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var(--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-navbar-toggler-font-size);line-height:1;color:var(--bs-navbar-color);background-color:transparent;border:var(--bs-border-width) solid var(--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-navbar-toggler-border-radius)}@media (min-width:576px){.navbar-expand-sm{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-nav{flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);padding-left:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x)}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-collapse{display:flex!important;flex-basis:auto}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-toggler{display:none}}body:before{display:none}.navbar-dark{--bs-navbar-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85);--bs-navbar-hover-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);--bs-navbar-disabled-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);--bs-navbar-active-color:#ffffff;--bs-navbar-brand-color:#ffffff;--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color:#ffffff;--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color:transparent;--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg:none}.card{--bs-card-spacer-y:1rem;--bs-card-spacer-x:1rem;--bs-card-title-spacer-y:0.5rem;--bs-card-border-width:1px;--bs-card-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-card-border-radius:0.375rem;--bs-card-inner-border-radius:calc(0.375rem - 1px);--bs-card-cap-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-card-cap-padding-x:1rem;--bs-card-cap-bg:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03);--bs-card-bg:#f8f9fa;--bs-card-img-overlay-padding:1rem;--bs-card-group-margin:0.75rem;position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-width:0;height:var(--bs-card-height);word-wrap:break-word;background-color:var(--bs-card-bg);background-clip:border-box;border:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-card-border-radius);box-shadow:var(--bs-card-box-shadow)}.card-body{flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-card-spacer-y) var(--bs-card-spacer-x);color:var(--bs-card-color)}.breadcrumb{display:flex;list-style:none;--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x:0;--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom:0;--bs-breadcrumb-font-size:0.75rem;--bs-breadcrumb-bg:transparent;--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color:#6c757d;--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color:#6c757d;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y) var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom);font-size:var(--bs-breadcrumb-font-size);background-color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-bg);border-radius:var(--bs-breadcrumb-border-radius)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item{padding-left:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item::before{float:left;padding-right:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x);color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color);content:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider, "|")}.breadcrumb-item.active{color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color)}.alert{--bs-alert-bg:transparent;--bs-alert-padding-x:1rem;--bs-alert-padding-y:1rem;--bs-alert-margin-bottom:1rem;--bs-alert-color:inherit;--bs-alert-border-color:transparent;--bs-alert-border:1px solid var(--bs-alert-border-color);--bs-alert-border-radius:0.375rem;position:relative;padding:var(--bs-alert-padding-y) var(--bs-alert-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-alert-margin-bottom);color:var(--bs-alert-color);background-color:var(--bs-alert-bg);border:var(--bs-alert-border);border-radius:var(--bs-alert-border-radius)}.alert-heading{color:inherit}.alert-link{font-weight:700}.alert-dismissible{padding-right:3rem}.alert-dismissible .btn-close{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:2;padding:1.25rem 1rem}.alert-primary,.alert-secondary{background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-primary{--bs-alert-color:rgb(30, 44.4, 91.2);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(214, 218.8, 234.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(193.5, 200.7, 224.1)}.alert-primary .alert-link{color:#182449}.alert-secondary{--bs-alert-color:rgb(64.8, 70.2, 75);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(225.6, 227.4, 229);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(210.9, 213.6, 216)}.alert-secondary .alert-link{color:#34383c}.alert-native,.alert-success,.alert-validation{--bs-alert-color:rgb(15, 81, 50.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(209, 231, 220.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(186, 219, 203.7);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-native .alert-link,.alert-success .alert-link,.alert-validation .alert-link{color:#0c4128}.alert-info,.alert-warning{background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-info{--bs-alert-color:rgb(5.2, 80.8, 96);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(206.6, 244.4, 252);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(182.4, 239.1, 250.5)}.alert-info .alert-link{color:#04414d}.alert-warning{--bs-alert-color:rgb(102, 77.2, 2.8);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(255, 242.6, 205.