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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Communism" title="Category:Communism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/50px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/75px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/100px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">"From each according to his ability,<br />to each according to his needs"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">Communist Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">WPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">WFDY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Students" title="International Union of Students">IUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women's International Democratic Federation">WIDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers" title="World Federation of Scientific Workers">WFSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation of Journalists">IOR</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Raja" title="D. Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_Zizek" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavoj Zizek">Zizek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_Gordillo" title="Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo">Gordillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_France" title="Communism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Korea" title="Communism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Peru" title="Communism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of communism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism" title="Communist symbolism">Symbols</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Red flag (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">Red star</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Criticism </div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related  topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_communist_theorists" title="21st-century communist theorists">21st-century communist theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a> <br /> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism" title="Template:Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism" title="Template talk:Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Communism in the Philippines</b> emerged in the first half of the 20th century during the <a href="/wiki/American_colonial_era_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="American colonial era of the Philippines">American colonial era of the Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Komunista_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komunista-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a> movements originated in <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor unions">labor unions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasant</a> groups. The communist movement has had multiple periods of popularity and relevance to the national affairs of the country, most notably during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Martial Law Era of the Philippines</a>. Currently, the communist movement is weaker, and considered an insurgent movement by the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a>. </p><p>The communist movement in the Philippines officially began in 1930 with the establishment of the <i><a href="/wiki/Partido_Komunista_ng_Pilipinas-1930" title="Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930">Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas</a></i> (Communist Party of the Philippines).<sup id="cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SauloCommunism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party was outlawed in 1932 by a decision from the Supreme Court, but was technically legalized in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-Komunista_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komunista-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It then merged with the <i><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Party of the Philippines">Partido Sosyalista ng Pilipinas</a></i> (Socialist Party of the Philippines) and played a part in guerrilla warfare against the Japanese during the Second World War by way of the <a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon</a> (HUKBALAHAP, <i>The Nation's Army Against the Japanese</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-HukRebellion_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HukRebellion-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, the PKP vacillated between taking a moderate stance and launching an armed insurrection. A series of setbacks culminated in the surrender of <a href="/wiki/Luis_Taruc" title="Luis Taruc">Luis Taruc</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SauloCommunism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Huk Supremo, and the liquidation of the PKP.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPHistory_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PKP was again officially outlawed by the government, this time by virtue of Republic Act 1700, or the Anti-Subversion Act.<sup id="cite_ref-RA1700_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RA1700-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">Communist Party of the Philippines</a> was <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Rectification_Movement" title="First Great Rectification Movement">reestablished</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Jose Maria Sison</a> (writing under the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym#Literature" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> Amado Guerrero).<sup id="cite_ref-APExplainer_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APExplainer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CPPHistory_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its military arm, the <a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army">New People's Army</a>, was formed the next year<sup id="cite_ref-CPPCrisis_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPCrisis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was headed by <a href="/wiki/Bernabe_Buscayno" title="Bernabe Buscayno">Bernabe Buscayno</a> (under the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym#Military_and_paramilitary_organizations" title="Pseudonym">nom de guerre</a> "Commander Dante"). The CPP-Mao Tse Tsung Thought splintered from the old PKP, clashing with it ideologically, reflecting the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Split" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Soviet Split">Sino-Soviet Split</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">united front</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Front_of_the_Philippines" title="National Democratic Front of the Philippines">National Democratic Front of the Philippines</a>, was established in 1973. </p><p>The CPP played a prominent role in the resistance against the <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">dictatorship</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>. The NPA was the largest armed force that took up arms against the dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, differences in ideology, strategy and tactics, and errors including the CPP's decision to boycott the <a href="/wiki/1986_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1986 Philippine presidential election">1986 Philippine presidential election</a><sup id="cite_ref-APExplainer_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APExplainer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CPPPortia_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPPortia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led to a <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Rectification_Movement" title="Second Great Rectification Movement">split in the CPP</a> between "re-affirmists" and "rejectionists".<sup id="cite_ref-RevolutionFalters_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RevolutionFalters-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CPP is still currently the largest communist movement in the Philippines, waging a <a href="/wiki/Protracted_people%27s_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Protracted people's war">protracted people's war</a> against the Philippine government while also engaged in on-and-off peace negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-NDFPTwoArticles_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDFPTwoArticles-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Obrera_Democr%C3%A1tica_Filipina" title="Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina">Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_del_Trabajo_de_Filipinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Union del Trabajo de Filipinas">Union del Trabajo de Filipinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_de_Impresores_de_Filipinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Union de Impresores de Filipinas">Union de Impresores de Filipinas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Congreso_Obrero_de_Filipinas" title="Congreso Obrero de Filipinas">Congreso Obrero de Filipinas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isabelo_de_los_Reyes,_Sr..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Isabelo_de_los_Reyes%2C_Sr..jpg/220px-Isabelo_de_los_Reyes%2C_Sr..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Isabelo_de_los_Reyes%2C_Sr..jpg/330px-Isabelo_de_los_Reyes%2C_Sr..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Isabelo_de_los_Reyes%2C_Sr..jpg/440px-Isabelo_de_los_Reyes%2C_Sr..jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Isabelo de los Reyes, ilustrado, and considered to be father of Filipino Socialism</figcaption></figure> <p>The first socialist and communist groups emerged as a result of the emergence of the labor movement in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-Komunista_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komunista-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1901, <a href="/wiki/Isabelo_de_los_Reyes" title="Isabelo de los Reyes">Isabelo de los Reyes</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ilustrado" title="Ilustrado">ilustrado</a>, brought back what can be considered the first batch of socialist literature, consisting of writings by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> and other leftists of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-Komunista_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komunista-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De los Reyes was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Francesc_Ferrer_i_Gu%C3%A0rdia" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia">Francisco Ferrer</a>, an anarcho-syndicalist he met during a stay in <a href="/wiki/Montju%C3%AFc_Castle_(Barcelona)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montjuïc Castle (Barcelona)">Montjuïc prison</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona, Spain">Barcelona, Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-senategov_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senategov-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hermenegildo_Cruz" title="Hermenegildo Cruz">Hermenegildo Cruz</a>, a printer, established the first modern labor union in the country, the <i>Union de Litografos y Impresores de Filipinas</i> (ULIF). <sup id="cite_ref-PhilHistory_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilHistory-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, Cruz and de los Reyes formed the <i><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Obrera_Democr%C3%A1tica_Filipina" title="Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina">Unión Obrera Democrática</a></i> (UOD), along with its official organ, <i>La Redencion del Obrero</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-PhilHistory_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilHistory-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UOD is considered to be the first trade union federation in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-SND_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SND-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UOD was rechristened as the <i>Union Obrero Democratica de Filipinas</i> (UODF) by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Dominador_G%C3%B3mez" title="Dominador Gómez">Dominador Gómez</a>, who took over leadership of the UOD from De los Reyes. The UODF was instrumental in leading the first labor demonstration of <a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a> in the Philippines on May 1, 1903,<sup id="cite_ref-BulatlatMay1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BulatlatMay1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the organization was dissolved shortly after Gomez was arrested on charges of sedition.