and Talbiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2011_Jisr_ash-Shughur_clashes" title="June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes">1st Jisr ash-Shughur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_operation" title="Summer 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya operation">1st Jabal al-Zawiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hama_(2011)" title="Siege of Hama (2011)">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Latakia" title="Siege of Latakia">Latakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Start_of_insurgency_(Sept._2011_–_April_2012)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">Start of insurgency</a> (Sept. 2011 – April 2012)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Homs (2011–14)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Homs_offensive" title="2012 Homs offensive">Homs offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(September_2011_%E2%80%93_March_2012)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (September 2011 – March 2012)">1st Idlib Gov.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clash" title="December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash">Syrian–Turkish border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_massacres" title="December 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya massacres">Jabal al-Zawiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2012)" title="Battle of Idlib (2012)">1st Idlib City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saraqib" title="Battle of Saraqib">Saraqeb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)" title="Battle of Rastan (2011)">1st Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932012)" title="Hama Governorate clashes (2011–2012)">Hama Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayrat_and_Tiyas_airbase_ambush" title="Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush">Shayrat & Tiyas ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–2013)">Daraa Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_clashes_(November_2011%E2%80%93March_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012)">1st Rif Dimashq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2012)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2012)">1st Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douma" title="Battle of Douma">Douma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)">Deir ez-Zor (2011–2014)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatla_massacre" title="Hatla massacre">Hatla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aleppo_Governorate_clashes" title="2012 Aleppo Governorate clashes">Aleppo Gov.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Azaz_(2012)" title="Battle of Azaz (2012)">Azaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(January%E2%80%93February_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (January–February 2012)">2nd Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2012)">1st al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2012_Idlib_Governorate_Operation" title="April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation">2nd Idlib Gov.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taftanaz" title="Battle of Taftanaz">Taftanaz</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_cease-fire_period_and_start_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox cease-fire period and start of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_cease-fire_period_and_start_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox cease-fire period and start of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_cease-fire_period_and_start_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox cease-fire period and start of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UN_ceasefire;_Rebel_advances_(May_2012_–_Dec._2013)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">UN ceasefire</a>; <a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war">Rebel advances</a> (May 2012 – Dec. 2013)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(May_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (May 2012)">3rd Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Northern_Homs" title="Siege of Northern Homs">Northern Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah" title="Battle of al-Haffah">Al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre" title="Al-Qubeir massacre">Al-Qubeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tremseh" title="Battle of Tremseh">Al-Tremseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2012%E2%80%93April_2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2012–April 2013)">3rd Idlib Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">1st Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">Bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan" title="Battle of Anadan">Anadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Menagh_Air_Base" title="Siege of Menagh Air Base">Menagh Air Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">Base 46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_massacre" title="Khan al-Assal massacre">Khan al-Assal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">1st Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Canopus_Star" title="Operation Canopus Star">2nd Aleppo offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Syrian Kurdistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rojava%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict" title="Rojava–Islamist conflict">Kurdish–Islamist conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2014)">Hasaka campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (2013–2014)">Tell Hamis and Tell Brak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Tell Abyad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nubl_and_al-Zahraa" title="Siege of Nubl and al-Zahraa">Nubl & Al-Zahraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">2nd Rif Dimashq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Darayya_massacre" title="Darayya massacre">1st Darayya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Abu_al-Duhur_Airbase" title="Siege of Abu al-Duhur Airbase">Abu al-Duhur Airbase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate_clashes_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Quneitra Governorate clashes (2012–2014)">Quneitra Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)">3rd Rif Dimashq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(December_2012)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (December 2012)">1st Yarmouk camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">2nd Darayya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Darayya_and_Muadamiyat" title="Siege of Darayya and Muadamiyat">Darayya & Muadamiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqrab_massacre" title="Aqrab massacre">Aqrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">1st Hama offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_massacre_(2012)" title="Halfaya massacre (2012)">Halfaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Safira" title="Battle of Safira">1st Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)" title="Battle of Shaddadi (2013)">Shadadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_offensive_(2013)" title="Damascus offensive (2013)">2nd Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">1st Raqqa campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">1st Raqqa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Daraa_offensive" title="2013 Daraa offensive">1st Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March%E2%80%93August_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (March–August 2013)">4th Rif Dimashq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl" title="Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl">Jdaidet al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadamon_massacre" title="Tadamon massacre">Tadamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">Al-Qusayr offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">2nd al-Qusayr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eastern_Ghouta" title="Siege of Eastern Ghouta">Eastern Ghouta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hama_offensive" title="2013 Hama offensive">2nd Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres" title="Bayda and Baniyas massacres">Bayda and Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Latakia_offensive" title="2013 Latakia offensive">1st Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maaloula" title="Battle of Maaloula">Ma'loula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadad" title="Battle of Sadad">Sadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September–November 2013)">5th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qalamoun_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Battle of Qalamoun (2013–2014)">1st Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adra_massacre" title="Adra massacre">Adra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_rise_of_the_Islamists_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox rise of the Islamists in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_rise_of_the_Islamists_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox rise of the Islamists in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_rise_of_the_Islamists_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox rise of the Islamists in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rise_of_ISIS_in_2014" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Rise of ISIS</a> in <a href="/wiki/2014_in_Syria" title="2014 in Syria">2014</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">Northern Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(April%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (April–July 2014)">1st Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Otaiba_ambush" title="Al-Otaiba ambush">al-Otaiba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_massacre" title="Maan massacre">Maan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hosn" title="Battle of Hosn">Hosn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morek" title="Battle of Morek">Morek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93May_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (February–May 2014)">2nd Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Latakia_offensive" title="2014 Latakia offensive">2nd Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Idlib_offensive" title="2014 Idlib offensive">4th Idlib Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Malihah" title="Battle of Al-Malihah">Al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2014)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2014)">2nd Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2014)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2014)">2nd Qalamoun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsal_(2014)" title="Battle of Arsal (2014)">Arsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deir_ez-Zor_(2014%E2%80%932017)" title="Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017)">Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(July_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (July 2014)">1st Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Eastern_Syria_offensive" title="2014 Eastern Syria offensive">1st Eastern Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa_Airbase" title="Battle of Tabqa Airbase">Tabqa Airbase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hama_offensive" title="2014 Hama offensive">3rd Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–November 2014)">6th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Quneitra_offensive" title="2014 Quneitra offensive">1st Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Kobanî</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_intervention_against_ISIL_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox intervention against ISIL in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_intervention_against_ISIL_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox intervention against ISIL in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_intervention_against_ISIL_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox intervention against ISIL in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S.-led_intervention,_Rebel_and_ISIL_advances_(Sept._2014_–_Sept._2015)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war">U.S.-led intervention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015)">Rebel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">ISIL advances</a> (Sept. 2014 – Sept. 2015)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war">U.S.-led intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_school_bombing" title="Homs school bombing">Homs school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(October_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (October 2014)">3rd Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Al-Safira_offensive" title="2014 Al-Safira offensive">2nd Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_raid_on_Idlib_city" title="2014 raid on Idlib city">2014 Idlib city raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front%E2%80%93SRF/Hazzm_Movement_conflict" title="Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict">Nusra–FSA conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(October%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (October–November 2014)">2nd Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2014)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)">1st Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">2nd Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rainbow_(Syrian_civil_war)" title="Operation Rainbow (Syrian civil war)">3rd Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Syrian_Air_Force_An-26_crash" title="2015 Syrian Air Force An-26 crash">An-26 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(January_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (January 2015)">4th Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2015 Southern Syria offensive">Southern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">1st Sarrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_and_Homs_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Hama and Homs offensive (March–April 2015)">Hama/Homs offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(2015)" title="Battle of Bosra (2015)">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Idlib_offensive" title="2015 Idlib offensive">5th Idlib Gov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">2nd Idlib city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_al-Fu%27ah_and_Kafriya" title="Siege of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya">Al-Fu'ah-Kafriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasib_Border_Crossing" title="Battle of Nasib Border Crossing">Nasib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">2nd Yarmouk camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015)">1st Northwestern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(May%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)">3rd Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">1st Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_city_offensive" title="Al-Hasakah city offensive">1st Al-Hasakah city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_and_As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Daraa and As-Suwayda offensive (June 2015)">Daraa/As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2015)">2nd Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">2nd Sarrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (June–July 2015)">5th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2015)">2nd Al-Hasakah city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">2nd Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(July_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (July 2015)">4th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2015)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2015)">2nd Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">2nd Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghab_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Al-Ghab offensive (July–August 2015)">Al-Ghab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn (2015)">1st al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma_massacre_(2015)" title="Douma massacre (2015)">Douma market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September_2015)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September 2015)">7th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuweires_offensive" title="Kuweires offensive">Kuweires offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Russian intervention in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Russian intervention in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Russian intervention in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_intervention_(Sept._2015_–_March_2016)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a> (Sept. 2015 – March 2016)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(October_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (October 2015)">3rd Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)">2nd Northwestern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Latakia_offensive" title="2015–2016 Latakia offensive">3rd Latakia offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Su-24 shootdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)">5th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">al-Hawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">6th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Hama_offensive" title="2015 Hama offensive">4th Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Tamer_bombings" title="Tell Tamer bombings">Tell Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–2016)">2nd Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">al-Qamishli bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_River_offensive" title="Orontes River offensive">Orontes River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">3rd Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">1st Sayyidah Zaynab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">7th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">1st Ithriyah-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">Homs bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">2nd Sayyidah Zaynab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">2nd Tel Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tanf_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Tanf offensive (2016)">Al-Tanf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn_(2016)" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn (2016)">2nd Al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">3rd Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarat_al-Numan_(2016)" title="Battle of Maarat al-Numan (2016)">2nd Maarat al-Nu'man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Aleppo_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Aleppo escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Aleppo_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Aleppo escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Aleppo_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Aleppo escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aleppo_escalation_and_Euphrates_Shield_(March_2016_–_February_2017)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Aleppo escalation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Euphrates Shield</a> (March 2016 – February 2017)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">8th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Daraa offensive (March–April 2016)">6th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southern_Aleppo_campaign" title="2016 Southern Aleppo campaign">9th–11th Aleppo offensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dumayr_offensive_(April_2016)" title="Al-Dumayr offensive (April 2016)">Al-Dumayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2016)">1st East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">1st Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_bombings_(April%E2%80%93July_2016)" title="Aleppo bombings (April–July 2016)">Aleppo bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (April–May 2016)">8th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(2016)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (2016)">3rd Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartus_bombings" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartus bombings">Jableh & Tartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhar_airstrike" title="Tokhar airstrike">Tokhar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">2nd Ithriyah-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(June%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (June–October 2016)">9th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign" title="2016 Aleppo summer campaign">12th–14th Aleppo offensives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(June%E2%80%93July_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (June–July 2016)">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (July–August 2016)">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(August%E2%80%93September_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (August–September 2016)">14th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Latakia_offensive" title="2016 Latakia offensive">4th Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2016 Abu Kamal offensive">1st Abu Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Qamishli_bombings" title="July 2016 Qamishli bombings">3rd Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Atmeh_attack" title="2016 Atmeh attack">Atmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">al-Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2016)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2016)">3rd Al-Hasakah City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Northern al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">Northern al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">al-Bab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Hama_offensive" title="2016 Hama offensive">5th Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">1st Western al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (September–October 2016)">1st Eastern Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">September bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Quneitra offensive (September 2016)">4th Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">Deir ez-Zor airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Urum_al-Kubra_aid_convoy_attack" title="September 2016 Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack">Aleppo aid convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">15th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Shih_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016)">Khan al-Shih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2016_Idlib_Governorate_clashes" title="October 2016 Idlib Governorate clashes">1st Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">2nd Western al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–November 2016)">16th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">2nd Raqqa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">17th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">4th Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Barada_offensive_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)">Wadi Barada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">1st Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">Azaz bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">5th Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">4th Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">18th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January%E2%80%93March_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)">2nd Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)">7th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qaboun offensive (2017)">Qaboun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" title="Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)">8th Daraa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Collapse_of_Islamic_State_in_Syria" title="Template:Campaignbox Collapse of Islamic State in Syria"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Collapse_of_Islamic_State_in_Syria" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Collapse of Islamic State in Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Collapse_of_Islamic_State_in_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Collapse of Islamic State in Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Collapse_of_ISIS_in_Syria_(2017)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Collapse of <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a> in Syria (<a href="/wiki/2017_in_Syria" title="2017 in Syria">2017</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Homs_offensive_(2017)" title="Eastern Homs offensive (2017)">Eastern Homs offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_al-Jinah_airstrike" title="2017 al-Jinah airstrike">al-Jina mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">6th Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">US Shayrat strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">Aleppo bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">April 2017 Turkish airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2017)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)">2nd East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">2nd Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hama_offensive_(2017)" title="East Hama offensive (2017)">East Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">2nd Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (June 2017)">9th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">Southern Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Laylat_al-Qadr" title="Operation Laylat al-Qadr">Iranian Deir ez-Zor strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27Din_shootdown_incident" title="Ja'Din shootdown incident">Ja'din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jobar_offensive" title="2017 Jobar offensive">Jobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2017)">5th Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">Central Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)">3rd Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">4th Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor (2017–2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">2nd Eastern Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)">Deir ez-Zor city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Crossing_offensive_(2017)" title="Euphrates Crossing offensive (2017)">Euphrates Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mayadin_offensive" title="2017 Mayadin offensive">Mayadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">2nd Abu Kamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(September_2017)" title="Hama offensive (September 2017)">7th Hama offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Idlib escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Idlib_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Idlib escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Idlib escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rebels_in_retreat_and_Operation_Olive_Branch(Nov._2017_–_Sep._2018)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rebels in retreat and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a> (Nov. 2017 – Sep. 2018)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">3rd Northwestern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_insurgency" title="Eastern Syria insurgency">Eastern Syria insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarib_market_massacre" title="Atarib market massacre">Atarib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harasta_(2017%E2%80%932018)" title="Battle of Harasta (2017–2018)">Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn_offensive" title="Beit Jinn offensive">Beit Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">3rd Syrian Desert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2018)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018)">5th Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)">1st Southern Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Olive Branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrin_offensive_(January%E2%80%93March_2018)" title="Afrin offensive (January–March 2018)">Afrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDF_insurgency_in_Northern_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="SDF insurgency in Northern Aleppo">SDF insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">Feb 2018 Israel–Syria incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">10th Rif Dimashq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">4th Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(March_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)">2nd Southern Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">U.S.-led missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Homs_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)">Northern Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(April_2018)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)">2nd Eastern Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)">3rd Southern Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate_clashes" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes">Deir ez-Zor SAA-SDF clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">House of Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">1st As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">2nd Southern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">2nd As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">3rd As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">2nd Qamishli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_demilitarization_and_frozen_conflict" title="Template:Campaignbox Idlib demilitarization and frozen conflict"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Idlib_demilitarization_and_frozen_conflict" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Idlib demilitarization and frozen conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_demilitarization_and_frozen_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Idlib demilitarization and frozen conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Idlib_demilitarization(Sep._2018_–_April_2019)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization</a> (Sep. 2018 – April 2019)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">5th Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">Sep. 2018 missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahvaz_military_parade_attack#Retaliatory_missile_and_drone_strikes" title="Ahvaz military parade attack">Iranian Eastern Euphrates strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_insurgency" title="Daraa insurgency">Daraa insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">Manbij bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Baghuz Fawqani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_U.S._airstrike_in_Baghuz" title="2019 U.S. airstrike in Baghuz">U.S. airstrike</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Failure_of_the_demilitarization_and_renewed_fighting" title="Template:Campaignbox Failure of the demilitarization and renewed fighting"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Failure_of_the_demilitarization_and_renewed_fighting" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Failure of the demilitarization and renewed fighting"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Failure_of_the_demilitarization_and_renewed_fighting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Failure of the demilitarization and renewed fighting"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Idlib_offensive,_Operation_Peace_Spring,_&amp;_Second_Idlib_offensive_(April_2019_–_March_2020)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">First Idlib offensive</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Operation Peace Spring</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Second Idlib offensive</a> (April 2019 – March 2020)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">4th Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Syria_bombings" title="June 2019 Syria bombings">Raqqa & Azaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hass_refugee_camp_bombing" title="Hass refugee camp bombing">Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">2nd Israeli missile strikes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peace Spring</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2019)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2019)">2nd Ras al-Ayn</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Kayla Mueller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Syria_bombings" title="November 2019 Syria bombings">Northern bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">3rd Israeli missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qah_missile_strike" title="Qah missile strike">Qah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">5th Northwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">Balyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Spring Shield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">2nd U.S. missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2020_Daraa_clashes" title="March 2020 Daraa clashes">10th Daraa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_ceasefire" title="Template:Campaignbox Idlib ceasefire"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Idlib_ceasefire" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Idlib ceasefire"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_ceasefire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Idlib ceasefire"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Idlib_ceasefire_(March_2020_–_present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Idlib ceasefire (March 2020 – present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)">6th Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Ayn_Issa_clashes" title="2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes">Ayn Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Al-Hasakah" title="Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah">Qamishli & Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">4th Israeli missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">3rd Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Daraa_offensive" title="2021 Daraa offensive">11th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham%E2%80%93Junud_al-Sham_conflict" title="Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict">7th Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">3rd Al-Hasakah city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ahrar_al-Sham%E2%80%93Levant_Front_clashes" title="2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes">1st Aleppo inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jabal_al-Bishr%C4%AB_clashes" title="2022 Jabal al-Bishrī clashes">Jabal al-Bishrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_clashes_(October_2022)" title="Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)">2nd Aleppo inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Claw-Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–present)">Northwestern clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2023_northeastern_Syria_clashes" title="March 2023 northeastern Syria clashes">3rd U.S. missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes" title="June 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes">2nd Northern clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2023)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2023)">Deir ez-Zor (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2023_Northern_Syria_clashes" title="October 2023 Northern Syria clashes">3rd Northern clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Homs_drone_strike" title="2023 Homs drone strike">Homs drone strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel-Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel-Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_consulate_airstrike_in_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian consulate airstrike in Damascus">Iranian consulate airstrike</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2024_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="February 2024 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">February 2024 airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_anti-Turkish_riots_in_Syria" title="2024 anti-Turkish riots in Syria">Anti-Turkish riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(2024)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (2024)">Northwestern Syria offensive (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Spillover of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Spillover of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Spillover of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syrian_War_spillover_and_international_incidents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Syrian War spillover and international incidents</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Lebanon spillover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Syria_border_clashes" title="Lebanon–Syria border clashes">Lebanese–Syrian border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sidon_clash" title="2013 Sidon clash">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Iranian_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" title="2013 Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut">Iranian embassy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lebanon_clashes_(2014)" title="North Lebanon clashes (2014)">North Lebanon clashes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Syrian–Turkish border incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">Turkish F4 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">Reyhanlı bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Koban%C3%AE_protests" title="2014 Kobanî protests">Kurdish riots</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">Jordanian–Syrian border incidents</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">May 2018 incident</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">Iraqi–Syrian border incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Nineveh_offensive_(2017)" title="Western Nineveh offensive (2017)">Western Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Western_Iraq_campaign" title="2017 Western Iraq campaign">Western Iraq</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Spillover in Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Tehran_attacks" title="2017 Tehran attacks">2017 Tehran attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Laylat_al-Qadr" title="Operation Laylat al-Qadr">2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Erbil_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Erbil attack">2024 Iranian airstrikes in Syria</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict" title="Turkey–Islamic State conflict">Spillover in Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Russian Su-24 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov" title="Assassination of Andrei Karlov">Andrei Karlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">Balyun airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kafr_Takharim_airstrike" title="2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike">Kafr Takharim airstrikes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li></ul> <hr /> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Spillover in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Foreign intervention on behalf of Syrian Arab Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Laylat_al-Qadr" title="Operation Laylat al-Qadr">2017 missile strike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">2012 Hezbollah involvement</a></li></ul> Foreign intervention in behalf of Syrian rebels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian civil war">Foreign rebel fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict" title="Turkey–Islamic State conflict">Turkey–Islamic State conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Suleyman_Shah#Events_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Tomb of Suleyman Shah">Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">2017 airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Afrin operation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israel and the Syrian civil war">Israel's role</a></li></ul> U.S.-led intervention against ISIL <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of US intervention in the Syrian civil war">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_attacks_on_Syria_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of United States attacks on Syria during the Syrian civil war">List of attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_American_rescue_mission_in_Syria" title="2014 American rescue mission in Syria">2014 rescue operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2015_U.S._special_forces_raid_in_Syria" title="May 2015 U.S. special forces raid in Syria">May 2015 raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">2017 missile strikes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war">Qatari involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Jordanian intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Muath" title="Operation Martyr Muath">Operation Martyr Muath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%27s_role_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanon's role in the Syrian civil war">Lebanon's role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">April 2018 missile strikes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Dutch involvement in the Syrian civil war">Dutch involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" title="German intervention against the Islamic State">German intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Chammal" title="Opération Chammal">French intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Okra" title="Operation Okra">Australian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shader" title="Operation Shader">UK intervention</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rojava_conflict(Syrian_civil_war)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Rojava_Revolution" title="Template:Campaignbox Rojava Revolution"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Rojava_Revolution" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Rojava Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Rojava_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Rojava Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rojava_conflict(Syrian_civil_war)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">2012 <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aleppo_Governorate_clashes" title="2012 Aleppo Governorate clashes">1st Aleppo</a></li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">1st Ras al-Ayn</a></li></ul> 2013 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rojava%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict" title="Rojava–Islamist conflict">Kurdish–Islamist conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">1st Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013%E2%80%93January_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)">1st Tell Hamis and Tell Brak</a></li></ul></li></ul> 2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">1st Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war">American-led intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Koban%C3%AE_protests" title="2014 Kobanî protests">Kurdish riots</a></li></ul> 2015 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">1st Sarrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_city_offensive" title="Al-Hasakah city offensive">1st al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">2nd Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">2nd Sarrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2015)">2nd al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">2nd Kobani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">Al-Hawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces#Reported_internal_conflict_between_SDF_factions" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Inner-SDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">1st al-Qamishli</a></li></ul> 2016 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">Wusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">7th Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">3rd Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">2nd al-Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Qamishli_bombings" title="July 2016 Qamishli bombings">3rd al-Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2016)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2016)">3rd al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Euphrates Shield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">1st Western al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">2nd Western al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">al-Bab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa</a></li></ul> 2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">Turkish airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Raqqa City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27Din_shootdown_incident" title="Ja'Din shootdown incident">Ja'Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">1st Deir ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_insurgency" title="Eastern Syria insurgency">Eastern insurgency</a></li></ul> 2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Olive Branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrin_offensive_(January%E2%80%93March_2018)" title="Afrin offensive (January–March 2018)">Afrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDF_insurgency_in_Northern_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="SDF insurgency in Northern Aleppo">Northern Aleppo insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">4th al-Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> 2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">2nd Manbij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Baghuz Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rojava offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2019)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2019)">2nd Ras al-Ayn</a></li></ul></li></ul> 2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Ayn_Issa_clashes" title="2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes">2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes</a></li></ul> 2021 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Al-Hasakah" title="Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah">5th al-Qamishli & 4th al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">6th al-Qamishli</a></li></ul> 2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">5th al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Claw-Sword</a></li></ul> 2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes" title="June 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes">Turkish Airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2023)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2023)">2nd Deir ez-Zor</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkish_involvement_inthe_Syrian_Civil_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkish_involvement_inthe_Syrian_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War">Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clash" title="December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash">2011 border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian Civil War">2012–2014 border clashes</a> (<a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">F-4 incident</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2014_Turkish_attack_in_Syria" title="January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria">2014 attacks on ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shah_Euphrates" title="Operation Shah Euphrates">Shah Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Yal%C3%A7%C4%B1n" title="Operation Martyr Yalçın">Martyr Yalçın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">2015 Su-24 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)#SDF_push_north,_government_push_south_and_Turkish_shelling" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">Azaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">1st al-Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">2nd al-Rai</a></li> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarabulus_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarabulus offensive">Jarabulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Northern al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">Northern al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">Western al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">al-Bab</a> (<a href="/wiki/2017_Russian_Air_Force_Al-Bab_incident" title="2017 Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident">2017 incident</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">Arima</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">April 2017 airstrikes</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Idlib operations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)#Syrian-Turkish_skirmishes_and_the_entry_of_the_Republican_Guard" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">2019 clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">2020 clashes</a> (<a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">Balyun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Operation Spring Shield</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrin_offensive_(January%E2%80%93March_2018)" title="Afrin offensive (January–March 2018)">Afrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDF_insurgency_in_Northern_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="SDF insurgency in Northern Aleppo">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_northern_Syria_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 northern Syria border clashes">2018 border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Operation Peace Spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2019)">Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Syria_bombings" title="November 2019 Syria bombings">Northern Syria bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Ayn_Issa_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–21 Ayn Issa clashes">2020–21 Ayn Issa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jarqli_airstrikes" title="2022 Jarqli airstrikes">2022 Jarqli airstrikes</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Operation Claw-Sword</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War#Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Spillover of the Syrian Civil War">Spillover into Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Active_Fence" title="Operation Active Fence">Active Fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">Reyhanlı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kurdish_riots_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Kurdish riots in Turkey">2014 Kurdish riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)">3rd PKK insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93ISIL_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey–ISIL conflict">ISIL insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISIL_rocket_attacks_on_Turkey_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL rocket attacks on Turkey (2016)">Kilis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov" title="Assassination of Andrei Karlov">Karlov assassination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Foreign intervention on behalf of Syrian Arab Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Laylat_al-Qadr" title="Operation Laylat al-Qadr">2017 missile strike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">2012 Hezbollah involvement</a></li></ul> Foreign intervention in behalf of Syrian rebels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian civil war">Foreign rebel fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict" title="Turkey–Islamic State conflict">Turkey–Islamic State conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Suleyman_Shah#Events_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Tomb of Suleyman Shah">Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">2017 airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Afrin operation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israel and the Syrian civil war">Israel's role</a></li></ul> U.S.