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href="#Modern_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Typology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_criminal_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_criminal_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In criminal law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_criminal_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_cover-ups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_cover-ups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Alleged cover-ups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_cover-ups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Snowjob" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Snow_Job_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Snow Job (disambiguation)">Snow Job</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cover_Up_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cover Up (disambiguation)">Cover Up (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22An_ostrich_only_thinks_he_%22covers_up.%22_-_NARA_-_513846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%22An_ostrich_only_thinks_he_%22covers_up.%22_-_NARA_-_513846.jpg/170px-%22An_ostrich_only_thinks_he_%22covers_up.%22_-_NARA_-_513846.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%22An_ostrich_only_thinks_he_%22covers_up.%22_-_NARA_-_513846.jpg/255px-%22An_ostrich_only_thinks_he_%22covers_up.%22_-_NARA_-_513846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%22An_ostrich_only_thinks_he_%22covers_up.%22_-_NARA_-_513846.jpg/340px-%22An_ostrich_only_thinks_he_%22covers_up.%22_-_NARA_-_513846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1939" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>"An <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostrich</a> only thinks he 'covers up'."</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>cover-up</b> is an attempt, whether successful or not, to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conceal" class="extiw" title="wikt:conceal">conceal</a> evidence of wrongdoing, error, incompetence, or other <a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">embarrassing</a> information. Research has distinguished personal cover-ups (covering up one's own misdeeds) from relational cover-ups (covering up someone else's misdeeds).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expression is usually applied to people in positions of <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> who <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">abuse power</a> to avoid or silence <a href="/wiki/Criticism" title="Criticism">criticism</a> or to deflect <a href="/wiki/Guilt_(law)" title="Guilt (law)">guilt</a> of wrongdoing. Perpetrators of a cover-up (initiators or their allies) may be responsible for a misdeed, a <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_duty_in_English_law" title="Breach of duty in English law">breach of trust or duty</a>, or a crime. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_and_related_terms">Definitions and related terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cover-up&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions and related terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the terms are often used loosely, <i>cover-up</i> involves withholding incriminatory evidence, while <i><a href="/wiki/Whitewash_(censorship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewash (censorship)">whitewash</a></i> involves releasing misleadingly <a href="/wiki/Exculpatory_evidence" title="Exculpatory evidence">exculpatory evidence</a>, and a <i><a href="/wiki/Frameup" title="Frameup">frameup</a></i> involves falsely blaming an innocent person. <a href="/wiki/Misprision" title="Misprision">Misprision</a> is the failure of <a href="/wiki/Mandated_reporter" title="Mandated reporter">mandated reporters</a> to disclose crimes they are aware of (e.g., a military officer failing to proactively report evidence of <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, or a hospital failing to report <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child abuse</a>). </p><p>A cover-up involving multiple parties is a type of <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy" title="Conspiracy">conspiracy</a>. </p><p><i>Snowjob</i> is an American and <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> colloquialism for a deception or a cover-up; for example, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Gahagan_Douglas" title="Helen Gahagan Douglas">Helen Gahagan Douglas</a> described the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon Administration">Nixon Administration</a> as "the greatest snow job in history".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cover-up&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cover-up" title="Special:EditPage/Cover-up">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg/220px-Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg/330px-Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg/440px-Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3999" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>The Ottoman government attempted to ban foreigners from taking photographs such as this one of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> victims in an effort to cover up the genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>When a <a href="/wiki/Scandal" title="Scandal">scandal</a> breaks, the discovery of an attempt to cover up the truth is often regarded as even more reprehensible than the original deeds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Initially a cover-up may require a lot of effort, but it will be carried out by those closely involved with the misdeed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Once some hint of the hidden matter starts to become known, the cover-up gradually draws all the top leadership, at least, of an organization into complicity in covering up a misdeed or even crime that may have originally been committed by a few of its members acting independently.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This may be regarded as tacit approval of that behaviour.