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(255, 236.4, 180.6)}.alert-warning 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.alert-link,.alert-notice .alert-link{color:#04414d}.alert-color-blue,.alert-criticalcss{--bs-alert-color:rgb(7.8, 66, 151.8);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(206.6, 226, 254.6);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(182.4, 211.5, 254.4);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-blue .alert-link,.alert-criticalcss .alert-link{color:#063579}.alert-cache,.alert-color-orange{--bs-alert-color:rgb(151.8, 75.6, 12);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(254.6, 229.2, 208);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(254.4, 216.3, 184.5);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-cache .alert-link,.alert-color-orange .alert-link{color:#793c0a}.alert-color-red{--bs-alert-color:rgb(132, 31.8, 41.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(248, 214.6, 217.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(244.5, 194.4, 199.2);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-red .alert-link{color:#6a1921}.alert-cdnjs,.alert-color-yellow{--bs-alert-color:rgb(102, 77.2, 2.8);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(255, 242.6, 205.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(255, 236.4, 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var(--bs-list-group-border-color)}.list-group-item:first-child{border-top-left-radius:inherit;border-top-right-radius:inherit}.list-group-item:last-child{border-bottom-right-radius:inherit;border-bottom-left-radius:inherit}.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:0}.btn-close{box-sizing:content-box;width:1em;height:1em;padding:.25em;color:#000;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23000000'%3e%3cpath d='M.293.293a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0L8 6.586 14.293.293a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L9.414 8l6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L8 9.414l-6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L6.586 8 .293 1.707a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") center/1em auto 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0.15)}.modal-dialog{max-width:var(--bs-modal-width);margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.modal-sm{--bs-modal-width:300px}}.offcanvas{--bs-offcanvas-zindex:1045;--bs-offcanvas-width:400px;--bs-offcanvas-height:30vh;--bs-offcanvas-padding-x:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-padding-y:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-bg:#ffffff;--bs-offcanvas-border-width:1px;--bs-offcanvas-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-offcanvas-box-shadow:0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);display:flex;flex-direction:column;max-width:100%;color:var(--bs-offcanvas-color);visibility:hidden;background-color:var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);background-clip:padding-box;outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-offcanvas-box-shadow)}.offcanvas.offcanvas-start{top:0;left:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-right:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid 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href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/power/*/tb/*">Power</a> <span class="mx-2">|</span> <a href="/tb/topic/materials-manufacturing/materials-coatings">Materials</a></h6> <time datetime="2024-09-29T00:13:54-04:00" itemprop="dateModified"> </time> <meta itemprop="keywords" content="Energy,Materials"><h1 itemprop="headline">Oxygen-Ion Battery: A Solution for Large Energy Storage Systems</h1></div></div> <div class="row" itemprop="articleBody"><aside class="article-social text-center col-md-1 col-12"> <ul class="list-group list-group-horizontal-down-md"> <li class="d-block list-group-item border-0"> <a href="https://www.shareaholic.com/api/share/?apikey=65befd2e10310fbce11aee6ee90bf582&apitype=1&v=1&service=facebook&link=https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/48230-oxygen-ion-battery-a-solution-for-large-energy-storage-systems?r=51261&title=Oxygen-Ion+Battery%3A+A+Solution+for+Large+Energy+Storage+Systems" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook 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onclick="$('html, body').animate({scrollTop:($('#disqus_thread').offset().top)},500);"> <i class="fa fa-comment-alt fa-lg"></i> </a></li></ul> </aside><div class="article-body col-md-11 col-12"><p class="tb-byline" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <span itemprop="name">Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria</span></p><a id="startOfPage"></a> <figure title=""><img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_auto,f_auto,q_auto/v1706293316/sites/tb/articles/sup/BET/2023/briefs/BET-0623-p23_fig1.jpg' class=' w-100 cld-responsive' alt='' /> <figcaption>Professor Jürgen Fleig, Tobias Huber, Alexander Schmid (left to right). (Image: TU Wien)</figcaption></figure> <p>Lithium-ion batteries are ubiquitous today – from electric cars to smart-phones. But that does not mean that they are the best solution for all areas of application. TU Wien has now succeeded in developing an oxygen-ion battery that has some important advantages. Although it does not allow for quite as high energy densities as the Li-ion battery, its storage capacity does not decrease irrevocably over time: it can be regenerated and thus may enable an extremely long service life.