-led intervention against ISIL <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of US intervention in the Syrian civil war">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_attacks_on_Syria_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of United States attacks on Syria during the Syrian civil war">List of attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_American_rescue_mission_in_Syria" title="2014 American rescue mission in Syria">2014 rescue operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2015_U.S._special_forces_raid_in_Syria" title="May 2015 U.S. special forces raid in Syria">May 2015 raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">2017 missile strikes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war">Qatari involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Jordanian intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Muath" title="Operation Martyr Muath">Operation Martyr Muath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%27s_role_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanon's role in the Syrian civil war">Lebanon's role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">April 2018 missile strikes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Dutch involvement in the Syrian civil war">Dutch involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" title="German intervention against the Islamic State">German intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Chammal" title="Opération Chammal">French intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Okra" title="Operation Okra">Australian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shader" title="Operation Shader">UK intervention</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kurdistan_Workers&#039;_Party_insurgency" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Turkish%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Template:Campaignbox Turkish–Kurdish conflict"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Turkish%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Turkish–Kurdish conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Turkish%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Turkish–Kurdish conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kurdistan_Workers&#039;_Party_insurgency" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency">Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Timeline</a><hr /> <dl><dt>First insurgency</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_PKK_attacks" title="1984 PKK attacks">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karage%C3%A7it_village_massacre" title="Karageçit village massacre">Karageçit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1986_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="August 1986 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">N Iraq (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortaba%C4%9F_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortabağ Massacre">Ortabağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1987_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="March 1987 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">N Iraq (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%B1narc%C4%B1k_massacre" title="Pınarcık massacre">Pınarcık</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filova_incident" title="Yeşilova incident">Yeşilova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Ta%C5%9Fdelen_attack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 Taşdelen attack (page does not exist)">Taşdelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Şırnak">Şırnak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kulp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Kulp (page does not exist)">Kulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northern_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Northern Iraq">N Iraq (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_24,_1993_PKK_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="May 24, 1993 PKK attack">Bingöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fba%C4%9Flar_massacre" title="Başbağlar massacre">Başbağlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lice_massacre" title="Lice massacre">Lice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_army_winter_campaign_of_1994%E2%80%931995" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish army winter campaign of 1994–1995">Winter campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steel" title="Operation Steel">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tokat" title="Operation Tokat">Tokat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hawk" title="Operation Hawk">Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Tunceli_bombing" title="1996 Tunceli bombing">Tunceli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Varto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Varto (page does not exist)">Varto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazak_assault" title="Sazak assault">Sazak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hammer_(1997)" title="Operation Hammer (1997)">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_(1997)" title="Operation Dawn (1997)">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Murat" title="Operation Murat">Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Istanbul_bombings" title="1999 Istanbul bombings">Istanbul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Market_massacre" title="Blue Market massacre">Blue Market</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Second insurgency</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Ankara_bombing" title="2007 Ankara bombing">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2007_clashes_in_Hakk%C3%A2ri" title="October 2007 clashes in Hakkâri">Hakkâri (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2007_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="December 2007 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">N Iraq (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2008_Akt%C3%BCt%C3%BCn_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2008 Aktütün attack">Aktütün</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Diyarbak%C4%B1r_bombing" title="2008 Diyarbakır bombing">Diyarbakır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re%C5%9Fadiye_shooting" title="Reşadiye shooting">Reşadiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_%C4%B0skenderun_attack" title="2010 İskenderun attack">İskenderun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Hakk%C3%A2ri_bus_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Hakkâri bus bombing">Hakkâri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Istanbul_bombing" title="2010 Istanbul bombing">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2011_Turkey%E2%80%93Iraq_cross-border_raids" title="August 2011 Turkey–Iraq cross-border raids">2011 border raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Hakk%C3%A2ri_attack" title="2011 Hakkâri attack">Hakkâri (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roboski_massacre" title="Roboski massacre">Roboski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June%E2%80%93August_2012_Hakkari_clashes" title="June–August 2012 Hakkari clashes">Hakkâri (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2012_Beyt%C3%BC%C5%9F%C5%9Febap_attack" title="September 2012 Beytüşşebap attack">Beytüşşebap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_(2012)" title="Operation Dawn (2012)">Şemdinli</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency_(2015%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency (2015–present)">Third insurgency</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceylanp%C4%B1nar_incident" title="Ceylanpınar incident">Ceylanpınar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Siirt_bombing" title="2015 Siirt bombing">Siirt bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Yal%C3%A7%C4%B1n" title="Operation Martyr Yalçın">Martyr Yalçın</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_police_raids_in_Turkey" title="2015 police raids in Turkey">Police raids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Arslan_Kulaks%C4%B1z" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Arslan Kulaksız">Arslan Kulaksız</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_clashes_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Şırnak clashes (2015–2016)">Şırnak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cizre_operation_(2015)" title="Cizre operation (2015)">Cizre (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2015%E2%80%93February_2016_Cizre_curfew" title="December 2015–February 2016 Cizre curfew">Cizre (2016)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Turkish_air_raids_on_Kandil" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Turkish air raids on Kandil">Kandil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Hakkari_assault" title="2015 Hakkari assault">Hakkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Silvan_(2015)" title="Siege of Silvan (2015)">Silvan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sur_(2016)" title="Siege of Sur (2016)">Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Lice_bombing" title="February 2016 Lice bombing">Lice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_D%C3%BCr%C3%BCml%C3%BC_bombing" title="May 2016 Dürümlü bombing">Dürümlü</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Sabiha_G%C3%B6k%C3%A7en_Airport_bombing" title="2015 Sabiha Gökçen Airport bombing">2015 airport bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Ankara_bombing" title="February 2016 Ankara bombing">Ankara (Feb 2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2016_Ankara_bombing" title="March 2016 Ankara bombing">Ankara (Mar 2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Bursa_bombing" title="2016 Bursa bombing">Bursa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2016_Istanbul_bombing" title="June 2016 Istanbul bombing">Istanbul (Jun 2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2016_Istanbul_bombing" title="October 2016 Istanbul bombing">Istanbul (Oct 2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2016_Istanbul_bombings" title="December 2016 Istanbul bombings">Istanbul (Dec 2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2016_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="March 2016 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">N Iraq (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_bombing" title="2016 Elazığ bombing">Elazığ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Cizre_bombing" title="2016 Cizre bombing">Cizre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_%C5%9Eemdinli_bombing" title="2016 Şemdinli bombing">Şemdinli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Kayseri_bombing" title="2016 Kayseri bombing">Kayseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_%C4%B0zmir_courthouse_attack" title="2017 İzmir courthouse attack">İzmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">Airstrikes in Syria & Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Olive Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Siirt_raid" title="2018 Siirt raid">Siirt raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_airstrikes_on_Sinjar_(2018)" title="Turkish airstrikes on Sinjar (2018)">Sinjar (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Gerc%C3%BC%C5%9F_bombing" title="2018 Gercüş bombing">Gercüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw_(2019-2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Claw (2019-2020)">Claw</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peace Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_Claw-Eagle_and_Tiger" title="Operations Claw-Eagle and Tiger">Claw-Eagle & Claw-Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_%C4%B0skenderun_shootout" title="2020 İskenderun shootout">İskenderun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Eagle_2" title="Operation Claw-Eagle 2">Claw-Eagle 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_Claw-Lightning_and_Thunderbolt" title="Operations Claw-Lightning and Thunderbolt">Claw-Lightning & Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_airstrikes_on_Sinjar_(2021)" title="Turkish airstrikes on Sinjar (2021)">Sinjar (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Lock" title="Operation Claw-Lock">Claw-Lock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakho_resort_attack" title="Zakho resort attack">Zakho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Istanbul_bombing" title="2022 Istanbul bombing">Istanbul (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Claw-Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes" title="June 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes">Syria (2023 June)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Ankara_bombing" title="2023 Ankara bombing">Ankara (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2023_Northern_Syria_clashes" title="October 2023 Northern Syria clashes">Syria (2023 Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Turkish_Aerospace_Industries_headquarters_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Turkish Aerospace Industries headquarters attack">TAI (2024)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Serhildan" title="Serhildan">Serhildan</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_1990_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="March 1990 Kurdish protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_1991_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="March 1991 Kurdish protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nowruz_1992_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nowruz 1992 protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1999_Kurdish_protests" title="February 1999 Kurdish protests">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_2001_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="February 2001 Kurdish protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=November_2005_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="November 2005 Kurdish protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2006 Kurdish protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nowruz_2008_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nowruz 2008 protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2009_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey" title="December 2009 Kurdish protests in Turkey">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey" title="2011–2012 Kurdish protests in Turkey">2011–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Koban%C3%AE_protests" title="2014 Kobanî protests">2014</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Peace process and peace efforts</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%932004_Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_peace_initiatives" title="1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives">1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_ceasefire" title="1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire">1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932015_PKK%E2%80%93Turkey_peace_process" title="2013–2015 PKK–Turkey peace process">2013–2015 Solution process</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Others</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_of_the_Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="List of assassinations of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict">Assassinations</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, code-named Operation Peace Spring (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Barış Pınarı Harekâtı) by <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Syria–Turkey border">cross-border</a> military operation conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> (TSK) and the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> (SNA) against the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> (SDF) and later <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Army">Syrian Arab Army</a> (SAA) in northern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. On 6 October 2019, the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> ordered American troops to withdraw from northeastern Syria, where the United States <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War">had been supporting</a> its Kurdish allies.<a href="#cite_note-withdraw-62">[62]</a> The military operation began on 9 October 2019 when the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkish Air Force</a> launched airstrikes on <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Syria–Turkey border">border</a> towns.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The conflict resulted in the displacement of over 300,000 people and has caused the death of more than 70 civilians in Syria and 20 civilians in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-About_10-50">[50]</a> Human rights violations have also been reported. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> stated that it had gathered evidence of <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> and other violations committed by Turkey and Turkish-backed Syrian forces who are said to "have displayed a shameful disregard for civilian life, carrying out serious violations and war crimes, including summary killings and unlawful attacks that have killed and injured civilians".<a href="#cite_note-amnesty1-66">[66]</a> According to Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>, the operation was intended to expel the SDF—designated as a terrorist organization by Turkey "due to its ties with the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Workers Party">Kurdistan Workers Party</a> (PKK)", but considered an ally against <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve</a>—from the border region as well as to create a 30 km-deep (20 mi) "safe zone" in Northern Syria where some of the 3.6 million <a href="/wiki/Syrian_refugees_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian refugees in Turkey">Syrian refugees in Turkey</a> would resettle.<a href="#cite_note-aj-turkey-begins-42">[42]</a> As the proposed settlement zone is heavily Kurdish demographically, this intention has been criticized as an attempt at <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters_demographics-72">[72]</a> a criticism rejected by the Turkish government who claimed they intended to "correct" the demographics that it alleges have been changed by the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-reuters_demographics-72">[72]</a> The Turkish operation was met with mixed responses from the <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a>, including condemnations<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> as well as support for the operation for the settlement of refugees in Northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Although Turkey claimed self-defense, according to international law experts it is an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_aggression" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of aggression">illegal use of force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> While originally acknowledging Turkey's "right to defend itself", on 15 October, Russia hardened its position against the operation and deployed troops.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Ten European nations and Canada <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="Reactions to the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">imposed an arms embargo on Turkey</a>, while the U.S. imposed sanctions on Turkish ministries and senior government officials in response to the offensive in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-ColumbusSanctions-83">[83]</a> The Assad-led <a href="/wiki/Syrian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government">Syrian government</a> initially criticized the SDF for the Turkish offensive, accusing it of <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a> and not reconciling with the government, while at the same time also condemning the foreign invasion of Syrian territory.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> However, a few days later, the SDF reached an agreement with the Syrian government, in which it would allow the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> to enter the SDF-held towns of <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobanî</a> in an attempt to defend the towns from the Turkish offensive.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-enter_Kobani-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-armyinvolved-87">[87]</a> Shortly thereafter, Syrian state broadcaster <a href="/wiki/SANA" class="mw-redirect" title="SANA">SANA</a> announced that Syrian Army troops had started to deploy to the country's north.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Turkey and the SNA launched an offensive to capture Manbij on the same day.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> On 17 October 2019, U.S. Vice President <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> announced that the U.S. and Turkey agreed on a deal in which Turkey would agree to a five-day ceasefire in Syria in return for a complete withdrawal by the SDF from its positions on the Syria-Turkey border.<a href="#cite_note-:1-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-91">[91]</a> On 22 October 2019, Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">reached a deal</a> to extend the ceasefire by 150 additional hours if the SDF would move 30 kilometers away from the border, as well as from <a href="/wiki/Tal_Rifaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tal Rifaat">Tal Rifaat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a>. The terms of the deal also included joint Russian–Turkish patrols 10 kilometers into Syria from the border, except in the city of <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a>. The new ceasefire started at 12pm local time on 23 October.<a href="#cite_note-auto16-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto17-93">[93]</a> The captured area remains part of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_motives">Turkish motives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Turkish motives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War">Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War#Turkish_involvement" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War">American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War § Turkish involvement</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SDF_insurgency_in_Northern_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="SDF insurgency in Northern Aleppo">SDF insurgency in Northern Aleppo</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatleft"> <caption>Deaths toll in Turkey provinces north of the <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Turkey_barrier" title="Syria–Turkey barrier">Syria–Turkey wall</a> January 2018 – September 2019, before 9 October 2019 offensive.<a href="#cite_note-CrisisGroupMap-94">[94]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Region</th> <th>North of</th> <th>Turkish Forces</th> <th>Civilians</th> <th>PKK members* </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a></td> <td>Syria</td> <td>7</td> <td>5</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa">Şanlıurfa</a></td> <td>Syria</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak" title="Şırnak">Şırnak</a></td> <td>Syria 30% Iraq 70%</td> <td>26</td> <td>6</td> <td>119 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5">*It is not documented if "PKK members" individuals are affiliated with the PKK or SDF/YPG. </td></tr></tbody></table> Turkey has complained about a supposed presence of <a href="/wiki/PKK" class="mw-redirect" title="PKK">PKK</a>-related forces at its southern border since 2012, when the first <a href="/wiki/YPG" class="mw-redirect" title="YPG">YPG</a> pockets appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt20191016-95">[95]</a> Following the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a> and the expansion of YPG/SDF forces and administration, Erdoğan's government considered the force a national security threat.<a href="#cite_note-nyt20191016-95">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Solution_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Solution process">2013–2015 peace process</a> collapsed in July 2015, resulting in a war between PKK and Turkish forces. Like other regions in southeast Turkey, regions north of the border with Syria have seen numerous PKK-related deaths. According to a <a href="/wiki/Crisis_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisis Group">Crisis Group</a> death toll analysis based upon Turkey government and Turkish media publications, the border regions north of SDF-controlled areas had 8 Turkey security forces and 5 civilians killed in PKK-related violence in 2018 and 2019 prior to the offensive. The <a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak" title="Şırnak">Şırnak</a> region had 26 security forces and 6 civilian deaths over the same period.<a href="#cite_note-CrisisGroupMap-94">[94]</a> Crisis Group did not specify if "PKK-related" deaths are linked to Syria's YPG and SDF, or from Turkey or Iraqi PKK.<a href="#cite_note-CrisisGroupMap-94">[94]</a> Recent increase in jobless rate and electoral collaboration of opposition parties lead to significant AKP defeats in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Istanbul_mayoral_election_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="2019 Istanbul mayoral election (disambiguation)">2019 Istanbul mayoral election</a>, signaling difficulties for the leadership party.<a href="#cite_note-Erdemir191020-96">[96]</a> Military operations are known to boost nationalism and Turkey executive's popularity.<a href="#cite_note-Erdemir191020-96">[96]</a> It is also seen as an effective way to break apart opposition alliances, between pro-Kurdish and pro-peace representatives actively criminalized by the government, and other opposition parties who are faced with the dilemma of betraying the informal political alliance in order to showcast popular patriotism.<a href="#cite_note-Erdemir191020-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Moreover, another driver for the Turkish operation into Syria is the domestic politics involving the 3.6 million Syrian refugees residing in Turkey—the highest number of refugees hosted by any country—which has led to increasing public dissatisfaction and therefore public support and pressure for intervention.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The negative sentiment against refugees among the Turkish electorate allows Erdogan and his AKP to benefit from moving refugees back to Syria.<a href="#cite_note-Erdemir191020-96">[96]</a> According to CrisisGroup analysis, this political strategy[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] has cost AKP half of its conservative Kurds' supports since 2015.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immediate_context_rebuff">Immediate context rebuff</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Immediate context rebuff">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_reduce_fortifications_DOD_107289224-5da7502c5a207.webm/220px--Syrian_Democratic_Forces_reduce_fortifications_DOD_107289224-5da7502c5a207.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="118" data-mwtitle="Syrian_Democratic_Forces_reduce_fortifications_DOD_107289224-5da7502c5a207.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Syrian_Democratic_Forces_reduce_fortifications_DOD_107289224-5da7502c5a207.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_reduce_fortifications_DOD_107289224-5da7502c5a207.webm/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_reduce_fortifications_DOD_107289224-5da7502c5a207.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_reduce_fortifications_DOD_107289224-5da7502c5a207.webm/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_reduce_fortifications_DOD_107289224-5da7502c5a207.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_reduce_fortifications_DOD_107289224-5da7502c5a207.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_reduce_fortifications_DOD_107289224-5da7502c5a207.webm/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_reduce_fortifications_DOD_107289224-5da7502c5a207.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_reduce_fortifications_DOD_107289224-5da7502c5a207.webm/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_reduce_fortifications_DOD_107289224-5da7502c5a207.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_reduce_fortifications_DOD_107289224-5da7502c5a207.webm/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_reduce_fortifications_DOD_107289224-5da7502c5a207.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> remove fortifications that were identified as a concern to Turkey in support of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a> agreement in northeast Syria, 29 September 2019.</figcaption></figure> Turkey and the United States struck a deal in August 2019 after months of Turkish threats to unilaterally invade northern Syria. The United States viewed the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> as one of its key allies in the <a href="/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention against ISIL">military intervention against ISIL</a> in Syria, while Turkey viewed the group as an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Workers Party">Kurdistan Workers Party</a> (PKK), which it considers a terrorist group. The agreement established the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a>, which aimed to reduce tensions by addressing Turkey's security concerns with monitoring and joint patrols, while still allowing the NES to retain control over the areas that it had under its control at that time.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The agreement was received favorably by the U.S. and SDF, but Turkey was generally dissatisfied with it. Turkey's dissatisfaction led to numerous Turkish efforts to expand the area covered by the buffer zone, secure Turkish control over parts of it, or relocate millions of refugees into the zone, with all of these efforts failing in the face of firm SDF resistance and American ambivalence.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Despite the official start of U.S.-Turkish ground patrols, the dismantling of SDF fortifications, and the withdrawal of <a href="/wiki/YPG" class="mw-redirect" title="YPG">YPG</a> units from parts of the buffer zone, tensions continued to rise as Turkey levied yet more demands on the SDF—all of which the SDF denied, as they felt they had accepted a harsh compromise by permitting Turkish troops to take part in joint patrols with their American counterparts in northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Turkey's dissatisfaction with the status quo of the agreement grew into open hostility, with the Turkish president openly posing an ultimatum against the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The ultimatum was ignored by the group and Turkey declared its "deadline" to have expired at the start of October that same year.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prelude">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration#Syrian_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration">Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration § Syrian Kurdistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_patrol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Turkish_patrol.jpg/220px-Turkish_patrol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Turkish_patrol.jpg/330px-Turkish_patrol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Turkish_patrol.jpg/440px-Turkish_patrol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a><figcaption>U.S. and Turkish troops rendezvous for a joint patrol in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a>, 4 October 2019.</figcaption></figure> Preparations for the offensive began in July 2019,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> with the final preparation in October starting with the <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War#Withdrawal_from_north_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War">withdrawal of American forces</a> from positions near the Turkish border. This withdrawal followed a phone call between Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> and United States President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, wherein Erdoğan informed President Trump that Turkey would "soon" be carrying out a planned military offensive into Kurdish-administered northern Syria against SDF-held areas east of the Euphrates river.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> While the U.S. government stated it did not support the Turkish-led offensive, the White House also announced on 6 October 2019 that it would not interfere, and would withdraw all personnel in the area to avoid a potential U.S.-Turkish standoff; U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> denied that this amounted to giving Turkish forces a "green light" to attack the SDF while a spokesman for the SDF called the U.S. withdrawal a betrayal.<a href="#cite_note-withdraw-62">[62]</a> The US also reportedly cut off aid to the SDF in order to avoid arming them against a <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO" title="Member states of NATO">NATO ally</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> On 8 October 2019, the Turkish military reportedly bombed a convoy of weapons vehicles heading from <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> into Syria destined for the SDF. However the SDF did not retaliate and no casualties were reported as a result of the air strike.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> On the same day <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Forces_(Russia)" title="Special Operations Forces (Russia)">Russian special forces</a> opened a crossing on the Euphrates river between areas held by the Syrian Government and SDF in the <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor Governorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> While the SDF stated that the Syrian military was preparing to enter the city of <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo</a>, the Syrian government responded by saying the build up of the Syrian military near Manbij was being done in order to prevent the Turkish military from entering the city.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> On the same day, Turkish forces shelled <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a> and fired machine guns in the vicinity of the city.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation_timeline">Operation timeline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Operation timeline">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_H%C3%A2rekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Resulayn_(Ser%C3%AAkan%C3%AE)_bombalan%C4%B1yor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_H%C3%A2rekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Resulayn_%28Ser%C3%AAkan%C3%AE%29_bombalan%C4%B1yor.jpg/300px-Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_H%C3%A2rekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Resulayn_%28Ser%C3%AAkan%C3%AE%29_bombalan%C4%B1yor.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_H%C3%A2rekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Resulayn_%28Ser%C3%AAkan%C3%AE%29_bombalan%C4%B1yor.jpg/450px-Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_H%C3%A2rekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Resulayn_%28Ser%C3%AAkan%C3%AE%29_bombalan%C4%B1yor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_H%C3%A2rekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Resulayn_%28Ser%C3%AAkan%C3%AE%29_bombalan%C4%B1yor.jpg/600px-Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_H%C3%A2rekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Resulayn_%28Ser%C3%AAkan%C3%AE%29_bombalan%C4%B1yor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a> bombing on 10 October 2019.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="9_October_2019">9 October 2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 9 October 2019">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2019)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2019)">Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2019)</a></div> The operation<a href="#cite_note-117">[n. 1]</a> began on 9 October 2019, with Turkish <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">airstrikes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzers</a> targeting the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF</a>-held towns of <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a> where thousands of people were reported to have fled the town,<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Issa" title="Ayn Issa">Ayn Issa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a>. The start of the incursion was symbolic, as it was the 21st anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">PKK</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Abdullah Öcalan</a>'s expulsion from Syria in 1998 by the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Hafez_al-Assad" title="Presidency of Hafez al-Assad">government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-all-the-latest-updates-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Syrian_civil_war_map-121">[120]</a> In response to the cross-border shelling, SDF's spokesman stated that Turkey was targeting civilians.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Six rockets were later launched at the Turkish city of <a href="/wiki/Nusaybin" title="Nusaybin">Nusaybin</a> as a response by the YPG, and two reportedly hit the Turkish town <a href="/wiki/Ceylanp%C4%B1nar" title="Ceylanpınar">Ceylanpınar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> The SDF also announced in response to the start of the Turkish operation they would be halting anti-ISIL operations,<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> and that two civilians had been killed.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> In response to the airstrikes, the SDF called upon the United States to establish a no-fly zone over northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> During the day, under pressure from Congressmen and public opinion, Trump sent a letter to Erdoğan urging him to come to an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Mazloum_Abdi" title="Mazloum Abdi">General Mazloum</a> and avoid any further conflict. Enclosed within the letter was a copy of a letter written by the General detailing concessions the General would be willing to make. Trump also threatened economic retaliation, stating "I don't want to be responsible for destroying the Turkish economy." According to official sources, Erdoğan took offense to the letter, reportedly throwing it in the trash.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> The White House released the letter to the press on 16 October, receiving wide ridicule.<a href="#cite_note-letter-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ground_offensive">Ground offensive</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ground offensive">edit</a>]</div> By the end of the day, the Turkish military announced that the ground phase of the operation had begun from three points including <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="10_October_2019">10 October 2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 10 October 2019">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_Harek%C3%A2t%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Kam%C4%B1%C5%9Fl%C4%B1%27dan_y%C3%BCkselen_dumanlar%C4%B1n_Nusaybin%27den_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCnt%C3%BCs%C3%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_Harek%C3%A2t%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Kam%C4%B1%C5%9Fl%C4%B1%27dan_y%C3%BCkselen_dumanlar%C4%B1n_Nusaybin%27den_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCnt%C3%BCs%C3%BC.jpg/220px-Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_Harek%C3%A2t%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Kam%C4%B1%C5%9Fl%C4%B1%27dan_y%C3%BCkselen_dumanlar%C4%B1n_Nusaybin%27den_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCnt%C3%BCs%C3%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_Harek%C3%A2t%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Kam%C4%B1%C5%9Fl%C4%B1%27dan_y%C3%BCkselen_dumanlar%C4%B1n_Nusaybin%27den_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCnt%C3%BCs%C3%BC.jpg/330px-Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_Harek%C3%A2t%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Kam%C4%B1%C5%9Fl%C4%B1%27dan_y%C3%BCkselen_dumanlar%C4%B1n_Nusaybin%27den_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCnt%C3%BCs%C3%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_Harek%C3%A2t%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Kam%C4%B1%C5%9Fl%C4%B1%27dan_y%C3%BCkselen_dumanlar%C4%B1n_Nusaybin%27den_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCnt%C3%BCs%C3%BC.jpg/440px-Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_Harek%C3%A2t%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Kam%C4%B1%C5%9Fl%C4%B1%27dan_y%C3%BCkselen_dumanlar%C4%B1n_Nusaybin%27den_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCnt%C3%BCs%C3%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Smoke rising above <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a> on 10 October 2019</figcaption></figure> Before dawn on the morning of 10 October 2019, the Turkish military officially began the ground offensive against the SDF; they also announced they had hit 181 targets in northern Syria, and 14,000 rebels backed by Turkey, including <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sharqiya" title="Ahrar al-Sharqiya">Ahrar al-Sharqiya</a> rebel group,<a href="#cite_note-rebelgroups-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Murad_Division" title="Sultan Murad Division">Sultan Murad Division</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hamza_Division_(Aleppo)" title="Hamza Division (Aleppo)">Hamza Division</a>, are also taking part in the Turkish-led offensive.<a href="#cite_note-rebelgroups-43">[43]</a> According to a research paper published this October by the pro-government Turkish think tank <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Political,_Economic_and_Social_Research" title="Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research">SETA</a>, "Out of the 28 factions [in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a>], 21 were previously supported by the United States, three of them via the Pentagon’s program to combat DAESH. Eighteen of these factions were supplied by the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> via the MOM Operations Room in Turkey, a joint intelligence operation room of the 'Friends of Syria' to support the armed opposition. Fourteen factions of the 28 were also recipients of the U.S.-supplied <a href="/wiki/BGM-71_TOW" title="BGM-71 TOW">TOW</a> anti-tank guided missiles."<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> The SDF said they repelled a Turkish advance into Tell Abyad.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-all-the-latest-updates-119">[118]</a> Later during the day, clashes reportedly broke out between the SDF and Turkish-aligned forces near <a href="/wiki/Al-Bab" title="Al-Bab">al-Bab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> Turkish-led forces made advances around the area of Tell Abyad and captured the villages of Tabatin and Al-Mushrifah.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> By nightfall Turkish Armed Forces declared control of 11 villages. As fighting went on around Tell Abyad, the Syrian National Army announced it captured the villages of Mishrifah, Al-Hawi, Barzan, Haj Ali and a farm east of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Kaynagi-1-138">[137]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] During Turkish air strikes during the fighting, SDF stated that the Turkish air force hit a prison that was holding captured ISIL fighters.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Turkish media reported in the late evening that 174 SDF fighters were killed, wounded or captured.<a href="#cite_note-174YPG-141">[140]</a> Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> stated that day that 109 SDF fighters had been killed in the operation as well as an unspecified number of fighters wounded and captured. In a speech to lawmakers from Erdoğan's <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">AKP</a>, the Turkish president also threatened to flood Europe with 3.6 million refugees if European nations continued to criticize the military operation, in particular if they labelled it an invasion.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> 70,000 people fled from border towns in the SDF following Turkish bombardment.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> According to Turkey's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of National Defence (Turkey)">Ministry of National Defence</a>, one Turkish soldier was killed by the YPG.