<sup id="cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SauloCommunism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_de_Impresores_de_Filipinas_Certificate_of_Membership.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Union_de_Impresores_de_Filipinas_Certificate_of_Membership.png/220px-Union_de_Impresores_de_Filipinas_Certificate_of_Membership.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Union_de_Impresores_de_Filipinas_Certificate_of_Membership.png/330px-Union_de_Impresores_de_Filipinas_Certificate_of_Membership.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Union_de_Impresores_de_Filipinas_Certificate_of_Membership.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>A certificate of membership (<i>Katibayan ng Kaanib</i>) to the UIF (circa 1918)</figcaption></figure> <p>Multiple labor federations emerged in the wake of the UODF's dissolution, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Union_del_Trabajo_de_Filipinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Union del Trabajo de Filipinas">Union del Trabajo de Filipinas</a></i> (UTF), headed by <a href="/wiki/Lope_K._Santos" title="Lope K. Santos">Lope K. Santos</a> and formed with the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> in an effort by the colonial government to steer organized labor along less controversial paths.<sup id="cite_ref-Komunista_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komunista-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1908, the UODF reemerged as a result of dissatisfaction in the UTF's moderate policies, as well as partisan politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Komunista_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komunista-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 1, 1913,<sup id="cite_ref-SND_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SND-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/Congreso_Obrero_de_Filipinas" title="Congreso Obrero de Filipinas">Congreso Obrero de Filipinas</a></i> (COF) was founded, with Cruz as its first President, and both the UODF and UTF were dissolved. The COF would become the country's foremost labor center until 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-Komunista_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komunista-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1922, Antonio Ora<sup id="cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SauloCommunism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formed the <i><a href="/wiki/Partido_Obrero" class="mw-redirect" title="Partido Obrero">Partido Obrero</a></i>, a political party meant to challenge the dominant Nacionalista and Democrata parties, but failed to win any seats in the <a href="/wiki/1925_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1925 Philippine Senate elections">1925 elections</a>. Regardless, their relative success attracted the attention of <a href="/wiki/Crisanto_Evangelista" title="Crisanto Evangelista">Crisanto Evangelista</a> and Jacinto Manahan, who headed the UIF and the KPMP, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Komunista_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komunista-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Partido Obrero would eventually be the basis of the PKP.<sup id="cite_ref-LorimerCommunism_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LorimerCommunism-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1927, the COF decided to affiliate itself with the <a href="/wiki/Profintern" title="Profintern">Red International of Labor Unions</a>. Evangelista, Manahan, and Cirlio Bognot were sent to the Profintern conference in Moscow in March 1928. On their return, Evangelista organized the first batch of Filipino <i>pensionados</i> to study in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_University_of_the_Toilers_of_the_East" title="Communist University of the Toilers of the East">University of Toilers of the East</a>, Moscow. Two more groups were sent in 1929 and 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katipunan_ng_mga_Anak-Pawis_sa_Pilipinas_Bulletin_7_November_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Katipunan_ng_mga_Anak-Pawis_sa_Pilipinas_Bulletin_7_November_1935.jpg/220px-Katipunan_ng_mga_Anak-Pawis_sa_Pilipinas_Bulletin_7_November_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Katipunan_ng_mga_Anak-Pawis_sa_Pilipinas_Bulletin_7_November_1935.jpg/330px-Katipunan_ng_mga_Anak-Pawis_sa_Pilipinas_Bulletin_7_November_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Katipunan_ng_mga_Anak-Pawis_sa_Pilipinas_Bulletin_7_November_1935.jpg/440px-Katipunan_ng_mga_Anak-Pawis_sa_Pilipinas_Bulletin_7_November_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1699" data-file-height="2449" /></a><figcaption>November 7, 1935 issue of the KAP bulletin.</figcaption></figure> <p>The COF would become increasingly split between a conservative faction led by Ruperto Cristobal,<sup id="cite_ref-SND_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SND-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isabelo Tejada, Domingo Ponce, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Komunista_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komunista-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with a Left faction headed by Evangelista.<sup id="cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SauloCommunism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929, Evangelista's Left faction in the COF drafted a "thesis" calling for measures such as the creation of unions based on industrial lines, the creation of a true workers' party, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-Komunista_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komunista-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This measure was blocked by the conservatives by allegedly using dummy labor delegates, and Evangelista's faction walked out of the convention, splitting the COF. Twelve days later on May 12, 1929, the <i><a href="/wiki/Katipunan_ng_mga_Anakpawis_sa_Pilipinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Katipunan ng mga Anakpawis sa Pilipinas">Katipunan ng mga Anakpawis sa Pilipinas</a></i> (KAP) was formed as a more militant and more progressive labor federation.<sup id="cite_ref-SND_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SND-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside Manila, peasant and labor organizations also began to take shape, such as the <i>Pagkakaisa ng Magsasaka</i> founded by Manuel Palomares, the <i>Kapatirang Magsasaka</i> established by <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Sandiko" title="Teodoro Sandiko">Teodoro Sandiko</a>, and Anak Pawis.<sup id="cite_ref-Komunista_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komunista-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most influential of these was <i>Kalipunang Pambansa ng mga Magbubukid sa Pilipinas</i> (KPMP, National Union of Filipino Peasants), founded by Jacinto Manahan, a COF member.<sup id="cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SauloCommunism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Abad_Santos" title="Pedro Abad Santos">Pedro Abad Santos</a> independently formed the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Party of the Philippines">Socialist Party of the Philippines</a><sup id="cite_ref-CPPHistory_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (SPP) in Central Luzon. The next year, Abad Santos founded the <i><a href="/wiki/Aguman_ding_Maldang_Talapagobra" title="Aguman ding Maldang Talapagobra">Aguman ding Maldang Talapagobra</a></i> (AMT, Union of the Toiling Masses). The AMT and the KPMP were both highly important in the peasant revolts and reforms of the 1930s, although neither group was formally socialist or communist. Members of both of these groups also formed a large section of the <a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbalahap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HukRebellion_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HukRebellion-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_the_PKP">Establishment of the PKP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Establishment of the PKP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Partido_Komunista_ng_Pilipinas-1930" title="Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930">Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbalahap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Philippines)" title="Democratic Alliance (Philippines)">Democratic Alliance (Philippines)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukbalahap Rebellion">Hukbalahap Rebellion</a></div> <p>On August 26, 1930, <i>Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas</i> (PKP, Communist Party of the Philippines) was organized from members of the KAP<sup id="cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SauloCommunism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and KPMP.<sup id="cite_ref-SND_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SND-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party itself was formalized as an official entity on November 7 of the same year. These two dates correspond with the <a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad Lawin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, respectively, symbolically linking the PKP with the nationalist and the communist revolutions.<sup id="cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SauloCommunism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the PKP and KAP were declared as illegal organizations by the Manila Court of First Instance (CFI) on September 14, 1931, sentencing twenty communist leaders of eight years and one day of banishment to the provinces. Evangelista was additionally sentenced with six months' imprisonment and a fine of 400 pesos for sedition. The convicted communists brought an appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a>, which affirmed the Manila CFI decision on October 26, 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-Court1932_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Court1932-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_S._Allen" title="James S. Allen">James S. Allen</a> of the CPUSA persuaded Evangelista's group into taking a conditional pardon and intervened for their release. On December 24, 1938, Evangelista and others were granted a pardon and proceeded to enact a united front strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-PKPHistory_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKPHistory-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PKP also merged with Abad Santos' Partido Sosyalista, increasing its numbers and making up for lost time.