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is likely that some cover-ups are successful, although by definition this cannot be confirmed. Many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> fail, however, as more and more people are drawn in and the possibility of exposure makes potential accomplices fearful of supporting the cover-up and as loose ends that may never normally have been noticed start to stand out. As it spreads, the cover-up itself creates yet more suspicious circumstances. </p><p>The original misdeed being covered may be relatively minor, such as the "third-rate burglary" which started the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>, but the cover-up adds so many additional crimes (<a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">obstruction of justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">perjury</a>, payoffs and <a href="/wiki/Bribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bribe">bribes</a>, in some cases suspicious suicides or outright <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>) that the cover-up becomes much more serious than the original crime.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This gave rise to the phrase, "it's not the crime, it's the cover-up".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cover-ups do not necessarily require the active manipulation of facts or circumstances. Arguably the most common form of cover-up is one of non-action. It is the conscious failure to release incriminating information by a third party. This passive cover-up may be justified by the motive of not wanting to embarrass the culprit or expose them to criminal prosecution, or even the belief that the cover-up is justified by protecting the greater community from scandal. Yet, because of the passive cover-up, the misdeed often goes undiscovered and results in harm to others ensuing from its failure to be discovered.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Real cover-ups are common enough, but any event which is not completely clear is likely to give rise to a thicket of <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> alleging covering up of sometimes the weirdest and most unlikely conspiracies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typology">Typology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cover-up&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Typology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Synthesis plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/40px-Ambox_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/60px-Ambox_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/80px-Ambox_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research">synthesis of material</a> which does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiably mention</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_removal#Irrelevant_information" title="Wikipedia:Content removal">relate</a> to the main topic.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Cover-up##" title="Talk:Cover-up">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cruikshank_-_Old_Thirty_Nine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Cruikshank_-_Old_Thirty_Nine.png/220px-Cruikshank_-_Old_Thirty_Nine.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Cruikshank_-_Old_Thirty_Nine.png/330px-Cruikshank_-_Old_Thirty_Nine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Cruikshank_-_Old_Thirty_Nine.png/440px-Cruikshank_-_Old_Thirty_Nine.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption><i>Old Thirty Nine shaking hands with his good brother the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope of Italy</a>, or covering up versus sealing up the Bible, 1819</i> by <a href="/wiki/George_Cruikshank" title="George Cruikshank">George Cruikshank</a>. ("39 articles" refers to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The following list is considered to be a typology<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since those who engage in cover-ups tend to use many of the same methods of hiding the truth and defending themselves. This list was compiled from famous cover-ups such as <a href="/wiki/Watergate_Scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Watergate Scandal">Watergate Scandal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran-Contra_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Contra Affair">Iran-Contra Affair</a>, <a href="/wiki/My_Lai_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="My Lai Massacre">My Lai Massacre</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a></i>, the cover-up of corruption in New York City under Boss Tweed (<a href="/wiki/William_M._Tweed" title="William M. Tweed">William M. Tweed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a>) in the late 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the tobacco industry cover-up of the health hazards of smoking.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The methods in actual cover-ups tend to follow the general order of the list below. </p> <dl><dt>Initial response to allegation</dt></dl> <ol><li>Flat <a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">denial</a></li> <li>Convince the media to bury the story</li> <li>Preemptively distribute false information</li> <li>Claim that the "problem" is <a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">minimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Claim faulty memory</a></li> <li>Claim the accusations are <a href="/wiki/Half-truths" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-truths">half-truths</a></li> <li>Claim the critic has no proof</li> <li>Attack the critic's motive</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem">Attack the critic's character</a></li></ol> <dl><dt>Withhold or tamper with evidence</dt></dl> <ol><li>Prevent the discovery of evidence</li> <li>Destroy or alter the evidence</li> <li>Make discovery of evidence difficult</li> <li>Create misleading names of individuals and companies to hide funding</li> <li>Lie or commit <a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">perjury</a></li> <li>Block or delay investigations</li> <li>Issue restraining orders</li> <li>Claim executive privilege</li></ol> <dl><dt>Delayed