<a href="#cite_note-The_Washington_Post-146">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11_October_2019">11 October 2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 11 October 2019">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bilateral_Meeting_with_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_DOD_107329889-1920x1080-6221k-5da7520eee3fb.webm/220px--Bilateral_Meeting_with_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_DOD_107329889-1920x1080-6221k-5da7520eee3fb.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="56" data-mwtitle="Bilateral_Meeting_with_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_DOD_107329889-1920x1080-6221k-5da7520eee3fb.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Bilateral_Meeting_with_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_DOD_107329889-1920x1080-6221k-5da7520eee3fb.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c2/Bilateral_Meeting_with_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_DOD_107329889-1920x1080-6221k-5da7520eee3fb.webm/Bilateral_Meeting_with_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_DOD_107329889-1920x1080-6221k-5da7520eee3fb.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; 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codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c2/Bilateral_Meeting_with_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_DOD_107329889-1920x1080-6221k-5da7520eee3fb.webm/Bilateral_Meeting_with_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_DOD_107329889-1920x1080-6221k-5da7520eee3fb.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c2/Bilateral_Meeting_with_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_DOD_107329889-1920x1080-6221k-5da7520eee3fb.webm/Bilateral_Meeting_with_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_DOD_107329889-1920x1080-6221k-5da7520eee3fb.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c2/Bilateral_Meeting_with_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_DOD_107329889-1920x1080-6221k-5da7520eee3fb.webm/Bilateral_Meeting_with_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_DOD_107329889-1920x1080-6221k-5da7520eee3fb.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c2/Bilateral_Meeting_with_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_DOD_107329889-1920x1080-6221k-5da7520eee3fb.webm/Bilateral_Meeting_with_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_DOD_107329889-1920x1080-6221k-5da7520eee3fb.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>NATO Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">Jens Stoltenberg</a> meets with Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Senior_DOD_Officials_Brief_Pentagon_Reporters_October_11_2019_DOD_107330665-5da66f39a5a97.webm/220px--Senior_DOD_Officials_Brief_Pentagon_Reporters_October_11_2019_DOD_107330665-5da66f39a5a97.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="1293" data-mwtitle="Senior_DOD_Officials_Brief_Pentagon_Reporters_October_11_2019_DOD_107330665-5da66f39a5a97.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Senior_DOD_Officials_Brief_Pentagon_Reporters_October_11_2019_DOD_107330665-5da66f39a5a97.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/Senior_DOD_Officials_Brief_Pentagon_Reporters_October_11_2019_DOD_107330665-5da66f39a5a97.webm/Senior_DOD_Officials_Brief_Pentagon_Reporters_October_11_2019_DOD_107330665-5da66f39a5a97.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/Senior_DOD_Officials_Brief_Pentagon_Reporters_October_11_2019_DOD_107330665-5da66f39a5a97.webm/Senior_DOD_Officials_Brief_Pentagon_Reporters_October_11_2019_DOD_107330665-5da66f39a5a97.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/Senior_DOD_Officials_Brief_Pentagon_Reporters_October_11_2019_DOD_107330665-5da66f39a5a97.webm/Senior_DOD_Officials_Brief_Pentagon_Reporters_October_11_2019_DOD_107330665-5da66f39a5a97.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Senior_DOD_Officials_Brief_Pentagon_Reporters_October_11_2019_DOD_107330665-5da66f39a5a97.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/Senior_DOD_Officials_Brief_Pentagon_Reporters_October_11_2019_DOD_107330665-5da66f39a5a97.webm/Senior_DOD_Officials_Brief_Pentagon_Reporters_October_11_2019_DOD_107330665-5da66f39a5a97.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/Senior_DOD_Officials_Brief_Pentagon_Reporters_October_11_2019_DOD_107330665-5da66f39a5a97.webm/Senior_DOD_Officials_Brief_Pentagon_Reporters_October_11_2019_DOD_107330665-5da66f39a5a97.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/Senior_DOD_Officials_Brief_Pentagon_Reporters_October_11_2019_DOD_107330665-5da66f39a5a97.webm/Senior_DOD_Officials_Brief_Pentagon_Reporters_October_11_2019_DOD_107330665-5da66f39a5a97.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Senior <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> officials brief Pentagon reporters, 11 October 2019.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Joint_Press_Conference_by_NATO_Secretary_General_and_Turkish_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_DOD_107329879-5da666b943e39.webm/220px--Joint_Press_Conference_by_NATO_Secretary_General_and_Turkish_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_DOD_107329879-5da666b943e39.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="1141" data-mwtitle="Joint_Press_Conference_by_NATO_Secretary_General_and_Turkish_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_DOD_107329879-5da666b943e39.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Joint_Press_Conference_by_NATO_Secretary_General_and_Turkish_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_DOD_107329879-5da666b943e39.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Joint_Press_Conference_by_NATO_Secretary_General_and_Turkish_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_DOD_107329879-5da666b943e39.webm/Joint_Press_Conference_by_NATO_Secretary_General_and_Turkish_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_DOD_107329879-5da666b943e39.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Joint_Press_Conference_by_NATO_Secretary_General_and_Turkish_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_DOD_107329879-5da666b943e39.webm/Joint_Press_Conference_by_NATO_Secretary_General_and_Turkish_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_DOD_107329879-5da666b943e39.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Joint_Press_Conference_by_NATO_Secretary_General_and_Turkish_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_DOD_107329879-5da666b943e39.webm/Joint_Press_Conference_by_NATO_Secretary_General_and_Turkish_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_DOD_107329879-5da666b943e39.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Joint_Press_Conference_by_NATO_Secretary_General_and_Turkish_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_DOD_107329879-5da666b943e39.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Joint_Press_Conference_by_NATO_Secretary_General_and_Turkish_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_DOD_107329879-5da666b943e39.webm/Joint_Press_Conference_by_NATO_Secretary_General_and_Turkish_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_DOD_107329879-5da666b943e39.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Joint_Press_Conference_by_NATO_Secretary_General_and_Turkish_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_DOD_107329879-5da666b943e39.webm/Joint_Press_Conference_by_NATO_Secretary_General_and_Turkish_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_DOD_107329879-5da666b943e39.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Joint_Press_Conference_by_NATO_Secretary_General_and_Turkish_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_DOD_107329879-5da666b943e39.webm/Joint_Press_Conference_by_NATO_Secretary_General_and_Turkish_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_DOD_107329879-5da666b943e39.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Joint_Press_Conference_by_NATO_Secretary_General_and_Turkish_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_DOD_107329879-5da666b943e39.webm/Joint_Press_Conference_by_NATO_Secretary_General_and_Turkish_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_DOD_107329879-5da666b943e39.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJoint_Press_Conference_by_NATO_Secretary_General_and_Turkish_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_DOD_107329879-5da666b943e39.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Joint press conference by NATO Secretary General and Turkish minister of foreign affairs <a href="/wiki/Mevl%C3%BCt_%C3%87avu%C5%9Fo%C4%9Flu" title="Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu">Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu</a>, 11 October 2019.</figcaption></figure> Two journalists were wounded in <a href="/wiki/Nusaybin" title="Nusaybin">Nusaybin</a>, when the building they were filming from came under fire from <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a> across the border by SDF fighters. The incident was broadcast live on Turkish TV channels, according to Turkish sources.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> Three civilians were killed in <a href="/wiki/Suruc" class="mw-redirect" title="Suruc">Suruc</a> by SDF shelling.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-149">[148]</a> In response to the attack, Turkey shelled YPG positions in <a href="/wiki/Kobani" title="Kobani">Kobani</a>, across the border from Suruç.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Eight more civilians were killed later in the day in <a href="/wiki/Nusaybin" title="Nusaybin">Nusaybin</a> and 35 were injured by SDF mortar attack, raising the total civilians killed by SDF shelling in Turkey to 18, according to Turkish sources.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Seven civilians were killed in Syria by Turkish forces in the Tal Abyad area including three killed by Turkish snipers according to <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">SOHR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> As reported on this day, according to the Turkish Ministry of National Defence, a total of 399 SDF fighters were killed, captured or wounded since the start of the Turkish military operation.<a href="#cite_note-399neutralized-155">[154]</a> The Syrian National Army stated to have taken the village of Halawa which is southeast of Tell Abyad.<a href="#cite_note-Kaynagi-2-156">[155]</a> TAF and SNA announced the capture of <a href="/wiki/Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Tell Halaf</a> later in the day and released a video from inside the town.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> In the city of <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a>, a suspected ISIL car bomb killed five civilians, while a reported Turkish artillery strike hit a nearby prison, and five suspected ISIL members, previously detained in SDF custody, escaped according to SDF.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> In the city of <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobanî</a>, the area immediately around a U.S. special forces base experienced heavy shelling by Turkish artillery; the U.S. troops did not retaliate, but withdrew after the shelling ended. Turkey responded by denying that it targeted the U.S. base, instead stating that it had fired upon SDF positions.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a> further raised concerns that the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Turkish Army</a> deliberately "bracketed" US Forces stationed in Kobanî with artillery fire.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> According to Turkish Defense Minister, the mortar attack targeting the town of <a href="/wiki/Suru%C3%A7" title="Suruç">Suruç</a> earlier in the day was deliberately launched 1000 meters from the US base in Kobanî by SDF to avoid Turkish retaliation and the attack was in response.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> reported that 100,000 people have fled their homes in northern Syria. The <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Red_Crescent" title="Kurdish Red Crescent">Kurdish Red Crescent</a> (Heyva Sor) said there had been 11 confirmed civilian deaths so far. Turkey's military confirmed a soldier's death, and said three others had been wounded.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_Harekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Suriye_Demokratik_G%C3%BC%C3%A7leri_taraf%C4%B1ndan_terkedilmi%C5%9F_bir_kontrol_noktas%C4%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_Harekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Suriye_Demokratik_G%C3%BC%C3%A7leri_taraf%C4%B1ndan_terkedilmi%C5%9F_bir_kontrol_noktas%C4%B1.jpg/220px-Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_Harekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Suriye_Demokratik_G%C3%BC%C3%A7leri_taraf%C4%B1ndan_terkedilmi%C5%9F_bir_kontrol_noktas%C4%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_Harekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Suriye_Demokratik_G%C3%BC%C3%A7leri_taraf%C4%B1ndan_terkedilmi%C5%9F_bir_kontrol_noktas%C4%B1.jpg/330px-Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_Harekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Suriye_Demokratik_G%C3%BC%C3%A7leri_taraf%C4%B1ndan_terkedilmi%C5%9F_bir_kontrol_noktas%C4%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_Harekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Suriye_Demokratik_G%C3%BC%C3%A7leri_taraf%C4%B1ndan_terkedilmi%C5%9F_bir_kontrol_noktas%C4%B1.jpg/440px-Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_Harekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Suriye_Demokratik_G%C3%BC%C3%A7leri_taraf%C4%B1ndan_terkedilmi%C5%9F_bir_kontrol_noktas%C4%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>A checkpoint, abandoned by the SDF outside of <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a> on 11 October</figcaption></figure> Turkey's Ministry of National Defence announced that three more soldiers had been killed by the YPG, two of which were killed in a mortar attack on a Turkish military base in a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish-occupied</a> part of Syria. This brought the total number of Turkish soldiers killed in the operation to four.<a href="#cite_note-The_Washington_Post-146">[145]</a> The SOHR reported that the actual number of Turkish soldiers killed in the operation was six.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Later in the day, the SOHR reported that at least 12 Turkish border guards were either killed or wounded in a confrontation with the SDF in Kobanî.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="12_October_2019">12 October 2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 12 October 2019">edit</a>]</div> Turkish Armed Forces and Syrian National Army said they reached the <a href="/wiki/M4_Motorway_(Syria)" title="M4 Motorway (Syria)">M4 highway</a>, 32 km (20 mi) deep into Syrian territory and effectively cutting the supply line between <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> SNA also said they captured 18 villages close to M4 highway in eastern Raqqah.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> Turkish interior minister <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Soylu" title="Süleyman Soylu">Süleyman Soylu</a> announced that nearly 300 mortar shells had been fired at <a href="/wiki/Mardin_Province" title="Mardin Province">Mardin Province</a> by the SDF since the start of the operation.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Around 12:00 (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">UTC+03:00</a>), the TAF and SNA stated they had captured <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a>,<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> but the SDF denied that Turkey had taken control of the city.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> Turkish-backed members of Islamist militia <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sharqiya" title="Ahrar al-Sharqiya">Ahrar al-Sharqiya</a> executed <a href="/wiki/Hevrin_Khalaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Hevrin Khalaf">Hevrin Khalaf</a>, Secretary General of the Future Syria Party. Nine civilians, including Khalaf, were executed by the Ahrar al-Sharqiya fighters at a roadblock on the M4 highway south of Tal Abyad.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-film-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> Turkish news source Yeni Safak reported that Khalaf was "neutralized" in a "successful operation" against a politician affiliated with a "terrorist" organization.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-film-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> Her execution was widely described by Western sources as a <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crime</a> under <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> A spokesman for <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sharqiya" title="Ahrar al-Sharqiya">Ahrar al-Sharqiya</a> meanwhile announced that she was killed for being "an agent for U.S. intelligence".<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> A Bellingcat video solidly traces the killings to rebels backed by Turkey Ahrar al-Sharqiya.<a href="#cite_note-bellingcat1031-178">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="13_October_2019">13 October 2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 13 October 2019">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mortar_Bullet_Hits_House_in_Akcakale%2C_Turkey_on_Syria_Border.webm/220px-seek%3D17-Mortar_Bullet_Hits_House_in_Akcakale%2C_Turkey_on_Syria_Border.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="65" data-mwtitle="Mortar_Bullet_Hits_House_in_Akcakale,_Turkey_on_Syria_Border.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Mortar_Bullet_Hits_House_in_Akcakale,_Turkey_on_Syria_Border.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Mortar_Bullet_Hits_House_in_Akcakale%2C_Turkey_on_Syria_Border.webm/Mortar_Bullet_Hits_House_in_Akcakale%2C_Turkey_on_Syria_Border.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Mortar_Bullet_Hits_House_in_Akcakale%2C_Turkey_on_Syria_Border.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Mortar_Bullet_Hits_House_in_Akcakale%2C_Turkey_on_Syria_Border.webm/Mortar_Bullet_Hits_House_in_Akcakale%2C_Turkey_on_Syria_Border.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Mortar_Bullet_Hits_House_in_Akcakale%2C_Turkey_on_Syria_Border.webm/Mortar_Bullet_Hits_House_in_Akcakale%2C_Turkey_on_Syria_Border.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Mortar_Bullet_Hits_House_in_Akcakale%2C_Turkey_on_Syria_Border.webm/Mortar_Bullet_Hits_House_in_Akcakale%2C_Turkey_on_Syria_Border.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Mortar_Bullet_Hits_House_in_Akcakale%2C_Turkey_on_Syria_Border.webm/Mortar_Bullet_Hits_House_in_Akcakale%2C_Turkey_on_Syria_Border.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Mortar_Bullet_Hits_House_in_Akcakale%2C_Turkey_on_Syria_Border.webm/Mortar_Bullet_Hits_House_in_Akcakale%2C_Turkey_on_Syria_Border.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Mortar_Bullet_Hits_House_in_Akcakale%2C_Turkey_on_Syria_Border.webm/Mortar_Bullet_Hits_House_in_Akcakale%2C_Turkey_on_Syria_Border.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Video from <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> Turkish service shows a residential building hit by a mortar shell in the southeastern Turkish city of <a href="/wiki/Akcakale" class="mw-redirect" title="Akcakale">Akcakale</a>, near the Syria–Turkey border, 13 October</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_%282019%29.svg/220px-Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_%282019%29.svg/330px-Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_%282019%29.svg/440px-Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Tell Abyad, 9–13 October</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Peace_Spring_-_Tell_Abyad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Operation_Peace_Spring_-_Tell_Abyad.svg/220px-Operation_Peace_Spring_-_Tell_Abyad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Operation_Peace_Spring_-_Tell_Abyad.svg/330px-Operation_Peace_Spring_-_Tell_Abyad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Operation_Peace_Spring_-_Tell_Abyad.svg/440px-Operation_Peace_Spring_-_Tell_Abyad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1949" data-file-height="1715" /></a><figcaption>SNA advances in Tell Abyad area</figcaption></figure> Turkish Armed Forces and Syrian National Army announced the capture of the town of <a href="/wiki/Suluk,_Syria" title="Suluk, Syria">Suluk</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_District" title="Tell Abyad District">Tell Abyad District</a>, in the early morning.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> The SOHR confirmed that the Turkish forces and SNA had taken full control of Suluk, and clashes were nearing towards <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Issa" title="Ayn Issa">Ayn Issa</a>. The SOHR also reported that pro-Turkish forces had targeted an ambulance in the Tell Abyad area which remains missing.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> The SOHR also reported that the SDF was able to regain almost all control over the contested city of <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">counterattack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tell_Abyad_captured_and_M4_highway_cut_by_Turkey_and_SNA">Tell Abyad captured and M4 highway cut by Turkey and SNA</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tell Abyad captured and M4 highway cut by Turkey and SNA">edit</a>]</div> Turkish Armed Forces and Syrian National Army announced in the afternoon they had captured the center of <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> Turkish Armed Forces and Syrian National Army fully captured <a href="/wiki/Tall_Abyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall Abyad">Tall Abyad</a> late in the afternoon according to the SOHR.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> Turkish Armed Forces and Syrian National Army also cut the M4 highway according to SOHR.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> Turkish sources also reported that SDF shelling towards <a href="/wiki/Jarablus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarablus">Jarablus</a> had killed 2 Syrian civilians.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> In light of the pro-Turkish forces advance on <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Issa" title="Ayn Issa">Ayn Issa</a>, the SDF stated that 785 <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a>-linked people had escaped from a <a href="/wiki/Detention_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Detention camp">detention camp</a> in the area, SDF also stated the escapees received assistance of the pro-Turkish forces and Turkish <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">airstrikes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> In contrast, Turkey stated that the SDF released ISIL prisoners at the <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a> prison before the arrival of Turkish forces.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-189">[188]</a> This statement[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] was supported by U.S. President Donald Trump, but opposed by senior U.S. officials who stated that Turkish-backed <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> (FSA) forces were the ones freeing ISIL prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-auto10-190">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto9-191">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Mark Esper</a> said that US was planning to evacuate all 1,000 remaining soldiers from northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> US also informed SDF of its intention to withdraw from military bases in <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobanî</a> and had already evacuated from <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Issa" title="Ayn Issa">Ayn Issa</a> according to SOHR and <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syrian_government–SDF_deal">Syrian government–SDF deal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Syrian government–SDF deal">edit</a>]</div> Shortly after the capture of <a href="/wiki/Tall_Abyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall Abyad">Tall Abyad</a> by Turkey and SNA, a deal between the Syrian government and SDF was reached whereby the Syrian Army would be allowed to enter the towns of <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobanî</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> in order to deter a possible Turkish military offensive in those areas.<a href="#cite_note-enter_Kobani-86">[86]</a> Later an advisor to leader of <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">AKP</a> <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yasin_Aktay" title="Yasin Aktay">Yasin Aktay</a>, said there could be conflict between the two armies, if the Syrian government tries to enter northeastern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> SDF commander-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Mazloum_Abdi" title="Mazloum Abdi">Mazloum Abdi</a> said he was willing to ally with the Syrian government for the sake of saving the Kurdish population in Northern Syria from what he called a genocide.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="14_October_2019">14 October 2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 14 October 2019">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> forces were reported to have been deployed at the <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front line</a> between areas controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Manbij_Military_Council" title="Manbij Military Council">Manbij Military Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates Shield">Euphrates Shield</a> groups respectively, with further deployments to take place along the Syrian-Turkish border. In addition, the SOHR reported that the U.S. forces in the region were attempting to hinder the Russian and Syrian deployments in the region.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> The SOHR reported that violent clashes had continued in <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras Al-Ayn</a> and its countryside at the border strip, where the Turkish forces were attempting to encircle the city completely and to cut off the road between Ras Al-Ayn and <a href="/wiki/Tell_Tamer" title="Tell Tamer">Tal Tamr</a>, under a cover of artillery shelling and airstrikes with the purpose of taking control of the city by 15 October.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> Turkish aerial and ground bombardment were reported to have occurred in the border town <a href="/wiki/Al-Darbasiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Darbasiyah">Al-Darbasiyyah</a> targeting civilian houses which caused 4 reported injuries of <a href="/wiki/Medic" title="Medic">medical personnel</a> as per the SOHR.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> told a press conference that Turkey had received a positive response from Russia on <a href="/wiki/Kobani" title="Kobani">Kobani</a> and that Turkey was at the execution phase of its <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> decision.<a href="#cite_note-auto-201">[200]</a> Turkish Armed forces deployed additional troops to Manbij frontline as of the previous night according to Turkish sources.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> Turkish Minister of National Defence <a href="/wiki/Hulusi_Akar" title="Hulusi Akar">Hulusi Akar</a> said that <a href="/wiki/Tal_Abyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tal Abyad">Tal Abyad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a> were under Turkish control and that works were ongoing for the whole region.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> The Syrian Army reportedly deployed to the town of <a href="/wiki/Al-Thawrah" title="Al-Thawrah">Al-Thawrah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Issa" title="Ayn Issa">Ayn Issa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tell_Tamer" title="Tell Tamer">Tell Tamer</a> and as close as 6 km from the <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Syria–Turkey border">Syria–Turkey border</a>.<a href="#cite_note-xinhuanet.com-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-timesofisrael.com-23">[23]</a> It also took over the 93rd Brigade Headquarters just south of Ayn Issa, as well as <a href="/wiki/Al-Jarniyah" title="Al-Jarniyah">Al-Jarniyah</a> to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> The Syrian Army further reported taking control of the <a href="/wiki/Tabqa_Dam" title="Tabqa Dam">Tabqa Dam</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_flag#Flag_used_by_the_Syrian_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian flag">Syrian flag</a> was reportedly raised for the first time in years in several towns and villages in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Hasakah Governorate</a>, such as the city of <a href="/wiki/Al-Yaarubiyah" title="Al-Yaarubiyah">Al-Yaarubiyah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jarabulus_Military_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarabulus Military Council">Jarabulus Military Council</a> was reportedly to have targeted a vehicle south of <a href="/wiki/Jarabulus" title="Jarabulus">Jarabulus</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Guided_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missile">guided missile</a> leaving 2 persons dead in conjunction with an assassination that targeted members of Turkey-loyal factions south of <a href="/wiki/Azaz" title="Azaz">Azaz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> Turkish Armed Forces and Syrian National Army launched a military operation to capture <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> in the late afternoon.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> Turkish Armed Forces and Syrian National Army captured 3 villages in the Manbij countryside shortly after the launch of the operation according to Turkish sources.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> At the same time, Syrian state media stated that the Syrian Army had started entering the town.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Announcement_of_total_U.S._withdrawal_from_north_Syria">Announcement of total U.S. withdrawal from north Syria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Announcement of total U.S. withdrawal from north Syria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War#Withdrawal_from_north_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War">American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War § Withdrawal from north Syria</a></div> Later in the day, U.S. President Donald Trump announced that all U.S. personnel would withdraw from Syria except those in <a href="/wiki/Al-Tanf_(U.S._military_base)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tanf (U.S. military base)">Al-Tanf base</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="15_October_2019">15 October 2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 15 October 2019">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Peace_Spring_-_Manbij.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Operation_Peace_Spring_-_Manbij.svg/220px-Operation_Peace_Spring_-_Manbij.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Operation_Peace_Spring_-_Manbij.svg/330px-Operation_Peace_Spring_-_Manbij.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Operation_Peace_Spring_-_Manbij.svg/440px-Operation_Peace_Spring_-_Manbij.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2308" data-file-height="1871" /></a><figcaption>SNA advances in the Manbij area</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">SOHR</a> reported that a counterattack was carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF</a> in the outskirts and western countryside of <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a> city, and managed to achieve an advancement in the area recovering 3 areas lost previously.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> 2 civilians were killed and 12 were wounded in <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1ltepe" title="Kızıltepe">Kızıltepe</a>, Turkey after an SDF mortar attack according to Turkish sources.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> Turkish President Erdoğan, speaking at the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic Council">Turkic Council</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, said: "We are now announcing the establishment of a safe area 444 km from west to east and 32 km from north to south, to which the refugees in our country will return."<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> President Erdoğan also said a total of 1,000 square kilometres (390 sq mi) had been captured by TAF and SNA since the start of the operation.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> President Erdoğan also said a Turkish soldier was killed in Manbij by Syrian Army artillery fire and that there was an intense retaliatory fire for the attack which made the regime pay a heavy price.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> Syrian Army forces started entering the town of <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> according to SOHR,<a href="#cite_note-auto4-20">[20]</a> but were blocked by US troops when trying to enter <a href="/wiki/Kobani" title="Kobani">Kobani</a> according to SOHR, which resulted in the convoy's return to Manbij.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> Syrian Army forces also entered <a href="/wiki/Al-Thawrah" title="Al-Thawrah">Al-Thawrah</a> according to Syrian government media.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-21">[21]</a> Later, Erdoğan told that Syrian Government troops entering Manbij is "not negative" and adding "as long as terrorists in the area are cleaned".<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16_October_2019">16 October 2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 16 October 2019">edit</a>]</div> Villages around the <a href="/wiki/M4_Motorway_(Syria)" title="M4 Motorway (Syria)">M4</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira province</a> were reportedly shelled by the TAF at <a href="/wiki/Dawn" title="Dawn">dawn</a> while shelling and clashes had caused <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">power outages</a> and a water shortage in the city of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a>, the latter of which returned after 5 days since it had been cut off, as per a SOHR report.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> The SOHR also reported that clashes continued to the west of <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Issa" title="Ayn Issa">Ayn Issa</a> as the SDF attempted to launch a counterattack where they were able to successfully regain 2 locations.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-224">[223]</a> Clashes had also broken out within the SDF-controlled camp in Ayn Issa between families of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a> members and displaced civilians which resulted in 2 deaths, as per the SOHR report.<a href="#cite_note-:0-224">[223]</a> Heavy shelling and airstrikes by the TAF were reported in <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a> with heavy fighting on the ground according to SOHR.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> The SOHR further reported that Turkish forces and allied factions had launched a wide scale offensive and managed to advance into parts of the Ras al-Ayn city.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> Turkish President Erdoğan announced that Turkey controlled over 1200 square kilometers area since start of the operation.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military">Russian military</a> deployed near <a href="/wiki/Kobani" title="Kobani">Kobani</a> on 16 October in the afternoon after crossing Qara Cossack bridge from <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> to the east of <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> according to SOHR.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> The SOHR also reported that the Syrian Army had completed its deployment in <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Issa" title="Ayn Issa">Ayn Issa</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-224">[223]</a> The Syrian Army also reportedly entered the city of Kobanî at nightfall.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> This was precipitated by the sudden advance of the Syrian National Army towards the Kurdish-held border city.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S._army_withdrawal_from_its_military_bases">U.S. army withdrawal from its military bases</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: U.S. army withdrawal from its military bases">edit</a>]</div> US forces withdrew and destroyed its former <a href="/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve#Military_bases" title="Operation Inherent Resolve">air base</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobanî</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> The airbase was the largest U.S. base in Syria, capable of landing <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">C-130</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III" title="Boeing C-17 Globemaster III">C-17</a> heavy transport planes.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17_October_2019">17 October 2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 17 October 2019">edit</a>]</div> TAF and SNA forces completely besieged and captured half of <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a> after getting around the town and cutting off the roads leading to it amid heavy clashes according to SOHR.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> Turkish Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Soylu" title="Süleyman Soylu">Süleyman Soylu</a> stated that over 980 mortar shells and rockets were launched at Turkey by SDF since the start of the operation killing 20 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="120-hour_ceasefire">120-hour ceasefire</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 120-hour ceasefire">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vice_President_Pence_and_Secretary_Pompeo_Joint_Press_Conference_(48915464946).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Vice_President_Pence_and_Secretary_Pompeo_Joint_Press_Conference_%2848915464946%29.jpg/220px-Vice_President_Pence_and_Secretary_Pompeo_Joint_Press_Conference_%2848915464946%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Vice_President_Pence_and_Secretary_Pompeo_Joint_Press_Conference_%2848915464946%29.jpg/330px-Vice_President_Pence_and_Secretary_Pompeo_Joint_Press_Conference_%2848915464946%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Vice_President_Pence_and_Secretary_Pompeo_Joint_Press_Conference_%2848915464946%29.jpg/440px-Vice_President_Pence_and_Secretary_Pompeo_Joint_Press_Conference_%2848915464946%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7212" data-file-height="4808" /></a><figcaption>Vice President <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> and U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> at a joint press conference in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> on 17 October 2019</figcaption></figure> On 17 October 2019, US Vice President <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> and Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> reached a deal to implement a 120-hour cease-fire for Turkey's operation in northern Syria to allow SDF to withdraw from a designated safe zone,<a href="#cite_note-:1-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-oc-cease-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-reu-20mil-235">[234]</a> spanning from the Turkey-Syria border to 20 miles (32 km) south.<a href="#cite_note-reu-20mil-235">[234]</a> Mike Pence stated that once the military operation completely stops all sanctions imposed on Turkey by the United States would be lifted and there would be no further sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-:2-91">[91]</a> According to a US statement, the safe zone would be "primarily enforced by the Turkish Armed Forces".<a href="#cite_note-guar-pence-236">[235]</a> This ceasefire deal was described as another US betrayal of the Kurds<a href="#cite_note-he-ku-237">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-tur-bet-239">[238]</a> and a Kurdish surrender to Turkey<a href="#cite_note-he-ku-237">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-tur-bet-239">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> by several US commentators and officials. Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu stated that it was not a ceasefire but a temporary pause to allow SDF to withdraw from the designated safe zone, after which if completed the operation would end and if not the operation would continue.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> The SDF commander Mazloum Abdi said that they accepted the ceasefire agreement only in the area between <a href="/wiki/Tall_Abyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall Abyad">Tall Abyad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oc-cease-13">[13]</a> The Syrian Kurdish politician <a href="/wiki/Salih_Muslim" title="Salih Muslim">Salih Muslim</a> stated that "Our people did not want this war. We welcome the ceasefire, but we will defend ourselves in the event of any attack … Ceasefire is one thing and surrender is another thing, and we are ready to defend ourselves. We will not accept the occupation of northern Syria."<a href="#cite_note-guar-pence-236">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_the_ceasefire">During the ceasefire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: During the ceasefire">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="18_October_2019">18 October 2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 18 October 2019">edit</a>]</div> Cautious calm prevailed at the east of Euphrates on 18 October according to SOHR with minor clashes in besieged <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> The SDF claimed that Turkey was violating the ceasefire and of shelling civilian areas of Ras al-Ayn.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> An unnamed US official said the following day that Turkish backed forces had violated the ceasefire, and the SDF had stopped fighting.<a href="#cite_note-auto12-245">[244]</a> Turkey announced it aimed to establish 12 "observation posts" in its safe zone, with President Erdoğan stating that Turkey will respond if the Syrian government "makes a mistake".<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19_October_2019">19 October 2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 19 October 2019">edit</a>]</div> SDF had not withdrawn from any positions east of <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates River">Euphrates</a> despite the passage of 37 hours of the US-Turkish agreement to suspend the Turkish military operation for 120 hours according to SOHR. SOHR also reported that since the start of the operation, Turkish Armed Forces and allies had captured an area of 2,419 square kilometres (934 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-syriahr.com-247">[246]</a> Both sides claimed that the other side was violating the ceasefire. The SDF stated that Turkish forces prevented medical aid from reaching Ras al-Ain, a claim backed by SOHR.<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> Unnamed US officials[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] said the "ceasefire is not holding". In the afternoon the SDF said an aid convoy had been let through, after having been prevented from entering the town since Thursday.<a href="#cite_note-auto12-245">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20_October_2019">20 October 2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 20 October 2019">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="SDF_withdraws_from_Ras_al-Ayn">SDF withdraws from Ras al-Ayn</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: SDF withdraws from Ras al-Ayn">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Ras_Al-Ayn_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Battle_of_Ras_Al-Ayn_%282019%29.svg/220px-Battle_of_Ras_Al-Ayn_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Battle_of_Ras_Al-Ayn_%282019%29.svg/330px-Battle_of_Ras_Al-Ayn_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Battle_of_Ras_Al-Ayn_%282019%29.svg/440px-Battle_of_Ras_Al-Ayn_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Ras al-Ayn, 9–20 October</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Peace_Spring_-_Ras_Al_Ayn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Operation_Peace_Spring_-_Ras_Al_Ayn.svg/220px-Operation_Peace_Spring_-_Ras_Al_Ayn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Operation_Peace_Spring_-_Ras_Al_Ayn.svg/330px-Operation_Peace_Spring_-_Ras_Al_Ayn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Operation_Peace_Spring_-_Ras_Al_Ayn.svg/440px-Operation_Peace_Spring_-_Ras_Al_Ayn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="1730" /></a><figcaption>SNA advances in Ras al-Ayn area</figcaption></figure> A Turkish soldier was killed by a mortar attack near <a href="/wiki/Tal_Abyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tal Abyad">Tal Abyad</a> due to violations of <a href="/wiki/YPG" class="mw-redirect" title="YPG">YPG</a> according to Turkish Defense Ministry,<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> whilst the SDF stated that 16 fighters had been killed by Turkish forces.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-16sdf-250">[249]</a> SDF fully withdrew from <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a> alongside the aid convoy per SOHR.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-SDF-19">[19]</a> Both sides claimed that the other side made ceasefire violations.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-16sdf-250">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Continued_U.S._withdrawal">Continued U.S. withdrawal</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Continued U.S. withdrawal">edit</a>]</div> US forces withdrew from their <a href="/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve#Military_bases" title="Operation Inherent Resolve">airbase</a> near <a href="/wiki/Sarrin" title="Sarrin">Sarrin</a> as well as their <a href="/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve#Military_bases" title="Operation Inherent Resolve">airbase</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tell_Beydar" title="Tell Beydar">Tell Beydar</a> and destroyed it per SOHR.<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peace_Spr-27">[27]</a> US forces had completely withdrew from the countrysides of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Governorate" title="Raqqa Governorate">Raqqa</a> per SDC as well.<a href="#cite_note-US_withdraw-25">[25]</a> In the largest ground move to date, a United States convoy of almost 500 personnel moved eastward through northern Syria towards the border of Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> As they withdrew, locals threw rotten produce and shouted insults at them, demonstrating a sense of betrayal among the populace.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> U.S. President Donald Trump favored leaving a contingent of 200–300 US troops in <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zur countryside</a> of eastern Syria where majority of the country's <a href="/wiki/Oil_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil fields">oil fields</a> are located per <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">NYT</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">WSJ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> The SDF, however, stated that "The fields have stayed in our hands. We have an agreement with the [Syrian] regime to give them some of our positions along the Turkish border, but we have not negotiated with them on the oil fields yet. There will probably be a version of joint control and revenue sharing with the regime from these fields. I don’t know if Trump understands this."<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21_October_2019">21 October 2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 21 October 2019">edit</a>]</div> The SOHR reported continued ceasefire violations despite the withdrawal of the SDF from <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a>. Per SOHR, Turkish <a href="/wiki/Drone_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone strike">drone strikes</a> had targeted a vehicle carrying 4 members of the SDF near <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Issa" title="Ayn Issa">Ain Issa</a>, resulting in the death of all fighters. The Abu Rasin area, east of Ras al-Ayn also experienced heavy clashes and shelling by Turkey as per SOHR.