<sup id="cite_ref-SND_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SND-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PKP established a <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Front">Popular Front</a> led by Abad Santos and participated heavily during elections in Central Luzon.<sup id="cite_ref-HukRebellion_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HukRebellion-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of a people's militia was conceived by party leaders as early as October 1941, when the PKP convened with other anti-fascist political groups, such as the League for the Defense of Democracy and the Friends of China.<sup id="cite_ref-HukRebellion_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HukRebellion-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the top PKP leaders were arrested in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> by invading Japanese forces, including Abad Santos, Evangelista, and Guillermo Capadocia. The Japanese also arrested Agapito del Rosario, the former vice-chairman of the SPP, and two relatives of Abad Santos.<sup id="cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SauloCommunism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second-front leadership under Dr. <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Lava" title="Vicente Lava">Vicente Lava</a> took over the reins of the PKP and was elected general secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1942 a "struggle conference" was held in <a href="/wiki/Cabiao" title="Cabiao">Cabiao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a> to discuss organization, strategy, and tactics. Several armed groups were immediately organized and began operating in Central Luzon. The guerrillas were eventually formally organized on March 29, 1942 as the <a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbalahap</a>, eleven days before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">Fall of Bataan</a>. Although the Hukbalahap had a military commissariat which provided guidance to the Huks, the Hukbalahap itself was not a communist group, nor was it a communist group disguised as a nationalist one.<sup id="cite_ref-HukRebellion_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HukRebellion-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Huks quickly gained ground in Central Luzon, the PKP set out to establish Barrio United Defense Corps (BUDC) in Huk-controlled areas. The BUDC's served as a barrio-level government which was to maintain peace, order, and set up food production and recruitment in Huk-controlled areas, and overlapped between independently formed barrio governments, "neighborhood committees" set up by the Japanese, and BUDCs.<sup id="cite_ref-HukRebellion_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HukRebellion-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 5, 1943, the Japanese struck the Huk headquarters in Cabiao, Nueva Ecija in a surprise attack, capturing many cadres and guerrillas.<sup id="cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SauloCommunism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In light of the aftermath of the Cabiao raid, PKP leadership began to adopt a "retreat for defense" policy, reducing the army organization to teams of three to five member groups and avoiding direct confrontation with the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPHistory_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Hukbalahap squadrons did not follow such a policy,<sup id="cite_ref-HukRebellion_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HukRebellion-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a party conference in September 1944 declared the retreat for defense policy to have been erroneous.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPHistory_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vicente Lava was eventually removed as general secretary. By the end of the war, the Huks had 1,200 engagements, and inflicted some 25,000 enemy casualties. The Huks' strength consisted of 20,000 fully armed regulars and some 50,000 reservists.<sup id="cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SauloCommunism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the war and the return of American presence in the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/USAFFE" class="mw-redirect" title="USAFFE">USAFFE</a> guerillas and former PC members forcibly disarmed Huk squadrons while charging other guerrillas of treason, sedition, and subversive activity. Huk leaders <a href="/wiki/Luis_Taruc" title="Luis Taruc">Luis Taruc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casto_Alejandrino" title="Casto Alejandrino">Casto Alejandrino</a>, and other leaders were briefly arrested before being released by the <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> government. The PKP formally disbanded the Hukbalahap and formed the Hukbalahap Veterans' League (Hukvets) in an effort to get the Hukbalahap recognized as a legitimate guerrilla movement.<sup id="cite_ref-HukRebellion_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HukRebellion-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DA_Nacionalista_Popular_Front_Candidates_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c8/DA_Nacionalista_Popular_Front_Candidates_1946.jpg/220px-DA_Nacionalista_Popular_Front_Candidates_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c8/DA_Nacionalista_Popular_Front_Candidates_1946.jpg/330px-DA_Nacionalista_Popular_Front_Candidates_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c8/DA_Nacionalista_Popular_Front_Candidates_1946.jpg/440px-DA_Nacionalista_Popular_Front_Candidates_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption>Election flyer advertising presidential and senatorial candidates of the Democratic Alliance-Nacionalista Popular Front Party</figcaption></figure> <p>The PKP formed the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Philippines)" title="Democratic Alliance (Philippines)">Democratic Alliance</a>, supporting Osmeña in the <a href="/wiki/1946_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1946 Philippine presidential election">1946 Presidential elections</a> in an effort to defeat <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas">Manuel Roxas</a>, who was seen as the lesser of two evils.<sup id="cite_ref-HukRebellion_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HukRebellion-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DA fielded candidates for <a href="/wiki/1946_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 Philippine House of Representatives elections">Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/1946_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1946 Philippine Senate election">Senate</a>, including Vicente Lava, who was part of the PKP's Central Committee at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SauloCommunism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six congressional candidates won, including Taruc, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Feleo" title="Juan Feleo">Juan Feleo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Lava" title="Jesus Lava">Jesus Lava</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SauloCommunism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but were prevented from taking their oaths in Congress by the Roxas administration, due to their opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Trade_Act" title="Bell Trade Act">Bell Trade Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WeekleyPostWar_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeekleyPostWar-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Continuing unrest in Central Luzon culminated in the killing of Juan Feleo. The Hukbalahap was revived as the <i>Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan</i> (HMB, People's Liberation Army) and launched an insurrection against the Roxas government.<sup id="cite_ref-HukRebellion_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HukRebellion-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PKP leadership was split between supporting the armed struggle and opposing it, though Jose Lava would eventually get the reins of Party leadership and fully lend its support to the HMB.<sup id="cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SauloCommunism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CPPHistory_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The HMB rebellion peaked in 1950 at around 10,800 fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SauloCommunism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Jose Lava, the HMB planned to seize political power in "two years" and PKP members would bid each other goodbye with "See you in <a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacañang">Malacañang</a>!"<sup id="cite_ref-CPPRectify_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPRectify-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The HMB launched "dress rehearsals" meant to test the overall capability and public reaction to their plan, but setbacks would result in Lava's arrest alongside other prominent leaders, including Federico Maclang, Ramon Espiritu, Honofre Mangila, Magno Bueno, Federico Bautista, Iluminada Calonge, Angel Baking, and Sammy Rodriguez.<sup id="cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SauloCommunism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taruc surrendered on May 16, 1954, owing to disagreements with the Lava leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SauloCommunism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most HMB fighters surrendered as well, with some like Casto Alejandrino continuing to fight well into the 60's,<sup id="cite_ref-HukRebellion_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HukRebellion-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others like Faustino del Mundo turning to armed banditry.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPHistory_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1957, the Anti-Subversion Law was enacted, outlawing the PKP, the HMB, and "any successors of any such organizations".<sup id="cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SauloCommunism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RA1700_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RA1700-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesus Lava, a brother of Vicente and Jose Lava, had taken on the leadership of the Party and liquidated the HMB by transforming it into "organizational brigades." He also liquidated all basic units and organizations by enacting a "single-file" policy, before going underground.