response to allegation</dt></dl> <ol><li>Deny a restricted definition of wrongdoing (e.g. torture)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_hangout" title="Limited hangout">Limited hang out</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(i.e., confess to minor charges)</li> <li>Use biased evidence as a defense</li> <li>Claim that the critic's evidence is biased</li> <li>Select a biased blue ribbon commission or "independent" inquiry</li></ol> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Intimidate" class="mw-redirect" title="Intimidate">Intimidate</a> participants, <a href="/wiki/Witness_intimidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Witness intimidation">witnesses</a> or <a href="/wiki/Whistleblowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblowers">whistleblowers</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <ol><li>Bribe or buy out the critic</li> <li>Generally intimidate the critic by following him or her, killing pets, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">Blackmail</a>: hire private investigators and threaten to reveal past wrongdoing ("dirt")</li> <li>Death threats of the critic or his or her family</li> <li>Threaten the critic with loss of job or future employment in industry</li> <li>Transfer the critic to an inferior job or location</li> <li>Intimidate the critic with lawsuits or <a href="/wiki/Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation" title="Strategic lawsuit against public participation">SLAPP suits</a></li> <li>Murder; assassination</li></ol> <dl><dt>Publicity management</dt></dl> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Bribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bribe">Bribe</a> the press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Secretly plant stories in the press</a></li> <li>Retaliate against hostile media</li> <li>Threaten the press with loss of access</li> <li>Attack the motives of the press</li> <li>Place defensive advertisements</li> <li>Buy out the news source</li></ol> <dl><dt>Damage control</dt></dl> <ol><li>Claim no knowledge of wrongdoing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoats</a>: <a href="/wiki/Blame" title="Blame">blame</a> an underling for unauthorized action</li> <li>Fire the person(s) in charge</li></ol> <dl><dt>Win court cases</dt></dl> <ol><li>Hire the best lawyers</li> <li>Hire scientists and expert witnesses who will support your story</li> <li>Delay with legal maneuvers</li> <li>Influence or control the judges</li></ol> <dl><dt>Reward cover-up participants</dt></dl> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hush_money" title="Hush money">Hush money</a></li> <li>Little or no punishment</li> <li>Pardon or commute sentences</li> <li>Promote employees as a reward for cover-up</li> <li>Reemploy the employee after dust clears</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_criminal_law">In criminal law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cover-up&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In criminal law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on the nature of cover-up activities, they may constitute a crime in certain jurisdictions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">Perjury</a> (actively telling lies to the court, as opposed to refusing to answer questions) is considered a crime in virtually all legal systems. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">obstruction of justice</a>, that is, any activity that aims to cover-up another crime, is itself a crime in many legal systems. </p><p>The United States has the crime of <a href="/wiki/Making_false_statements" title="Making false statements">making false statements</a> to a federal agent in the context of any matter within the federal jurisdiction, which includes "knowingly and willfully" making a statement that "covers up by any trick, scheme, or device a material fact".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cover-up&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%E2%80%99accuse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/J%E2%80%99accuse.jpg/220px-J%E2%80%99accuse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/J%E2%80%99accuse.jpg/330px-J%E2%80%99accuse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/J%E2%80%99accuse.jpg/440px-J%E2%80%99accuse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="2197" /></a><figcaption>Front page of the newspaper <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/L%E2%80%99Aurore" class="mw-redirect" title="L’Aurore">L’Aurore</a></i></span> of Thursday 13 January 1898, with the famous open letter <i><a href="/wiki/J%27Accuse%E2%80%A6!" class="mw-redirect" title="J'Accuse…!">J'Accuse…!</a></i> written by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a> to the President of France about the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus Affair">Dreyfus Affair</a>. The headline reads "I accuse! Letter to the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Faure" title="Félix Faure">President of the Republic</a>". See <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:J%27Accuse...!" class="extiw" title="s:Translation:J'Accuse...!">J'accuse...!</a>, the whole text on Wikisource</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus Affair">Dreyfus Affair</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide denial</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Luzhniki_disaster#Media_coverage" title="Luzhniki disaster">Luzhniki disaster</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a><sup id="cite_ref-schmemann19860429_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmemann19860429-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/My_Lai_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="My Lai Massacre">My Lai Massacre</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_sex_abuse_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic sex abuse cases">Roman Catholic sex abuse cases</a> of the late 20th and early 21st centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Russian doping scandals</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormy_Daniels%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_scandal" title="Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal">Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alleged_cover-ups">Alleged