<a href="#cite_note-:3-259">[258]</a> On the aftermath of the SDF withdrawal from the Ras al-Ayn, there were widespread accounts of looting, theft, burning of houses and kidnappings by the pro-Turkish forces with documented examples of members of the <a href="/wiki/Hamza_Division_(Aleppo)" title="Hamza Division (Aleppo)">Hamza Division</a> per to the SOHR.<a href="#cite_note-:3-259">[258]</a> The SOHR reported a US withdrawal from northern Syria with a military convoy passing through Simalka border into Iraq at midnight.<a href="#cite_note-:3-259">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="22_October_2019">22 October 2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 22 October 2019">edit</a>]</div> Russian Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Sergei Shoigu</a> has stated that Russia would need to deploy additional troops and equipment to Syria to patrol the border.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-sergsho-260">[259]</a> As the deadline of the US-brokered 120-hour ceasefire agreement was nearing, Shoigu further stated that the US had less than two hours to comply with the agreement (i.e., removing the sanctions against Turkey) and suggested that the US forces had until the end of the 120-hour period to withdraw from Syria.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-sergsho-260">[259]</a> According to Syrian state news channel Al-Ekhbaria, Syrian President Assad has told Russian President Putin that his government rejects the occupation of Syria's lands under any pretext in a phone call today.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> In a reference to the SDF during his visit to the war zone near Al-Habeet in Idlib, the Syrian President Assad stated that "We said we are ready to support any group that takes up popular resistance against Erdogan and Turkey. This is not a political decision, we have not made a political decision, this is a constitutional duty and this is a national duty. If we don't do this, we don't deserve the homeland."<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> U.S. senator <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> introduced a resolution in opposition to President Trump's withdrawal from Syria.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Jeffrey">Jim Jeffrey</a>, US special envoy for Syria and the global coalition against ISIL, said that he was not consulted or advised in advance about the withdrawal of the US from Syria.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Russian–Turkish_memorandum">Russian–Turkish memorandum</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Russian–Turkish memorandum">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northeastern_Syria_Situation_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Northeastern_Syria_Situation_%282019%29.svg/385px-Northeastern_Syria_Situation_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="385" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Northeastern_Syria_Situation_%282019%29.svg/578px-Northeastern_Syria_Situation_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Northeastern_Syria_Situation_%282019%29.svg/770px-Northeastern_Syria_Situation_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2238" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Turkish and Turkish-backed opposition control</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  SDF control</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Syrian Army control</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  SDF control with SAA border presence</div> For a more detailed, up-to-date, interactive map, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_Civil_War_detailed_map" title="Template:Syrian Civil War detailed map">here</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></div> On 22 October 2019, Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> met in <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">reached an agreement</a> about the situation in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-auto16-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> They subsequently released a 10-point memorandum detailing the provisions of the agreement.<a href="#cite_note-auto17-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-alj-ftotr-266">[265]</a> In the agreement, the established status quo of the Operation Peace Spring area, covering Tell Abyad and Ras Al Ayn with a depth of 32 kilometers from the border, will be maintained.<a href="#cite_note-auto17-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-alj-ftotr-266">[265]</a> Starting from 12.00 noon on 23 October, Russian military police and Syrian border guards would enter the Syrian border territory outside the Operation Peace Spring area to facilitate the removal of the YPG in the area with a depth of 30 kilometers from the border, which would be finalized within 150 hours.<a href="#cite_note-auto17-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-alj-ftotr-266">[265]</a> Hereafter, joint Russian–Turkish patrols would start to the west and east of the Operation Peace Spring area to a depth of 10 kilometers from the border, excluding <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a> city.<a href="#cite_note-auto17-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-alj-ftotr-266">[265]</a> The YPG would be removed from both <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tell_Rifaat" title="Tell Rifaat">Tal Rifat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto17-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-alj-ftotr-266">[265]</a> Russian President Putin informed Syrian President Assad about the provisions of the deal in a phone call.<a href="#cite_note-auto16-92">[92]</a> The Russian government announced that Assad voiced his support for the agreement and was ready to deploy the Syrian border guards in line with the agreement.<a href="#cite_note-auto16-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="23_October_2019">23 October 2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 23 October 2019">edit</a>]</div> President Trump announced that there was a 'permanent' ceasefire in the region and sanctions on Turkey would therefore be lifted, but he also added that the word 'permanent' is questionable for that part of the world.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbs-tlts-268">[267]</a> US lawmakers publicly criticized Trump's decision to lift the sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Peskov" title="Dmitry Peskov">Dmitry Peskov</a>, the Russian presidential press secretary, urged the Kurdish forces to withdraw from Syria's border namely because the Syrian border guards and Russian military police would have to step back otherwise, adding that the remaining Kurdish units would be 'steamrolled' by the Turkish military. Peskov further stated that the United States had both betrayed and abandoned the Kurds despite being their closest ally in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> first reported, it's stated that the United States is considering and preparing to deploy tanks and troops to defend the oil in eastern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn-tskr-273">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-waex-alti-274">[273]</a> Even though the stated purpose is preventing ISIL from regaining the oil fields, the effort is just as likely an attempt to block Syria and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-tskr-273">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-waex-alti-274">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-nw-ridc-276">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="24_October_2019">24 October 2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 24 October 2019">edit</a>]</div> Syria's state news agency <a href="/wiki/SANA" class="mw-redirect" title="SANA">SANA</a> reported that Turkish troops and allied fighters attacked Syrian army positions outside <a href="/wiki/Tal_Tamr" class="mw-redirect" title="Tal Tamr">Tal Tamr</a>, resulting in several Syrian casualties as they fought back, and clashed with Kurdish-led fighters.<a href="#cite_note-ap-sstf-277">[276]</a> The SOHR also confirmed clashes between the SDF and the Syrian National Army near Tal Tamr.<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> The Kurdish-led SDF said that three of its troops were killed during the fighting with the Syrian National Army.<a href="#cite_note-ap-sstf-277">[276]</a> Russia carried out several airstrikes in the Syrian rebel-held territory, targeting the <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hama_Governorate" title="Hama Governorate">Hama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latakia_Governorate" title="Latakia Governorate">Latakia</a> provinces<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> among comments by analysts that Idlib, the remaining Turkey-supported rebel stronghold, was the Syrian government's next target.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> During the NATO meeting, Germany's Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Annegret_Kramp-Karrenbauer" title="Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer">Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer</a> had presented a proposal for an internationally monitored security zone in northeast Syria to be mandated by the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> The following day, the Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> rejected the idea of a NATO-controlled security zone in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> On 26 October, the Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu also rejected the German plan for an international security zone and said that the proposal was not realistic.<a href="#cite_note-dw-trgd-283">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-pol-tmgs-284">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="25_October_2019">25 October 2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 25 October 2019">edit</a>]</div> US Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Mark Esper</a> said the United States would send troops, including 'mechanized' forces, to defend the oil in eastern Syria to keep it from ISIL.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> It was unclear whether the Kurds would welcome the Americans again in the aftermath of the US withdrawal, as Syrian Kurdish leader Ilham Ahmed commented earlier on 24 October that "If the U.S. presence in the area is not going to benefit us when it comes to stability, security, and [stopping] the genocide and ethnic cleansing, they won’t be welcomed."<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> The Russian Defense Ministry announced that around 300 Russian military police have arrived in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-mt-rscm-289">[288]</a> The military police, from the Russian region of <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, would patrol the border region and help with the withdrawal of the Kurdish forces from the border region.<a href="#cite_note-mt-rscm-289">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="26_October_2019">26 October 2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 26 October 2019">edit</a>]</div> The Turkish President Erdogan said that "If this area is not cleared from terrorists at the end of the 150 hours, then we will handle the situation by ourselves and will do all the cleansing work."<a href="#cite_note-reut-twcs-290">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-pol-tmgs-284">[283]</a> The Turkish president also criticized the European Union of lying to provide the 6 billion euros to help house and feed around 3.6 million Syrian refugees residing in Turkey, while stating that the EU only provided half of the promised amount and adding that Turkey has spent around 40 billion euros.<a href="#cite_note-reut-twcs-290">[289]</a> He warned that Turkey will open its border for the refugees to go to Europe if European countries failed to provide more financial support for the return of the refugees to Syria.<a href="#cite_note-reut-twcs-290">[289]</a> A U.S. military convoy drove south of Qamishli heading towards the oil fields in Deir el-Zour.<a href="#cite_note-gua-band-291">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a> The SOHR also reported the convoy when it earlier arrived from Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-gua-band-291">[290]</a> Major General <a href="/wiki/Igor_Konashenkov" title="Igor Konashenkov">Igor Konashenkov</a>, the Russian Defense Ministry spokesman, characterized the US actions to send armored vehicles and combat troops to protect the oil in eastern Syria as 'banditry'.<a href="#cite_note-gua-band-291">[290]</a> The Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lavrov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Lavrov">Sergei Lavrov</a> spoke with the US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> about Syria, with the Russian side emphasizing the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Syria according to the Russian public statement.<a href="#cite_note-gua-band-291">[290]</a> A large convoy of Syrian government troops was deployed to eight villages at the Ras al-Ayn area along the M4 highway and close to the Syrian–Turkish border.<a href="#cite_note-gua-band-291">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a> Casualties were reported after clashes in Tal Tamr and Ras al-Ayn, nine dead among the pro-Turkish forces and six dead among the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="27_October_2019">27 October 2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: 27 October 2019">edit</a>]</div> The SDF released a statement saying: "The SDF is redeploying to new positions away from the Turkish–Syrian border across northeast Syria in accordance with the terms of the agreement in order to stop the bloodshed and to protect the inhabitants of the region from Turkish attacks."<a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="29_October_2019">29 October 2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: 29 October 2019">edit</a>]</div> The SOHR reported reoccurring clashes between joint Syrian–SDF forces and Turkish-led forces in the area between Tal Tamr and Ras al-Ayn.<a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a> During the clashes along the border, Turkish forces reportedly killed 6 Syrian soldiers near Ras al-Ayn.<a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> Meantime, Turkish Ministry of National Defense announced that they have captured 18 persons who stated to be Syrian government forces.<a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a> Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu announced that the Kurdish-led armed forces had withdrawn from the safe zone along the Syria–Turkey border.<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-ceasefire_activity">Post-ceasefire activity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Post-ceasefire activity">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_relations">Diplomatic relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Diplomatic relations">edit</a>]</div> In a press statement addressed to the SDF, the Syrian Defense Ministry announced that they would accept any unit who is willing to join the Syrian military in a joint effort to battle invading Turkish troops and the Turkish-supported Syrian rebels, and offered reconciliation to those not needed for security.<a href="#cite_note-nw-scfu-302">[301]</a> The Syrian Interior Ministry offered civil services across the northeast, as they described the difficult living conditions due to the Turkish-led incursion.<a href="#cite_note-nw-scfu-302">[301]</a> They also offered to integrate the Asayesh security forces of the SDF into the government's internal security agency.<a href="#cite_note-nw-scfu-302">[301]</a> The Syrian Education Ministry offered to support the children, as they described that children are deprived of schooling due to the unrest.<a href="#cite_note-nw-scfu-302">[301]</a> In response, the SDF said that they appreciated the efforts to unify Syria's defense and repel the Turkish aggression but also stated: "Our position was clear from the beginning, wherein uniting the ranks should begin from a political settlement that recognizes and preserves the exclusivity of the SDF and its structure, and creates a sound mechanism for restructuring the Syrian military establishment as an overarching framework for unifying efforts."<a href="#cite_note-nw-scfu-302">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Situation_around_the_safe_zone">Situation around the safe zone</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Situation around the safe zone">edit</a>]</div> On 31 October, the Turkish President Erdogan announced that the joint Turkish-Russian patrols in northeast Syria would begin on Friday.<a href="#cite_note-al-etrp-303">[302]</a> On 1 November 2019, Turkish and Russian forces began their joint patrols.<a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a> Since the ceasefire, there have been intermittent clashes between Syrian government troops and Turkish-backed forces around Ras al-Ain and Tal Tamr.<a href="#cite_note-al-etrp-303">[302]</a> Turkey returned 18 Syrian government soldiers who were captured by Turkish-backed Syrian fighters south of Ras al-Ayn amidst growing tensions between Syria and Turkey. The Turkish Defense Ministry announced the handover on 1 November.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-305">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="31_October_2019">31 October 2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: 31 October 2019">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png/220px-Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png/330px-Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png/440px-Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1653" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF</a>-controlled territory (green) and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish-controlled territory</a> (red) in October 2019</figcaption></figure> The SNA shelled the village of <a href="/wiki/Tal-al_ward" title="Tal-al ward">Tal-al ward</a> resulting in the deaths of 2 civilians and injuring an additional 5.<a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a> Small skirmishes occurred in the western side of Tal Al-ward between forces of the SAA, SDF and SNA.<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a> The SAA withdrew from the villages of Temir, Zirgan and Dirbesiye following <a href="/wiki/Bombardment" title="Bombardment">bombardment</a> from the SNA.<a href="#cite_note-309">[308]</a> The SDF bombarded the villages of Azizia and Jamiliyyeh, which caused the 2 military vehicles of the SNA to be destroyed. 3 people where killed and 4 injured from the shelling.<a href="#cite_note-310">[309]</a> According to pro-SDF media US reinforcements arrived at Sarin Base including 17 armored vehicles and 82 trucks.<a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a> Nevertheless, the base was captured by Russian forces on 17 November.<a href="#cite_note-jpost.com-312">[311]</a> The SDF began a <a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">counter-offensive</a> around Tall Tamr.<a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a> <a href="/wiki/November_2019_Syria_bombings" title="November 2019 Syria bombings">November 2019 Syria bombings</a>: On 2 November, a <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bomb</a> attack killed at least 13 civilians in <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a>, 2 weeks after its capture from SDF. Turkey and SNA accused the SDF as responsible for the attack.<a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a> The SDF responded in a press statement stating: "We believe this is the work of the Turkish state and their intelligence and mercenaries to frighten and terrorize the local people".<a href="#cite_note-316">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1_November_2019">1 November 2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: 1 November 2019">edit</a>]</div> The SNA attempted to enter the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Tell_Tamer" title="Tell Tamer">Tell Tamer</a>. Firefights between the SDF and SNA occurred in the villages of Anek al-Hawa, Tal Muhammad, Khirbet Jammu and Mahmudiya. The SDF claims it has made advances into the villages of Mahmudiya and Khirbet Jammu.<a href="#cite_note-317">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="6_November_2019">6 November 2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: 6 November 2019">edit</a>]</div> The SNA launched an offensive north of <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Issa" title="Ayn Issa">Ayn Issa</a>, shelling SDF positions. The SDF and SNA clashed in villages of Mahmudiyyeh, Soda, Arisha, Abu Rasin, al-Qantra area as well as other areas on the outskirts of Ayn Issa north of al-Raqqah city as well as the exchange of shelling between the SDF and SNA. Clashes also occurred in the village of Aneeq Al-Hawa of Abu Rasin town as well as Manajir town south of Ras Al-Ayn.<a href="#cite_note-318">[317]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrouille_turque_Koban%C3%A9_5_novembre_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Patrouille_turque_Koban%C3%A9_5_novembre_2019.jpg/220px-Patrouille_turque_Koban%C3%A9_5_novembre_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Patrouille_turque_Koban%C3%A9_5_novembre_2019.jpg/330px-Patrouille_turque_Koban%C3%A9_5_novembre_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Patrouille_turque_Koban%C3%A9_5_novembre_2019.jpg/440px-Patrouille_turque_Koban%C3%A9_5_novembre_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Civilians throwing rocks at a Turkish <a href="/wiki/BMC_Kirpi" title="BMC Kirpi">Kirpi</a> <a href="/wiki/MRAP" title="MRAP">MRAP</a> in <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobanî</a>, 5 November 2019</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="8_November_2019">8 November 2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: 8 November 2019">edit</a>]</div> Protests occurred in Northern Syria against joint Turkish/Russian patrol protesters threw rocks and shoes at <a href="/wiki/Armored_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored vehicles">armored vehicles</a>. Turkish patrols responded with tear gas. One protester was run over during the protest and died shortly after.<a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="11_November_2019">11 November 2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: 11 November 2019">edit</a>]</div> A car bomb south of <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a> killed 8 civilians and wounded over 13. Turkey claimed that the YPG was responsible for the attack.<a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="16_November_2019">16 November 2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: 16 November 2019">edit</a>]</div> A car bomb in <a href="/wiki/Al-Bab" title="Al-Bab">Al-Bab</a>, targeting its bus terminal, killed 19 people, including 13 civilians. Additional 30 persons were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a> Turkish Ministry of National Defense said that <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">PKK</a> was responsible for the attack.<a href="#cite_note-324">[323]</a> No group has claimed responsibility for the attack.<a href="#cite_note-auto23-325">[324]</a> Turkish Ministry of National Defense said that the Turkish Army had defused over 988 <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">IEDs</a> and 442 <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">mines</a>, which were placed by the <a href="/wiki/YPG" class="mw-redirect" title="YPG">YPG</a>, since the start of the operation.<a href="#cite_note-326">[325]</a> The SDF made advances into the northern countryside of Tal Tamr town in the area leading to Abu Rasin, capturing positions and points north of Tal Tamr, the TAF responded with drone strikes on SDF positions.<a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="17_November_2019">17 November 2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: 17 November 2019">edit</a>]</div> Russian forces entered the abandoned US base near <a href="/wiki/Sarrin" title="Sarrin">Sarrin</a> and seized control of it. Video footage of the abandoned US base was shared by Russian forces who entered the base showing abandoned US equipment.<a href="#cite_note-jpost.com-312">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="18_November_2019">18 November 2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: 18 November 2019">edit</a>]</div> According to a pro-opposition media source, an SNA commander, Abu Hafs Al-Gharbi was killed in clashes with the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20_November_2019">20 November 2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: 20 November 2019">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ayn_Issa_clashes">Ayn Issa clashes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Ayn Issa clashes">edit</a>]</div> Clashes occurred between SNA and SDF on 20 November around the SDF controlled Ayn Issa, clashes resulted in the death of 8 SNA Fighters and 4 SDF fighters in the first day of clashes.<a href="#cite_note-329">[328]</a> According to pro-SDF media SNA attacked villages around Ayn Issa with rockets, UAVs and heavy weapons, as well as the positions in <a href="/wiki/Tell_Tamer" title="Tell Tamer">Tell Tamer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-330">[329]</a> As a result of fighting in Ayn Issa, guards of <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Issa_refugee_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn Issa refugee camp">Ayn Issa refugee camp</a> – home to <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a> families, left their posts to fight the SNA and several ISIS families managed to escape as a result.<a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a> Later in the same day SDF launched an offensive to retake Shrekrak silos from the SNA, SDF shelled SNA positions and the SNA shelled the surrounding villages controlled by SDF.<a href="#cite_note-332">[331]</a> The SNA continued to advance towards Ayn Issa, which resulted in 13 SNA fighters dying and 6 fighters dying among the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-333">[332]</a> SDF managed to regain full control of Ayn Issa and its surroundings after heavy clashes and a <a href="/wiki/Counter_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter attack">counter attack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-335">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[335]</a> Russian Planes flew over Ayn Issa after the failed offensive.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-335">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="23_November_2019">23 November 2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: 23 November 2019">edit</a>]</div> A car bomb went off in <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a>, killing 9 and wounding 20 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[337]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="24_November_2019">24 November 2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: 24 November 2019">edit</a>]</div> The SDF captured villages near Ayn Issa, after failed SNA offensive near Ayn Issa. 21 SNA fighters were killed in the fighting. SDF casualties are unknown.<a href="#cite_note-339">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_crimes">War crimes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: War crimes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-10-10_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-10-10_22.jpg/220px-Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-10-10_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-10-10_22.jpg/330px-Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-10-10_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-10-10_22.jpg/440px-Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-10-10_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Protest against Turkey's military offensive on 10 October 2019</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_war_crimes" title="Turkish war crimes">Turkish war crimes</a></div> In October 2019, Syrian Kurdish authorities and doctors reported a number of patients with severe burns seemingly caused by a chemical weapon, accusing Turkey of employing the chemical <a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus" title="White phosphorus">white phosphorus</a> to target people.<a href="#cite_note-tfsoa-340">[339]</a> Hamish de Bretton-Gordon, a former commander of the UK's chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear regiment, said of wounds he had been shown pictures of, "the most likely culprit is white phosphorus".<a href="#cite_note-uiauo-341">[340]</a> Syrian Kurdish authorities also accused Turkey of using <a href="/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm">napalm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-France24WP-342">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[342]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a> (OPCW) stated that it was aware of the situation and collecting information over the reported use of chemical weapons but cautioned that it had not yet determined the credibility of the allegations.<a href="#cite_note-uiauo-341">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-tfsoa-340">[339]</a> However, the OPCW did not launch an investigation into the alleged use of white phosphorus, stating that the issue falls outside its remit as white phosphorus injuries are produced by <a href="/wiki/Thermal_burn" title="Thermal burn">thermal</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Chemical_burn" title="Chemical burn">chemical</a> properties.<a href="#cite_note-Loyd_2019-344">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-Team_2019-345">[344]</a> It remarked that "White phosphorus is commonly used in military operations to produce smoke or provide illumination. When white phosphorus is used as smoke, illumination or as an <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">incendiary weapon</a>, its use does not fall under the purview of the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention" title="Chemical Weapons Convention">Chemical Weapons Convention</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Loyd_2019-344">[343]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> stated that it had gathered evidence of war crimes and other violations committed by Turkish and Turkey-backed Syrian forces who are said to "have displayed a shameful disregard for civilian life, carrying out serious violations and war crimes, including <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary killings</a> and unlawful attacks that have killed and injured civilians".<a href="#cite_note-amnesty1-66">[66]</a> In Autumn 2019, video footage and photographs emerged in which Turkish-allied Syrian rebel forces were seen apparently committing executions and other war crimes; the Syrian National Army condemned these acts and the Turkish government said it was investigating.<a href="#cite_note-346">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-film-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[346]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Jeffrey">Jim Jeffrey</a>, the US envoy for Syria and the global coalition against ISIL, has stated in a hearing before the US <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a> that they have seen several incidents which they consider war crimes committed by the Turkish-supported Syrian opposition forces, and characterized these groups as very dangerous and even extremist in some cases.<a href="#cite_note-348">[347]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" title="United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs">US House Foreign Affairs Committee</a> hearing, he stated that they have reached out to the Turkish government to discuss the war crimes committed by the Turkish-supported opposition.<a href="#cite_note-349">[348]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hevrin_Khalaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Hevrin Khalaf">Hevrin Khalaf</a>, a Syrian Kurdish political leader, and other people, was summarily executed by the armed faction <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sharqiya" title="Ahrar al-Sharqiya">Ahrar al-Sharqiya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ne-uutt-350">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[350]</a> UN human rights spokesman Rupert Colville stated that "Turkey could be deemed responsible as a State for violations committed by their affiliated armed groups, as long as Turkey exercises effective control over these groups, or the operations in the course of which those violations occurred. [...] we urge the Turkish authorities to immediately launch an impartial, transparent and independent investigation into both incidents, and to apprehend those responsible, some of whom should be easily identifiable from the video footage they themselves shared on social media."<a href="#cite_note-352">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-ne-uutt-350">[349]</a> According to Committee on Violations under the Ministry of Defence of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Syrian Interim Government</a>, the perpetrators were detained and sent to the military judiciary.<a href="#cite_note-auto20-33">[33]</a> Turkish Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Mevlut_Cavusoglu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mevlut Cavusoglu">Mevlut Cavusoglu</a> has responded that Turkey will investigate any allegation of human rights violations in the region and will not tolerate any human rights violation.<a href="#cite_note-dw-trgd-283">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-pol-tmgs-284">[283]</a> Members of the pro-Turkish <a href="/wiki/Levant_Front" title="Levant Front">Levant Front</a> also evicted Christians from their homes in <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a>, though left the local Kurds mostly alone.<a href="#cite_note-353">[352]</a> In March 2024,A car explosion in the Syrian town of Azaz near the Turkish border resulted in the deaths of 7 individuals and the injury of thirty others during a crowded market time. Suspicions for the attack point towards Kurdish-led YPG or Assad loyalist factions, with no immediate claim of responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-354">[353]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reports_by_the_Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights">Reports by the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Reports by the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a> (SOHR), Turkish backed forces have looted countless homes in Ras al-Ayn and Tal Abyad have engaged in theft of property, physical, and verbal abuse, kidnappings of civilians for ransom and abuse against the citizens who did not flee.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-355">[354]</a> According to the report some civilians, unable to flee, paid smugglers <a href="/wiki/$" class="mw-redirect" title="$">$</a>300 in order to be delivered to the nearest point of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration areas</a> (Rojava) at which point they were handed over to Turkish intelligence as members of the SDF after their money was taken from them.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-355">[354]</a> A report by SOHR states that Turkish backed factions began demolishing houses in Kormazat villages of local <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> who fled from fighting as well as members of the SDF from <a href="/wiki/Tal_Abyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tal Abyad">Tal Abyad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-356">[355]</a> as well as taking barley in Abu Julud village in Mabrukah area in the western countryside of Ras Al-Ayn.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-356">[355]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_displacement">Population displacement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Population displacement">edit</a>]</div> SOHR states that the number of displaced people exceeds 300,000 amid the humanitarian crisis and conflict.<a href="#cite_note-Turkish_east-58">[58]</a> People have fled towards the autonomous Kurdish region within the border of Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-357">[356]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Kalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Kalin">Ibrahim Kalin</a>, a Turkish presidential spokesman, has stated that they do not want Syrian government or Kurdish forces in the Syrian border areas but intend Turkey to oversee the region.<a href="#cite_note-dmh-twsf-358">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-syrialeave-359">[358]</a> He further said that Turkey intends to resettle up to 2 million Syrian refugees, currently in Turkey, who will not go back if these areas are under the control of either of these forces.<a href="#cite_note-dmh-twsf-358">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-syrialeave-359">[358]</a> In response to European criticism, Turkish President Erdoğan warned that Turkey would "open the gates" for 3.6 million refugees who are currently in Turkey to go to Europe if its military operation is called an invasion.<a href="#cite_note-ind-blackm-360">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[360]</a> This comes under the context that Europe has employed foreign countries such as Turkey to serve as border guards, in a policy of border externalization.<a href="#cite_note-ind-blackm-360">[359]</a> Amnesty International remarked that Turkey "has borne a disproportionate responsibility" hosting 3.6 million refugees from Syria while European countries "have largely devoted their energies to keeping people seeking asylum from their territories" including not resettling the refugees residing in Turkey, the tensions between Turkish citizens and Syrian refugees are rising, and the decline in Turkish public support for refugees has led to an expression in policies where the Turkish government aims to resettle its Syrian refugee population in a demilitarized safe zone with the 2019 military operation as the latest development.<a href="#cite_note-362">[361]</a> Amnesty International has reported that Turkey is illegally and forcibly deporting its Syrian refugees back to Syria while portraying the returns as voluntary.<a href="#cite_note-363">[362]</a> Hami Aksoy, a Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman, stated that Turkey rejects Amnesty International's statements about the forceful repatriation and underscores that Turkey is conducting the safe and voluntary return of Syrians.<a href="#cite_note-364">[363]</a> There are fears of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> of the Kurds from the region.<a href="#cite_note-365">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[366]</a> Jens Laerke, spokesman for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a> said that 94,000 civilians have returned to their homes, while 100,000 are still displaced.<a href="#cite_note-368">[367]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISIL_prisoners">ISIL prisoners</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: ISIL prisoners">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_insurgency" title="Eastern Syria insurgency">Eastern Syria insurgency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%9319)#ISIL_suspects_and_detainees" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–19)">Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–19) § ISIL suspects and detainees</a></div> There are concerns about a possible resurgence of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State</a> (ISIL) in the region, as the Kurdish-led <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> (SDF)—who conducted counter-terrorism operations against ISIL and held the ISIL captives in the region—fight against the Turkish-led offensive and thus could lose control over the detainees.<a href="#cite_note-369">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[369]</a> There are at least 10,000 ISIL prisoners and more than 100,000 ISIL family members and other displaced persons in several camps across northeastern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-371">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[371]</a> A number of the ISIL detainees are foreign fighters, but their status have become increasingly uncertain due to the Turkish offensive as their own countries refuse to take them.<a href="#cite_note-373">[372]</a> As the threat of ISIL emerged as consequence, European countries have been criticized for failing to act by taking back their nationals, while the situation deteriorates.<a href="#cite_note-374">[373]</a> When asked about the situation after the US withdrawal from Syria, US President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> dismissed the threat of ISIL, remarking that "they're going to be escaping to Europe".<a href="#cite_note-375">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[375]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Elham_Ehmed" title="Îlham Ehmed">Îlham Ehmed</a>, a Syrian Kurdish official, stated that the SDF felt betrayed by their American allies for "exposing us to an invasion by Turkish troops who aim to destroy us", remarking that they do not have the resources to both defend against the Turkish attacks and maintain security over the ISIL captives.<a href="#cite_note-377">[376]</a> Nevertheless, as stated by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Jeffrey">Jim Jeffrey</a>, the US special envoy for Syria and the global coalition against ISIL, on 23 October, almost all of the prisons that the SDF were guarding are still secured and the SDF still have people there.<a href="#cite_note-ar-100-378">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-fr-100-379">[378]</a> The SDF commander Mazloum Abdi said, on 21 October, that there aren't any prisons in the Turkish-occupied areas and that all prisoners from those areas have been moved to prisons under their control.<a href="#cite_note-380">[379]</a> As a consequence of the US withdrawal and the Turkish offensive, the SDF will be more restricted in time and resources to help the United States in the fight against ISIL, as it is also focused on the threat from the Turkish forces and the preservation of its autonomy against Syria and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-381">[380]</a> According to Turkish sources, the SDF freed ISIL prisoners from a prison in <a href="/wiki/Tal_Abyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tal Abyad">Tal Abyad</a> before Turkish forces could arrive.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto7-382">[381]</a> Other US officials, however, refuted the accusations, which they called baseless and false.<a href="#cite_note-sl-tbf-fp-383">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[383]</a> They stated that the SDF are still defending their bases and are relocating ISIL detainees to facilities further south.<a href="#cite_note-sl-tbf-fp-383">[382]</a> They also reported that the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> is purposefully releasing ISIL prisoners, previously held by the SDF before their territory was captured.<a href="#cite_note-385">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[385]</a> At least 750 ISIL affiliates were reported by the SDF to have escaped from a displacement camp in <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Issa" title="Ayn Issa">Ayn Issa</a> after Turkish bombing on 13 October 2019.<a href="#cite_note-auto13-387">[386]</a> On 23 October, Jim Jeffrey stated that over 100 prisoners of ISIL have escaped and that they do not know where the escapees are.<a href="#cite_note-ar-100-378">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-fr-100-379">[378]</a> On 18 October, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of National Defense (Turkey)">Turkish Ministry of National Defense</a> claimed that <a href="/wiki/YPG" class="mw-redirect" title="YPG">YPG</a> had freed over 800 <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> prisoners in <a href="/wiki/Tal_Abyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tal Abyad">Tal Abyad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-388">[387]</a> On 19 November, the Defense Department inspector general released a report finding that the American withdrawal and subsequent Turkish incursion allowed ISIL to "reconstitute capabilities and resources within Syria and strengthen its ability to plan attacks abroad".<a href="#cite_note-O’brien-389">[388]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Reactions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="Reactions to the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Reactions to the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reactions_to_Turkey%27s_2019_Rojava_offensive.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map depicting International reactions to Turkey's 2019 operation in northern Syria." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Reactions_to_Turkey%27s_2019_Rojava_offensive.svg/400px-Reactions_to_Turkey%27s_2019_Rojava_offensive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Reactions_to_Turkey%27s_2019_Rojava_offensive.svg/600px-Reactions_to_Turkey%27s_2019_Rojava_offensive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Reactions_to_Turkey%27s_2019_Rojava_offensive.svg/800px-Reactions_to_Turkey%27s_2019_Rojava_offensive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>International reactions to Turkey's 2019 operation in northern Syria at a glance. See <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="Reactions to the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Reactions to the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a> for citations or more information.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>]</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_Turkish_reaction">Domestic Turkish reaction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Domestic Turkish reaction">edit</a>]</div> The Turkish offensive initially enjoyed support from party leaders across the political spectrum, with the support of three major opposition parties, but not the <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">Peoples' Democratic Party</a> (HDP).<a href="#cite_note-390">[389]</a> Opposition newsrooms and opposition parties were largely supportive of the operation.<a href="#cite_note-nyt20191016-95">[95]</a> However, as time progressed, the Turkish opposition began criticizing the governmental strategy. Opposition <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a> blamed the government's "adventurous foreign policy", stating that "If I do not respect the territorial integrity of another government, I will make enemies. Today we have made all the world as our enemies."<a href="#cite_note-391">[390]</a> Meanwhile, opposition <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0yi_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="İyi Party">İyi Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Meral_Ak%C5%9Fener" title="Meral Akşener">Meral Akşener</a> urged the government to dialogue with Assad in order to make peace while criticizing President Erdoğan for his silence on U.S. sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-392">[391]</a> According to a research by Metropoll, the amount of support to the operation was at 79 percent, while <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a> had 71 percent support according to the poll before.<a href="#cite_note-393">[392]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Detainments_in_Turkey">Detainments in Turkey</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Detainments in Turkey">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%93present_purges_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="2016–present purges in Turkey">2016–present purges in Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Turkey" title="Censorship in Turkey">censorship in Turkey</a></div> Turkish police detained more than 120 online critics of the Turkish operation for spreading "terrorist propaganda".<a href="#cite_note-394">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[394]</a> Turkish prosecutors opened investigations against MPs <a href="/wiki/Sezai_Temelli" title="Sezai Temelli">Sezai Temelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pervin_Buldan" title="Pervin Buldan">Pervin Buldan</a>, co-leaders of the pro-Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">HDP</a> party.<a href="#cite_note-396">[395]</a> Turkey detained at least 151 members of the HDP, including district officials, and at least 4 HDP mayors for reported links to the <a href="/wiki/PKK" class="mw-redirect" title="PKK">PKK</a>, which Turkey considers to be a terrorist group.<a href="#cite_note-397">[396]</a> Turkish authorities have also detained web editor of opposition <a href="/wiki/BirG%C3%BCn" title="BirGün">BirGün</a> newspaper (who was later released) and managing editor of the online news portal <a href="/wiki/Diken_(newspaper)" title="Diken (newspaper)">Diken</a>.