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPHistory_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lava continued to elude authorities until his arrest 9 years later, on May 21, 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SauloCommunism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Great_Rectification_Movement_and_PKP-CPP_split">First Great Rectification Movement and PKP-CPP split</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First Great Rectification Movement and PKP-CPP split"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Rectification_Movement" title="First Great Rectification Movement">First Great Rectification Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">Communist Party of the Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army">New People's Army</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Communist_armed_conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines">Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Maoism" title="Category:Maoism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Maoflag1.svg/100px-Maoflag1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Maoflag1.svg/150px-Maoflag1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Maoflag1.svg/200px-Maoflag1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="401" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antagonistic_contradiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Antagonistic contradiction">Antagonistic contradiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_roader" title="Capitalist roader">Capitalist roader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprador" title="Comprador">Comprador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_revolution_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous revolution theory">Continuous revolution theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_line" title="Mass line">Mass line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newborn_socialist_things" title="Newborn socialist things">Newborn socialist things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democracy" title="New Democracy">New Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Divides_into_Two" title="One Divides into Two">One Divides into Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">People's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probable_defeat" title="Probable defeat">Probable defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation#Use_in_Maoism" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_base_area" title="Revolutionary base area">Revolutionary base area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seek_truth_from_facts" title="Seek truth from facts">Seek truth from facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">Self-criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Worlds_Theory" title="Three Worlds Theory">Three Worlds Theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoism%E2%80%93Third_Worldism" title="Maoism–Third Worldism">Maoism–Third Worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao-spontex" title="Mao-spontex">Mao-spontex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Thought" title="Gonzalo Thought">Gonzalo Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism%E2%80%93Prachanda_Path" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path">Prachanda Path</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad" title="Faiz Ahmad">Faiz Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Avakian" title="Bob Avakian">Bob Avakian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Alain Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Baidya" title="Mohan Baidya">Mohan Baidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afzal_Bangash" title="Afzal Bangash">Afzal Bangash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim" title="Charles Bettelheim">Charles Bettelheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biplav" title="Biplav">Biplav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Xilai" title="Bo Xilai">Bo Xilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpa_Kamal_Dahal" title="Pushpa Kamal Dahal">Pushpa Kamal Dahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saroj_Dutta" title="Saroj Dutta">Saroj Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_Gallagher" title="Norm Gallagher">Norm Gallagher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Abimael Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Harry Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Hill_(Australian_communist)" title="Ted Hill (Australian communist)">Ted Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_(activist)" title="George Jackson (activist)">George Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_Kaypakkaya" title="İbrahim Kaypakkaya">İbrahim Kaypakkaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Minqi" title="Li Minqi">Li Minqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu_Majumdar" title="Charu Majumdar">Charu Majumdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mulele" title="Pierre Mulele">Pierre Mulele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Yuanzi" title="Nie Yuanzi">Nie Yuanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Benyu" title="Qi Benyu">Qi Benyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapathy_(Maoist)" title="Ganapathy (Maoist)">Muppala Lakshmana Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Sanyal_(politician)" title="Narayan Sanyal (politician)">Narayan Sanyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_Sikder" title="Siraj Sikder">Siraj Sikder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Jose Maria Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hongwen" title="Wang Hongwen">Wang Hongwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Wenyuan" title="Yao Wenyuan">Yao Wenyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akram_Yari" title="Akram Yari">Akram Yari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Report_on_an_Investigation_of_the_Peasant_Movement_in_Hunan" title="Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan">Report on an Investigation of the Peasant<br />Movement in Hunan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Contradiction" title="On Contradiction">On Contradiction</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1937)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Practice" title="On Practice">On Practice</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1937)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Guerrilla_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="On Guerrilla Warfare">On Guerrilla Warfare</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1937)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Protracted_War" title="On Protracted War">On Protracted War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1938)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Major_Relationships" title="Ten Major Relationships">On the Ten Major Relationships</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1956)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Correct_Handling_of_Contradictions_Among_the_People" title="On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People">On the Correct Handling of Contradictions<br />Among the People</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1957)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quotations_from_Chairman_Mao_Tse-tung" title="Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung">Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Eight_Documents" title="Historic Eight Documents">Historic Eight Documents</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1965—1966)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombard_the_Headquarters" title="Bombard the Headquarters">Bombard the Headquarters</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlers:_The_Mythology_of_the_White_Proletariat" title="Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat">Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi_Soviet" title="Jiangxi Soviet">Jiangxi Soviet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">1949–1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1976%E2%80%931989)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)">1976–1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1989%E2%80%932002)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)">1989–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)">2002–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries" title="Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries">Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16_May_Notification" title="16 May Notification">16 May Notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_August" title="Red August">Red August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Storm" title="January Storm">January Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_to_the_Countryside_Movement" title="Down to the Countryside Movement">Down to the Countryside Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Communist_movement" title="New Communist movement">New Communist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naxalbari_uprising" title="Naxalbari uprising">Naxalbari uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="Maoist insurgency in Turkey">Maoist insurgency in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mao_Zedong" title="Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong">Death and funeral of Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Whatevers" title="Two Whatevers">Two Whatevers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Peru">Internal conflict in Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing_model" title="Chongqing model">Chongqing model</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Front_of_the_Philippines" title="National Democratic Front of the Philippines">National Democratic Front of the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">Communist Party of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army">New People's Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkey/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" title="Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist">Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)">Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Maoist)" title="Communist Party of India (Maoist)">Communist Party of India (Maoist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Banglar_Sarbahara_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party">Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Burma" title="Communist Party of Burma">Communist Party of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ecuador_%E2%80%93_Red_Sun" title="Communist Party of Ecuador – Red Sun">Communist Party of Ecuador – Red Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serve_the_People_(Norway)" title="Serve the People (Norway)">Serve the People – Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Internationalist_Movement" title="Revolutionary Internationalist Movement">Revolutionary Internationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_(Maoist)_Party_of_Afghanistan" title="Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan">Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Parties_and_Organizations_(International_Newsletter)" title="International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (International Newsletter)">International Conference of Marxist–Leninist<br />Parties and Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Communist_League_(Maoist)" title="International Communist League (Maoist)">International Communist League</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">Anarchism in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-character_poster" title="Big-character poster">Big-character poster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism_in_China" title="Left communism in China">Left communism in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Mao Zedong's cult of personality">Mao's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjie" title="Nanjie">Nanjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Philippines)" title="National Democracy (Philippines)">National Democracy Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Left" title="Chinese New Left">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese New Left">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Star_Over_China" title="Red Star Over China">Red Star Over China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought_reform_in_China" title="Thought reform in China">Thought reform in China</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maoism_sidebar" title="Template:Maoism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maoism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Maoism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maoism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maoism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>By the 1960s, the PKP was seeking to rebuild itself.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPPortia_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPPortia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesus Lava invited <a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Jose Maria Sison</a>, then a professor in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a> and a prominent youth leader, to be a part of the PKP.