cover-ups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cover-up&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alleged cover-ups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a> generally include an allegation of a cover-up of the facts of some prominent event. Examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_cover-up_and_conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy assassination cover-up and conspiracy theories">John F. Kennedy assassination</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_800_conspiracy_theories" title="TWA Flight 800 conspiracy theories">TWA Flight 800 conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007_alternate_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007 alternate theories">Korean Air Lines Flight 007 alternate theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M/S_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="M/S Estonia">M/S <i>Estonia</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy)">New World Order</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusztai_affair" title="Pusztai affair">Pusztai affair</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_incident" title="Roswell incident">Roswell incident</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_U.S._diplomatic_mission_in_Benghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Attack on the U.S. diplomatic mission in Benghazi">Attack on the U.S. diplomatic mission in Benghazi</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object" title="Unidentified flying object">UFOs</a> in general<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Mamasapano_clash" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Mamasapano clash">Mamasapano clash</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jeffrey_Epstein" title="Death of Jeffrey Epstein">Death of Jeffrey Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of COVID-19">Origin of COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nord_Stream_pipeline_sabotage" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage">2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Ohio_train_derailment" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Ohio train derailment">2023 Ohio train derailment</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cover-up&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_of_guilt" title="Consciousness of guilt">Consciousness of guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gatekeeper (politics)">Gatekeepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impression_formation" title="Impression formation">Impression formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie" title="Lie">Lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_defences" title="Narcissistic defences">Narcissistic defences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_search" title="Negative search">Negative search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omert%C3%A0" title="Omertà">Omertà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(public_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin (public relations)">Spin (public relations)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewash_(censorship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewash (censorship)">Whitewash (censorship)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_wall_of_silence" title="Blue wall of silence">Blue wall of silence</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cover-up&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKundro2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kundro, Timothy (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amj.2018.1396">"Understanding When and Why Cover-Ups Are Punished Less Severely"</a>. <i>Academy of Management Journal</i>. <b>64</b> (3): 873–900. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5465%2Famj.2018.1396">10.5465/amj.2018.1396</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218805378">218805378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Management+Journal&rft.atitle=Understanding+When+and+Why+Cover-Ups+Are+Punished+Less+Severely&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=873-900&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5465%2Famj.2018.1396&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218805378%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kundro&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.aom.org%2Fdoi%2F10.5465%2Famj.2018.1396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACover-up" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/snow+job">"Define snow job at dictionary.com"</a>. <i>dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Define+snow+job+at+dictionary.com&rft.btitle=dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fsnow%2Bjob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACover-up" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert_Mitgang1992" class="citation news cs1">Herbert Mitgang (25 May 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEFDD153FF936A15756C0A964958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">"Books of The Times; Nixon's Enemy in 1950 Had the Last Laugh in '74"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Books+of+The+Times%3B+Nixon%27s+Enemy+in+1950+Had+the+Last+Laugh+in+%2774&rft.date=1992-05-25&rft.au=Herbert+Mitgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9E0CEFDD153FF936A15756C0A964958260%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACover-up" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkçam2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taner_Akcam" class="mw-redirect" title="Taner Akcam">Akçam, Taner</a> (2018). <a href="/wiki/Killing_Orders" title="Killing Orders"><i>Killing Orders: Talat Pasha's Telegrams and the Armenian Genocide</i></a>. Springer. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-69787-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-69787-1"><bdi>978-3-319-69787-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killing+Orders%3A+Talat+Pasha%27s+Telegrams+and+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-69787-1&rft.aulast=Ak%C3%A7am&rft.aufirst=Taner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACover-up" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2019" class="citation news cs1">Carlson, Margaret (23 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/with-trump-its-not-the-cover-up-its-the-crime">"With Trump, It's Not the Cover-Up. It's the Crime"</a>. <i>The Daily Beast</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=With+Trump%2C+It%27s+Not+the+Cover-Up.+It%27s+the+Crime.&rft.date=2019-10-23&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fwith-trump-its-not-the-cover-up-its-the-crime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACover-up" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The systematic classification of the types of something according to their common characteristics. <i>See</i> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/typology" class="extiw" title="wikt:typology">Wiktionary</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ackerman, K. D. (2005). Boss Tweed: The rise and fall of the corrupt pol who conceived the soul of modern New York. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-1435-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7867-1435-2">0-7867-1435-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See biography of the whistleblower <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Wigand" title="Jeffrey Wigand">Jeffrey Wigand</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrory2002" class="citation news cs1">McGrory, Mary (25 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A44668-2002Apr24.html">"From Rome, A 'Limited Hangout'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=From+Rome%2C+A+%27Limited+Hangout%27&rft.date=2002-04-25&rft.aulast=McGrory&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA44668-2002Apr24.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACover-up" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="/wiki/List_of_whistleblowers" title="List of whistleblowers">List of whistleblowers</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1001#a">§ 1001(a)</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=D&artid=482#1462">"DREYFUS CASE ("L'Affaire Dreyfus")"</a>. JewishEncyclopedia.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DREYFUS+CASE+%28%22L%27Affaire+Dreyfus%22%29&rft.pub=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fletter%3DD%26artid%3D482%231462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACover-up" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDadrian2003" class="citation journal cs1">Dadrian, Vahakn N. (2003). "The signal facts surrounding the Armenian genocide and the Turkish denial syndrome". <i>Journal of Genocide Research</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 269–279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520305671">10.1080/14623520305671</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71289389">71289389</a>. <q>First, there are the organized attempts to cover up the record of past atrocities. The nearest successful example in the modern era is the 80 years of official denial by successive Turkish governments of the 1915–17 genocide against the Armenians in which some 1.5 million people lost their lives. This denial has been sustained by deliberate propaganda, lying and coverups, forging documents, suppression of archives, and bribing scholars.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=The+signal+facts+surrounding+the+Armenian+genocide+and+the+Turkish+denial+syndrome&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=269-279&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520305671&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A71289389%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dadrian&rft.aufirst=Vahakn+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACover-up" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterio2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sterio, Milena (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/cwrint44&div=36&id=&page=">"Katyn Forest Massacre: Of Genocide, State Lies, and Secrecy"</a>. <i>Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law</i>. <b>44</b>: 615.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Case+Western+Reserve+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Katyn+Forest+Massacre%3A+Of+Genocide%2C+State+Lies%2C+and+Secrecy&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=615&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Sterio&rft.aufirst=Milena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fcwrint44%26div%3D36%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACover-up" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh">Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters (Walsh Report)</a> March 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatell1989" class="citation news cs1">Katell, Andrew (10 July 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-07-10-sp-2558-story.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'82 Moscow Soccer Tragedy Is Exposed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=%2782+Moscow+Soccer+Tragedy+Is+Exposed&rft.date=1989-07-10&rft.aulast=Katell&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1989-07-10-sp-2558-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACover-up" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schmemann19860429-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schmemann19860429_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmemann1986" class="citation news cs1">Schmemann, Serge (29 April 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0426.html">"Soviet Announces Nuclear Accident at Electric Plant"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140427011434/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0426.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Soviet+Announces+Nuclear+Accident+at+Electric+Plant&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1986-04-29&rft.aulast=Schmemann&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F0426.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACover-up" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoug_Linder" class="citation web cs1">Doug Linder. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081115153853/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mylai/MYL_Peers.htm">"The Peers Report on the My Lai Massacre"</a>. Law.umkc.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mylai/MYL_Peers.htm">the original</a> on 15 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Peers+Report+on+the+My+Lai+Massacre&rft.pub=Law.umkc.edu&rft.au=Doug+Linder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.umkc.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fprojects%2Fftrials%2Fmylai%2FMYL_Peers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACover-up" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/globe/spotlight/abuse/stories/013102_priests.htm">"Boston Globe / Spotlight / Abuse in the Catholic Church / Scandal and coverup"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>. 31 January 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Boston+Globe+%2F+Spotlight+%2F+Abuse+in+the+Catholic+Church+%2F+Scandal+and+coverup&rft.date=2002-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fglobe%2Fspotlight%2Fabuse%2Fstories%2F013102_priests.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACover-up" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528003941/http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/watergate/wspf/741-002.pdf">"TRANSCRIPT OF A RECORDING OF A MEETING BETWEEN THE PRESIDENT AND H.R. HALDEMAN IN THE OVAL OFFICE ON JUNE 23, 1972 FROM 10:04 TO 11:39 AM - Watergate Special Prosecution Force"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/watergate/wspf/741-002.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TRANSCRIPT+OF+A+RECORDING+OF+A+MEETING+BETWEEN+THE+PRESIDENT+AND+H.R.+HALDEMAN+IN+THE+OVAL+OFFICE+ON+JUNE+23%2C+1972+FROM+10%3A04+TO+11%3A39+AM+-+Watergate+Special+Prosecution+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nixonlibrary.gov%2Fforresearchers%2Ffind%2Ftapes%2Fwatergate%2Fwspf%2F741-002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACover-up" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstlere2016" class="citation news cs1">Ostlere, Lawrence (9 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2016/dec/09/mclaren-report-into-doping-in-sport-part-two-live">"McLaren report: more than 1,000 Russian athletes involved in doping conspiracy"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=McLaren+report%3A+more+than+1%2C000+Russian+athletes+involved+in+doping+conspiracy&rft.date=2016-12-09&rft.aulast=Ostlere&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2Flive%2F2016%2Fdec%2F09%2Fmclaren-report-into-doping-in-sport-part-two-live&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACover-up" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Lane (1966). Rush to Judgment: A Critique of the Warren Commission's Inquiry Into the Murders of President John F. Kennedy, Officer J. D. Tippit and Lee Harvey Oswald. Holt Rinehart & Winston</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Hurt (January 1986). Reasonable Doubt: An Investigation into the Assassination of John F. Kennedy. Holt, Rinehart & Winston.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_L._Kurtz" title="Michael L. Kurtz">Michael L. Kurtz</a> (November 2006). The JFK Assassination Debates: Lone Gunman versus Conspiracy. University of Kansas Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabe, J(2002) Die Estonia: Tragödie eines Schiffsuntergangs, Publisher: Delius Klasing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldberg, Robert Alan (2001). Enemies Within: The Culture of Conspiracy in Modern America. Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09000-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09000-5">0-300-09000-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowell, Andrew (2003). Don't worry, it's safe to eat: the true story of GM food, BSE, & Foot and Mouth. Earthscan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85383-932-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85383-932-9">1-85383-932-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirk_Vander_Ploeg,_Wainfleet,_Ontario,_Canada" class="citation web cs1">Dirk Vander Ploeg, Wainfleet, Ontario, Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314014638/http://www.ufodigest.com/news/0707/haut.html">"2002 SEALED AFFIDAVIT OF WALTER G. HAUT"</a>. Ufodigest.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ufodigest.com/news/0707/haut.html">the original</a> on 14 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2002+SEALED+AFFIDAVIT+OF+WALTER+G.+HAUT&rft.pub=Ufodigest.com&rft.au=Dirk+Vander+Ploeg%2C+Wainfleet%2C+Ontario%2C+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ufodigest.com%2Fnews%2F0707%2Fhaut.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACover-up" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stj911.org/hypotheses/alternative.html">"Hypotheses: Principal Alternative Theories of the Attack retrieved March 2010"</a>. Stj911.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hypotheses%3A+Principal+Alternative+Theories+of+the+Attack+retrieved+March+2010&rft.pub=Stj911.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstj911.org%2Fhypotheses%2Falternative.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACover-up" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/documents-back-claims-requests-greater-security-benghazi-192307709--abc-news-politics.html">"Docs Back Up Claims of Requests for More Security in Benghazi"</a>. News.yahoo.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Docs+Back+Up+Claims+of+Requests+for+More+Security+in+Benghazi&rft.pub=News.yahoo.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fdocuments-back-claims-requests-greater-security-benghazi-192307709--abc-news-politics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACover-up" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence Fawcett & Barry J. Greenwood, The UFO Cover-Up (Originally Clear Intent), 1992, Fireside Books (Simon & Schuster), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-76555-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-76555-8">0-671-76555-8</a>. Many UFO documents.