<a href="#cite_note-398">[397]</a> The government launched a domestic campaign to eradicate dissenting opinions from media, social media, streets actions or any civil parties opposing the military operation.<a href="#cite_note-amnesty10-399">[398]</a> On 10 October, Turkey's broadcasting regulatory body <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%9CK" class="mw-redirect" title="RTÜK">RTÜK</a> warned media that "any broadcasting that may negatively impact the morale and motivation of the soldiers or may mislead citizens through incomplete, falsified or partial information that serves the aims of terror".<a href="#cite_note-amnesty10-399">[398]</a> Social media dissidents, journalists, protesters have been criticized of "terrorism" and harassed via criminal investigation, arbitrary detention and travel bans. Dissidents face lengthy prison sentences if found guilty.<a href="#cite_note-amnesty10-399">[398]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Controversy_in_Northern_Cyprus">Controversy in Northern Cyprus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Controversy in Northern Cyprus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria#Unrecognized_or_partially_recognized_states" title="Reactions to the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Reactions to the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria § Unrecognized or partially recognized states</a></div> On 12 October<a href="#cite_note-Hurr-400">[399]</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="President of Northern Cyprus">President of Northern Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Ak%C4%B1nc%C4%B1" title="Mustafa Akıncı">Mustafa Akıncı</a> made "anti-war" remarks in response to the operation, in which, although defending the right of Turkey to defend itself, said that in all wars there will be much bloodshed. Erdoğan<a href="#cite_note-401">[400]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Turkey" title="Vice President of Turkey">VP</a> <a href="/wiki/Fuat_Oktay" title="Fuat Oktay">Fuat Oktay</a> condemned Akıncı's statement.<a href="#cite_note-402">[401]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus">Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ersin_Tatar" title="Ersin Tatar">Ersin Tatar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Northern_Cyprus)" title="National Unity Party (Northern Cyprus)">National Unity Party</a> attempted to get a resolution through the legislature that condemned Akıncı, and called for his resignation for his statement.<a href="#cite_note-403">[402]</a> Akıncı also received a slew of death threats, and filed a complaint on 17 October to the police.<a href="#cite_note-Hurr-400">[399]</a> Erdoğan said that Akıncı's legitimacy is thanks to Turkey, and should therefore support Turkey. Akıncı rebuked Erdogan, stating "There is only one authority decides how to get to this office, it's the Turkish Cypriot people".<a href="#cite_note-404">[403]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanctions_and_suspension_of_arms_sales">Sanctions and suspension of arms sales</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Sanctions and suspension of arms sales">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Union">European Union</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: European Union">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-11-02_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-11-02_10.jpg/220px-Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-11-02_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-11-02_10.jpg/330px-Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-11-02_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-11-02_10.jpg/440px-Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-11-02_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Protest in Berlin against Turkey's military offensive and <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">European arms exports</a> to Turkey</figcaption></figure> On 10 October, a large majority of Dutch MPs backed the introduction of sanctions against Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-405">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-SwedenEmbargo-406">[405]</a> France, Germany,<a href="#cite_note-curb-407">[406]</a> the Netherlands,<a href="#cite_note-408">[407]</a> Austria,<a href="#cite_note-409">[408]</a> Finland,<a href="#cite_note-410">[409]</a> Sweden,<a href="#cite_note-SwedenEmbargo-406">[405]</a> Spain,<a href="#cite_note-411">[410]</a> Italy,<a href="#cite_note-ansa.it-412">[411]</a> and Norway<a href="#cite_note-413">[412]</a> implemented export restrictions on arms exports to Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-curb-407">[406]</a> France<a href="#cite_note-EUSanctions-414">[413]</a> as well as Sweden<a href="#cite_note-SwedenEmbargo-406">[405]</a> expressed their intention to back an EU-wide weapons embargo on the nation,<a href="#cite_note-EUSanctions-414">[413]</a> with discussions in the European Union on possible union-wide sanctions on Turkey beginning on the 13th.<a href="#cite_note-EUSanctions-414">[413]</a> Italy, formerly Turkey's largest arms supplier, later joined the arms embargo against Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-auto-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-ansa.it-412">[411]</a> On 14 October, all EU countries agreed to stop selling arms to Turkey, but stopped short of an official union-wide arms embargo.<a href="#cite_note-415">[414]</a> The EU also issued a press release condemning "...Turkeyʼs unilateral military action in North East Syria which causes unacceptable human suffering, undermines the fight against Daʼesh and threatens heavily European security."<a href="#cite_note-416">[415]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_from_Donald_Trump_to_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Letter_from_Donald_Trump_to_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan.jpg/220px-Letter_from_Donald_Trump_to_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Letter_from_Donald_Trump_to_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan.jpg/330px-Letter_from_Donald_Trump_to_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Letter_from_Donald_Trump_to_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan.jpg/440px-Letter_from_Donald_Trump_to_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption>Letter dated 9 October from Donald Trump to Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, leaked to US media on the 16th.<a href="#cite_note-letter-131">[130]</a> On 18 October, Erdoğan told reporters that the language of the letter was a big insult, they weren't going to forget it, and they would have some sort of redress when the time comes.<a href="#cite_note-417">[416]</a> </figcaption></figure> Trump said he was working with congressional leaders, including the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> opposition, to impose "powerful" economic sanctions against Turkey for its cross-border attacks in north-eastern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-418">[417]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Lindsey Graham</a> warned that he would "introduce bipartisan sanctions against Turkey if they invade Syria". He said he would also "call for their suspension from <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> if they attack Kurdish forces who assisted the United States in the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIS Caliphate</a>".<a href="#cite_note-419">[418]</a> Bipartisan legislation has been introduced in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> to sanction Turkey,<a href="#cite_note-420">[419]</a> as well as in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-421">[420]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Trump_Meets_with_the_President_of_Turkey_(49060819653).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/President_Trump_Meets_with_the_President_of_Turkey_%2849060819653%29.jpg/220px-President_Trump_Meets_with_the_President_of_Turkey_%2849060819653%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/President_Trump_Meets_with_the_President_of_Turkey_%2849060819653%29.jpg/330px-President_Trump_Meets_with_the_President_of_Turkey_%2849060819653%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/President_Trump_Meets_with_the_President_of_Turkey_%2849060819653%29.jpg/440px-President_Trump_Meets_with_the_President_of_Turkey_%2849060819653%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> meets with Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> in the Oval Office of the White House, 13 November 2019</figcaption></figure> On 14 October, the U.S. government declared sanctions against the Turkish ministries of defense, interior and energy.<a href="#cite_note-ColumbusSanctions-83">[83]</a> The U.S. statement delivered by Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Steven_Mnuchin" title="Steven Mnuchin">Steven Mnuchin</a> and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> denounced the Turkish government for "endangering innocent civilians, and destabilizing the region, including undermining the campaign to defeat ISIS", said that the U.S. had not given a "green light" to a full-on Turkish invasion, and warned that sanctions would continue and worsen "until Turkey embraces an immediate ceasefire".<a href="#cite_note-ColumbusSanctions-83">[83]</a> On the same day, U.S. President Donald Trump demanded a ceasefire from Turkey in a conversation with Turkish President Erdoğan, froze negotiations on a $100bn US-Turkey trade deal, and imposed sanctions on Turkish government officials.<a href="#cite_note-422">[421]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Trump_Meets_with_Congressional_Leadership_(48914066862).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/President_Trump_Meets_with_Congressional_Leadership_%2848914066862%29.jpg/220px-President_Trump_Meets_with_Congressional_Leadership_%2848914066862%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/President_Trump_Meets_with_Congressional_Leadership_%2848914066862%29.jpg/330px-President_Trump_Meets_with_Congressional_Leadership_%2848914066862%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/President_Trump_Meets_with_Congressional_Leadership_%2848914066862%29.jpg/440px-President_Trump_Meets_with_Congressional_Leadership_%2848914066862%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> confronts <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> about U.S. withdrawal at a meeting in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> on 16 October 2019.</figcaption></figure> On 16 October, the United States House of Representatives, in a rare bipartisan vote of 354 to 60, "condemned" President Trump's withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria, for, in the view of both parties, "abandoning U.S. allies, undermining the struggle against ISIS, and spurring a humanitarian catastrophe".<a href="#cite_note-423">[422]</a> On 17 October, after reaching a ceasefire agreement with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">US Vice President</a> Mike Pence announced that all sanctions imposed on Turkey by the United States would be lifted and there would be no further sanctions once a permanent ceasefire was reached in the operation.<a href="#cite_note-424">[423]</a> On 29 October 2019, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> voted 405–11<a href="#cite_note-425">[424]</a> to recognize the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, as a result of Turkey's invasion of Syria.<a href="#cite_note-426">[425]</a> However, the motion was blocked in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> by <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Lindsey Graham</a>, following a request from the White House.<a href="#cite_note-427">[426]</a> On 12 December 2019, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="United States recognition of the Armenian genocide">Senate unanimously passed a resolution recognizing the Armenian genocide</a>,<a href="#cite_note-428">[427]</a> after it had been previously blocked by three different Republican Senators (Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, <a href="/wiki/David_Perdue" title="David Perdue">David Perdue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Cramer" title="Kevin Cramer">Kevin Cramer</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>) at the request of the White House.<a href="#cite_note-429">[428]</a> Likewise, Trump's sudden pullout of US forces in Syria was also criticized by many, including former US military personnel, as a "serious betrayal to the Kurds" as well as a "catastrophic blow to US credibility as an ally and Washington's standing on the world stage", with one journalist stating that "this is one of the worst US foreign policy disasters since the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>".<a href="#cite_note-430">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-431">[430]</a><a href="#cite_note-432">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-433">[432]</a> On 19 November, the <a href="/wiki/US_Defense_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US Defense Department">US Defense Department</a> inspector general released a report finding that the American withdrawal and subsequent Turkish incursion allowed ISIL to "reconstitute capabilities and resources within Syria and strengthen its ability to plan attacks abroad".<a href="#cite_note-O’brien-389">[388]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/James_Franklin_Jeffrey" title="James Franklin Jeffrey">James Jeffrey</a>, the US special envoy to Syria, said he had concealed the true number of US troops from the Trump administration, while praising Trump's decision to withdraw troops.<a href="#cite_note-434">[433]</a> “When the situation in northeast Syria had been fairly stable after we defeated ISIS, [Trump] was inclined to pull out. In each case, we then decided to come up with five better arguments for why we needed to stay. And we succeeded both times.” It ended with U.S. forces still operating in Syria, denying Russia and the Syrian regime territory and preventing remnants of ISIS from regrouping. He also noted that no one in Washington had ever offered the Kurdish forces (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Defense Units</a>) assurances against NATO ally Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-435">[434]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_coverage">Media coverage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Media coverage">edit</a>]</div> In Turkey, authorities such as the Chief Prosecutor's Office of Istanbul have been criticized of censoring critical reports of the Turkish offensive into Syria through detaining or harassing journalists in an attempt to "intimidate the media into silence".<a href="#cite_note-436">[435]</a> Furthermore, Turkish President Erdoğan has written op-eds about the Turkish offensive, which has been characterized as propagandist in nature.<a href="#cite_note-aljo-stpe-437">[436]</a> Much of <a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">western media</a>'s coverage and commentary of the U.S.'s role in the conflict emphasized President Donald Trump's "strategic blunder" that led to the Turkish offensive,<a href="#cite_note-aljo-stpe-437">[436]</a> particularly his upending of the U.S.'s general alliance with the Syrian Kurds, the withdrawal process of U.S. ground forces, and the greater <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a> and humanitarian impact of the offensive. ABC News was criticized for incorrectly portraying footage from a <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> gun range as footage of Turkish forces bombing Syrian territory in early October.<a href="#cite_note-438">[437]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[438]</a><a href="#cite_note-440">[439]</a> This portrayal of the incident in the video was quickly debunked.<a href="#cite_note-441">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-442">[441]</a> The news network has since issued an apology for their mistake.<a href="#cite_note-443">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-444">[443]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></div> In October 2019, in response to the Turkish offensive, Russia arranged for negotiations between the Syrian government in Damascus and the Kurdish-led forces.<a href="#cite_note-445">[444]</a><a href="#cite_note-ko-il-rftv-446">[445]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mazloum_Abdi" title="Mazloum Abdi">Mazloum Abdi</a>, the Syrian Kurdish commander-in-chief, announced that they were ready to partner with <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (Russia) and <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> (Syria), stating that "We know that we would have to make painful compromises with Moscow and Bashar al-Assad if we go down the road of working with them. But if we have to choose between compromises and the genocide of our people, we will surely choose life for our people."<a href="#cite_note-abma-if-we-447">[446]</a> The details of the agreement is unknown, but there are reports that suggest that the SDF will be incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a> and that northeastern Syria will come under direct rule of the Syrian government in Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-448">[447]</a> According to Syrian Kurdish officials, the deal allows Syrian government forces to take over security in some border areas, but their own administration would maintain control of local institutions.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-ssgse-449">[448]</a> The prospects for Kurdish autonomy in the region was severely diminished, because the Kurds were exposed to the Turkish-led offensive by the US withdrawal and the Russia-backed Syrian government forces under Assad—whose commonality is enmity towards Turkey and Sunni rebel militias—regained their foothold in northeast Syria after the Kurds had to seek their help.<a href="#cite_note-dvcopt-450">[449]</a><a href="#cite_note-451">[450]</a> In regards to the United States and the situation, Mazloum Abdi stated that "We are disappointed and frustrated by the current crisis. Our people are under attack, and their safety is our paramount concern. Two questions remain: How can we best protect our people? And is the United States still our ally?"<a href="#cite_note-abma-if-we-447">[446]</a> A deep sense of betrayal by their once American allies has come to be felt among the Syrian Kurdish populace.<a href="#cite_note-452">[451]</a><a href="#cite_note-453">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-454">[453]</a> As announced by Russia's Ministry of Defense on 15 October, Russian forces have started to patrol the region along the line of contact between Turkish and Syrian forces,<a href="#cite_note-ko-il-rftv-446">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-ssgse-449">[448]</a> indicating that Russia is filling the security vacuum from the sudden US withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-ssgse-449">[448]</a><a href="#cite_note-455">[454]</a> Video footage shows Russian soldiers and journalists touring a base that the US left behind.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-ssgse-449">[448]</a><a href="#cite_note-ol-ram-456">[455]</a> Alexander Lavrentiev, Russia's special envoy on Syria, warned that the Turkish offensive into Syria is unacceptable and stated that Russia is seeking to prevent conflict between Turkish and Syrian troops.<a href="#cite_note-457">[456]</a> Several US lawmakers have criticized the abandonment of their Kurdish allies, remarking that it undermines US credibility as an ally while benefiting Russia, Iran, and the Syrian regime of Assad.<a href="#cite_note-458">[457]</a> Meanwhile, several commentators in Moscow have stated that the situation is not in the immediate Russian interests, as the Turkish intervention in Syria clashes with Russia's backing of the Syrian government in the region, but it may provide opportunities for Russia as mediator as the US withdraws from Syria.<a href="#cite_note-459">[458]</a> Commentators have remarked that, since the US withdrawal, Russia has cemented its status as the key power broker in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-ol-ram-456">[455]</a><a href="#cite_note-460">[459]</a><a href="#cite_note-461">[460]</a> Due to the situation in Syria, there are signs of a schism between Turkey and other <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> members, in which NATO is seen as effectively "powerless" to manage the situation and the Turkish government is aware that NATO does not hold much leverage.<a href="#cite_note-462">[461]</a> Furthermore, US President Trump, as well as US military and diplomatic officials, has cited the NATO membership of Turkey as a key reason that the United States can not be involved in the conflict between the Turkish and Syrian Kurdish forces.<a href="#cite_note-463">[462]</a> Meanwhile, due to Turkey's strategic position between Europe and the Middle East, the NATO alliance members are in a situation where they have limited themselves to relatively muted criticism.<a href="#cite_note-464">[463]</a> The U.S. is reviewing the potential withdrawal of its <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear weapons of the United States">nuclear weapons</a> from <a href="/wiki/Incirlik_airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Incirlik airbase">Incirlik airbase</a> under NATO's <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_sharing" title="Nuclear sharing">nuclear sharing</a> as a result of the Turkish offensive per <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">NYT</a>.<a href="#cite_note-465">[464]</a><a href="#cite_note-466">[465]</a> Republican senator Lindsey Graham<a href="#cite_note-467">[466]</a><a href="#cite_note-468">[467]</a> and Democratic representative <a href="/wiki/Eric_Swalwell" title="Eric Swalwell">Eric Swalwell</a><a href="#cite_note-469">[468]</a> have called for possibly suspending Turkey's membership in NATO. On 9 December, Russian troops entered Raqqa and began distributing humanitarian aid.<a href="#cite_note-470">[469]</a><a href="#cite_note-471">[470]</a><a href="#cite_note-472">[471]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_actions">Turkish actions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Turkish actions">edit</a>]</div> Erdogan stated that Turkey was ready to resettle the Syrian refugees in the northern area that Turkey had invaded, and that Turkey would pay for it if necessary.<a href="#cite_note-473">[472]</a> On 9 December 2019, various local accounts indicated that Turkey was moving Syrian refugees into its zone of operations in Northern Syria for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-foreignpolicy.com-474">[473]</a> Erdogan said that Turkey was working to settle one million people in the cities of Tal Abyad and Ras Al-Ain in northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-shafaaq.com-475">[474]</a> This has led to fears of population change.<a href="#cite_note-auto22-476">[475]</a> Russia said it would pledge to remove Turkish forces from a key highway in northern Syria, and replace them with Russian forces to maintain stability.<a href="#cite_note-auto8-477">[476]</a> Meanwhile, Turkey began to appoint mayors in several northern Syrian towns.<a href="#cite_note-rudaw.net-478">[477]</a> It was reported that the Russian and Turkish armies had made a deal whereby electricity would be supplied to Tal Abyad by Russia's allies, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF); while water would be supplied by the Alouk water station that is controlled by Turkish forces.<a href="#cite_note-479">[478]</a> This deal was mainly facilitated by Russian military officials.<a href="#cite_note-480">[479]</a> It appeared that Turkey was withdrawing all of its forces away from the al-Shirkark silos, which hold important supplies of wheat, this seemed to be a result of Russian mediation.<a href="#cite_note-481">[480]</a> Russian and Turkish forces are continuing their joint patrols.<a href="#cite_note-what_now-482">[481]</a> Questions remained about how much control Turkey has over its proxies, such as the Free Syrian Army.<a href="#cite_note-483">[482]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_and_AANES_actions">Syrian and AANES actions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Syrian and AANES actions">edit</a>]</div> Some reports stated that Bashar Assad was favorable towards Russia's efforts to restore calm and to stabilize the situation in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-484">[483]</a> Meanwhile, various Kurdish faction that were historical rivals began to meet in order to work together more. Their stated reason was to stand together against Russia and Turkey more strongly if needed.<a href="#cite_note-485">[484]</a><a href="#cite_note-what_now-482">[481]</a> The Russian government has informed the Kurdish factions that they should reconcile and come up with a unified set of demands to clarify to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-486">[485]</a> Various Kurdish factions blamed each other and their council for lack of progress.<a href="#cite_note-487">[486]</a> Mustafa Bali, head of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) said there were some agreements on the ground with the Syrian government, for Syrian forces to be deployed along the border.<a href="#cite_note-488">[487]</a> Russian military officials forged agreements between Syria, Turkey and SDF for areas to be patrolled by each side.<a href="#cite_note-489">[488]</a> The national Syrian government sent representatives to northeast Syria to meet with local groups there in order to address their concerns and to emphasize unity and combined effort to address problems.<a href="#cite_note-490">[489]</a> A meeting occurred in Qamishli city, in northeast Syria, that included Syrian national officials, and delegates from Kurdish, Arab, and Syrian figures and forces.<a href="#cite_note-491">[490]</a> The delegates emphasized their desire to help to protect Syria as a whole. At a panel discussion on the conflict in December 2019, several experts said the conflict was slowly moving towards resolution. One expert said that the "Astana" diplomatic process, involving Turkey, Russia, and Iran, was having some positive results. Experts also said that Bashar Assad had made progress in restoring rule by local councils in areas affected by the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-492">[491]</a> Russia said it would pledge to remove Turkish forces from a key highway in northern Syria, and replace them with Russian forces to maintain stability.<a href="#cite_note-auto8-477">[476]</a> Meanwhile, Turkey began to appoint mayors in several northern Syrian towns.<a href="#cite_note-rudaw.net-478">[477]</a> On 9 December 2019, various local accounts indicated that Turkey was moving Syrian refugees into its zone of operations in northern Syria for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-foreignpolicy.com-474">[473]</a> Erdogan said that Turkey was working to settle one million people in the cities of Tal Abyad and Ras Al-Ain in northern Syria,<a href="#cite_note-shafaaq.com-475">[474]</a> leading to fears of population changes.<a href="#cite_note-auto22-476">[475]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomacy_with_NATO_member_nations">Diplomacy with NATO member nations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Diplomacy with NATO member nations">edit</a>]</div> At the NATO summit in London in December 2019, President Emmanuel Macron of France highlighted major differences with Turkey over the definition of terrorism, and said there was little chance this aspect of the conflict could be resolved positively.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Macron criticized Turkey strongly for fighting against groups who had been allied with France and the West in fighting terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-euobserver_nato-493">[492]</a> Numerous issues in resolving the conflict emerged at the NATO summit in London. Turkey proposed a safe zone where Syrian refugees could be relocated, but this idea did not receive support from all parties.<a href="#cite_note-euobserver_nato-493">[492]</a> One professed "exclusive" press report claimed that prior to the NATO Summit, there was a meeting at 10 Downing Street of the leaders of France, the UK, Germany and Turkey. One key point that emerged that the Western countries insisted that refugees could only be relocated voluntarily.<a href="#cite_note-494">[493]</a> Meanwhile, there were concerns in NATO about Turkey's growing closeness with Russia.<a href="#cite_note-495">[494]</a> Erdogan claimed that a four-way summit on Syria was scheduled to occur in Turkey in February 2020, to include Turkey, Germany, the UK and France.<a href="#cite_note-496">[495]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomacy_with_nations_outside_NATO">Diplomacy with nations outside NATO</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Diplomacy with nations outside NATO">edit</a>]</div> At a meeting in Damascus, Russian and Syrian officials clearly stated their support for Syria regaining control over all of its territory.<a href="#cite_note-497">[496]</a><a href="#cite_note-498">[497]</a><a href="#cite_note-499">[498]</a> The United Arab Emirates also expressed official support for Assad.<a href="#cite_note-500">[499]</a> A new round of meetings for the Astana summit process took place in the Kazakh capital Nur Sultan. The meeting includes Russia, Syria, Turkey and Iran.<a href="#cite_note-501">[500]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:October_2019_Turkish_military_operation_in_Syria" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:October 2019 Turkish military operation in Syria">October 2019 Turkish military operation in Syria</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_invasions_in_the_21st_century" title="List of invasions in the 21st century">List of invasions in the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_Insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria Insurgency">Eastern Syria Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian Civil War">Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Syrian Civil War">Timeline of the Syrian Civil War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Informational notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Codenamed "Operation Peace Spring", this designation was considered <a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a> "even by modern military standards" by <a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Galbraith" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter W. Galbraith">Peter W. Galbraith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20191012-rebel-faction-takes-frontline-role-in-turkey-offensive">"Rebel faction takes frontline role in Turkey offensive"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morning+Star&rft.atitle=The+Communist+volunteers+fighting+the+Turkish+invasion+of+Syria&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmorningstaronline.co.uk%2Farticle%2Ff%2Fcommunist-volunteers-fighting-turkish-invasion-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/syrian-army-deploy-turkey-border-orders-pullback-191013191238367.html">"Syria's army to deploy along Turkey border as Kurds strike deal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al-Jazeera</a>. 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Jazeera&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+army+to+deploy+along+Turkey+border+as+Kurds+strike+deal&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F10%2Fsyrian-army-deploy-turkey-border-orders-pullback-191013191238367.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-government-sdf/syrian-army-to-deploy-along-turkish-border-in-deal-with-kurdish-led-forces-idUSKBN1WS0PF">"Syrian army to deploy along Turkish border in deal with Kurdish-led forces"</a>. Reuters. 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Syrian+army+to+deploy+along+Turkish+border+in+deal+with+Kurdish-led+forces&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-security-government-sdf%2Fsyrian-army-to-deploy-along-turkish-border-in-deal-with-kurdish-led-forces-idUSKBN1WS0PF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mynet.com/son-dakika-fuat-oktay-dan-baris-pinari-harekati-aciklamasi-110106051261">"Son dakika! Fuat Oktay'dan Barış Pınarı Harekatı açıklaması"</a>. Mynet Haber. 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mynet+Haber&rft.atitle=Son+dakika%21+Fuat+Oktay%27dan+Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F+P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1+Harekat%C4%B1+a%C3%A7%C4%B1klamas%C4%B1&rft.date=2019-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mynet.com%2Fson-dakika-fuat-oktay-dan-baris-pinari-harekati-aciklamasi-110106051261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-turkey-idUSKBN1XZ12M">"Turkey not resuming military operation in northeast Syria: security source"</a>. Reuters. 25 November 2019 – via www.reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Turkey+not+resuming+military+operation+in+northeast+Syria%3A+security+source&rft.date=2019-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-security-turkey-idUSKBN1XZ12M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haberturk.com/baris-pinari-harekati-bitti-mi-2543350">"Barış Pınarı Harekatı bitti mi?"</a>. haberturk.com. 25 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=haberturk.com&rft.atitle=Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F+P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1+Harekat%C4%B1+bitti+mi%3F&rft.date=2019-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haberturk.com%2Fbaris-pinari-harekati-bitti-mi-2543350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/22/world/europe/erdogan-putin-syria-cease-fire.html">[1]</a> Putin and Erdogan Announce Plan for Northeast Syria, Bolstering Russian Influence, text: "Erdogan also got most of what he wanted" </li> <li id="cite_note-oc-cease-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oc-cease_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oc-cease_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oc-cease_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2019" class="citation web cs1">O'Connor, Tom (17 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/us-ceasefire-syria-turkey-kurds-reject-1466068">"U.S. says it made a "ceasefire" deal in Syria, Turkey and Kurdish forces reject the claim"</a>. Newsweek.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=U.S.+says+it+made+a+%22ceasefire%22+deal+in+Syria%2C+Turkey+and+Kurdish+forces+reject+the+claim&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fus-ceasefire-syria-turkey-kurds-reject-1466068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/full-text-turkey-russia-agreement-northeast-syria-191022180033274.html">"Full text of Turkey, Russia agreement on northeast Syria"</a>. aljazeera.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Full+text+of+Turkey%2C+Russia+agreement+on+northeast+Syria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F10%2Ffull-text-turkey-russia-agreement-northeast-syria-191022180033274.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50152235">"Russia deploys troops to Turkey-Syria border"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Institute&rft.atitle=Return+to+the+northeast%3A+Syrian+Army+deployments+against+Turkish+forces&rft.date=2019-11-20&rft.au=Gregory+Waters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmei.edu%2Fpublications%2Freturn-northeast-syrian-army-deployments-against-turkish-forces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto21-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto21_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto21_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawarnews.com/en/haber/two-senior-officers-injured-one-element-killed-another-was-injured-in-zarkan-countryside-h12625.html">"Two senior officers injured, one element killed, another was injured in Zarkan countryside – ANHA | HAWARNEWS | English"</a>. hawarnews.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hawarnews.com&rft.atitle=Two+senior+officers+injured%2C+one+element+killed%2C+another+was+injured+in+Zarkan+countryside+%E2%80%93+ANHA+%26%23124%3B+HAWARNEWS+%26%23124%3B+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawarnews.com%2Fen%2Fhaber%2Ftwo-senior-officers-injured-one-element-killed-another-was-injured-in-zarkan-countryside-h12625.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013163557/https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5da346099a79477783628983?from=newsfeed">"Пентагон заявил об отсутствии у США обязательств воевать за курдов :: Политика :: РБК"</a>. 13 October 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5da346099a79477783628983?from=newsfeed">the original</a> on 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%BE%D0%B1+%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%83+%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%3A%3A+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%3A%3A+%D0%A0%D0%91%D0%9A&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbc.ru%2Frbcfreenews%2F5da346099a79477783628983%3Ffrom%3Dnewsfeed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aj-turkey-begins-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aj-turkey-begins_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aj-turkey-begins_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/turkey-begins-ground-offensive-northeastern-syria-191009212025006.html">"Turkey begins ground offensive in northeastern Syria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>. 9 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Turkey+begins+ground+offensive+in+northeastern+Syria&rft.date=2019-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F10%2Fturkey-begins-ground-offensive-northeastern-syria-191009212025006.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rebelgroups-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rebelgroups_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rebelgroups_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rebelgroups_43-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/which-syrian-groups-are-involved-turkeys-syria-offensive">"Which Syrian Groups Are Involved in Turkey's Syria Offensive?"</a>. VOA News. 9 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VOA+News&rft.atitle=Which+Syrian+Groups+Are+Involved+in+Turkey%27s+Syria+Offensive%3F&rft.date=2019-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fextremism-watch%2Fwhich-syrian-groups-are-involved-turkeys-syria-offensive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-syriahr347802-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-syriahr347802_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syriahr347802_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/?p=347802"><bdi lang="ar">قوات سوريا الديمقراطية تواصل تمشيط القرى والمواقع التي تقدمت إليها الفصائل الموالية لتركيا بأطراف عين عيسى</bdi></a> (in Arabic). Syria Observatory on Human Rights. 24 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84+%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%89+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AA+%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7+%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81+%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%89&rft.pub=Syria+Observatory+on+Human+Rights&rft.date=2019-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2F%3Fp%3D347802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/251-sna-martyred-fighting-ypg-pkk-terrorists-in-nsyria/1664450">"251 SNA martyred fighting YPG/PKK terrorists in N.Syria"</a>. aa.com.tr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aa.com.tr&rft.atitle=251+SNA+martyred+fighting+YPG%2FPKK+terrorists+in+N.Syria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fmiddle-east%2F251-sna-martyred-fighting-ypg-pkk-terrorists-in-nsyria%2F1664450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/baris-pinari-harekati/bakan-akar-yasaklanan-hicbir-muhimmati-veya-kimyasal-silahi-kullanmadik/1651521">"Bakan Akar: Yasaklanan hiçbir mühimmatı veya kimyasal silahı kullanmadık"</a>. aa.com.tr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aa.com.tr&rft.atitle=Bakan+Akar%3A+Yasaklanan+hi%C3%A7bir+m%C3%BChimmat%C4%B1+veya+kimyasal+silah%C4%B1+kullanmad%C4%B1k&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Ftr%2Fbaris-pinari-harekati%2Fbakan-akar-yasaklanan-hicbir-muhimmati-veya-kimyasal-silahi-kullanmadik%2F1651521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-soldier-killed-by-accident-in-n-syria-149072">Turkish soldier killed by accident in N Syria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/war-on-terror/2019/11/28/2-soldiers-killed-in-ypg-attack-in-se-turkey">2 soldiers killed in YPG attack in SE Turkey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/2-turkish-soldiers-martyred-in-terrorist-attacks/1661823">2 Turkish soldiers martyred in terrorist attacks</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-balance2019-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-balance2019_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-balance2019_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anfenglish.com/rojava-syria/sdf-balance-sheet-of-war-and-resistance-for-2019-40551">"SDF balance sheet of war and resistance for 2019"</a>. www.anfenglish.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.anfenglish.com&rft.atitle=SDF+balance+sheet+of+war+and+resistance+for+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanfenglish.com%2Frojava-syria%2Fsdf-balance-sheet-of-war-and-resistance-for-2019-40551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> 3 killed (16 Oct.),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://hawarnews.com/en/haber/turkeys-gangs-attack-ain-issa-3-syrian-regimes-elements-killed-h12178.html">[2]</a> 1 killed (17 Oct.),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://hawarnews.com/en/haber/occupations-aerial-bombardment-killed-regimes-soldier-wounded-12-in-ain-issa-h12238.html">[3]</a> 5 killed (9 Nov.),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://hawarnews.com/en/haber/member-of-syrian-regime-killed-in-occupation-mercenaries-shelling-h12617.html">[4]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://hawarnews.com/en/haber/3-regime-members-killed-4-others-injured-in-tal-tamr-countryside-h12624.html">[5]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://hawarnews.com/en/haber/two-senior-officers-injured-one-element-killed-another-was-injured-in-zarkan-countryside-h12625.html">[6]</a> 5 killed (10 Nov.),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.hawarnews.com/en/haber/on-the-32nd-day-massive-attacks-by-turkish-drones-killing-5-and-wounding-26-regime-forces-h12642.html">[7]</a> 1 killed (11 Nov.),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.hawarnews.com/tr/mobile/?title=turk-devleti-ceteleri-gir-spde-suriye-askerlerine-saldirdi-1-asker-yasamini-yitirdi-5-asker-yaralandi&page=haber&ID=20551">[8]</a> 1 killed (15 Nov.),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.hawarnews.com/tr/mobile/?title=til-menaxda-1-rejim-askeri-yasamini-yitirdi&page=haber&ID=20746">[9]</a> 6 killed (21 Nov.),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.hawarnews.com/tr/mobile/?title=qsd-isgal-saldirilarinin-devam-ettigini-acikladi&page=haber&ID=20967">[10]</a> 2 killed (2 Dec.),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.hawarnews.com/tr/mobile/?title=eyn-saya-kapsamli-saldirilar-2-suriye-askeri-yasamini-yitirdi&page=haber&ID=21375">[11]</a> 1 killed (3 Dec.),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.hawarnews.com/tr/mobile/?title=isgalcilerin-sihalari-rejim-askerlerinin-aracini-vurdu-bir-asker-oldu&page=haber&ID=21411">[12]</a> total of 25 reported killed </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/analysis/analysis-turkey-s-strategy-of-multiple-priority-in-its-war-on-terror/1690260">"ANALYSIS – Turkey's Strategy of Multiple Priority in its war on terror"</a>. aa.com.tr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aa.com.tr&rft.atitle=ANALYSIS+%E2%80%93+Turkey%27s+Strategy+of+Multiple+Priority+in+its+war+on+terror&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fanalysis%2Fanalysis-turkey-s-strategy-of-multiple-priority-in-its-war-on-terror%2F1690260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-About_10-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-About_10_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_10_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=143248">"About 10 citizens were killed or injured due to rocket shelling carried out by the forces of "Jarabulus Military Council" on the city of Jarabulus north-east of Aleppo"</a>. 10 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+10+citizens+were+killed+or+injured+due+to+rocket+shelling+carried+out+by+the+forces+of+%22Jarabulus+Military+Council%22+on+the+city+of+Jarabulus+north-east+of+Aleppo&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D143248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/car-bomb-in-syrian-border-town-tal-abyad-kills-13-today-2019-11-02/">"Car bomb in Syrian border town kills 13"</a>. cbsnews.com. 2 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=Car+bomb+in+Syrian+border+town+kills+13&rft.date=2019-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fcar-bomb-in-syrian-border-town-tal-abyad-kills-13-today-2019-11-02%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/car-bomb-attack-kills-at-least-eight-civilians-in-syria-s-tal-abyad-31269">"Car bomb attack kills at least eight civilians in Syria's Tal Abyad"</a>.</cite><span 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Sincerely, Donald Trump</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Trump+warned+Erdogan+in+letter%3A+%27Don%27t+be+a+tough+guy%27+or+%27a+fool%27&rft.date=2019-10-16&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-syria-security-trump-erdogan-idUKKBN1WV2QS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediaite.com/trump/trumps-dont-be-a-fool-letter-to-erdogan-comes-out-completely-baffling-twitter-this-cant-be-real/">"Trump's 'Don't Be a Fool!' 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October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SETA&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Uniting+the+Syrian+Opposition+%E2%80%93+The+Components+of+the+National+Army+and+the+Implications+of+the+Unification&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsetav.org%2Fen%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F10%2FA54En.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=143264">"Renewed clashes between the Kurdish forces and pro-Turkey factions in the north-eastern parts of Aleppo countryside • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. 10 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renewed+clashes+between+the+Kurdish+forces+and+pro-Turkey+factions+in+the+north-eastern+parts+of+Aleppo+countryside+%E2%80%A2+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D143264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haberler.com/tsk-tel-erkam-koyune-yakin-baglanti-yolunu-kontrol-12512974-haberi/">"- TSK, Tel Erkam Köyüne Yakın Bağlantı Yolunu Kontrol Altına Aldı- Tabatin ve Al-mushrifah Köyleri..."</a> Haberler.com. 10 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haberler.com&rft.atitle=-+TSK%2C+Tel+Erkam+K%C3%B6y%C3%BCne+Yak%C4%B1n+Ba%C4%9Flant%C4%B1+Yolunu+Kontrol+Alt%C4%B1na+Ald%C4%B1-+Tabatin+ve+Al-mushrifah+K%C3%B6yleri...&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haberler.com%2Ftsk-tel-erkam-koyune-yakin-baglanti-yolunu-kontrol-12512974-haberi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaynagi-1-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaynagi-1_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarisKaynagi_sy2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">@BarisKaynagi_sy (10 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/BarisKaynagi_sy/status/1182328901659500544"><bdi lang="ar">قوات الجيش الوطني تحرر قريتي مشرفة الحاوي و برزان ومزرعتي حاج علي وبني مشهور شرق مدينة تل ابيض بعد دحر عصابات PKK/PYD الإرهابية ضمن عملية نبع السلام.</bdi></a> [The National Army forces liberate the villages of Mishrifah Al-Hawi, Barzan and Haj Ali and Bani Mashhour farms east of Tall Abyad city after the PKK / PYD terrorist gangs were defeated in Operation Spring of Peace.] (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B1+%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A+%D9%88+%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%8A+%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82+%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D9%84+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6+%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF+%D8%AF%D8%AD%D8%B1+%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA+PKK%2FPYD+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85.&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft.au=BarisKaynagi_sy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FBarisKaynagi_sy%2Fstatus%2F1182328901659500544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408094945/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/trump-says-jihadists-will-be-escaping-to-europe-in-potential-jailbreak/">"Trump says jihadists 'will be escaping to Europe' in potential jailbreak"</a>. 