<sup id="cite_ref-CONTENDSTP_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CONTENDSTP-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sison and others represented a "new generation" of Marxists who were decidedly <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a> in their leanings.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPPortia_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPPortia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sison proposed a critique of the history of the PKP, which he submitted in 1966. Sison was highly critical of Lava and his policies during the past decade, referring to his "adventurism" and mishandling of the HMB rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SauloCommunism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document was suppressed and tensions between the Lava leadership and Sison's group grew, eventually causing in a split in PKP ranks in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPPortia_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPPortia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The culmination of this split occurred on December 26, 1968, when Sison, using the <a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">nom de guerre</a> <i>Amado Guerrero</i>, and twelve others formed the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">Communist Party of the Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPHistory_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sison's critique of the Lavas and the PKP was released under the title <i>Rectify Errors and Rebuild Our Party!</i>, which pointed out ideological, political, and organizational errors committed throughout the PKP's history.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPRectify_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPRectify-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following March, Sison established the <a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army">New People's Army</a>, its military arm.<sup id="cite_ref-InsidePhilRev_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InsidePhilRev-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969,<sup id="cite_ref-MaoPW_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaoPW-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guerrero wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Society_and_Revolution" title="Philippine Society and Revolution">Philippine Society and Revolution</a></i>, building off his previous <i>Struggle for National Democracy</i>. These documents outlined the CPP's ideological, political, and organizational tasks under the theoretical basis of the <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Mao Zedong Thought</a>. </p><p>The CPP and NPA quickly expanded nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPHistory_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> blamed the CPP for the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Miranda_bombing" title="Plaza Miranda bombing">Plaza Miranda bombing</a> in 1971, which the CPP has denied.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPPortia_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPPortia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, Marcos declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial Law">Martial Law</a> on September 21, 1972, under the pretext of "quashing the communist threat." Party cadres and activists were absorbed by the revolutionary movement in the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPHistory_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 23, 1973, the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Front_of_the_Philippines" title="National Democratic Front of the Philippines">National Democratic Front of the Philippines</a> was established as an alliance of organizations supporting the CPP's <a href="/wiki/Protracted_people%27s_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Protracted people's war">protracted people's war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CastilloDigmaan_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CastilloDigmaan-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 1970s, CPP and NPA influence continued to expand despite attacks from the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a>. Abuses under Martial Law pushed peasants in the countryside to join the NPA, while students, workers, Church members, and other sectors supported the CPP and its aims.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPPortia_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPPortia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Sison's arrest in 1976,<sup id="cite_ref-RapplerJMS_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RapplerJMS-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the CPP and NPA continued to expand, reaching a strength of 30,000 Party members and 25,000 NPA fighters across 69 of the country's 80 provinces by 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPCrisis_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPCrisis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1978, disagreements on whether or not to boycott the <a href="/wiki/1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1978 Philippine parliamentary election">Interim Batasang Pambansa elections</a> led to the suspension of the CPP's Manila-Rizal committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Collier_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collier-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 1977,<sup id="cite_ref-MLMZT_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLMZT-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> debates within internal leadership resulted in the adoption of multiple strategies and tactics,.<sup id="cite_ref-RevolutionFalters_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RevolutionFalters-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1981-83, the CPP and NPA adopted tactics such as a "strategic counter-offensive",<sup id="cite_ref-MLMZT_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLMZT-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> urban insurrection, and "regularization" of the NPA<sup id="cite_ref-Reaffirm_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reaffirm-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a result of debates within internal leadership on strategy and tactics,<sup id="cite_ref-RevolutionFalters_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RevolutionFalters-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the sudden growth in membership.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPCrisis_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPCrisis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tactics encouraged a focus on military action, which contracted the CPP's mass base in the countryside<sup id="cite_ref-Reaffirm_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reaffirm-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and resulted in "tactical errors" such as the boycott of the <a href="/wiki/1986_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1986 Philippine presidential election">1986 elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPCrisis_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPCrisis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the fall of the Marcos dictatorship, the new <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> administration was initially keen on peace negotiations with the CPP.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPPortia_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPPortia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NDFP was tasked to represent the CPP's organs of political power in peace talks, but the NDFP pulled out of negotiations in 1987 due to a lack of support within the Aquino administration to negotiate,<sup id="cite_ref-CPPCrisis_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPCrisis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Mendiola_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendiola Massacre">Mendiola Massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NDFPTwoArticles_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDFPTwoArticles-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peace talks between the Philippine government and the NDFP would continue on and off through the years. </p><p>Estrangement from the urban middle class,<sup id="cite_ref-CPPPortia_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPPortia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> military setbacks,<sup id="cite_ref-CastilloDigmaan_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CastilloDigmaan-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the capture of leading cadres<sup id="cite_ref-CPPCrisis_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPCrisis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led to intensified splits within the Party.<sup id="cite_ref-RevolutionFalters_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RevolutionFalters-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fear of spies and "deep-penetration agents" resulted in multiple anti-infiltration campaigns such as the 1985-86 <i>Kampanyang Ahos</i> (Garlic Campaign) in Mindanao, the 1988 Oplan Missing Link campaign in Southern Tagalog, and the 1989 Olympia campaign in Metro Manila.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPCrisis_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPCrisis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RevolutionFalters_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RevolutionFalters-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CastilloDigmaan_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CastilloDigmaan-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These campaigns were unsuccessful in rooting out spies,<sup id="cite_ref-RevolutionFalters_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RevolutionFalters-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead resulting in the arrest, torture, and execution of hundreds of cadres.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPPortia_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPPortia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands more left the CPP.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPPortia_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPPortia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1992, the CPP reported that its strength was relatively equal to 1982-83 levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Reaffirm_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reaffirm-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other cadres pushed for a form of <a href="/wiki/Popular_democracy" title="Popular democracy">popular democracy</a>, or wanted to focus on parliamentary struggle, or to remove the leading role of the CPP in the NPA and the NDFP.<sup id="cite_ref-Reaffirm_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reaffirm-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, the Lumbaya company, led by <a href="/wiki/Conrado_Balweg" title="Conrado Balweg">Conrado Balweg</a>, splintered from the NPA over ideological differences and established the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Cordillera People's Liberation Army">Cordillera People's Liberation Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CPLA_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPLA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after, it <a href="/wiki/Mount_Data_Peace_Accord" title="Mount Data Peace Accord">engaged in peace negotiations</a> and has since laid down arms.