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/442433/news/nation/critics-hit-palace-s-new-script-on-pnoy-s-involvement-in-mamasapano-operation">"Critics hit Palace's 'new script' on PNoy's involvement in Mamasapano operation"</a>. GMANews.tv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Critics+hit+Palace%27s+%27new+script%27+on+PNoy%27s+involvement+in+Mamasapano+operation&rft.pub=GMANews.tv&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F442433%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fcritics-hit-palace-s-new-script-on-pnoy-s-involvement-in-mamasapano-operation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACover-up" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2023" class="citation news cs1">Thompson, Stuart A. (16 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/16/technology/ohio-train-derailment-chernobyl.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Chernobyl 2.0'? Ohio Train Derailment Spurs Wild Speculation"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Chernobyl+2.0%27%3F+Ohio+Train+Derailment+Spurs+Wild+Speculation.&rft.date=2023-02-16&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Stuart+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F02%2F16%2Ftechnology%2Fohio-train-derailment-chernobyl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACover-up" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerlan2023" class="citation web cs1">Merlan, Anna (13 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/m7g8x8/the-conspiracy-verse-thinks-fake-ufos-are-a-distraction-from-a-disastrous-train-derailment">"The Conspiracy-Verse Thinks "Fake UFOs" Are a Distraction From a Disastrous Train Derailment"</a>. <i>Vice News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice+News&rft.atitle=The+Conspiracy-Verse+Thinks+%22Fake+UFOs%22+Are+a+Distraction+From+a+Disastrous+Train+Derailment&rft.date=2023-02-13&rft.aulast=Merlan&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fm7g8x8%2Fthe-conspiracy-verse-thinks-fake-ufos-are-a-distraction-from-a-disastrous-train-derailment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACover-up" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cover-up&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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censorship">Corporate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cover-ups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoaxing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">websites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">Fakelore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_document" title="False document">False document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_entry" title="Fictitious entry">Fictitious entries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hoaxes" title="List of hoaxes">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_forgery" title="Literary forgery">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_press" title="Lying press">Lying press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hoax" title="Racial hoax">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus_hoax" title="Virus hoax">Virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_manipulation" title="Video manipulation">Video manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Branding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_marketing" title="Loyalty marketing">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_marketing" title="Product marketing">Product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">Product placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">Publicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-of-mouth_marketing" title="Word-of-mouth marketing">Word of mouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda-setting_theory" title="Agenda-setting theory">Agenda-setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotive_conjugation" title="Emotive conjugation">Emotive conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Pseudo-event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_scrum" title="Media scrum">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_advertising" title="Campaign advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Astroturfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_ad" title="Attack ad">Attack ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvassing" title="Canvassing">Canvassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_promise" title="Election promise">Election promises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_sign" title="Lawn sign">Lawn signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_platform" title="Party platform">Party platforms (or manifestos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_recognition" title="Name recognition">Name recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_campaigning" title="Negative campaigning">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_poll" title="Push poll">Push polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">Wedge issue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_techniques" title="Propaganda techniques">Techniques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_leaflet_propaganda" title="Airborne leaflet propaganda">Airborne leaflets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information (IT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a 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navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_calling" title="Cold calling">Cold calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door-to-door" title="Door-to-door">Door-to-door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricing" title="Pricing">Pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_demonstration" title="Product demonstration">Product demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">Promotion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaving" title="Spaving">Spaving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_merchandise" title="Promotional merchandise">Promotional merchandise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing" title="Telemarketing">Telemarketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" 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