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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="سلسلة النشاط الكيميائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلسلة النشاط الكيميائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%9E_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Электрахімічны рад напружанняў металаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электрахімічны рад напружанняў металаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ред на относителната активност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ред на относителната активност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taula_de_potencials_est%C3%A0ndards_de_reducci%C3%B3" title="Taula de potencials estàndards de reducció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Taula de potencials estàndards de reducció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A6ndingsr%C3%A6kken" title="Spændingsrækken – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spændingsrækken" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallide_elektrokeemiline_pingerida" title="Metallide elektrokeemiline pingerida – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metallide elektrokeemiline pingerida" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91%EC%84%B1" title="금속의 반응성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="금속의 반응성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="सक्रियता श्रेणी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सक्रियता श्रेणी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deret_reaktivitas" title="Deret reaktivitas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Deret reaktivitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ლითონების ელექტროქიმიური აქტივობის რიგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლითონების ელექტროქიმიური აქტივობის რიგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%83_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Металдардың электрохимиялық кернеу қатары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Металдардың электрохимиялық кернеу қатары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri_kereaktifan_logam" title="Siri kereaktifan logam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Siri kereaktifan logam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanningsreeks_der_metalen" title="Spanningsreeks der metalen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spanningsreeks der metalen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivlik_qatori" title="Aktivlik qatori – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aktivlik qatori" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਕਿਰਿਆਸ਼ੀਲਤਾ ਲੜੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਿਰਿਆਸ਼ੀਲਤਾ ਲੜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دھاتاں دی عمل پذیری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دھاتاں دی عمل پذیری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Электрохимический ряд активности металлов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электрохимический ряд активности металлов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactivity_series" title="Reactivity series – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Reactivity series" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrokemiska_sp%C3%A4nningsserien" title="Elektrokemiska spänningsserien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektrokemiska spänningsserien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="தொழிற்பாட்டுத் தொடர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொழிற்பாட்டுத் தொடர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%80%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Металлар активлыгы электрохимик рәте – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Металлар активлыгы электрохимик рәте" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Електрохімічний ряд напруг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електрохімічний ряд напруг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A3y_ho%E1%BA%A1t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc_c%E1%BB%A7a_kim_lo%E1%BA%A1i" title="Dãy hoạt động hóa học của kim loại – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dãy hoạt động hóa học của kim loại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E5%BA%8F" title="金屬活性序 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="金屬活性序" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%A7" title="金属活动性 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="金属活动性" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q371578#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Reactivity_series" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Analytical progression of a series of metals arranged by their reactivity in descending order</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrochemical series">Electrochemical series</a>.</div> <p>In chemistry, a <b>reactivity series </b>(or <b>reactivity series of elements</b>) is an empirical, calculated, and structurally analytical progression<sup id="cite_ref-G&E_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G&E-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of a series of <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a>, arranged by their "reactivity" from highest to lowest.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used to summarize information about the reactions of metals with <a href="/wiki/Acid_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid (chemistry)">acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Single_displacement_reaction" title="Single displacement reaction">single displacement reactions</a> and the extraction of <a href="/wiki/Metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Metals">metals</a> from their <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Table">Table</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactivity_series&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Metal</th> <th>Ion</th> <th>Reactivity</th> <th>Extraction </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffebd2"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> Cs </td> <td style="background: #ffebd2">Cs<sup>+</sup> </td> <td rowspan="8" style="background: #ffebd2" align="center">reacts with cold water </td> <td rowspan="11" style="background: #ffebd2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">Electrolysis</a> (a.k.a. electrolytic refining) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffebd2"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> Rb </td> <td style="background: #ffebd2">Rb<sup>+</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffebd2"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> K </td> <td style="background: #ffebd2">K<sup>+</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffebd2"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> Na </td> <td style="background: #ffebd2">Na<sup>+</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffebd2"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> Li </td> <td style="background: #ffebd2">Li<sup>+</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffebd2"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> Ba </td> <td style="background: #ffebd2">Ba<sup>2+</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffebd2"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> Sr </td> <td style="background: #ffebd2">Sr<sup>2+</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffebd2"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> Ca </td> <td style="background: #ffebd2">Ca<sup>2+</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffeeff"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> Mg </td> <td style="background: #ffeeff">Mg<sup>2+</sup> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="background: #ffeeff" align="center">reacts very slowly with cold water, but rapidly<br />in boiling water, and very vigorously with <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffffe6"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> Be </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6">Be<sup>2+</sup> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #ffffe6" align="center">reacts with acids and steam </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffffe6"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> Al </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6">Al<sup>3+</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffeeff"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> Ti </td> <td style="background: #ffeeff">Ti<sup>4+</sup> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="background: #ffeeff" align="center">reacts with concentrated <a href="/wiki/Mineral_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral acids">mineral acids</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="background: #ffeeff" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Pyrometallurgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrometallurgical">pyrometallurgical</a> extraction using <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>,<br /> or less commonly other <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali metals">alkali metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kroll_process" title="Kroll process">Kroll process</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffffe6"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> Mn </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6">Mn<sup>2+</sup> </td> <td rowspan="9" style="background: #ffffe6" align="center">reacts with <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a>; very poor reaction with steam </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #ffffe6" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> with <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffffe6"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> Zn </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6">Zn<sup>2+</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffffe6"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> Cr </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6">Cr<sup>3+</sup> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="background: #ffeeff" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Aluminothermic_reaction" title="Aluminothermic reaction">aluminothermic reaction</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffffe6"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> Fe </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6">Fe<sup>2+</sup> </td> <td rowspan="6" style="background: #ffffe6" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> with <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffffe6"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> Cd </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6">Cd<sup>2+</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffffe6"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> Co </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6">Co<sup>2+</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffffe6"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> Ni </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6">Ni<sup>2+</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffffe6"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> Sn </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6">Sn<sup>2+</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffffe6"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> Pb </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6">Pb<sup>2+</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #cdcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> Sb </td> <td style="background: #cdcdcd">Sb<sup>3+</sup> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #cdcdcd" align="center">may react with some strong <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_acid" title="Oxidizing acid">oxidizing acids</a> </td> <td rowspan="10" style="background: #cdcdcd" align="center">heat or physical extraction </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #cdcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> Bi </td> <td style="background: #cdcdcd">Bi<sup>3+</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #cdcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> Cu </td> <td style="background: #cdcdcd">Cu<sup>2+</sup> </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6" align="center">reacts slowly with air </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #cdcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> W </td> <td style="background: #cdcdcd">W<sup>3+</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td rowspan="7" style="background: #cdcdcd" align="center">may react with some strong <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_acid" title="Oxidizing acid">oxidizing acids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #cdcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a> Hg </td> <td style="background: #cdcdcd">Hg<sup>2+</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #cdcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> Ag </td> <td style="background: #cdcdcd">Ag<sup>+</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #cdcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> Au </td> <td style="background: #cdcdcd">Au<sup>3+</sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #cdcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> Pt </td> <td style="background: #cdcdcd">Pt<sup>4+</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Going from the bottom to the top of the table the metals: </p> <ul><li>increase in reactivity;</li> <li>lose electrons (<a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidize</a>) more readily to form positive ions;</li> <li>corrode or tarnish more readily;</li> <li>require more energy (and different methods) to be isolated from their compounds;</li> <li>become stronger <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agent" title="Reducing agent">reducing agents</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> donors).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defining_reactions">Defining reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactivity_series&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Defining reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no unique and fully consistent way to define the reactivity series, but it is common to use the three types of reaction listed below, many of which can be performed in a high-school laboratory (at least as demonstrations).