<sup id="cite_ref-CPLAPeace_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPLAPeace-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Great_Rectification_Movement">Second Great Rectification Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second Great Rectification Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Rectification_Movement" title="Second Great Rectification Movement">Second Great Rectification Movement</a></div> <p>By 1991, the CPP recognized that there was a growing need for a comprehensive rectification movement.<sup id="cite_ref-MLMZT_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLMZT-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, the CPP held a plenum to discuss the documents <i>Stand for Socialism Against Modern Revisionism</i> and <i>Reaffirm our Basic Principles and Rectify Errors</i>, which repudiated and summed-up the various errors in strategy and tactics over the past decade, and upheld the correctness of a protracted People's War strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPHistory_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reaffirm_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reaffirm-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reaffirmation caused a split between members of the Party, reducing the CPP's strength but streamlining the Party's organization by decreasing the autonomy of regional committees and aligning the party ideologically.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPCrisis_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPCrisis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who rejected the reaffirmation, or "rejectionists" went on their separate ways, although not all rejectionists were united.<sup id="cite_ref-RevolutionFalters_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RevolutionFalters-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prominent personalities who rejected the plenum's decisions included Romulo Kintanar of the NPA General Staff Command, Ricardo Reyes, a former member of the Executive Committee and the Political Bureau of the CPP Central Committee, Arturo Tabara, head of the standing committee of the Visayas Commission, and <a href="/wiki/Filemon_Lagman" title="Filemon Lagman">Filemon Lagman</a>, the secretary of the CPP's Manila-Rizal regional committee. They were eventually expelled from the CPP.<sup id="cite_ref-Rivera_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivera-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, the CPP's Manila-Rizal regional committee formally announced its decision to split from the CPP.<sup id="cite_ref-Collier_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collier-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party's Visayas Commission (VisCom), National United Front Commission (NUFC), Home Bureau of the International Liaison Department and the National Peasant Secretariat (NPS) also rejected the decisions of the 1992 plenum.<sup id="cite_ref-GMALeftDivide_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMALeftDivide-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, the former members of the Manila-Rizal, Visayas, and Central Mindanao committees held a Party Conference and formed the People's Communist Party, which eventually became the <i><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Workers%27_Party_(Philippines)" title="Revolutionary Workers' Party (Philippines)">Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawà ng Pilipinas</a></i> (RPM-P, Revolutionary Workers' Party of the Philippines).<sup id="cite_ref-RPMP_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RPMP-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Differences between the former Party commissions and individuals like Lagman<sup id="cite_ref-RPMHistory_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RPMHistory-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tabara resulted in another split within the rejectionist ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-GMALeftDivide_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMALeftDivide-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RPM-P established the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Proletarian_Army" title="Revolutionary Proletarian Army">Revolutionary Proletarian Army</a> in 1996 and linked itself with the <a href="/wiki/Alex_Boncayao_Brigade" title="Alex Boncayao Brigade">Alex Boncayao Brigade</a>, a split faction of the NPA headed by Nilo de la Cruz. In 1998, elements of the CPP's Central Luzon committee were expelled from the CPP, leading them to establish the <a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist_Party_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninist Party of the Philippines">Marxist-Leninist Party of the Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Santos_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santos-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MLPP established its armed wing, the <a href="/wiki/Rebolusyonaryong_Hukbong_Bayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebolusyonaryong Hukbong Bayan">Rebolusyonaryong Hukbong Bayan</a> shortly after. In 2001, Mindanao cadres of the RPM-P split to form the <i>Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawa ng Mindanao</i> (RPM-M, Revolutionary Workers' Party of the Mindanao) over disagreements with the RPM-P's decision to surrender to the Philippine government.<sup id="cite_ref-RPMP_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RPMP-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other rejectionists rejected the armed struggle and went-above ground. <sup id="cite_ref-CPPCrisis_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPCrisis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lagman established <a href="/wiki/Sanlakas" title="Sanlakas">Sanlakas</a> as a multi-sectoral mass organization, and the <a href="/wiki/Bukluran_ng_Manggagawang_Pilipino" title="Bukluran ng Manggagawang Pilipino">Bukluran ng Manggagawang Pilipino</a> as a trade federation.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanlakas_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanlakas-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sonny Melencio, splitting from the Manila-Rizal commission, established the <i>Liga Sosyalista</i> (Socialist League) in 1998, which eventually merged with the PKP-1930<sup id="cite_ref-GMALeftDivide_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMALeftDivide-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and established the <i>Sosyalistang Partido ng Paggawa</i> (SPP, Socialist Labor Party) in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-SPPCongress_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPPCongress-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joel Rocamora,<sup id="cite_ref-GMALeftDivide_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMALeftDivide-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edicio de la Torre, and others established <a href="/wiki/Akbayan" title="Akbayan">Akbayan</a> in 1998<sup id="cite_ref-AkbayanHistory_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AkbayanHistory-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has so far experienced the most success in participating in parliamentary elections.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPCrisis_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPCrisis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peace talks between the Philippine government and the NDFP continued,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> culminating in the Comprehensive Agreement to Respect Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law (CARHRIHL) in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPCrisis_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPCrisis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further talks broke down shortly after under the President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a>, but intermittently continued under <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PeaceTalks_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeaceTalks-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NPA continues to wage armed struggle all over the Philippines. The RPM-P/RPA-ABB surrendered to the Philippine government in 2000, but peace negotiations remain unfulfilled following a 2007 split in the RPA-ABB leadership between Nilo de la Cruz and Veronica Tabara-Stephen Paduano.<sup id="cite_ref-RPAPeaceTalks_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RPAPeaceTalks-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_ideologues">Early ideologues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early ideologues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Isabelo de los Reyes is credited with bringing to the Philippines the works of Marx, Proudhon, Bakunin, and Malatesta.<sup id="cite_ref-Komunista_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komunista-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malatesta's <i>Propaganda socialista fra contadini</i> was particularly familiar to union organizers.<sup id="cite_ref-Mojares_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mojares-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time as the UTF's President, Lope K. Santos gave evening classes alongside Hermenegildo Cruz in what was known as a "School of Socialism" to interested unionists. Studies focused on European radical texts, including Marx, <a href="/wiki/Emile_Zola" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Zola">Emile Zola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elisee_Reclus" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisee Reclus">Elisee Reclus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Komunista_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komunista-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The School of Socialism produced students such as Crisanto Evangelista, Arturo Soriano, Melanio de Jesus, and Felipe Mendoza.<sup id="cite_ref-SND_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SND-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evangelista became radicalized through meetings with <a href="/wiki/Harrison_George" title="Harrison George">Harrison George</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of the United States of America">Communist Party of the United States of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tan_Malaka" title="Tan Malaka">Tan Malaka</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Communist Party of Indonesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EsquireEvangelista_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EsquireEvangelista-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1928–1930, the COF sent <i>pensionados</i> to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> to study at the University of Toilers of the East.<sup id="cite_ref-Komunista_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komunista-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_parties_and_ideologies">Current parties and ideologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Current parties and ideologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Communist parties in the Philippines officially claim themselves to be ideologically Marxist-Leninist or Marxist-Leninist-Maoist. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Partido_Komunista_ng_Pilipinas-1930" title="Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930">Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas</a>, in its constitution, refers to itself as the "political party of the Filipino working classes based on the principles of scientific Communism and Marxism-Leninism."