10 October 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/trump-says-jihadists-will-be-escaping-to-europe-in-potential-jailbreak/">the original</a> on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trump+says+jihadists+%27will+be+escaping+to+Europe%27+in+potential+jailbreak&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasdarnews.com%2Farticle%2Ftrump-says-jihadists-will-be-escaping-to-europe-in-potential-jailbreak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/hain-saldiri-bir-aci-haber-daha-7-sehit-85-yarali-41348374">"Hain saldırı... Bir acı haber daha: 7 şehit, 85 yaralı"</a>. hurriyet.com.tr. 11 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hurriyet.com.tr&rft.atitle=Hain+sald%C4%B1r%C4%B1...+Bir+ac%C4%B1+haber+daha%3A+7+%C5%9Fehit%2C+85+yaral%C4%B1&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyet.com.tr%2Fgundem%2Fhain-saldiri-bir-aci-haber-daha-7-sehit-85-yarali-41348374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174YPG-141"><a href="#cite_ref-174YPG_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/war-on-terror/2019/10/10/5-ypg-terrorists-neutralized-near-syrias-qamishli">"228 YPG terrorists neutralized in Turkey's Operation Peace Spring"</a>. DailySabah. 10 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailySabah&rft.atitle=228+YPG+terrorists+neutralized+in+Turkey%27s+Operation+Peace+Spring&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Fwar-on-terror%2F2019%2F10%2F10%2F5-ypg-terrorists-neutralized-near-syrias-qamishli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/erdogan-syria-turkey-kurds-europe-refugees-invasion-sdf-latest-middle-east-a9150271.html">"Erdogan threatens to flood Europe with 3.6 million refugees if EU calls Turkish operation in Syria an 'invasion'"</a>. 10 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191010140714/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/erdogan-syria-turkey-kurds-europe-refugees-invasion-sdf-latest-middle-east-a9150271.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Erdogan+threatens+to+flood+Europe+with+3.6+million+refugees+if+EU+calls+Turkish+operation+in+Syria+an+%27invasion%27&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Ferdogan-syria-turkey-kurds-europe-refugees-invasion-sdf-latest-middle-east-a9150271.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/109-terrorists-killed-in-turkish-offensive-in-syria-says-erdogan-1.4046183">"109 'terrorists' killed in Turkish offensive in Syria, says Erdogan"</a>. The Irish Times. 10 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=109+%27terrorists%27+killed+in+Turkish+offensive+in+Syria%2C+says+Erdogan&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2F109-terrorists-killed-in-turkish-offensive-in-syria-says-erdogan-1.4046183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallKingsley2019" class="citation news cs1">Gall, Carlotta; Kingsley, Patrick (10 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/10/world/middleeast/syria-turkey-offensive.html">"Shells Fired into Turkey as Syria Offensive Extends into 2nd Day"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Shells+Fired+into+Turkey+as+Syria+Offensive+Extends+into+2nd+Day&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft.aulast=Gall&rft.aufirst=Carlotta&rft.au=Kingsley%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F10%2F10%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-turkey-offensive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apnews.com/8500277b239b4acab805e5e2bdb43938">"Turkey presses Syrian assault as thousands flee the fighting"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 10 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Turkey+presses+Syrian+assault+as+thousands+flee+the+fighting&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apnews.com%2F8500277b239b4acab805e5e2bdb43938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Washington_Post-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Washington_Post_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Washington_Post_146-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191012065202/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/the-latest-trump-doubts-public-wants-us-involved-in-syria/2019/10/10/2c12096a-ebd6-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html">"The Latest"</a>. The Washington Post. 11 October 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/the-latest-trump-doubts-public-wants-us-involved-in-syria/2019/10/10/2c12096a-ebd6-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html">the original</a> on 12 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Latest&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fthe-latest-trump-doubts-public-wants-us-involved-in-syria%2F2019%2F10%2F10%2F2c12096a-ebd6-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yenisafak.com/dunya/ypg-pkk-gazetecilerin-oldugu-restorana-ates-acti-2-gazeteci-yaralandi-3509980">"YPG/PKK gazetecilerin olduğu restorana ateş açtı: 2 gazeteci yaralandı"</a>. Yeni Şafak. 11 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yeni+%C5%9Eafak&rft.atitle=YPG%2FPKK+gazetecilerin+oldu%C4%9Fu+restorana+ate%C5%9F+a%C3%A7t%C4%B1%3A+2+gazeteci+yaraland%C4%B1&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yenisafak.com%2Fdunya%2Fypg-pkk-gazetecilerin-oldugu-restorana-ates-acti-2-gazeteci-yaralandi-3509980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/ypgnin-suruca-saldirisinda-sivil-sehit-sayisi-3e-yukseldi">"YPG'nin Suruç'a saldırısında sivil şehit sayısı 3'e yükseldi"</a>. 12 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YPG%27nin+Suru%C3%A7%27a+sald%C4%B1r%C4%B1s%C4%B1nda+sivil+%C5%9Fehit+say%C4%B1s%C4%B1+3%27e+y%C3%BCkseldi&rft.date=2019-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnturk.com%2Fturkiye%2Fypgnin-suruca-saldirisinda-sivil-sehit-sayisi-3e-yukseldi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-149"><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/son-dakika-teror-orgutu-ypgden-havanli-saldiri-suructa-2-kisi-hayatini-kaybetti">"Son dakika... Terör örgütü YPG'den sivillere alçak saldırı: İki ilçemizde şehit ve yaralılar var"</a>. CNN Türk. 12 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN+T%C3%BCrk&rft.atitle=Son+dakika...+Ter%C3%B6r+%C3%B6rg%C3%BCt%C3%BC+YPG%27den+sivillere+al%C3%A7ak+sald%C4%B1r%C4%B1%3A+%C4%B0ki+il%C3%A7emizde+%C5%9Fehit+ve+yaral%C4%B1lar+var&rft.date=2019-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnturk.com%2Fturkiye%2Fson-dakika-teror-orgutu-ypgden-havanli-saldiri-suructa-2-kisi-hayatini-kaybetti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mynet.com/baris-pinari-harekati-nda-ayn-el-arab-daki-teror-hedefleri-top-atislari-ile-vuruldu-110105987683">"Barış Pınarı Harekatı'nda Ayn El Arab'daki terör hedefleri, top atışları ile vuruldu"</a>. Mynet Haber. 11 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mynet+Haber&rft.atitle=Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F+P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1+Harekat%C4%B1%27nda+Ayn+El+Arab%27daki+ter%C3%B6r+hedefleri%2C+top+at%C4%B1%C5%9Flar%C4%B1+ile+vuruldu&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mynet.com%2Fbaris-pinari-harekati-nda-ayn-el-arab-daki-teror-hedefleri-top-atislari-ile-vuruldu-110105987683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.f5haber.com/nusaybine-havan-saldirisi-2-sehit-videogaleri-5187275">"Nusaybin'e havan saldırısı: 2 şehit"</a>. 11 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nusaybin%27e+havan+sald%C4%B1r%C4%B1s%C4%B1%3A+2+%C5%9Fehit&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.f5haber.com%2Fnusaybine-havan-saldirisi-2-sehit-videogaleri-5187275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/baris-pinari-harekati/ypg-pkkdan-sivillere-havanli-saldiri-8-sehit/1610528">"Nusaybin'de sivillere havanlı saldırı: 8 şehit"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nusaybin%27de+sivillere+havanl%C4%B1+sald%C4%B1r%C4%B1%3A+8+%C5%9Fehit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Ftr%2Fbaris-pinari-harekati%2Fypg-pkkdan-sivillere-havanli-saldiri-8-sehit%2F1610528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-turkey-nusaybin/eight-killed-in-turkish-border-town-in-ypg-attack-governors-office-idUSKBN1WQ2DP">"Eight killed in Turkish border town in YPG attack: Governor's office"</a>. Reuters. 11 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Eight+killed+in+Turkish+border+town+in+YPG+attack%3A+Governor%27s+office&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-security-turkey-nusaybin%2Feight-killed-in-turkish-border-town-in-ypg-attack-governors-office-idUSKBN1WQ2DP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=143514">"Turkish Forces killed 7 civilians as they try to escape the fire, and continued their attacks on Tal Abyad and Ras al-Ayn with large land and air support • the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights"</a>. 11 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+Forces+killed+7+civilians+as+they+try+to+escape+the+fire%2C+and+continued+their+attacks+on+Tal+Abyad+and+Ras+al-Ayn+with+large+land+and+air+support+%E2%80%A2+the+Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D143514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-399neutralized-155"><a href="#cite_ref-399neutralized_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/399-terrorists-neutralized-by-turkeys-anti-terror-op/1610954">"399 terrorists neutralized by Turkey's anti-terror op"</a>. aa.com.tr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aa.com.tr&rft.atitle=399+terrorists+neutralized+by+Turkey%27s+anti-terror+op&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fmiddle-east%2F399-terrorists-neutralized-by-turkeys-anti-terror-op%2F1610954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaynagi-2-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaynagi-2_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarisKaynagi_sy2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">@BarisKaynagi_sy (11 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/BarisKaynagi_sy/status/1182680864196616198"><bdi lang="ar">قوات الجيش الوطني تحرر قرية حلاوة جنوب شرق مدينة تل ابيض بعد دحر عصابات PKK/PYD الإرهابية ضمن عملية نبع السلام.</bdi></a> [The National Army forces liberate the village of Halawa, southeast of the city of Tal Abyad, after the PKK / PYD terrorist gangs were defeated in Operation Spring of Peace.] (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B1+%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A9+%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8+%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82+%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D9%84+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6+%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF+%D8%AF%D8%AD%D8%B1+%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA+PKK%2FPYD+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85.&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft.au=BarisKaynagi_sy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FBarisKaynagi_sy%2Fstatus%2F1182680864196616198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/suriye-milli-ordusu-tel-halef-koyundeki-teror-orgutu-pacavralarini-indirdi-435357.html">"Suriye Milli Ordusu Tel Halef köyündeki terör örgütü paçavralarını indirdi"</a> [Syrian National Army lowered the rags of terrorist organization in Tel Khalef village]. TRT Haber (in Turkish). 11 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TRT+Haber&rft.atitle=Suriye+Milli+Ordusu+Tel+Halef+k%C3%B6y%C3%BCndeki+ter%C3%B6r+%C3%B6rg%C3%BCt%C3%BC+pa%C3%A7avralar%C4%B1n%C4%B1+indirdi&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trthaber.com%2Fhaber%2Fdunya%2Fsuriye-milli-ordusu-tel-halef-koyundeki-teror-orgutu-pacavralarini-indirdi-435357.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanchez2019" class="citation news cs1">Sanchez, Raf (11 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/10/11/us-shifts-towards-erdogans-stance-kurish-fighters-terrorism/">"Dispatch: Anger on Turkish border as conflict reveals contradiction at the heart of Western Syria policy"</a>. The Telegraph. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/10/11/us-shifts-towards-erdogans-stance-kurish-fighters-terrorism/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Dispatch%3A+Anger+on+Turkish+border+as+conflict+reveals+contradiction+at+the+heart+of+Western+Syria+policy&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Sanchez&rft.aufirst=Raf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2019%2F10%2F11%2Fus-shifts-towards-erdogans-stance-kurish-fighters-terrorism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorLaPortaJamali2019" class="citation news cs1">O'Connor, Tom; LaPorta, James; Jamali, Naveed (11 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/us-troops-syria-turkey-1464727">"EXCLUSIVE: TURKEY ATTACKS US SPECIAL FORCES IN SYRIA, APPARENTLY BY MISTAKE"</a>. Newsweek. Retrieved 11 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=EXCLUSIVE%3A+TURKEY+ATTACKS+US+SPECIAL+FORCES+IN+SYRIA%2C+APPARENTLY+BY+MISTAKE&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=LaPorta%2C+James&rft.au=Jamali%2C+Naveed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fus-troops-syria-turkey-1464727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamothe2019" class="citation news cs1">Lamothe, Dan (12 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2019/10/12/us-forces-say-turkey-was-deliberately-bracketing-american-forces-with-artillery-fire-syria/">"U.S. forces say Turkey was deliberately 'bracketing' American troops with artillery fire in Syria"</a>. Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.S.+forces+say+Turkey+was+deliberately+%27bracketing%27+American+troops+with+artillery+fire+in+Syria&rft.date=2019-10-12&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Lamothe&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational-security%2F2019%2F10%2F12%2Fus-forces-say-turkey-was-deliberately-bracketing-american-forces-with-artillery-fire-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://odatv.com/tsk-abd-gozlem-noktasini-vurdu-mu-11101946.html">"TSK ABD gözlem noktasını vurdu mu"</a>. 11 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TSK+ABD+g%C3%B6zlem+noktas%C4%B1n%C4%B1+vurdu+mu&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fodatv.com%2Ftsk-abd-gozlem-noktasini-vurdu-mu-11101946.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50020829">"Turkey Syria offensive: 100,000 flee homes as assault continues"</a>. BBC News. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Turkey+Syria+offensive%3A+100%2C000+flee+homes+as+assault+continues&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-50020829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=143650">"The areas of Ras Al-Ayn, Tal Abyad, Al-Darbasiyyah and Al-Qamishli witness violent clashes and intense ground shelling"</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=The+areas+of+Ras+Al-Ayn%2C+Tal+Abyad%2C+Al-Darbasiyyah+and+Al-Qamishli+witness+violent+clashes+and+intense+ground+shelling&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D143650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=143651">"Information about the killing and injury of 12 members of the Turkish Border Guard Forces in clashes against the SDF at the border strip in the area of Ayn Al-Arab (Kobani)"</a>. Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Information+about+the+killing+and+injury+of+12+members+of+the+Turkish+Border+Guard+Forces+in+clashes+against+the+SDF+at+the+border+strip+in+the+area+of+Ayn+Al-Arab+%28Kobani%29&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D143651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2019/10/12/suriye-milli-ordusu-askerleri-stratejik-m4-kara-yoluna-ulasti">"SON DAKİKA! Barış Pınarı Harekatı'nda çok önemli gelişme! Stratejik noktaya ulaşıldı"</a>. Sabah.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sabah&rft.atitle=SON+DAK%C4%B0KA%21+Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F+P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1+Harekat%C4%B1%27nda+%C3%A7ok+%C3%B6nemli+geli%C5%9Fme%21+Stratejik+noktaya+ula%C5%9F%C4%B1ld%C4%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabah.com.tr%2Fgundem%2F2019%2F10%2F12%2Fsuriye-milli-ordusu-askerleri-stratejik-m4-kara-yoluna-ulasti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2019/10/12/suriye-milli-ordusu-acikladi-18-koy-pkkdan-temizlendi">"Son dakika haberi: MSB duyurdu! Rasulayn kontrol altına alındı"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Son+dakika+haberi%3A+MSB+duyurdu%21+Rasulayn+kontrol+alt%C4%B1na+al%C4%B1nd%C4%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabah.com.tr%2Fgundem%2F2019%2F10%2F12%2Fsuriye-milli-ordusu-acikladi-18-koy-pkkdan-temizlendi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aksam.com.tr/foto-galeri/guncel/bakan-soylu-acikladi-mardine-300e-yakin-havan-mermisi-dustu/56136/">"Bakan Soylu açıkladı! 'Mardin'e 300'e yakın havan mermisi düştü' – Akşam"</a>. aksam.com.tr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aksam.com.tr&rft.atitle=Bakan+Soylu+a%C3%A7%C4%B1klad%C4%B1%21+%27Mardin%27e+300%27e+yak%C4%B1n+havan+mermisi+d%C3%BC%C5%9Ft%C3%BC%27+%E2%80%93+Ak%C5%9Fam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aksam.com.tr%2Ffoto-galeri%2Fguncel%2Fbakan-soylu-acikladi-mardine-300e-yakin-havan-mermisi-dustu%2F56136%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeturk.com/suriye-milli-ordusu-resulayn-i-kontrol-altina-aldi/haber-1244146">"Suriye Milli Ordusu, Resulayn'ı kontrol altına aldı"</a>. Timeturk.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Timeturk.com&rft.atitle=Suriye+Milli+Ordusu%2C+Resulayn%27%C4%B1+kontrol+alt%C4%B1na+ald%C4%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeturk.com%2Fsuriye-milli-ordusu-resulayn-i-kontrol-altina-aldi%2Fhaber-1244146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sabah.com.tr/webtv/turkiye/resulaynda-kontrol-ele-gecirildi-iste-ypgnin-elindeki-abd-zirhlilari">"Resulayn'da kontrol ele geçirildi! İşte YPG'nin elindeki ABD zırhlıları!"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resulayn%27da+kontrol+ele+ge%C3%A7irildi%21+%C4%B0%C5%9Fte+YPG%27nin+elindeki+ABD+z%C4%B1rhl%C4%B1lar%C4%B1%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabah.com.tr%2Fwebtv%2Fturkiye%2Fresulaynda-kontrol-ele-gecirildi-iste-ypgnin-elindeki-abd-zirhlilari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFERSİN_ÇAKSURUKEN_CEMAL2019" class="citation news cs1">ERSİN ÇAKSU; RUKEN CEMAL (12 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/sdf-serekaniye-commander-amude-the-city-is-under-our-control-38323">"SDF Serêkaniyê commander Amude: The city is under our control"</a>. ANF News. Retrieved 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ANF+News&rft.atitle=SDF+Ser%C3%AAkaniy%C3%AA+commander+Amude%3A+The+city+is+under+our+control&rft.date=2019-10-12&rft.au=ERS%C4%B0N+%C3%87AKSU&rft.au=RUKEN+CEMAL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanfenglishmobile.com%2Frojava-syria%2Fsdf-serekaniye-commander-amude-the-city-is-under-our-control-38323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial_Staff2019" class="citation news cs1">Editorial Staff (12 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ekurd.net/syrian-kurds-deny-turkey-2019-10-12">"Syrian Kurds deny Turkey has taken battleground border Serêkaniyê town"</a>. Ekurd.net. 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Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Turkish-led+forces+film+themselves+executing+a+Kurdish+captive+in+Syria&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft.aulast=Sly&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fturkish-led-forces-film-themselves-executing-a-kurdish-captive-in-syria%2F2019%2F10%2F13%2F22e11198-ed9c-11e9-89eb-ec56cd414732_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoanne_Stocker2019" class="citation web cs1">Joanne Stocker, Joanne (13 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedefensepost.com/2019/10/13/turkey-backed-syrian-rebels-kill-kurdish-politician-execute-prisoners/">"Turkey-backed Syrian rebels kill Kurdish politician, execute prisoners"</a>. The Defense Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Defense+Post&rft.atitle=Turkey-backed+Syrian+rebels+kill+Kurdish+politician%2C+execute+prisoners&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft.aulast=Joanne+Stocker&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthedefensepost.com%2F2019%2F10%2F13%2Fturkey-backed-syrian-rebels-kill-kurdish-politician-execute-prisoners%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inquisitr.com/5689562/donald-trump-golfed-turkey-executed-kurd-hevrin-khalaf/">"As Donald Trump Golfed Saturday, Turkey Said It 'Neutralized' Kurd Leader Hevrin Khalaf, Executed on Roadside"</a>. 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The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. 13 October 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=The+Turkish+forces+and+factions+loyal+to+them+achieve+a+new+advancement+in+Al-Raqqah+countryside+and+take+the+control+of+large+spaces+of+Sluk+town+under+a+cover+of+heavy+firepower+%E2%80%A2+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D143799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/?p=341789"><bdi lang="ar">مع اقتراب الاشتباكات من مخيم عين عيسى.. مخاوف كبيرة لدى آلاف النازحين في المخيم.. وعوائل من تنظيم "الدولة الإسلامية" تفر منه .. والطائرات التركية تقصف قرى واقعة في محيطه • المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان</bdi></a> (in Arabic). Syria Observatory on Human Rights. 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%85+%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%89..+%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%81+%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%89+%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%85..+%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85+%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9%22+%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87+..+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%81+%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%89+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%87+%E2%80%A2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.pub=Syria+Observatory+on+Human+Rights&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2F%3Fp%3D341789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=143796">"The SDF regain the control of Ras Al-Ayn city almost completely after a counter attack in which 17 members of the pro-Turkey factions were killed • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. 13 October 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=The+SDF+regain+the+control+of+Ras+Al-Ayn+city+almost+completely+after+a+counter+attack+in+which+17+members+of+the+pro-Turkey+factions+were+killed+%E2%80%A2+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D143796&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013092542/https://www.dirilispostasi.com/gundem/suriye-milli-ordusu-tel-abyad-merkezine-girdi">"Suriye Milli Ordusu Tel Abyad merkezine girdi"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dirilispostasi.com/gundem/suriye-milli-ordusu-tel-abyad-merkezine-girdi">the original</a> on 13 October 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suriye+Milli+Ordusu+Tel+Abyad+merkezine+girdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dirilispostasi.com%2Fgundem%2Fsuriye-milli-ordusu-tel-abyad-merkezine-girdi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_184-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/?p=342020"><bdi lang="ar">القوات التركية والفصائل الموالية لها تسيطر على مساحة نحو 220 كلم مربع عند الشريط الحدودي منذ انطلاق العملية العسكرية شرق الفرات • المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان</bdi></a> (in Arabic). Syria Observatory on Human Rights. 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7+%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9+%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88+220+%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85+%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9+%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B0+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%E2%80%A2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.pub=Syria+Observatory+on+Human+Rights&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2F%3Fp%3D342020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-turkey-town-idUSKBN1WS0DL">"Turkish army, Syrian allies enter Tell Abyad, situation calm: Reuters witness"</a>. Reuters. 13 October 2019 – via reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Turkish+army%2C+Syrian+allies+enter+Tell+Abyad%2C+situation+calm%3A+Reuters+witness&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-security-turkey-town-idUSKBN1WS0DL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/?p=341870"><bdi lang="ar">بغطاء جوي وبري مكثف.. القوات التركية والفصائل تحرز تقدمات جديدة في محوري رأس العين وتل أبيض ومعارك عنيفة يشهدها اتستراد الـ (M4) • المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان</bdi></a> (in Arabic). Syria Observatory on Human Rights. 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A+%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AB%D9%81..+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84+%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B2+%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84+%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6+%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83+%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9+%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80+%28M4%29+%E2%80%A2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.pub=Syria+Observatory+on+Human+Rights&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2F%3Fp%3D341870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.takvim.com.tr/guncel/2019/10/13/ypg-sivillere-fuzeyle-saldirdi-2-sehit">"YPG sivillere füzeyle saldırdı: 2 şehit!"</a>. takvim.com.tr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=takvim.com.tr&rft.atitle=YPG+sivillere+f%C3%BCzeyle+sald%C4%B1rd%C4%B1%3A+2+%C5%9Fehit%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.takvim.com.tr%2Fguncel%2F2019%2F10%2F13%2Fypg-sivillere-fuzeyle-saldirdi-2-sehit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2019" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, Robert (13 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/131020192">"Almost all suspected ISIS militants' escape Syria camp: SDF"</a>. rudaw.net. 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Lybrand, Holmes; Subramaniam, Tara (14 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/14/politics/donald-trump-turkey-kurds-isis-prisoners-fact-check/index.html">"Fact checking Trump's claim that Kurds are releasing ISIS prisoners on purpose"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Fact+checking+Trump%27s+claim+that+Kurds+are+releasing+ISIS+prisoners+on+purpose&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft.au=Lybrand%2C+Holmes&rft.au=Subramaniam%2C+Tara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F10%2F14%2Fpolitics%2Fdonald-trump-turkey-kurds-isis-prisoners-fact-check%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/syria-turkey-mark-esper-secretary-of-defense-us-preparing-to-evacuate-all-troops-from-northern-syria-face-the-nation/">"U.S. "preparing to evacuate" remaining troops from northern Syria, defense secretary says"</a>. cbsnews.com. 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=U.S.+%22preparing+to+evacuate%22+remaining+troops+from+northern+Syria%2C+defense+secretary+says&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fsyria-turkey-mark-esper-secretary-of-defense-us-preparing-to-evacuate-all-troops-from-northern-syria-face-the-nation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/us-troops-withdraw-from-another-syrian-town-as-turkish-forces-block-supply-lines/2019/10/13/aab5fab8-ec5a-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html">"U. S.-allied Kurds strike deal to bring Assad's Syrian troops back into Kurdish areas"</a>. Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.+S.-allied+Kurds+strike+deal+to+bring+Assad%27s+Syrian+troops+back+into+Kurdish+areas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fus-troops-withdraw-from-another-syrian-town-as-turkish-forces-block-supply-lines%2F2019%2F10%2F13%2Faab5fab8-ec5a-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/gundem/2019/10/13/yasin-aktay-suriye-ordusu-ile-catisma-cikabilir/">"Yasin Aktay: Suriye ordusu ile çatışma çıkabilir"</a>. Gazeteduvar. 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazeteduvar&rft.atitle=Yasin+Aktay%3A+Suriye+ordusu+ile+%C3%A7at%C4%B1%C5%9Fma+%C3%A7%C4%B1kabilir&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazeteduvar.com.tr%2Fgundem%2F2019%2F10%2F13%2Fyasin-aktay-suriye-ordusu-ile-catisma-cikabilir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdi2019" class="citation web cs1">Abdi, Mazloum (13 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/13/kurds-assad-syria-russia-putin-turkey-genocide/">"If We Have to Choose Between Compromise and Genocide, We Will Choose Our People"</a>. Foreign Policy. Retrieved 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=If+We+Have+to+Choose+Between+Compromise+and+Genocide%2C+We+Will+Choose+Our+People&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft.aulast=Abdi&rft.aufirst=Mazloum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2019%2F10%2F13%2Fkurds-assad-syria-russia-putin-turkey-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=143901">"U.S. forces try to hinder the deployment of the Russian force and regime forces in the area separating between Manbij Military Council and the factions of "Euphrates Shield" • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. 14 October 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=U.S.+forces+try+to+hinder+the+deployment+of+the+Russian+force+and+regime+forces+in+the+area+separating+between+Manbij+Military+Council+and+the+factions+of+%22Euphrates+Shield%22+%E2%80%A2+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D143901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=143902">"The Turkish forces try to encircle Ras Al-Ayn city and to cut off the road to Tal Tamr in order to impose their control over the city in the incoming few hours amid intense shelling and fierce battles against the SDF • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. 14 October 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=The+Turkish+forces+try+to+encircle+Ras+Al-Ayn+city+and+to+cut+off+the+road+to+Tal+Tamr+in+order+to+impose+their+control+over+the+city+in+the+incoming+few+hours+amid+intense+shelling+and+fierce+battles+against+the+SDF+%E2%80%A2+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D143902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=143885">"More casualties raise to about 15, the number of people who were killed due to the Turkish airstrikes which targeted the "humanitarian support" convoy in Ras Al-Ayn city • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. 14 October 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=More+casualties+raise+to+about+15%2C+the+number+of+people+who+were+killed+due+to+the+Turkish+airstrikes+which+targeted+the+%22humanitarian+support%22+convoy+in+Ras+Al-Ayn+city+%E2%80%A2+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D143885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=143884">"Violent battles continue in areas in Ras Al-Ayn city and its countryside and in the vicinity of Tal Abyad city in conjunction with heavy ground shelling witnessed in the area • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. 14 October 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Violent+battles+continue+in+areas+in+Ras+Al-Ayn+city+and+its+countryside+and+in+the+vicinity+of+Tal+Abyad+city+in+conjunction+with+heavy+ground+shelling+witnessed+in+the+area+%E2%80%A2+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D143884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=143916">"Turkish bombardment targets Al-Darbasiyyah city in conjunction with ongoing airstrikes and violent battles witnessed in Ras Al-Ayn city • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. 14 October 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Turkish+bombardment+targets+Al-Darbasiyyah+city+in+conjunction+with+ongoing+airstrikes+and+violent+battles+witnessed+in+Ras+Al-Ayn+city+%E2%80%A2+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D143916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_201-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeturk.com/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-munbic-konusunda-kararimizi-verdigimiz-gibi-uygulama-asamasindayiz/haber-1246100">"Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: 'Münbiç konusunda kararımızı verdiğimiz gibi uygulama aşamasındayız'"</a>. Timeturk.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Timeturk.com&rft.atitle=Cumhurba%C5%9Fkan%C4%B1+Erdo%C4%9Fan%3A+%27M%C3%BCnbi%C3%A7+konusunda+karar%C4%B1m%C4%B1z%C4%B1+verdi%C4%9Fimiz+gibi+uygulama+a%C5%9Famas%C4%B1nday%C4%B1z%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeturk.com%2Fcumhurbaskani-erdogan-munbic-konusunda-kararimizi-verdigimiz-gibi-uygulama-asamasindayiz%2Fhaber-1246100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntv.com.tr/video/turkiye/turkiye,MMydStTVWECbFBoRqeb3Og">"Münbiç sınırına takviye güç (Bordo bereliler ve komandolar ilerlemeye başladı)"</a>. NTV.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NTV&rft.atitle=M%C3%BCnbi%C3%A7+s%C4%B1n%C4%B1r%C4%B1na+takviye+g%C3%BC%C3%A7+%28Bordo+bereliler+ve+komandolar+ilerlemeye+ba%C5%9Flad%C4%B1%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntv.com.tr%2Fvideo%2Fturkiye%2Fturkiye%2CMMydStTVWECbFBoRqeb3Og&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArda_Erdoğan_Harun2019" class="citation web cs1">Arda Erdoğan Harun (14 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/milli-savunma-bakani-akar-acikladi-resulayn-ve-tel-abyad-kontrolumuz-altinda-41350428">"Milli Savunma Bakanı Akar açıkladı: Resulayn ve Tel Abyad kontrolümüz altında"</a>. hurriyet.com.tr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hurriyet.com.tr&rft.atitle=Milli+Savunma+Bakan%C4%B1+Akar+a%C3%A7%C4%B1klad%C4%B1%3A+Resulayn+ve+Tel+Abyad+kontrol%C3%BCm%C3%BCz+alt%C4%B1nda&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft.au=Arda+Erdo%C4%9Fan+Harun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyet.com.tr%2Fgundem%2Fmilli-savunma-bakani-akar-acikladi-resulayn-ve-tel-abyad-kontrolumuz-altinda-41350428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-tabqa-idUSKBN1WT11G">"Syrian army deploys to town near Raqqa-state media"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=odatv.com&rft.atitle=Erdo%C4%9Fan%27dan+%22Munbi%C3%A7%27e+rejim+girebilir%22+mesaj%C4%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fodatv.com%2Ferdogandan-munbice-rejim-girebilir-mesaji-15101946.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=144078">"Turkish military operation east Euphrates kills more than 70 civilians so far and forces nearly 300 thousand people to displace from their areas • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. 16 October 2019. 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The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. 16 October 2019. 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Syria Observatory on Human Rights. 16 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%81+%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A+%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AB%D9%81+%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B0%D9%87+%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%8C+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%85%D8%B9+%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83+%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%81+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81+%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%89+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A8+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7+%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%89+%E2%80%A2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.pub=Syria+Observatory+on+Human+Rights&rft.date=2019-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2F%3Fp%3D342402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=144150">"The Turkish forces and their loyal factions carryout a new attack in Ras Al-Ayn city under a cover of heavy and violent aerial and ground bombardment • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. 16 October 2019. 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Time. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5703009/syrian-forces-border-town-turkish-plans/">the original</a> on 17 October 2019. 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Washington Examiner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Examiner&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+Syria+peace+plan%3A+Get+the+Kurds+to+surrender+to+Turkey&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft.aulast=Rogen&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonexaminer.com%2Fopinion%2Ftrumps-syria-peace-plan-get-the-kurds-to-surrender-to-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/leading-democrats-blast-trump-for-syria-truce-agreement/">"Leading Democrats blast Trump over 'sham ceasefire' in Syria"</a>. 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NPR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Pence+Says+Turkey+Has+Agreed+To+Suspend+Its+Incursion+into+Syria&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Merrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2019%2F10%2F17%2F770909360%2Fpence-say-turkey-has-agreed-to-suspend-its-incursion-into-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/?p=342636"><bdi lang="ar">الفصائل الموالية لأنقرة تهاجم قسد في مدينة رأس العين (سري كانييه) بالتزامن مع استهداف القافلة الطبية التي تحاول دخول المدينة لإخلاء الجرحى والمصابين • المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان</bdi></a> (in Arabic). 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CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Kurds+say+Turkey+is+violating+hours-old+%27ceasefire%27+in+northern+Syria&rft.date=2019-10-18&rft.au=Kareem+Khadder%2C+Mohammed+Tawfeeq+and+Eliza+Mackintosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F10%2F18%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-turkey-ceasefire-violations-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto12-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto12_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto12_245-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/syria-turkey-10-19-2019/index.html">"Syria-Turkey ceasefire: Live updates"</a>. 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Hürriyet Daily News. 16 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=YPG%2FPKK+behind+Al-Bab+attack%2C+says+defense+ministry+%E2%80%93+World+News&rft.date=2019-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fypg-pkk-behind-al-bab-attack-says-defense-ministry-148767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/baris-pinari-harekati-bolgesinde-988-eyp-ve-442-mayin-etkisiz-hale-getirildi">"Barış Pınarı Harekatı bölgesinde 988 EYP ve 442 mayın etkisiz hale getirildi"</a>. CNN Türk. 16 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN+T%C3%BCrk&rft.atitle=Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F+P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1+Harekat%C4%B1+b%C3%B6lgesinde+988+EYP+ve+442+may%C4%B1n+etkisiz+hale+getirildi&rft.date=2019-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnturk.com%2Fturkiye%2Fbaris-pinari-harekati-bolgesinde-988-eyp-ve-442-mayin-etkisiz-hale-getirildi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=147472">"Clashes continue between SDF against the Ankara-loyal factions north of Tal Tamr town, in conjunction with anticipation for a Russian patrol to enter the town • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. 16 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clashes+continue+between+SDF+against+the+Ankara-loyal+factions+north+of+Tal+Tamr+town%2C+in+conjunction+with+anticipation+for+a+Russian+patrol+to+enter+the+town+%E2%80%A2+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2019-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D147472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201025232/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/sdf-troops-kill-turkish-backed-militant-commander-in-northern-raqqa/">"SDF troops kill Turkish-backed militant commander in northern Raqqa"</a>. 18 November 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/sdf-troops-kill-turkish-backed-militant-commander-in-northern-raqqa/">the original</a> on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SDF+troops+kill+Turkish-backed+militant+commander+in+northern+Raqqa&rft.date=2019-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasdarnews.com%2Farticle%2Fsdf-troops-kill-turkish-backed-militant-commander-in-northern-raqqa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=147958">"Shrekrak Silos area in Ayn Issa witnesses the continuation of exchange of shelling and clashes between SDF and the Ankara-loyal factions • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. 20 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shrekrak+Silos+area+in+Ayn+Issa+witnesses+the+continuation+of+exchange+of+shelling+and+clashes+between+SDF+and+the+Ankara-loyal+factions+%E2%80%A2+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2019-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D147958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/sdf-reports-ongoing-attacks-against-northern-syria-39543">"SDF reports ongoing attacks against northern Syria"</a>. ANF News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANF+News&rft.atitle=SDF+reports+ongoing+attacks+against+northern+Syria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanfenglishmobile.com%2Frojava-syria%2Fsdf-reports-ongoing-attacks-against-northern-syria-39543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=143803">"Lens of the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights from Ayn Issa Camp:: as clashes approach the camp .. "Asayish" forces abandon the task of protecting the camp to join the fighting .. families of the "Islamic State" organization flee .. and fears among the displaced people • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lens+of+the+Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights+from+Ayn+Issa+Camp%3A%3A+as+clashes+approach+the+camp+..+%22Asayish%22+forces+abandon+the+task+of+protecting+the+camp+to+join+the+fighting+..+families+of+the+%22Islamic+State%22+organization+flee+..+and+fears+among+the+displaced+people+%E2%80%A2+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D143803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=147897">"SDF carry out a violent attack on Shrekrak Silos in the Ayn Issa countryside to recover them from the Ankara-loyal factions • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. 20 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SDF+carry+out+a+violent+attack+on+Shrekrak+Silos+in+the+Ayn+Issa+countryside+to+recover+them+from+the+Ankara-loyal+factions+%E2%80%A2+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2019-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D147897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=148243">"With intensive Turkish air support, the Ankara-loyal factions advance at the expense of SDF and control Ayn Issa camp, the death toll is about 20 so far • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. 23 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=With+intensive+Turkish+air+support%2C+the+Ankara-loyal+factions+advance+at+the+expense+of+SDF+and+control+Ayn+Issa+camp%2C+the+death+toll+is+about+20+so+far+%E2%80%A2+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2019-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D148243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113181523/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-sdf-troops-still-in-full-control-of-ayn-issa/">"Syrian Army, SDF troops still in full control of Ayn Issa"</a>. 24 November 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-sdf-troops-still-in-full-control-of-ayn-issa/">the original</a> on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+Army%2C+SDF+troops+still+in+full+control+of+Ayn+Issa&rft.date=2019-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasdarnews.com%2Farticle%2Fsyrian-army-sdf-troops-still-in-full-control-of-ayn-issa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-335">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_335-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_335-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=148317">"Cautious calm prevails Ayn Issa area north of al-Raqqah in conjunction with the flight of warplanes believed to be Russian • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. 24 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cautious+calm+prevails+Ayn+Issa+area+north+of+al-Raqqah+in+conjunction+with+the+flight+of+warplanes+believed+to+be+Russian+%E2%80%A2+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2019-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D148317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=149064">"The news about handing over "Ayn Issa" to the regime forces is completely false .. and the "Autonomous Administration" transfers its headquarters for being considered an area of clash • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. 1 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+news+about+handing+over+%22Ayn+Issa%22+to+the+regime+forces+is+completely+false+..+and+the+%22Autonomous+Administration%22+transfers+its+headquarters+for+being+considered+an+area+of+clash+%E2%80%A2+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D149064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://odatv.com/tel-abyadda-bombali-saldiri-23111938.html">"PKK'nın yeni stratejisi ne"</a>. odatv.com. 23 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=odatv.com&rft.atitle=PKK%27n%C4%B1n+yeni+stratejisi+ne&rft.date=2019-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fodatv.com%2Ftel-abyadda-bombali-saldiri-23111938.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/2005046/syria-car-bomb-kills-9-tal-abyad">"Syria: Car Bomb Kills 9 in Tal Abyad"</a>. 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Now they're leaving us to our fate"</a>. Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=We+fought+ISIS+side+by+side+with+the+Americans.+Now+they%27re+leaving+us+to+our+fate.&rft.date=2019-10-09&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+Ilham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2F2019%2F10%2F09%2Fwe-fought-isis-side-by-side-with-americans-now-theyre-leaving-us-our-fate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ar-100-378">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ar-100_378-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ar-100_378-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/1573321/middle-east">"More than 100 Daesh prisoners have escaped in Syria: US envoy"</a>. 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Voice of America.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Concerns+Persist+About+Fate+of+Captured+Islamic+State&rft.date=2019-10-24&rft.aulast=Jeff+Seldin&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fmiddle-east%2Fconcerns-persist-about-fate-captured-islamic-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByman2019" class="citation web cs1">Byman, Daniel L. (29 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2019/10/29/5-lessons-from-the-death-of-baghdadi/">"5 lessons from the death of Baghdadi"</a>. 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Foreign Policy. <q>Trump waded into the information war on Monday, tweeting that the "Kurds may be releasing some [Islamic State prisoners] to get us involved"—an accusation that U.S. officials said is baseless. "That has enraged our forces in Syria", the senior U.S. administration official said. "Kurds are still defending our bases. Incredibly reckless and dishonest thing to say". Another U.S. official said the SDF has not abandoned the prisons—in fact, the group has moved some detainees to facilities further south.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Turkish-Backed+Forces+Are+Freeing+Islamic+State+Prisoners&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft.aulast=Seligman&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2019%2F10%2F14%2Fturkish-backed-forces-freeing-islamic-state-prisoners-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne2019" class="citation web cs1">Browne, Ryan (14 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/syria-turkey-10-14-2019/h_ec180e120e43f7b0900fb292bf6d3179">"Senior US defense official: Trump is "falsely claiming that the SDF Kurds are letting ISIS prisoners out""</a>. CNN. <q>President Trump is "falsely claiming that the SDF Kurds are letting ISIS prisoners out of prison," a senior US defense official told CNN, referencing the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Senior+US+defense+official%3A+Trump+is+%22falsely+claiming+that+the+SDF+Kurds+are+letting+ISIS+prisoners+out%22&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Fmiddleeast%2Flive-news%2Fsyria-turkey-10-14-2019%2Fh_ec180e120e43f7b0900fb292bf6d3179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeligman2019" class="citation web cs1">Seligman, Lara (14 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/14/turkish-backed-forces-freeing-islamic-state-prisoners-syria/">"Turkish-Backed Forces Are Freeing Islamic State Prisoners"</a>. Foreign Policy. <q>The FSA, also known as the Turkey-supported opposition (TSO) [...] In addition to killing unarmed civilians, as Turkey captures territory from the SDF, the TSO is deliberately releasing Islamic State detainees previously held by the Kurdish fighters, U.S. officials say.