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction_with_water_and_acids">Reaction with water and acids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactivity_series&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reaction with water and acids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most reactive metals, such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, will react with cold water to produce <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and the metal <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a>: </p> <dl><dd>2 Na (s) + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O (l) →2 NaOH (aq) + H<sub>2</sub> (g)</dd></dl> <p>Metals in the middle of the reactivity series, such as <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, will react with acids such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> (but not water at normal temperatures) to give hydrogen and a metal <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salt</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfate" title="Iron(II) sulfate">iron(II) sulfate</a>: </p> <dl><dd>Fe (s) + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (l) → FeSO<sub>4</sub> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub> (g)</dd></dl> <p>There is some ambiguity at the borderlines between the groups. <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> <i>can</i> react with water, but the reaction is usually very slow unless the metal samples are specially prepared to remove the surface <a href="/wiki/Passivation_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Passivation layer">passivation layer</a> of oxide which protects the rest of the metal. <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> will react with <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>; but because nitric acid is an <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_acid" title="Oxidizing acid">oxidizing acid</a>, the oxidizing agent is not the H<sup>+</sup> ion as in normal acids, but the NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> ion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_standard_electrode_potentials">Comparison with standard electrode potentials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactivity_series&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Comparison with standard electrode potentials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reactivity series is sometimes quoted in the strict reverse order of <a href="/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential" title="Standard electrode potential">standard electrode potentials</a>, when it is also known as the "<a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrochemical series">electrochemical series</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following list includes the metallic elements of the first six periods. It is mostly based on tables provided by <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, not all sources give the same values: there are some differences between the precise values given by NIST and the <a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a>. In the first six periods this does not make a difference to the relative order, but in the seventh period it does, so the seventh-period elements have been excluded. (In any case, the typical oxidation states for the most accessible seventh-period elements <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> are too high to allow a direct comparison.)<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydrogen has been included as a benchmark, although it is not a metal. Borderline <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">astatine</a> have been included. Some other elements in the middle of the 4d and 5d rows have been omitted (Zr–Tc, Hf–Os) when their simple cations are too highly charged or of rather doubtful existence. Greyed-out rows indicate values based on estimation rather than experiment. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><i><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Z</a></i> </th> <th>Sym </th> <th>Element </th> <th>Reaction </th> <th>E° (V) </th></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Li </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> </td> <td>Li<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>−</sup> → Li </td> <td>−3.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td>55 </td> <td>Cs </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> </td> <td>Cs<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>−</sup> → Cs </td> <td>−3.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td>37 </td> <td>Rb </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> </td> <td>Rb<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>−</sup> → Rb </td> <td>−2.94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td>K </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> </td> <td>K<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>−</sup> → K </td> <td>−2.94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>56 </td> <td>Ba </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a> </td> <td>Ba<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>−</sup> → Ba </td> <td>−2.91 </td></tr> <tr> <td>38 </td> <td>Sr </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> </td> <td>Sr<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>−</sup> → Sr </td> <td>−2.90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>Ca </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> </td> <td>Ca<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>−</sup> → Ca </td> <td>−2.87 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>Na </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> </td> <td>Na<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>−</sup> → Na </td> <td>−2.71 </td></tr> <tr> <td>57 </td> <td>La </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a> </td> <td>La<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → La </td> <td>−2.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>39 </td> <td>Y </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a> </td> <td>Y<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Y </td> <td>−2.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>Mg </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> </td> <td>Mg<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>−</sup> → Mg </td> <td>−2.36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>59 </td> <td>Pr </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">praseodymium</a> </td> <td>Pr<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Pr </td> <td>−2.35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>58 </td> <td>Ce </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a> </td> <td>Ce<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Ce </td> <td>−2.34 </td></tr> <tr> <td>68 </td> <td>Er </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">erbium</a> </td> <td>Er<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Er </td> <td>−2.33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>67 </td> <td>Ho </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">holmium</a> </td> <td>Ho<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Ho </td> <td>−2.33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>60 </td> <td>Nd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a> </td> <td>Nd<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Nd </td> <td>−2.32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>69 </td> <td>Tm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">thulium</a> </td> <td>Tm<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Tm </td> <td>−2.32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>62 </td> <td>Sm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">samarium</a> </td> <td>Sm<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Sm </td> <td>−2.30 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e8e8e8"> <td>61 </td> <td>Pm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">promethium</a> </td> <td>Pm<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Pm </td> <td>−2.30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>66 </td> <td>Dy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">dysprosium</a> </td> <td>Dy<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Dy </td> <td>−2.29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>71 </td> <td>Lu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">lutetium</a> </td> <td>Lu<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Lu </td> <td>−2.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>65 </td> <td>Tb </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">terbium</a> </td> <td>Tb<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Tb </td> <td>−2.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>64 </td> <td>Gd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a> </td> <td>Gd<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Gd </td> <td>−2.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>70 </td> <td>Yb </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">ytterbium</a> </td> <td>Yb<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Yb </td> <td>−2.19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td>Sc </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a> </td> <td>Sc<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Sc </td> <td>−2.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td>63 </td> <td>Eu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a> </td> <td>Eu<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Eu </td> <td>−1.99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Be </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> </td> <td>Be<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>−</sup> → Be </td> <td>−1.97 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>Al </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> </td> <td>Al<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Al </td> <td>−1.68 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td>Ti </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> </td> <td>Ti<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Ti </td> <td>−1.37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td>Mn </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> </td> <td>Mn<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>−</sup> → Mn </td> <td>−1.18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td>V </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> </td> <td>V<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>−</sup> → V </td> <td>−1.12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td>Cr </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> </td> <td>Cr<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>−</sup> → Cr </td> <td>−0.89 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td>Zn </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> </td> <td>Zn<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>−</sup> → Zn </td> <td>−0.76 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 </td> <td>Ga </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a> </td> <td>Ga<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Ga </td> <td>−0.55 </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td>Fe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> </td> <td>Fe<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>−</sup> → Fe </td> <td>−0.44 </td></tr> <tr> <td>48 </td> <td>Cd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> </td> <td>Cd<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>−</sup> → Cd </td> <td>−0.40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>49 </td> <td>In </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a> </td> <td>In<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → In </td> <td>−0.34 </td></tr> <tr> <td>81 </td> <td>Tl </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a> </td> <td>Tl<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>−</sup> → Tl </td> <td>−0.34 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td>Co </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> </td> <td>Co<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>−</sup> → Co </td> <td>−0.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td>Ni </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> </td> <td>Ni<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>−</sup> → Ni </td> <td>−0.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>50 </td> <td>Sn </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> </td> <td>Sn<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>−</sup> → Sn </td> <td>−0.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>82 </td> <td>Pb </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> </td> <td>Pb<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>−</sup> → Pb </td> <td>−0.13 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ffcccc"> <td>1 </td> <td>H </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> </td> <td>2 H<sup>+</sup> + 2 e<sup>−</sup> → H<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>0.00 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e8e8e8"> <td>32 </td> <td>Ge </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> </td> <td>Ge<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>−</sup> → Ge </td> <td>+0.1 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e8e8e8"> <td>51 </td> <td>Sb </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> </td> <td>Sb<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Sb </td> <td>+0.