<sup id="cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SauloCommunism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the PKP are required to "understand the principles of Marxism-Leninism." </p><p>The Communist Party of the Philippines, which splintered from the PKP-1930 in 1968, upholds the Mao Zedong Thought as its theoretical basis. In its 2016 Constitution, it states that "The universal theory of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism is the guide to action of the Communist Party of the Philippines."<sup id="cite_ref-CPPCBL_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPCBL-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Rectification_Movement" title="Second Great Rectification Movement">Second Great Rectification Movement</a>, splinter groups have emerged from the CPP, with differences in ideology. The <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Workers%27_Party_(Philippines)" title="Revolutionary Workers' Party (Philippines)">Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawa ng Pilipinas</a>, and its splinter group Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawa - Mindanao both reject the CPP's "vulgarized application" of Marxism-Leninism and has described them as "Stalinist" while describing themselves as Marxist-Leninist.<sup id="cite_ref-Santos_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santos-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both organizations also reject the CPP's analysis of Philippine society as "semi-colonial and semi-feudal", arguing instead that it is "semi-capitalist". The Partido ng Manggagawang Pilipino also describes itself as a Marxist-Leninist group that views Philippine society as capitalist, but it retains the option of armed struggle in its program.<sup id="cite_ref-Santos_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santos-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the Marxist-Leninist Party of the Philippines refers to itself as Maoist but disagrees with the CPP on key ideological and organizational issues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_organizations">Major organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Major organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p>Maoist parties waging people's war: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">Communist Party of the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army">New People's Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Front_of_the_Philippines" title="National Democratic Front of the Philippines">National Democratic Front of the Philippines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist_Party_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninist Party of the Philippines">Marxist-Leninist Party of the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebolusyonaryong_Hukbong_Bayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebolusyonaryong Hukbong Bayan">Rebolusyonaryong Hukbong Bayan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>Marxist-Leninist parties: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Workers%27_Party_(Philippines)" title="Revolutionary Workers' Party (Philippines)">Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawa sa Pilipinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Proletarian_Army" title="Revolutionary Proletarian Army">Revolutionary Proletarian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Boncayao_Brigade" title="Alex Boncayao Brigade">Alex Boncayao Brigade</a></li></ul></li> <li>Revolutionary Workers' Party - Mindanao <ul><li>RPMM-Revolutionary Proletarian Army</li></ul></li> <li>Partido ng Manggagawang Pilipino <ul><li>Armadong Partisano ng Paggawa</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Komunista_ng_Pilipinas-1930" title="Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930">Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan</a> <sub>(defunct since 1957)</sub><sup id="cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SauloCommunism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CPPHistory_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>Defunct parties: </p> <ul><li>Partido Marxista-Leninista ng Pilipinas <sub>(most probably defunct since 2007)</sub><sup id="cite_ref-Santos_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santos-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>PMLP-Partisano</li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_armed_conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines">Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Anarchism in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Philippines)" title="National Democracy (Philippines)">National Democracy (Philippines)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Komunista-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Komunista_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Komunista_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Komunista_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Komunista_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Komunista_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Komunista_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Komunista_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Komunista_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Komunista_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Komunista_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Komunista_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Komunista_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Komunista_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Komunista_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2011" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Jim (2011). <i>Komunista: The Genesis of the Philippine Communist Party, 1902–1935</i>. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Komunista%3A+The+Genesis+of+the+Philippine+Communist+Party%2C+1902%E2%80%931935&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SauloCommunism-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SauloCommunism_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaulo,_Alfredo1990" class="citation book cs1">Saulo, Alfredo (1990). <i>Communism in the Philippines: an Introduction</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kyoto+Review+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=The+GRP-NDFP+Peace+Talks%3A+Tactical+Discontinuities+in+a+Shared+Narrative&rft.date=2019-09-30&rft.aulast=Bolasco&rft.aufirst=Maria+Karina+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkyotoreview.org%2Ftrendsetters%2Fgrp-ndfp-peace-talks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RPAPeaceTalks-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RPAPeaceTalks_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230110081752/https://new.peace.gov.ph/rpm-p-rpa-abb/">"RPM-P/RPA/ABB"</a>. <i>Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.peace.gov.ph/rpm-p-rpa-abb/">the original</a> on January 10, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Presidential+Adviser+on+the+Peace+Process&rft.atitle=RPM-P%2FRPA%2FABB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnew.peace.gov.ph%2Frpm-p-rpa-abb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mojares-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mojares_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojares2006" class="citation book cs1">Mojares, Resil B. (2006). <i>Brains of the nation: Pedro Paterno, T.H. Pardo de Tavera, Isabelo de los Reyes, and the production of modern knowledge</i>. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-496-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-496-6"><bdi>978-971-550-496-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brains+of+the+nation%3A+Pedro+Paterno%2C+T.H.+Pardo+de+Tavera%2C+Isabelo+de+los+Reyes%2C+and+the+production+of+modern+knowledge&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-971-550-496-6&rft.aulast=Mojares&rft.aufirst=Resil+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EsquireEvangelista-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EsquireEvangelista_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmali" class="citation web cs1">Umali, Justin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/crisanto-evangelista-a2212-20190816-lfrm">"This Labor Leader Made Sure We All Get Paid for Working Overtime"</a>. <i>Esquiremag.ph</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Esquiremag.ph&rft.atitle=This+Labor+Leader+Made+Sure+We+All+Get+Paid+for+Working+Overtime&rft.aulast=Umali&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esquiremag.ph%2Flong-reads%2Ffeatures%2Fcrisanto-evangelista-a2212-20190816-lfrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CPPCBL-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CPPCBL_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bannedthought.net/Philippines/CPP/2016/CPP-ConstitutionAndProgram-2016-English.pdf">"Constitution and Program of the Communist Party of the Philippines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Banned Thought</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banned+Thought&rft.atitle=Constitution+and+Program+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbannedthought.net%2FPhilippines%2FCPP%2F2016%2FCPP-ConstitutionAndProgram-2016-English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorimer1977" class="citation journal cs1">Lorimer, Norman (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00472337785390521">"Philippine communism — An historical overview"</a>. <i>Journal of Contemporary Asia</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 462–485. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00472337785390521">10.1080/00472337785390521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Asia&rft.atitle=Philippine+communism+%E2%80%94+An+historical+overview&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=462-485&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00472337785390521&rft.aulast=Lorimer&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00472337785390521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span> (later <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/28666937/Philippine_Communism_a_Historical_Overview?email_work_card=thumbnail">republished</a> under the name Jim Richardson).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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color:white;;background:#DC241f; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Template:Communism in the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Communism in the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism in the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communism_in_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white;">Communism in the Philippines</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_armed_conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines">Communist armed conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukbalahap Rebellion">Hukbalahap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_armed_conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines">New People's Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Rectification_Movement" title="First Great Rectification Movement">First Great Rectification Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Rectification_Movement" title="Second Great Rectification Movement">Second Great Rectification Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Communist groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Komunista_ng_Pilipinas-1930" title="Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930">Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Party of the Philippines">Socialist Party of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">Communist Party of the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army">New People's Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Front_of_the_Philippines" title="National Democratic Front of the Philippines">National Democratic Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbalahap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Workers%27_Party_(Philippines)" title="Revolutionary