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Turkish-Backed+Forces+Are+Freeing+Islamic+State+Prisoners&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft.aulast=Seligman&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2019%2F10%2F14%2Fturkish-backed-forces-freeing-islamic-state-prisoners-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaltiwanger2019" class="citation web cs1">Haltiwanger, John (14 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/contradicting-trump-us-officials-turkey-backed-forces-released-isis-2019-10/">"Trump suggested the Kurds were releasing ISIS prisoners, but US officials say Turkish-backed forces are actually doing this"</a>. Business Insider. <q>The Free Syrian Army, a group of Arab militants in Syria backed by Turkey, is reported to be deliberately releasing ISIS detainees amid a Turkish military operation targeting the Kurds in northeast Syria. 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Bethan McKernan (15 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/14/trump-asks-turkey-for-ceasefire-in-syria-as-violence-spirals-out-of-control">"Donald Trump asks Turkey for ceasefire and orders sanctions as violence escalates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112030426/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/14/trump-asks-turkey-for-ceasefire-in-syria-as-violence-spirals-out-of-control">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020 – via theguardian.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+asks+Turkey+for+ceasefire+and+orders+sanctions+as+violence+escalates&rft.date=2019-10-15&rft.au=David+Smith&rft.au=Bethan+McKernan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Foct%2F14%2Ftrump-asks-turkey-for-ceasefire-in-syria-as-violence-spirals-out-of-control&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliot_Engel2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Engel" title="Eliot Engel">Eliot Engel</a> (15 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-joint-resolution/77/text">"Text: H.J.Res.77 — 116th Congress (2019–2020): Opposing the decision to end certain United States efforts to prevent Turkish military operations against Syrian Kurdish forces in Northeast Syria"</a>. congress.gov. <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201207044717/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-joint-resolution/77/text">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020. <q>Whereas an abrupt withdrawal of United States military personnel from certain parts of Northeast Syria is beneficial to adversaries of the United States government, including Syria, Iran, and Russia: Now, therefore, be it Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That Congress— (1) opposes the decision to end certain United States efforts to prevent Turkish military operations against Syrian Kurdish forces in Northeast Syria; (2) calls on Turkish President Erdogan to immediately cease unilateral military action in Northeast Syria and to respect existing agreements relating to Syria; (3) calls on the United States to continue supporting Syrian Kurdish communities through humanitarian support, including to those displaced or otherwise affected by ongoing violence in Syria; (4) calls on the United States to work to ensure that the Turkish military acts with restraint and respects existing agreements relating to Syria; and (5) calls on the White House to present a clear and specific plan for the enduring defeat of ISIS.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=congress.gov&rft.atitle=Text%3A+H.J.Res.77+%E2%80%94+116th+Congress+%282019%E2%80%932020%29%3A+Opposing+the+decision+to+end+certain+United+States+efforts+to+prevent+Turkish+military+operations+against+Syrian+Kurdish+forces+in+Northeast+Syria.&rft.date=2019-10-15&rft.au=Eliot+Engel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F116th-congress%2Fhouse-joint-resolution%2F77%2Ftext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50091305">"Turkey to suspend Syria offensive after US meeting"</a>. bbc.com. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 18 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201118004444/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50091305">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bbc.com&rft.atitle=Turkey+to+suspend+Syria+offensive+after+US+meeting&rft.date=2019-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-50091305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/296/text">"Text – H.Res.296 – 116th Congress (2019–2020): Affirming the United States record on the Armenian genocide"</a>. congress.gov. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. 29 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211071437/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/296/text">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020. <q>Resolved, That it is the sense of the House of Representatives that it is the policy of the United States to— (1) commemorate the Armenian genocide through official recognition and remembrance; (2) reject efforts to enlist, engage, or otherwise associate the United States Government with denial of the Armenian genocide or any other genocide; and (3) encourage education and public understanding of the facts of the Armenian genocide, including the United States role in the humanitarian relief effort, and the relevance of the Armenian genocide to modern-day crimes against humanity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=congress.gov&rft.atitle=Text+%E2%80%93+H.Res.296+%E2%80%93+116th+Congress+%282019%E2%80%932020%29%3A+Affirming+the+United+States+record+on+the+Armenian+genocide.&rft.date=2019-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F116th-congress%2Fhouse-resolution%2F296%2Ftext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmondsonGladstone2019" class="citation news cs1">Edmondson, Catie; Gladstone, Rick (29 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/29/us/politics/armenian-genocide-resolution.html">"House Passes Resolution Recognizing Armenian Genocide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201223132224/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/29/us/politics/armenian-genocide-resolution.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=House+Passes+Resolution+Recognizing+Armenian+Genocide&rft.date=2019-10-29&rft.aulast=Edmondson&rft.aufirst=Catie&rft.au=Gladstone%2C+Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F10%2F29%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Farmenian-genocide-resolution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-427"><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwan2019" class="citation news cs1">Swan, Jonathan (25 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/white-house-asked-lindsey-graham-to-block-armenian-genocide-resolution-2019-11">"Lindsey Graham says he blocked a Senate resolution recognizing the Armenian genocide because the White House didn't want to anger Turkey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200913004621/https://www.businessinsider.com/white-house-asked-lindsey-graham-to-block-armenian-genocide-resolution-2019-11">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lindsey+Graham+says+he+blocked+a+Senate+resolution+recognizing+the+Armenian+genocide+because+the+White+House+didn%27t+want+to+anger+Turkey&rft.date=2019-11-25&rft.aulast=Swan&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fwhite-house-asked-lindsey-graham-to-block-armenian-genocide-resolution-2019-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-428"><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-resolution/150/text">"Text – S.Res.150 – 116th Congress (2019–2020): A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate that it is the policy of the United States to commemorate the Armenian genocide through official recognition and remembrance"</a>. congress.gov. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. 12 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041908/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-resolution/150/text">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020. <q>Resolved, That it is the sense of the Senate that it is the policy of the United States— (1) to commemorate the Armenian genocide through official recognition and remembrance; (2) to reject efforts to enlist, engage, or otherwise associate the United States Government with denial of the Armenian genocide or any other genocide; and (3) to encourage education and public understanding of the facts of the Armenian genocide, including the role of the United States in humanitarian relief efforts, and the relevance of the Armenian genocide to modern-day crimes against humanity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=congress.gov&rft.atitle=Text+%E2%80%93+S.Res.150+%E2%80%93+116th+Congress+%282019%E2%80%932020%29%3A+A+resolution+expressing+the+sense+of+the+Senate+that+it+is+the+policy+of+the+United+States+to+commemorate+the+Armenian+genocide+through+official+recognition+and+remembrance.&rft.date=2020-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F116th-congress%2Fsenate-resolution%2F150%2Ftext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsirkinGregorian2019" class="citation news cs1">Tsirkin, Julie; Gregorian, Dareh (12 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/senate-passes-resolution-recognizing-armenian-genocide-n1100886">"Senate passes resolution recognizing Armenian genocide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201214040002/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/senate-passes-resolution-recognizing-armenian-genocide-n1100886">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Senate+passes+resolution+recognizing+Armenian+genocide&rft.date=2019-12-12&rft.aulast=Tsirkin&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft.au=Gregorian%2C+Dareh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcongress%2Fsenate-passes-resolution-recognizing-armenian-genocide-n1100886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-430"><a href="#cite_ref-430">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/us-betrayal-of-kurds-destroys-the-wests-credibility-for-years-to-come-11835611">"US betrayal of Kurds destroys the West's credibility for years to come"</a>. Sky News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=US+betrayal+of+Kurds+destroys+the+West%27s+credibility+for+years+to+come&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fus-betrayal-of-kurds-destroys-the-wests-credibility-for-years-to-come-11835611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-431"><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/trump-syria-move-delivers-blow-credibility-worldwide-191008232132422.html">"Trump's Syria move 'delivers a blow to US credibility worldwide'"</a>. Al Jazeera.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+Syria+move+%27delivers+a+blow+to+US+credibility+worldwide%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F10%2Ftrump-syria-move-delivers-blow-credibility-worldwide-191008232132422.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-432"><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2019" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Roger (19 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/18/opinion/trump-kurds-syria.html">"Trump's Gut, and the Gutting of American Credibility"</a>. 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Newsweek.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=U.S.-Turkey+tensions+raise+fears+over+future+of+nuclear+weapons+near+Syria&rft.date=2019-10-15&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fu-s-turkey-tensions-fears-future-nuclear-weapons-syria-donald-trump-erdogan-1465331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-467"><a href="#cite_ref-467">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/10/turkey-and-nato-troubled-relationship/599890/">"Why is Turkey in NATO Anyway?"</a>. The Atlantic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+is+Turkey+in+NATO+Anyway%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2019%2F10%2Fturkey-and-nato-troubled-relationship%2F599890%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-468"><a href="#cite_ref-468">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/lindsey-graham-warns-turkey-nato-suspension-sanctions-if-kurds-attacked-2019-10">"Lindsey Graham says Congress will call for Turkey to be suspended from NATO and hit it with sanctions if it attacks Kurds"</a>. Business Insider. 7 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lindsey+Graham+says+Congress+will+call+for+Turkey+to+be+suspended+from+NATO+and+hit+it+with+sanctions+if+it+attacks+Kurds&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Flindsey-graham-warns-turkey-nato-suspension-sanctions-if-kurds-attacked-2019-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-469"><a href="#cite_ref-469">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/house/465847-democratic-lawmaker-expelling-turkey-from-nato-should-be-on-the-table">"Democratic lawmaker: Expelling Turkey from NATO 'should be on the table'"</a>. The Hill. 15 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Democratic+lawmaker%3A+Expelling+Turkey+from+NATO+%27should+be+on+the+table%27&rft.date=2019-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fhouse%2F465847-democratic-lawmaker-expelling-turkey-from-nato-should-be-on-the-table&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Russian-forces-enter-former-Islamic-State-stronghold-in-Syria-610347">Russian forces enter former Islamic State stronghold in Syria</a>:Russian troops in Raqqa were handing out humanitarian aid and its military doctors were offering residents medical attention. By Reuters ,9 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedefensepost.com/2019/12/10/syria-russia-raqqa-us-withdraw/">Russian troops enter Syria’s Raqqa, filling void of withdrawing US forces</a>, by Jared Szuba, 10 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-472"><a href="#cite_ref-472">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Russians-in-Raqqa-two-years-after-US-helped-take-city-from-ISIS-610377">Russians near Raqqa two years after US helped take city from ISIS</a> By Seth J. Frantzman, 9 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-473"><a href="#cite_ref-473">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-turkey/erdogan-says-turkey-aims-to-settle-1-million-refugees-in-syria-offensive-area-idUSKBN1YD27R">Erdogan says Turkey aims to settle 1 million refugees in Syria offensive area</a>, reuters, 9 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-foreignpolicy.com-474">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_474-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_474-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/12/09/turkey-resettling-refugees-northeastern-syria/">Turkey Begins Resettling Refugees in Northeastern Syria: Continued reports of atrocities by Turkish-backed forces raise concerns about ethnic cleansing</a>. BY LARA SELIGMAN | 9 DECEMBER 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-shafaaq.com-475">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shafaaq.com_475-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shafaaq.com_475-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shafaaq.com/en/world/erdogan-announces-start-working-to-house-one-million-people-in-northern-syria/">Erdogan announces start working to house one million people in northern Syria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724181315/https://www.shafaaq.com/en/world/erdogan-announces-start-working-to-house-one-million-people-in-northern-syria/">Archived</a> 24 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 9 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto22-476">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto22_476-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto22_476-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/americas-ally-in-syria-warns-of-ethnic-cleansing-by-turkey">"America's Ally in Syria Warns of Ethnic Cleansing by Turkey"</a>. The New Yorker. 20 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=America%27s+Ally+in+Syria+Warns+of+Ethnic+Cleansing+by+Turkey&rft.date=2019-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fq-and-a%2Famericas-ally-in-syria-warns-of-ethnic-cleansing-by-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto8-477">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_477-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_477-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/051220193">Russia has pledged to remove Turkish forces from strategic highway</a>, 05-12-2019 by Karwan Faidhi Dri. </li> <li id="cite_note-rudaw.net-478">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rudaw.net_478-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rudaw.net_478-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/06122019">Turkey appoints mayors in recently invaded northern Syrian towns</a>, 06-12-2019, Karwan Faidhi Dri. </li> <li id="cite_note-479"><a href="#cite_ref-479">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20191209-russia-and-turkey-armies-strike-deal-to-swap-water-for-electricity/">Russia and Turkey armies strike deal to swap water for electricity</a>, 9 December 2019, middleeastmonitor.com </li> <li id="cite_note-480"><a href="#cite_ref-480">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/860c5e68-1e9e-4bb5-a014-6a3505d90ad4">Russians appear to broker deal with Turkey in electricity for water swap in Syria</a>, Wladimir van Wilgenburg Wladimir van Wilgenburg |December 09-2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-481"><a href="#cite_ref-481">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawarnews.com/en/haber/what-is-happening-in-al-shirkark-silos-in-ain-issa-district-h13119.html">What is happening in al-Shirkark silos in Ain Issa district?</a> The Turkish occupation army withdrew from al-Shirkrak silo, according it seems agreement with Russia, while yesterday, the Russian forces headed with the Syrian regime to remove mines in the silos' vicinity, we have no precise information about the forces which will be stationed in the silos. 10 Dec 2019, Tue – 14:38 2019-12-10T14:38:00 AIN ISSA – SHARVIN MUSTAFA. hawarnews.com </li> <li id="cite_note-what_now-482">^ <a href="#cite_ref-what_now_482-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-what_now_482-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/09122019">2 months of Operation Peace Spring: what now?</a> Karwan Faidhi Dri, 10 Dec 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-483"><a href="#cite_ref-483">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/23/life-on-the-front-lines-in-northern-syria/">Life on the Front Lines in Northern Syria</a>; With echoes of shelling from Turkish-allied forces nearby, families sheltering in abandoned villages wonder when they can go home. BY Jade Sacker, 23 November 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-484"><a href="#cite_ref-484">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/world-affairs/article30025808.ece">Syria: Russian helping hand</a>, by JOHN CHERIAN, 6 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-485"><a href="#cite_ref-485">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/12/sdf-woo-syria-kurd-rivals-turkey-assault.html">SDF woos Syrian Kurdish rivals in wake of Turkish assault</a>, Amberin Zaman 4 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-486"><a href="#cite_ref-486">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/10122019">Russia wants Syrian Kurds to unify, clarify their demands of Moscow: Kurdish opposition</a> Karwan Faidhi Dri, 10 Dec 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-487"><a href="#cite_ref-487">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/12/kurds-syria-pyd-national-council-russia-syrian-regime.html">Syria’s Kurdish parties do not see eye to eye</a>, Shivan Ibrahim 9 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-488"><a href="#cite_ref-488">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/interview/09122019">Mustafa Bali: Turkey continues to violate ceasefire deals, targets Kurds</a>, 9 Dec 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-489"><a href="#cite_ref-489">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahvalnews.com/northern-syria/russian-forces-syria-sdf-discuss-phase-two-border-security-deal">Russian forces in Syria, SDF discuss phase two in border security deal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724183004/https://ahvalnews.com/northern-syria/russian-forces-syria-sdf-discuss-phase-two-border-security-deal">Archived</a> 24 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 7 Dec 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-490"><a href="#cite_ref-490">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawarnews.com/en/haber/faisal-azouz-our-goal-is-to-know-regions-project-we-do-not-wish-to-see-any-disagreement-h13091.html">Faisal Azouz: Our goal is to know region's project, we do not wish to see any disagreement</a>. The coordinator of the National Dialogue Follow-up Committee of the Arab Socialist Baath Party, Faisal, indicated that they are looking for ways to find a formula for compatibility between the Autonomous Administration project and Article 107 of the Syrian constitution related to local administrations. 8 Dec 2019, Sun – 13:54 2019-12-08T13:54:00 QAMISHLO_ SHINDA AKRAM – AKRAM BARAKAT. </li> <li id="cite_note-491"><a href="#cite_ref-491">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/2027786/northeast-syria-between-autonomous-local-administrations">Northeast Syria Between Autonomous, Local Administrations</a>, Monday, 9 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-492"><a href="#cite_ref-492">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyprus-mail.com/2019/12/08/syria-the-most-complex-conflict-of-our-time/">Syria: the most complex conflict of our time</a>, By Elias Hazou, 8 December 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-euobserver_nato-493">^ <a href="#cite_ref-euobserver_nato_493-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-euobserver_nato_493-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euobserver.com/foreign/146810">Macron spars with US and Turkey over Nato</a>, By NIKOLAJ NIELSEN BRUSSELS, 4. DEC, euobserver.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-494"><a href="#cite_ref-494">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/columns/yahya_bostan/2019/12/09/exclusive-details-of-erdogans-meeting-with-johnson-merkel-and-macron">Exclusive details of Erdoğan's meeting with Johnson, Merkel and Macron</a>, by Yahya Bostan, dailysabah.com </li> <li id="cite_note-495"><a href="#cite_ref-495">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/12/turkey-united-states-russia-is-erdogan-trojan-horse-in-nato.html">Erdogan in NATO: Russia’s ‘Trojan horse’?</a>, by Cengiz Candar 9 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-496"><a href="#cite_ref-496">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/a-four-way-summit-on-syria-will-be-in-turkey-149498">A four-way summit on Syria will be in Turkey</a>, NewsTurkey 5 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-497"><a href="#cite_ref-497">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/2018801/putin%E2%80%99s-envoy-tells-assad-russia-supports-%E2%80%98recapturing-all-syrian-territories%E2%80%99">Putin’s Envoy Tells Assad Russia Supports ‘Recapturing All Syrian Territories’</a>, Tuesday, 3 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-498"><a href="#cite_ref-498">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/12/intel-russia-change-course-syria.html">Intel: How Russia is changing course in Syria</a>, Maxim A. Suchkov 3 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-499"><a href="#cite_ref-499">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/3928776">Press release on Russian officials’ meeting with President of Syria Bashar al-Assad</a>, 02-12-2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-500"><a href="#cite_ref-500">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/uae-officially-backs-syria-assad-win-1475341">UAE OFFICIALLY BACKS SYRIA'S ASSAD TO WIN WAR</a>, BY TOM O'CONNOR ON 12/3/19. </li> <li id="cite_note-501"><a href="#cite_ref-501">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawarnews.com/en/haber/astana-round-begins-with-a-meeting-between-the-meeting-sponsors-h13118.html">Astana round begins with a meeting between the meeting sponsors</a> The 14th round of the Astana meetings began in the Kazakh capital Nur Sultan on Tuesday morning with a series of meetings of the meeting sponsors (Russia, Turkey and Iran). 10 Dec 2019, Tue – 14:07 2019-12-10T14:07:00 NEWS DESK </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephanie_Grisham2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Grisham" title="Stephanie Grisham">Stephanie Grisham</a> (6 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/statement-press-secretary-85/">"Statement from the [U.S.] Press Secretary: Foreign policy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a> (Read out of 6 October 2019, telephone conversation between Turkish president Erdoğan and U.S. president Trump) – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Statement+from+the+%5BU.S.%5D+Press+Secretary%3A+Foreign+policy&rft.date=2019-10-06&rft.au=Stephanie+Grisham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrumpwhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fbriefings-statements%2Fstatement-press-secretary-85%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2019+Turkish+offensive+into+north-eastern+Syria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCHA" class="mw-redirect" title="OCHA">OCHA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ocha_flash_update_humanitarian_impact_of_military_operation_final.pdf">Syria ǀ Flash Update #1 – Humanitarian impact of military operation in north-eastern Syria (10 October 2019)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syrian_civil_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Overviews" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overviews</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Main overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background and causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerents in the Syrian civil war">Belligerents </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_cities_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Control of cities during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Effects and ongoing concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Phases and processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">Early insurgency phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war">2012–2013 escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires" title="Syrian civil war ceasefires">Ceasefires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">World reaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions to the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Specific groups and countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria">2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Area_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Area in Syria">Kurdish Area in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">U.S. task force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Agreements and dialogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian-Turkish_agreement_on_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AANES%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="AANES–Syria relations">Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Timeline" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Latakia_protests" title="1999 Latakia protests">Latakia protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Damascus Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Declaration" title="Damascus Declaration">Damascus Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Syria_political_history" title="2010s in Syria political history">2010s in Syria political history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2011 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2011)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2011)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war">Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daraa" title="Siege of Daraa">Siege of Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baniyas" title="Siege of Baniyas">Siege of Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Talkalakh_(May_2011)" title="Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)">May Talkalakh siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rastan_and_Talbiseh" title="Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh">Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2011_Jisr_ash-Shughur_clashes" title="June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes">June Jisr ash-Shughur operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hama_(2011)" title="Siege of Hama (2011)">Siege of Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Siege of Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_operation" title="Summer 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya operation">Jabal al-Zawiya operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Latakia" title="Siege of Latakia">Siege of Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)">Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_clashes_(November_2011%E2%80%93March_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012)">Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2012)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2012)">Battle of Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douma" title="Battle of Douma">Battle of Douma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–2013)">Daraa Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)" title="Battle of Rastan (2011)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayrat_and_Tiyas_airbase_ambush" title="Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush">Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(September_2011_%E2%80%93_March_2012)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (September 2011 – March 2012)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_massacres" title="December 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya massacres">December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2012 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2012_al-Midan_bombing" title="January 2012 al-Midan bombing">January al-Midan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(January%E2%80%93February_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (January–February 2012)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2012)" title="Battle of Idlib (2012)">First Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2012)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2012_Idlib_Governorate_Operation" title="April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation">Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taftanaz" title="Battle of Taftanaz">Battle of Taftanaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(May_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (May 2012)">May Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah" title="Battle of al-Haffah">Battle of al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre" title="Al-Qubeir massacre">Al-Qubeir massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tremseh" title="Battle of Tremseh">Battle of Tremseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">Battle of Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">18 July 2012 Damascus bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan" title="Battle of Anadan">Battle of Anadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">Siege of Base 46</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)">Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darayya_massacre" title="Darayya massacre">Darayya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khirbet_Al-Joz" title="Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz">Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2012)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2012–2013)">First siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harem" title="Battle of Harem">Battle of Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqrab_massacre" title="Aqrab massacre">Aqrab massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfaya massacre">Halfaya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate_clashes_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Quneitra Governorate clashes (2012–2014)">Quneitra Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbiseh_bakery_massacre" title="Talbiseh bakery massacre">Talbiseh bakery massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2013 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)">May–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Safira" title="Battle of Safira">Battle of Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)" title="Battle of Shaddadi (2013)">Battle of Shadadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_offensive_(2013)" title="Damascus offensive (2013)">Damascus offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">Battle of Raqqa (Mar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Daraa_offensive" title="2013 Daraa offensive">Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March%E2%80%93August_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (March–August 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl" title="Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl">Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">Al-Qusayr offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres" title="Bayda and Baniyas massacres">Bayda and Baniyas massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hama_offensive" title="2013 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatla_massacre" title="Hatla massacre">Hatla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_chemical_attack" title="Khan al-Assal chemical attack">Khan al-Assal chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_massacre" title="Khan al-Assal massacre">Khan al-Assal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adra_massacre" title="Adra massacre">Adra massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Battle of Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Battle of Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September–November 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">Battle of al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013%E2%80%93January_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)">Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2014 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2014)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">First Inter-rebel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Battle of Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(April%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (April–July 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morek" title="Battle of Morek">Battle of Morek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93May_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (February–May 2014)">Daraa offensive (Feb–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_massacre" title="Maan massacre">Maan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Otaiba_ambush" title="Al-Otaiba ambush">Al-Otaiba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Idlib_offensive" title="2014 Idlib offensive">Idlib offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hosn" title="Battle of Hosn">Battle of Hosn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Latakia_offensive" title="2014 Latakia offensive">Latakia Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Malihah" title="Battle of Al-Malihah">Battle of Al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kafr_Zita_chemical_attack" title="2014 Kafr Zita chemical attack">Kafr Zita chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2014)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2014)">Second siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2014)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2014)">Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsal_(2014)" title="Battle of Arsal (2014)">Battle of Arsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(July_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (July 2014)">First Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Eastern_Syria_offensive" title="2014 Eastern Syria offensive">Eastern Syria offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa_Airbase" title="Battle of Tabqa Airbase">Battle of Tabqa Airbase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hama_offensive" title="2014 Hama offensive">Hama Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Quneitra_offensive" title="2014 Quneitra offensive">Quneitra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–November 2014)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_school_bombing" title="Homs school bombing">Homs school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(October_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (October 2014)">Daraa offensive (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Al-Safira_offensive" title="2014 Al-Safira offensive">Al-Safira offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_raid_on_Idlib_city" title="2014 raid on Idlib city">Idlib Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front%E2%80%93SRF/Hazzm_Movement_conflict" title="Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict">Second Inter-Rebel Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(October%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (October–November 2014)">Second Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2014)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)">Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2015 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Syrian_Air_Force_An-26_crash" title="2015 Syrian Air Force An-26 crash">Air Force An-26 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(January_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (January 2015)">Daraa Offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2015 Southern Syria offensive">Southern Syria Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(2015)" title="Battle of Bosra (2015)">Battle of Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Idlib_offensive" title="2015 Idlib offensive">Idlib Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">Second Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasib_Border_Crossing" title="Battle of Nasib Border Crossing">Battle of Nasib Border Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">Battle of Yarmouk Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">Palmyra offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2015)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September_2015)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September 2015)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)">Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">Al-Hawl offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Latakia_offensive" title="2015–2016 Latakia offensive">2015–2016 Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2016 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2016)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–2016)">Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#January" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">February Homs bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#February" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">Battle of Tel Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2016)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2016)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (April–May 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartous_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings">May Jableh & Tartous bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(June%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (June–October 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhar_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokhar massacre">Tokhar massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southern_Aleppo_campaign" title="2016 Southern Aleppo campaign">Southern Aleppo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">Battle of al-Rai (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign" title="2016 Aleppo summer campaign">Aleppo summer campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">5 September bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">September Deir ez-Zor air raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Urum_al-Kubra_aid_convoy_attack" title="September 2016 Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack">September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Shih_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016)">Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Battle of al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2017 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Barada_offensive_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)">Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">January Azaz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January%E2%80%93March_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" title="Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)">Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qaboun offensive (2017)">Qaboun offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">Palmyra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Damascus_bombings" title="March 2017 Damascus bombings">March Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_al-Jinah_airstrike" title="2017 al-Jinah airstrike">Al-Jinah airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Battle of Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">Shayrat missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">Aleppo bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">April Turkish airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2017)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">Desert campaign (May–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah Plains offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hama_offensive_(2017)" title="East Hama offensive (2017)">East Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Battle of Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jobar_offensive" title="2017 Jobar offensive">Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2017)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">Central campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(September_2017)" title="Hama offensive (September 2017)">Hama offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harasta_(2017%E2%80%932018)" title="Battle of Harasta (2017–2018)">Battle of Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Euphrates_Crossing_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive">Euphrates Crossing offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mayadin_offensive" title="2017 Mayadin offensive">Mayadin offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)">Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn_offensive" title="Beit Jinn offensive">Beit Jinn offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2018 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(March_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">Missile strikes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Homs_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)">Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(April_2018)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)">Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate_clashes" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes">Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2018)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">Southern offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">As-Suwayda attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">Qamishli clashes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">Missile strikes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2019 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">Manbij bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Battle of Baghuz Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIL_insurgency_in_Deir_ez-Zor_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL insurgency in Deir ez-Zor (2019)">ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AArik_prison_escape_attempt" title="Dêrik prison escape attempt">Dêrik prison escape attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Syria_bombings" title="June 2019 Syria bombings">June bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hass_refugee_camp_bombing" title="Hass refugee camp bombing">Hass refugee camp bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">Missile strikes (Aug)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkish offensive into northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Barisha raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Syria_bombings" title="November 2019 Syria bombings">November bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">Israeli missile strikes (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qah_missile_strike" title="Qah missile strike">Qah missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">US airstrikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2020 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020–present)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Syria">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Afrin_bombing" title="2020 Afrin bombing">Afrin bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kafr_Takharim_airstrike" title="2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike">Kafr-Takharim airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Ayn_Issa_clashes" title="2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes">Ayn Issa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Deir_ez-Zor_ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Deir ez-Zor ambush">Deir ez-Zor ambush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2021 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Al-Hasakah" title="Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah">Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">Missile strikes (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Daraa_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Daraa clashes">Daraa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham%E2%80%93Junud_al-Sham_conflict" title="Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict">Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2022 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">Battle of al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ahrar_al-Sham%E2%80%93Levant_Front_clashes" title="2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes">Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jabal_al-Bishr%C4%AB_clashes" title="2022 Jabal al-Bishrī clashes">Jabal al-Bishrī clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jarqli_airstrikes" title="2022 Jarqli airstrikes">Jarqli airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_clashes_(October_2022)" title="Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)">Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Operation Claw-Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–present)">Northwest clashes (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2023 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)">Jan-Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Sukhnah_attack" title="2023 Al-Sukhnah attack">Al-Sukhnah attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Damascus_airstrike" title="2023 Damascus airstrike">Damascus airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hama_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hama attack">Hama attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Northern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Northern Syria clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israel and Golan Heights</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">March 2017 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">Iraq</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">Operation