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>83 </td> <td>Bi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a> </td> <td>Bi<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Bi </td> <td>+0.31 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 </td> <td>Cu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> </td> <td>Cu<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>−</sup> → Cu </td> <td>+0.34 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e8e8e8"> <td>84 </td> <td>Po </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a> </td> <td>Po<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>−</sup> → Po </td> <td>+0.6 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e8e8e8"> <td>44 </td> <td>Ru </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a> </td> <td>Ru<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Ru </td> <td>+0.60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>45 </td> <td>Rh </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a> </td> <td>Rh<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Rh </td> <td>+0.76 </td></tr> <tr> <td>47 </td> <td>Ag </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> </td> <td>Ag<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>−</sup> → Ag </td> <td>+0.80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>80 </td> <td>Hg </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> </td> <td>Hg<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>−</sup> → Hg </td> <td>+0.85 </td></tr> <tr> <td>46 </td> <td>Pd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a> </td> <td>Pd<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>−</sup> → Pd </td> <td>+0.92 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e8e8e8"> <td>77 </td> <td>Ir </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a> </td> <td>Ir<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Ir </td> <td>+1.0 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e8e8e8"> <td>85 </td> <td>At </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">astatine</a> </td> <td>At<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>−</sup> → At </td> <td>+1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>78 </td> <td>Pt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> </td> <td>Pt<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>−</sup> → Pt </td> <td>+1.18 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e8e8e8"> <td>79 </td> <td>Au </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> </td> <td>Au<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Au </td> <td>+1.50 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The positions of <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> are changed on such a series. </p><p>Standard electrode potentials offer a quantitative measure of the power of a reducing agent, rather than the qualitative considerations of other reactive series. However, they are only valid for <i>standard</i> conditions: in particular, they only apply to reactions in aqueous solution. Even with this proviso, the electrode potentials of lithium, sodium and gold – and hence their positions in the electrochemical series – appear anomalous. The order of reactivity, as shown by the vigour of the reaction with water or the speed at which the metal surface tarnishes in air, appears to be </p> <dl><dd>Cs > K > Na > Li > alkaline earth metals,</dd></dl> <p>i.e., alkali metals > alkaline earth metals, </p><p>the same as the reverse order of the (gas-phase) <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">ionization energies</a>. This is borne out by the extraction of metallic lithium by the electrolysis of a <a href="/wiki/Eutectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutectic">eutectic</a> mixture of <a href="/wiki/Lithium_chloride" title="Lithium chloride">lithium chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">potassium chloride</a>: lithium metal is formed at the cathode, not potassium.<sup id="cite_ref-G&E_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G&E-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_electronegativity_values">Comparison with electronegativity values</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactivity_series&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comparison with electronegativity values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Periodic_table_extract_metal_EN_values.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Periodic_table_extract_metal_EN_values.png/390px-Periodic_table_extract_metal_EN_values.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Periodic_table_extract_metal_EN_values.png/585px-Periodic_table_extract_metal_EN_values.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Periodic_table_extract_metal_EN_values.png/780px-Periodic_table_extract_metal_EN_values.png 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The image shows a periodic table extract with the <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativity</a> values of metals.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wulfsberg<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> distinguishes:<br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF9999; color:black;"> </span> </span> very electropositive metals with electronegativity values below 1.4<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> </span> electropositive metals with values between 1.4 and 1.9; and<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#99CCFF; color:black;"> </span> </span> electronegative metals with values between 1.9 and 2.54. </p><p>From the image, the group 1–2 metals and the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinides</a> are very electropositive to electropositive; the <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a> in groups 3 to 12 are very electropositive to electronegative; and the <a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">post-transition metals</a> are electropositive to electronegative. The <a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">noble metals</a>, inside the dashed border (as a subset of the transition metals) are very electronegative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactivity_series&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactivity_(chemistry)" title="Reactivity (chemistry)">Reactivity (chemistry)</a>, which discusses the inconsistent way that the term 'reactivity' is used in chemistry.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactivity_series&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-G&E-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G&E_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G&E_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OezvAAAAMAAJ"><i>Chemistry of the Elements</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Press" title="Pergamon Press">Pergamon Press</a>. pp. 82–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-022057-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-022057-4"><bdi>978-0-08-022057-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=82-87&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-08-022057-4&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOezvAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactivity+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrance2008" class="citation cs2">France, Colin (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gcsescience.com/r1-reactivity-series-metals.htm"><i>The Reactivity Series of Metals</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reactivity+Series+of+Metals&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=France&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcsescience.com%2Fr1-reactivity-series-metals.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactivity+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2005" class="citation cs2">Briggs, J. G. R. (2005), <i>Science in Focus, Chemistry for GCE 'O' Level</i>, Pearson Education, p. 172</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+in+Focus%2C+Chemistry+for+GCE+%27O%27+Level&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=J.+G.