</p> <p>In addition, oxygen-ion batteries can be produced without rare elements and are made of incombustible materials. A patent application for the new battery idea has already been filed together with cooperation partners from Spain. The oxygen-ion battery could be an excellent solution for large energy storage systems, for example to store electrical energy from renewable sources.</p> <p>“We have had a lot of experience with ceramic materials that can be used for fuel cells for quite some time,” said Alexander Schmid from the Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics at TU Wien. “That gave us the idea of investigating whether such materials might also be suitable for making a battery.”</p> <p>The ceramic materials that the TU Wien team studied can absorb and release doubly negatively charged oxygen ions. When an electric voltage is applied, the oxygen ions migrate from one ceramic material to another, after which they can be made to migrate back again, thus generating electric current.</p> <p>“The basic principle is actually very similar to the lithium-ion battery,” said Proffesor Jürgen Fleig. “But our materials have some important advantages.” Ceramics are not flammable – so fire accidents, which occur time and again with Li-ion batteries, are practically ruled out. In addition, there is no need for rare elements, which are expensive or can only be extracted in an environmentally harmful way.</p><div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['xs','sm'],slot_ad_unit:'techbriefs.com_450x450_300x300',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/techbriefs.com_450x450_300x300',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid',[450,450],[300,300]],div_id:'GAM_pos_22_modid_365',target_pos:'22',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_22_modid_365' class=""></div></div></div><p>“In this respect, the use of ceramic materials is a great advantage because they can be adapted very well,” says Tobias Huber. “You can replace certain elements that are difficult to obtain with others relatively easily.” The prototype of the battery still uses lanthanum – an element that is not exactly rare but not completely common either. But even lanthanum is to be replaced by something cheaper, and research into this is already underway. Cobalt or nickel, which are used in many batteries, are not used at all.</p> <p>But perhaps the most important advantage of the new battery technology is its potential longevity: “In many batteries, you have the problem that at some point the charge carriers can no longer move,” said Alexander Schmid. “Then they can no longer be used to generate electricity, the capacity of the battery decreases. After many charging cycles, that can become a serious problem.”</p> <p>The oxygen-ion battery, however, can be regenerated without any problems: If oxygen is lost due to side reactions, then the loss can simply be compensated for by oxygen from the ambient air.</p> <p>The new battery concept is not intended for smartphones or electric cars, because the oxygen-ion battery only achieves about a third of the energy density that one is used to from Li-ion batteries and runs at temperatures between 200 °C and 400 °C. The technology is, however, extremely interesting for storing energy.</p> <p>“If you need a large energy storage unit to temporarily store solar or wind energy, for example, the oxygen-ion battery could be an excellent solution,” said Alexander Schmid. “If you construct an entire building full of energy storage modules, the lower energy density and increased operating temperature do not play a decisive role. But the strengths of our battery would be particularly important there: the long service life, the possibility of producing large quantities of these materials without rare elements, and the fact that there is no fire hazard with these batteries.”</p> <p><em>For more information, contact Florian Aigner at <joomla-hidden-mail is-link="1" is-email="1" first="cHI=" last="dHV3aWVuLmFjLmF0" text="cHJAdHV3aWVuLmFjLmF0" base="" >This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.</joomla-hidden-mail>; +43 158-801 x41027.</em></p> <hr> <div class="ntb_tagsbot"> <div class="taglist"> <strong class="sans-serif text-small">Topics:</strong><br> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/energy/batteries/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-bolt"></i> Batteries</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/116/2006/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-bolt"></i> Batteries</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/201/2049/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-truck"></i> Electric vehicles</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/116/1590/tb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-bolt"></i> Electrical systems</a> <a class="badge 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