al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)#April" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">Jordanian border incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war#2014" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Syria_border_clashes" title="Lebanon–Syria border clashes">Lebanese border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sidon_clash" title="2013 Sidon clash">Battle of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut">Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lebanon_clashes_(2014)" title="North Lebanon clashes (2014)">North Lebanon clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clash" title="December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash">December 2011 Turkish border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Syrian–Turkish border clashes">2012 Turkish border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">2013 Reyhanlı car bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2014_Turkish_attack_in_Syria" title="January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria">January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov" title="Assassination of Andrei Karlov">Assassination of Andrei Karlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Russian_Air_Force_Al-Bab_incident" title="2017 Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident">Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">2020 Balyun airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Operation Spring Shield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;">Elsewhere:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Deir_ez-Zor_missile_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike">Deir ez-Zor missile strike</a> (Iran)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Belligerents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Belligerents</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Syrian Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Military and militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Resistance" title="Syrian Resistance">Syrian Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP-GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Quds" title="Liwa al-Quds">al-Quds Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Army" title="Palestine Liberation Army">Palestine Liberation Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Syrian_hospital_bombing_campaign" title="Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign">medical facility targeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Interim government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_of_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" title="National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Coordination_Committees_of_Syria" title="Local Coordination Committees of Syria">Local Coordination Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Syrian_Revolution" title="Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution">Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission" title="Syrian Revolution General Commission">Syrian Revolution General Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Support_Group" title="Syrian Support Group">Syrian Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adopt_a_Revolution" title="Adopt a Revolution">Adopt a Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council#Syrian_Patriotic_Group" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian Patriotic Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Opposition militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation" title="National Front for Liberation">National Front for Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Izza" title="Jaysh al-Izza">Army of Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_and_Development_Front" title="Authenticity and Development Front">Authenticity and Development Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Free_Tribes" title="Army of Free Tribes">Army of Free Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Commando_Army" title="Revolutionary Commando Army">Revolutionary Commando Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Jordanian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">DFNS Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Rojava" title="List of political parties in Rojava">Smaller political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF militias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Terror_Units" title="Anti-Terror Units">Anti-Terror Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanadid_Forces" title="Al-Sanadid Forces">Al-Sanadid Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">SDF military councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Thuwar_al-Raqqa" title="Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa">Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Democratic_Brigade" title="Northern Democratic Brigade">Northern Democratic Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion" title="International Freedom Battalion">International Freedom Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units" title="Êzîdxan Women's Units">Êzîdxan Women's Units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Military activity of ISIL</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Barakah_(Islamic_State_administrative_district)" title="Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)">Al-Barakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokumac%C4%B1lar" title="Dokumacılar">Dokumacılar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Army" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Army">Khalid ibn al-Walid Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Martyrs_Brigade" title="Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade">Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Muthanna_Movement" title="Islamic Muthanna Movement">Islamic Muthanna Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Jihad" title="Jaysh al-Jihad">Jaysh al-Jihad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Aqsa" title="Jund al-Aqsa">Liwa al-Aqsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Dawud" title="Liwa Dawud">Liwa Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Aqab_al-Islami" title="Liwa Aqab al-Islami">Liwa Aqab al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibah_Nusantara" title="Katibah Nusantara">Katibah Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katiba_al-Bittar_al-Libi" title="Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi">Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khansaa_Brigade" title="Al-Khansaa Brigade">Al-Khansaa Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fatah al-Sham">Jabhat Fatah al-Sham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khorasan_group" title="Khorasan group">Khorasan group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suqour_al-Ezz" title="Suqour al-Ezz">Suqour al-Ezz</a>) <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_Muhammad_in_Bilad_al-Sham" title="Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham">Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham">Tahrir al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria" title="Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria">Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajnad_al-Kavkaz" title="Ajnad al-Kavkaz">Ajnad al-Kavkaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junud_al-Makhdi" title="Junud al-Makhdi">Junud al-Makhdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouse_the_Believers_Operations_Room" title="Rouse the Believers Operations Room">Rouse the Believers Operations Room</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Tawhid_(Syria)" title="Ansar al-Tawhid (Syria)">Ansar al-Tawhid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Firqat_al-Ghuraba" title="Firqat al-Ghuraba">Firqat al-Ghuraba</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Din_Front" title="Ansar al-Din Front">Ansar al-Din Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harakat_Sham_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat Sham al-Islam">Harakat Sham al-Islam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Haramoun" title="Jaish al-Haramoun">Jaish al-Haramoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Sunna" title="Jaysh al-Sunna">Jaysh al-Sunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Muhajireen_wal-Ansar" title="Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar">Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Battalion" title="Green Battalion">Green Battalion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Syria)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Syria)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhama_Tactical" title="Malhama Tactical">Malhama Tactical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Ansar_al-Furqan_in_Bilad_al_Sham" title="Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham">Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghuraba_al-Sham" title="Ghuraba al-Sham">Ghuraba al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban" title="Pakistani Taliban">Pakistani Taliban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat" title="Imam Bukhari Jamaat">Imam Bukhari Jamaat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirin_wa-Ansar_Alliance" title="Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance">Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liwaa_al-Umma" title="Liwaa al-Umma">Liwaa al-Umma</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_Abdulhamid" title="Ammar Abdulhamid">Ammar Abdulhamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Abdallah" title="Ali al-Abdallah">Ali al-Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Aroor" title="Adnan al-Aroor">Adnan al-Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" title="Al-Assad family">al-Assad family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Makhlouf" title="Rami Makhlouf">Rami Makhlouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_Makhlouf" title="Hafez Makhlouf">Hafez Makhlouf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Bunni" title="Anwar al-Bunni">Anwar al-Bunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_Jassem_al-Freij" title="Fahd Jassem al-Freij">Fahd Jassem al-Freij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheil_al-Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suheil al-Hassan">Suheil al-Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitham_al-Maleh" title="Haitham al-Maleh">Haitham al-Maleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib" title="Moaz al-Khatib">Moaz al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_al-Labwani" title="Kamal al-Labwani">Kamal al-Labwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamza al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_al-Mallohi" title="Tal al-Mallohi">Tal al-Mallohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fida_al-Sayed" title="Fida al-Sayed">Fida al-Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Turk" title="Riad al-Turk">Riad al-Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Khoja" title="Khaled Khoja">Khaled Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_al-Qurabi" title="Ammar al-Qurabi">Ammar al-Qurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheir_Atassi" title="Suheir Atassi">Suheir Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sadreddine_Al-Bayanouni" title="Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni">Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aref_Dalila" title="Aref Dalila">Aref Dalila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farid_Ghadry" title="Farid Ghadry">Farid Ghadry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun" title="Burhan Ghalioun">Burhan Ghalioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Ghazzawi" title="Razan Ghazzawi">Razan Ghazzawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassan_Hitto" title="Ghassan Hitto">Ghassan Hitto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Idris" title="Salim Idris">Salim Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randa_Kassis" title="Randa Kassis">Randa Kassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Kilo" title="Michel Kilo">Michel Kilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassma_Kodmani" title="Bassma Kodmani">Bassma Kodmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Habib_Mahmud" title="Ali Habib Mahmud">Ali Habib Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mahmoud_Othman" title="Ali Mahmoud Othman">Ali Mahmoud Othman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Qashoush" title="Ibrahim Qashoush">Ibrahim Qashoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoud_Rajiha" title="Dawoud Rajiha">Dawoud Rajiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassin_al-Haj_Saleh" title="Yassin al-Haj Saleh">Yassin al-Haj Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouthaina_Shaaban" title="Bouthaina Shaaban">Bouthaina Shaaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulbaset_Sieda" title="Abdulbaset Sieda">Abdulbaset Sieda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_Seif" title="Riad Seif">Riad Seif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadwa_Souleimane" title="Fadwa Souleimane">Fadwa Souleimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamad_Anas_Haitham_Soueid" title="Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid">Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaser_Tabbara" title="Yaser Tabbara">Yaser Tabbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Zaitouneh" title="Razan Zaitouneh">Razan Zaitouneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Jarrah" title="Rami Jarrah">Rami Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Mustafa" title="Abdurrahman Mustafa">Abdurrahman Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadlallah_al-Haji" title="Fadlallah al-Haji">Fadlallah al-Haji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Syrian_local_elections" title="2011 Syrian local elections">2011 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Syrian parliamentary election">2012 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2014 Syrian presidential election">2014 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Rojava_local_elections" title="2015 Rojava local elections">2015 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Syrian parliamentary election">2016 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_local_elections" title="2017 Rojava local elections">2017 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_regional_elections" title="2017 Rojava regional elections">2017 Northern regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian_local_elections" title="2018 Syrian local elections">2018 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Syrian parliamentary election">2020 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2021 Syrian presidential election">2021 presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_damaged_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war">Damaged heritage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_demonstrations_and_protests_relating_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International demonstrations and protests relating to the Syrian civil war">International demonstrations and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">Massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Peace process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Syria_Group" title="Friends of Syria Group">Friends of Syria Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">Kofi Annan peace plan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Supervision_Mission_in_Syria" title="United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria">UN supervision mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan">Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_G8_summit" title="39th G8 summit">39th G8 summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2118" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118">UN Security Council Resolution 2118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria" title="Geneva II Conference on Syria">Geneva II conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Zabadani_cease-fire_agreement" title="2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement">2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_peace_talks_for_Syria" title="Vienna peace talks for Syria">Vienna talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2016)">2016 Geneva talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War crimes trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerstrafgesetzbuch#Syrian_civil_war" title="Völkerstrafgesetzbuch">Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">Exclusive mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Syrian_National_Council" title="International recognition of the Syrian National Council">International recognition of the Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Files" title="Syria Files">Syria Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_detainee_report" title="2014 Syrian detainee report">Syrian detainee report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Media coverage of the Syrian civil war">Syrian media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian civil war in popular culture">Syrian civil war in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Syrian_civil_war" title="Category:Syrian civil war">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kurdistan_Workers&#039;_Party_insurgency" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" title="Template:Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" title="Template talk:Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kurdistan_Workers&#039;_Party_insurgency" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency">Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Timelines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency_(1978%E2%80%932015)" title="Timeline of the Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency (1978–2015)">1978–2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency_(2015%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency (2015–present)">2015–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkish_insurgency_detailed_map" title="Template:Turkish insurgency detailed map">Map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Turkey)" title="National Security Council (Turkey)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Command_(Turkey)" title="Coast Guard Command (Turkey)">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">MİT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_guard_system" title="Village guard system">Village Guards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Deep_state_in_Turkey" title="Deep state in Turkey">Deep state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Guerrilla" title="Counter-Guerrilla">Counter-Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Revenge_Brigade" title="Turkish Revenge Brigade">Turkish Revenge Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susurluk_scandal" title="Susurluk scandal">Susurluk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergenekon_(organization)" title="Ergenekon (organization)">Ergenekon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_Intelligence_Organization" title="Gendarmerie Intelligence Organization">JİTEM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Insurgent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/23px-Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/35px-Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/45px-Flag_of_Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Communities_Union" title="Kurdistan Communities Union">KCK</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">PKK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="History of the Kurdistan Workers' Party">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg/23px-Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg/35px-Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg/46px-Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defence_Forces" title="People's Defence Forces">People's Defence Forces</a> (HPG)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg/23px-Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg/35px-Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg/46px-Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Free_Women%27s_Units" title="Free Women's Units">Free Women's Units</a> (YJA-STAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberation Front of Kurdistan">National Liberation Front of Kurdistan</a> (ERNK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_Forces_OF_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation Forces OF Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Liberation Forces OF Kurdistan</a> (HRK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_of_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan">People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan</a> (ARGK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_People%27s_Union_of_Kurdish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic People's Union of Kurdish (page does not exist)">Democratic People's Union of Kurdish</a> (YDK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Society_Coordination_of_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic Society Coordination of Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Democratic Society Coordination of Kurdistan</a> (CDK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Women%27s_Union_of_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Women's Union of Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Free Women's Union of Kurdistan</a> (YAJK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_Women_Party_of_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Workers' Women Party of Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Workers' Women Party of Kurdistan</a> (PJKK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Women_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Women Party (page does not exist)">Free Women Party</a> (PJA)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Women%27s_Party_of_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Women's Party of Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Free Women's Party of Kurdistan</a> (PAJK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_Liberation_Movement_of_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's Liberation Movement of Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Women's Liberation Movement of Kurdistan</a> (KJB)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_and_Democracy_Congress_of_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom and Democracy Congress of Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Freedom and Democracy Congress of Kurdistan</a> (KADEK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Congress_(Turkey)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Congress (Turkey) (page does not exist)">People's Congress</a> (Kongra-Gel)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation_Community_of_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Confederation Community of Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Confederation Community of Kurdistan</a> (KKK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Party_of_Kurdistan" title="Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan">Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan</a> (PŞK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Vanguard_Party_of_Kurdistan" title="Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan">Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan</a> (PPKK)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/InfoboxTAK.png/20px-InfoboxTAK.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/InfoboxTAK.png/31px-InfoboxTAK.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/InfoboxTAK.png/40px-InfoboxTAK.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="195" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Hawks" title="Kurdistan Freedom Hawks">TAK</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PDK_Bakur.png/23px-PDK_Bakur.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PDK_Bakur.png/35px-PDK_Bakur.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PDK_Bakur.png/45px-PDK_Bakur.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party/North" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party/North">KDP/N</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/23px-Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/35px-Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/45px-Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Free_Life_Party" title="Kurdistan Free Life Party">PJAK</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Kurdistan">KKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Youth_Movement" title="Free Youth Movement">Free Youth Movement of Kurdistan</a> (TECAK)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MLKP_Badge.svg/15px-MLKP_Badge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MLKP_Badge.svg/23px-MLKP_Badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MLKP_Badge.svg/30px-MLKP_Badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Communist_Party_(Turkey)" title="Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkey)">Marxist–Leninist Communist Party</a> (MLKP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YDG-H" title="YDG-H">Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement</a> (YDG-H)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Party_of_Kurdistan" title="Islamic Party of Kurdistan">PIK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Movement_(Turkey)" title="Kurdistan Islamic Movement (Turkey)">HİK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Hezbollah" title="Kurdish Hezbollah">KH</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_Cause_Party" title="Free Cause Party">Hüda-Par</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_People%27s_Party_(Turkey,_illegal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary People's Party (Turkey, illegal)">DHP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_Party_of_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolution Party of Turkey (page does not exist)">TDP</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ASALA_logo.png/15px-ASALA_logo.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ASALA_logo.png/23px-ASALA_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ASALA_logo.png/30px-ASALA_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="490" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Secret_Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Armenia" title="Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia">ASALA</a> (until the late 1980s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Independence_Movement_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Independence Movement in Turkey">Political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Labour_Party_(Turkey)" title="People's Labour Party (Turkey)">HEP</a> (1990–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Party_(Turkey)" title="Democracy Party (Turkey)">DEP</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_Party" title="People's Democracy Party">HADEP</a> (1994–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Turkey)" title="Democratic People's Party (Turkey)">DEHAP</a> (1997–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Society_Party#Background" title="Democratic Society Party">DTH</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Society_Party" title="Democratic Society Party">DTP</a> (2005–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Democracy_Party" title="Peace and Democracy Party">BDP</a> (2008–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">HDP</a> (2012–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Regions_Party" title="Democratic Regions Party">DBP</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Equality_and_Democracy_Party" title="Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party">DEM</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">1974–1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%931980)" title="Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)">Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara%C5%9F_massacre" title="Maraş massacre">Maraş massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">1984–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_PKK_attacks" title="1984 PKK attacks">1984 PKK attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karage%C3%A7it_village_massacre" title="Karageçit village massacre">Karageçit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1986_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="August 1986 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">August 1986 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortaba%C4%9F_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortabağ Massacre">Ortabağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1987_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="March 1987 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">March 1987 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%B1narc%C4%B1k_massacre" title="Pınarcık massacre">Pınarcık massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filova_incident" title="Yeşilova incident">Yeşilova incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Şırnak">Battle of Şırnak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Ta%C5%9Fdelen_attack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 Taşdelen attack (page does not exist)">1992 Taşdelen attack</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kulp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Kulp (page does not exist)">Battle of Kulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northern_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Northern Iraq">Operation Northern Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_24,_1993_PKK_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="May 24, 1993 PKK attack">May 24, 1993 PKK attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fba%C4%9Flar_massacre" title="Başbağlar massacre">Başbağlar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lice_massacre" title="Lice massacre">Lice massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_army_winter_campaign_of_1994%E2%80%931995" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish army winter campaign of 1994–1995">Winter Campaign of 1994–1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steel" title="Operation Steel">Operation Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hawk" title="Operation Hawk">Operation Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tokat" title="Operation Tokat">Operation Tokat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Tunceli_bombing" title="1996 Tunceli bombing">1996 Tunceli bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Varto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Varto (page does not exist)">Siege of Varto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazak_assault" title="Sazak assault">Sazak assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hammer_(1997)" title="Operation Hammer (1997)">Operation Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_(1997)" title="Operation Dawn (1997)">Operation Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Murat" title="Operation Murat">Operation Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Istanbul_bombings" title="1999 Istanbul bombings">1999 Istanbul bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Market_massacre" title="Blue Market massacre">Blue Market massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">1999–2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000_Turkish_Hezbollah_crackdown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2000 Turkish Hezbollah crackdown (page does not exist)">2000 Turkish Hezbollah crackdown</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">2004–2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Ku%C5%9Fadas%C4%B1_minibus_bombing" title="2005 Kuşadası minibus bombing">2005 Kuşadası minibus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Ankara_bombing" title="2007 Ankara bombing">2007 Ankara bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2007_clashes_in_Hakk%C3%A2ri" title="October 2007 clashes in Hakkâri">October 2007 clashes in Hakkâri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2007_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="December 2007 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">December 2007 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Diyarbak%C4%B1r_bombing" title="2008 Diyarbakır bombing">2008 Diyarbakır bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Istanbul_bombings" title="2008 Istanbul bombings">2008 Istanbul bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Akt%C3%BCt%C3%BCn_attack" title="2008 Aktütün attack">October 2008 Aktütün attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re%C5%9Fadiye_shooting" title="Reşadiye shooting">Reşadiye shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_%C4%B0skenderun_attack" title="2010 İskenderun attack">2010 İskenderun attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Hakk%C3%A2ri_bus_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Hakkâri bus bombing">2010 Hakkâri bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Istanbul_bombing" title="2010 Istanbul bombing">2010 Istanbul bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2011_Turkey%E2%80%93Iraq_cross-border_raids" title="August 2011 Turkey–Iraq cross-border raids">August 2011 Turkey–Iraq cross-border raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Hakk%C3%A2ri_attack" title="2011 Hakkâri attack">2011 Hakkâri attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roboski_massacre" title="Roboski massacre">Roboski massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June%E2%80%93August_2012_Hakkari_clashes" title="June–August 2012 Hakkari clashes">June–August 2012 Hakkari clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Gaziantep_bombing" title="2012 Gaziantep bombing">2012 Gaziantep bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2012_Beyt%C3%BC%C5%9F%C5%9Febap_attack" title="September 2012 Beytüşşebap attack">September 2012 Beytüşşebap attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency_(2015%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency (2015–present)">2015–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Siirt_bombing" title="2015 Siirt bombing">2015 Siirt bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Yal%C3%A7%C4%B1n" title="Operation Martyr Yalçın">Operation Martyr Yalçın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Hakkari_assault" title="2015 Hakkari assault">2015 Hakkari assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Silvan_(2015)" title="Siege of Silvan (2015)">Siege of Silvan (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_clashes_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Şırnak clashes (2015–2016)">Şırnak clashes (2015–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sur_(2016)" title="Siege of Sur (2016)">Siege of Sur (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Lice_bombing" title="February 2016 Lice bombing">February 2016 Lice bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Ankara_bombing" title="February 2016 Ankara bombing">February 2016 Ankara bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2016_Ankara_bombing" title="March 2016 Ankara bombing">March 2016 Ankara bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2016_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="March 2016 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">March 2016 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Bursa_bombing" title="2016 Bursa bombing">2016 Bursa bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_D%C3%BCr%C3%BCml%C3%BC_bombing" title="May 2016 Dürümlü bombing">May 2016 Dürümlü bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Diyarbak%C4%B1r_bombing" title="May 2016 Diyarbakır bombing">May 2016 Diyarbakır bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Cizre_bombing" title="2016 Cizre bombing">2016 Cizre bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_bombing" title="2016 Elazığ bombing">2016 Elazığ bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Deryan_Aktert" title="Assassination of Deryan Aktert">Assassination of Deryan Aktert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2016_Istanbul_bombings" title="December 2016 Istanbul bombings">December 2016 Istanbul bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Diyarbak%C4%B1r_bombing" title="2017 Diyarbakır bombing">2017 Diyarbakır bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_airstrikes_on_Sinjar_(2018)" title="Turkish airstrikes on Sinjar (2018)">Turkish airstrikes on Sinjar (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Siirt_raid" title="2018 Siirt raid">2018 Siirt raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Gerc%C3%BC%C5%9F_bombing" title="2018 Gercüş bombing">2018 Gercüş bombing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_%C4%B0skenderun_shootout" title="2020 İskenderun shootout">2020 İskenderun shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Eagle_2" title="Operation Claw-Eagle 2">Operation Claw-Eagle 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Lock" title="Operation Claw-Lock">Operation Claw-Lock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakho_resort_attack" title="Zakho resort attack">Zakho resort attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2022_Mersin_attack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2022 Mersin attack (page does not exist)">2022 Mersin attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Operation Claw-Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Ankara_bombing" title="2023 Ankara bombing">2023 Ankara bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes">October 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Serhildan" title="Serhildan">Serhildan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_1990_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="March 1990 Kurdish protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_1991_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="March 1991 Kurdish protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nowruz_1992_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nowruz 1992 protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1999_Kurdish_protests" title="February 1999 Kurdish protests">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_2001_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="February 2001 Kurdish protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=November_2005_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="November 2005 Kurdish protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2006 Kurdish protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nowruz_2008_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nowruz 2008 protests in Turkey (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2009_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey" title="December 2009 Kurdish protests in Turkey">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey" title="2011–2012 Kurdish protests in Turkey">2011–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Koban%C3%AE_protests" title="2014 Kobanî protests">2014</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_of_Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Mothers of Diyarbakır">Mothers of Diyarbakır</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace process and peace efforts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%932004_Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_peace_initiatives" title="1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives">1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932015_PKK%E2%80%93Turkey_peace_process" title="2013–2015 PKK–Turkey peace process">2013–2015 Solution process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_ceasefire" title="1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire">1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Anter_peace_train" title="Musa Anter peace train">Musa Anter peace train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932010_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_ceasefire" title="2009–2010 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire">2009–2010 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kurdish leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Insurgent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Abdullah Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murat_Karay%C4%B1lan" title="Murat Karayılan">Murat Karayılan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cem%C3%AEl_Bayik" title="Cemîl Bayik">Cemîl Bayik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahoz_Erdal" title="Bahoz Erdal">Bahoz Erdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Karasu" title="Mustafa Karasu">Mustafa Karasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duran_Kalkan" title="Duran Kalkan">Duran Kalkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Haji_Ahmadi" title="Abdul Rahman Haji Ahmadi">Haji Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_%C3%96calan" title="Osman Öcalan">Osman Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahsum_Korkmaz" title="Mahsum Korkmaz">Mahsum Korkmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eemdin_Sak%C4%B1k" title="Şemdin Sakık">Şemdin Sakık</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamettin_Ta%C5%9F" title="Nizamettin Taş">Nizamettin Taş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazlum_Do%C4%9Fan" title="Mazlum Doğan">Mazlum Doğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Salih_Mustafa" title="Muhammad Salih Mustafa">Muhammad Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Velio%C4%9Flu" title="Hüseyin Velioğlu">Hüseyin Velioğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celal_Ba%C5%9Fkale" title="Celal Başkale">Celal Başkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail_%C3%96zden" title="İsmail Özden">İsmail Özden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmet_Fehmi_I%C5%9F%C4%B1klar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmet Fehmi Işıklar (page does not exist)">Ahmet Fehmi Işıklar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_Kaya" title="Yaşar Kaya">Yaşar Kaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla_Zana" title="Leyla Zana">Leyla Zana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatip_Dicle" title="Hatip Dicle">Hatip Dicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhan_Do%C4%9Fan" title="Orhan Doğan">Orhan Doğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_T%C3%BCrk" title="Ahmet Türk">Ahmet Türk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murat_Bozlak" title="Murat Bozlak">Murat Bozlak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuncer_Bak%C4%B1rhan" title="Tuncer Bakırhan">Tuncer Bakırhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aysel_Tu%C4%9Fluk" title="Aysel Tuğluk">Aysel Tuğluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selahattin_Demirta%C5%9F" title="Selahattin Demirtaş">Selahattin Demirtaş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurettin_Demirta%C5%9F" title="Nurettin Demirtaş">Nurettin Demirtaş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_Akat_Ata" title="Ayla Akat Ata">Ayla Akat Ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCltan_K%C4%B1%C5%9Fanak" title="Gültan Kışanak">Gültan Kışanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervin_Buldan" title="Pervin Buldan">Pervin Buldan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emine_Ayna" title="Emine Ayna">Emine Ayna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebahat_Tuncel" title="Sebahat Tuncel">Sebahat Tuncel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Burkay" title="Kemal Burkay">Kemal Burkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatma_Kurtulan" title="Fatma Kurtulan">Fatma Kurtulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_Baydemir" title="Osman Baydemir">Osman Baydemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%B1rr%C4%B1_S%C3%BCreyya_%C3%96nder" title="Sırrı Süreyya Önder">Sırrı Süreyya Önder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkish leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenan_Evren" title="Kenan Evren">Kenan Evren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahsin_%C5%9Eahinkaya" title="Tahsin Şahinkaya">Tahsin Şahinkaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClend_Ulusu" title="Bülend Ulusu">Bülend Ulusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurettin_Ersin" title="Nurettin Ersin">Nurettin Ersin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necdet_%C3%9Cru%C4%9F" title="Necdet Üruğ">Necdet Üruğ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necip_Torumtay" title="Necip Torumtay">Necip Torumtay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C5%9Fref_Bitlis" title="Eşref Bitlis">Eşref Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fan_G%C3%BCre%C5%9F" title="Doğan Güreş">Doğan Güreş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Hakk%C4%B1_Karaday%C4%B1" title="İsmail Hakkı Karadayı">İsmail Hakkı Karadayı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_K%C4%B1vr%C4%B1ko%C4%9Flu" title="Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu">Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilmi_%C3%96zk%C3%B6k" title="Hilmi Özkök">Hilmi Özkök</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_F%C4%B1rt%C4%B1na" title="İbrahim Fırtına">İbrahim Fırtına</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faruk_C%C3%B6mert" title="Faruk Cömert">Faruk Cömert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkan%C4%B1t" title="Yaşar Büyükanıt">Yaşar Büyükanıt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aydo%C4%9Fan_Babao%C4%9Flu" title="Aydoğan Babaoğlu">Aydoğan Babaoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0lker_Ba%C5%9Fbu%C4%9F" title="İlker Başbuğ">İlker Başbuğ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%9F%C4%B1k_Ko%C5%9Faner" title="Işık Koşaner">Işık Koşaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdal_Ceylano%C4%9Flu" title="Erdal Ceylanoğlu">Erdal Ceylanoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necdet_%C3%96zel" title="Necdet Özel">Necdet Özel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayri_K%C4%B1vr%C4%B1ko%C4%9Flu" title="Hayri Kıvrıkoğlu">Hayri Kıvrıkoğlu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Bozer" title="Ali Bozer">Ali Bozer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_Akbulut" title="Yıldırım Akbulut">Yıldırım Akbulut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Mesut Yılmaz">Mesut Yılmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdal_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Erdal İnönü">Erdal İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tansu_%C3%87iller" title="Tansu Çiller">Tansu Çiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Mesut Yılmaz">Mesut Yılmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Necdet_Sezer" title="Ahmet Necdet Sezer">Ahmet Necdet Sezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_G%C3%BCl" title="Abdullah Gül">Abdullah Gül</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Soylu" title="Süleyman Soylu">Süleyman Soylu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_to_the_Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monuments and memorials to the Kurdish–Turkish conflict">Memorials, monuments</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_cemeteries_to_the_Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="List of military cemeteries to the Kurdish–Turkish conflict">military cemeteries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/33_Martyrs_Memorial" title="33 Martyrs Memorial">33 Martyrs Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCzce_Military_Cemetery" title="Düzce Military Cemetery">Düzce Military Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_of_the_Martyrs_of_Internal_Security" title="Monument of the Martyrs of Internal Security">Monument of the Martyrs of Internal Security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish rebellions in Turkey">Kurdish rebellions in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_refugees" title="Kurdish refugees">Kurdish refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_of_Kurdish_people_in_Turkey" title="Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey">Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_villages_depopulated_by_Turkey" title="Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey">Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_war_crimes" title="Turkish war crimes">Turkish war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_Armed_Forces_operations_in_Northern_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Turkish Armed Forces operations in Northern Iraq">Iraq operations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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