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactivity+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim_Eng_Wah2005" class="citation cs2">Lim Eng Wah (2005), <i>Longman Pocket Study Guide 'O' Level Science-Chemistry</i>, Pearson Education, p. 190</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pocket+Study+Guide+%27O%27+Level+Science-Chemistry&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Lim+Eng+Wah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactivity+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z6c26yc/revision/1">"Metal extraction and the reactivity series - The reactivity series of metals - GCSE Chemistry (Single Science) Revision - WJEC"</a>. <i>BBC Bitesize</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Bitesize&rft.atitle=Metal+extraction+and+the+reactivity+series+-+The+reactivity+series+of+metals+-+GCSE+Chemistry+%28Single+Science%29+Revision+-+WJEC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbitesize%2Fguides%2Fz6c26yc%2Frevision%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactivity+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507084512/http://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/jarman/richenda/1551_hons_materials/Activity%20series.htm">Activity series</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2019-05-07)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWulsberg2000" class="citation book cs1">Wulsberg, Gary (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hpWzxTnQH14C&pg=PA249"><i>Inorganic Chemistry</i></a>. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781891389016" title="Special:BookSources/9781891389016"><bdi>9781891389016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pages=294&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781891389016&rft.aulast=Wulsberg&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhpWzxTnQH14C%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactivity+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220224075029/https://www.primefan.ru/stuff/chem/back2019.png">Periodic table poster</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2022-02-24) by A. V. Kulsha and T. A. Kolevich gives: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> > <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> > <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> > <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> > <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> > <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> > <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> > <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> > <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> > <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> > <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> > <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> > <a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> > <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> > <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> > <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> > <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> > <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> > <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> > <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> > <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> > <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> > <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> > <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> > <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> > <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> > <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> > <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> > <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> > (<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a>) > <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> > <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> > <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> > <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> > <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> > <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> > <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> > <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> > <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> > <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> > <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> > <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a></p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/2019/04/02/jpcrd355.pdf">Standard Electrode Potentials and Temperature Coefficients in Water at 298.15 K</a>, Steven G. Bratsch (NIST)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For antimony: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dactari.toxcea.org/Local/dactari/dir/pdf/default/Sb.pdf">Antimony - Physico-chemical properties - DACTARI</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CRC_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide2006" class="citation book cs1">Lide, David R., ed. (2006). <i><a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></i> (87th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0487-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0487-3"><bdi>0-8493-0487-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.edition=87th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8493-0487-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactivity+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAylwardFindlay2008" class="citation book cs1">Aylward, G; Findlay, T (2008). <i>SI Chemical Data</i> (6 ed.). Milton, Queensland: John Wiley & Sons. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-81638-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-81638-7"><bdi>978-0-470-81638-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SI+Chemical+Data&rft.place=Milton%2C+Queensland&rft.pages=126&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-81638-7&rft.aulast=Aylward&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Findlay%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactivity+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWulfsberg2018" class="citation book cs1">Wulfsberg, G (2018). <i>Foundations of Inorganic Chemistry</i>. Mill Valley: University Science Books. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891389-95-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-891389-95-5"><bdi>978-1-891389-95-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.place=Mill+Valley&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=University+Science+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-891389-95-5&rft.aulast=Wulfsberg&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReactivity+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactivity_series&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040508085524/https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/database/chem/industrial/c00109b.html">Science Line Chemistry</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reactivity_series&oldid=1258584237">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reactivity_series&oldid=1258584237</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inorganic_chemistry" title="Category:Inorganic chemistry">Inorganic chemistry</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 14:28<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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