Workers' Party (Philippines)">Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawà ng Pilipinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Proletarian_Army" title="Revolutionary Proletarian Army">Revolutionary Proletarian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Boncayao_Brigade" title="Alex Boncayao Brigade">Alex Boncayao Brigade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Marxist–Leninist Party of the Philippines">Marxist–Leninist Party of the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebolusyonaryong_Hukbong_Bayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebolusyonaryong Hukbong Bayan">Rebolusyonaryong Hukbong Bayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Cordillera People's Liberation Army">Cordillera People's Liberation Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Labor unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Obrera_Democr%C3%A1tica_Filipina" title="Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina">Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_de_Impresores_de_Filipinas" title="Unión de Impresores de Filipinas">Unión de Impresores de Filipinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congreso_Obrero_de_Filipinas" title="Congreso Obrero de Filipinas">Congreso Obrero de Filipinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Labor_Movement" title="Collective Labor Movement">Collective Labor Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katipunan_ng_mga_Anak-Pawis_sa_Pilipinas" title="Katipunan ng mga Anak-Pawis sa Pilipinas">Katipunan ng mga Anak-Pawis sa Pilipinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Labor_Organizations" title="Congress of Labor Organizations">Congress of Labor Organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Peasant groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguman_ding_Maldang_Talapagobra" title="Aguman ding Maldang Talapagobra">Aguman ding Maldang Talapagobra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalipunang_Pambansa_ng_mga_Magbubukid_sa_Pilipinas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalipunang Pambansa ng mga Magbubukid sa Pilipinas (page does not exist)">Kalipunang Pambansa ng mga Magbubukid sa Pilipinas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pambansang_Kaisahan_ng_mga_Magbubukid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pambansang Kaisahan ng mga Magbubukid (page does not exist)">Pambansang Kaisahan ng mga Magbubukid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Obrero_de_Filipinas" title="Partido Obrero de Filipinas">Partido Obrero de Filipinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Philippines)" title="Democratic Alliance (Philippines)">Democratic Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Mass organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabataang_Makabayan" title="Kabataang Makabayan">Kabataang Makabayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayang_Pagkakaisa_ng_Kabataang_Pilipino" title="Malayang Pagkakaisa ng Kabataang Pilipino">Malayang Pagkakaisa ng Kabataang Pilipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Young_Communists_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Young Communists of the Philippines">League of Young Communists of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samahang_Demokratiko_ng_Kabataan" title="Samahang Demokratiko ng Kabataan">Samahang Demokratiko ng Kabataan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Early thinkers and<br />labor leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabelo_de_los_Reyes" title="Isabelo de los Reyes">Isabelo de los Reyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermenegildo_Cruz" title="Hermenegildo Cruz">Hermenegildo Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lope_K._Santos" title="Lope K. Santos">Lope K. Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominador_G%C3%B3mez" title="Dominador Gómez">Dominador Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascual_H._Poblete" title="Pascual H. Poblete">Pascual H. Poblete</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">PKP members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crisanto_Evangelista" title="Crisanto Evangelista">Crisanto Evangelista</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Ponce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domingo Ponce (page does not exist)">Domingo Ponce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirilo_Bognot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cirilo Bognot (page does not exist)">Cirilo Bognot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariano_Balgos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariano Balgos (page does not exist)">Mariano Balgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Capadocia" title="Guillermo Capadocia">Guillermo Capadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Ora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Ora (page does not exist)">Antonio Ora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Lava" title="Vicente Lava">Vicente Lava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Lava" title="José Lava">José Lava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Lava" title="Jesus Lava">Jesus Lava</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primitivo_Arrogante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primitivo Arrogante (page does not exist)">Primitivo Arrogante</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Castro_(communist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Castro (communist) (page does not exist)">Pedro Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Frianeza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jorge Frianeza (page does not exist)">Jorge Frianeza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Abad_Santos" title="Pedro Abad Santos">Pedro Abad Santos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Peasant leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Feleo" title="Juan Feleo">Juan Feleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casto_Alejandrino" title="Casto Alejandrino">Casto Alejandrino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacinto_Manahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacinto Manahan (page does not exist)">Jacinto Manahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Tadeo" title="Jaime Tadeo">Jaime Tadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mateo_del_Castillo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mateo del Castillo (page does not exist)">Mateo del Castillo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Hukbalahap</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Taruc" title="Luis Taruc">Luis Taruc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peregrino_Taruc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peregrino Taruc (page does not exist)">Peregrino Taruc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silvestre_Liwanag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silvestre Liwanag (page does not exist)">Silvestre Liwanag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agaton_Bulaong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agaton Bulaong (page does not exist)">Agaton Bulaong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernardo_Poblete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernardo Poblete (page does not exist)">Bernardo Poblete</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Felipa_Culala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felipa Culala (page does not exist)">Felipa Culala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Communist Party<br />of the Philippines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Jose Maria Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Agcaoili" title="Fidel Agcaoili">Fidel Agcaoili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilo_Tayag" title="Nilo Tayag">Nilo Tayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernabe_Buscayno" title="Bernabe Buscayno">Bernabe Buscayno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Zumel" title="Antonio Zumel">Antonio Zumel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Tiamzon" title="Benito Tiamzon">Benito Tiamzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Tiamzon" title="Wilma Tiamzon">Wilma Tiamzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Rosal" title="Gregorio Rosal">Gregorio Rosal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filemon_Lagman" title="Filemon Lagman">Filemon Lagman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Lacaba" title="Emmanuel Lacaba">Emmanuel Lacaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jopson" title="Edgar Jopson">Edgar Jopson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrado_Balweg" title="Conrado Balweg">Conrado Balweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Jalandoni" title="Luis Jalandoni">Luis Jalandoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Anarchism in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_history_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labor history in the Philippines (page does not exist)">Labor history in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peasant_movement_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peasant movement in the Philippines (page does not exist)">Peasant movement in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippine resistance against Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_activism_in_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931972)" title="Student activism in the Philippines (1965–1972)">Student activism in the Philippines (1965–1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Subversion_Act_of_1957" title="Anti-Subversion Act of 1957">Anti-Subversion Act of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Karagatan_incident" title="MV Karagatan incident">MV <i>Karagatan</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_University_of_the_Philippines%E2%80%93Department_of_National_Defense_accord" title="1989 University of the Philippines–Department of National Defense accord">UP–DND accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Task_Force_to_End_Local_Communist_Armed_Conflict" title="National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict">National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict</a> (NTF-ELCAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_CPP%E2%80%93NPA" title="List of attacks attributed to the CPP–NPA">Attacks and incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rano_massacre" title="Rano massacre">Rano massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Masbate_City_blast" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Masbate City blast">2021 Masbate City blast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Samar_boat_explosion" title="2022 Samar boat explosion">2022 Samar boat explosion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg/15px-Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg/23px-Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg/30px-Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="522" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Communism portal</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communism_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communism_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Communism in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Bangladesh (page does not exist)">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Indonesia (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Japan (page does not exist)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Malaysia" title="Communism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Communism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Turkey (page does not exist)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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