Infrastructures | November 2024

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class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="middle-column__main ul-spaced"> <div class="content__container content__container--overflow-initial"> <h1> <i>Infrastructures</i>, Volume 9, Issue 11 (November 2024) – 23 articles </h1> <div style="position: absolute; width: 140px; padding-bottom: 15px"> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/199" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <img style="width: 140px; height: auto;" src="/files/uploaded/covers/infrastructures/cover-infrastructures-v9-i11.png"/> </a> </div> <div style="margin-left: 160px; min-height: 210px;"> <div style="margin-bottom: 1em;"> <strong>Cover Story</strong> (<a href="/files/uploaded/covers/infrastructures/big_cover-infrastructures-v9-i11.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">view full-size image</a>): Approximately one third of fatal road accidents in Europe occur as a result of collisions and interactions with the roadside infrastructure. To prevent vehicles from leaving the road, roadside restraint systems are installed at the edge of carriageways. A continuous restraint system prevents vehicles from colliding with hazards, thus minimising consequences in the event of a collision. Due to the large variety of such systems, there are always different systems that need to be connected. This is critical, as sometimes a less stiff system needs to be connected to a stiff system. This can lead to vehicle pocketing at the transition of the two systems, increasing the load on the vehicle and its occupants. The challenge is to reduce or even eliminate this pocketing to provide maximum safety for errant vehicles colliding with a road restraint system. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/199">View this paper</a> </div> </div> <ul> <li>Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the <a href="/journal/infrastructures/toc-alert">table of contents alert mailing list</a>.</li> <li>You may <a href="/journal/infrastructures/toc-alert">sign up for e-mail alerts</a> to receive table of contents of newly released issues.</li> <li>PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms. 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}); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/bundles/mathjax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script> <div class="header listing-header"> <div class="listing-display-options1" id="selectView"> <div class="row generic-item indented1"> <div class="large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns"> <div class="listing-option__label"> Order results </div> <div class="listing-option__options"> <select class="chosen-select" name="listby" onchange="$('#articleBrowserView').click(); return false;"> <option value="date" selected="selected"> Publication Date </option> <option value="cited" > Times Cited </option> <option value="viewed" > Times Viewed </option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns"> <div class="listing-option__label"> Result details </div> <div class="listing-option__options"> <select class="chosen-select" name="view" onchange="$('#articleBrowserView').click(); return false;"> <option value="default" selected="selected">Normal</option> <option value="abstract">Extended</option> <option value="compact">Compact</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns"> <div class="listing-option__label"> Section </div> <div class="listing-option__options"> <select class="chosen-select" name="section_id" onchange="$('#articleBrowserView').click(); 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return false;">Ok</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div style="clear: both"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="jscroll"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1525330" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 22 pages, 6692 KiB   </span> <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/211/pdf?version=1732503983" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effects of Differential Displacements Between the Ground Anchors in Suspension Bridges" data-journal="infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2412-3811/9/11/211">Effects of Differential Displacements Between the Ground Anchors in Suspension Bridges</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paolo Clemente</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Infrastructures</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 211; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110211">https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110211</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 393 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A simple model to evaluate the effects of relative displacements between the ground anchors of a suspension bridge is proposed. An equation system is defined, which allows for the evaluation of the structural response under a general displacement set of the ground anchor <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/211/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A simple model to evaluate the effects of relative displacements between the ground anchors of a suspension bridge is proposed. An equation system is defined, which allows for the evaluation of the structural response under a general displacement set of the ground anchor points. Then, the most interesting and likely cases are analyzed in detail with reference to a suspension bridge having geometrical and mechanical characteristics typical of a long-span bridge. A simple procedure for the assessment of variation in cable stress is also given, which can be used to choose the optimum values for stress in cables under dead loads, as a percentage of their strength. The results obtained showed that expected movements do not significantly impact the structure in its lifetime and that the effects become negligible for very long-span bridges. Finally, the results obtained can be easily used for the condition monitoring of suspension bridges. <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/211">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/infrastructures/sections/infrastructures_structural_engineering">Infrastructures and Structural Engineering</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/211/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525330"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525330"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525330" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525330" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525330" 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src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g021-550.jpg?1732504113'><p>Figure 21</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='21' data-target='article-1525330-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g022-550.jpg?1732504113'><p>Figure 22</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='22' data-target='article-1525330-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g023-550.jpg?1732504114'><p>Figure 23</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525330-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g001-550.jpg?1732504088" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>General model of a suspension bridge.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g002-550.jpg?1732504090" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>New configuration: longitudinal view and plan view.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g003-550.jpg?1732504091" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Details of angles between the new planes at (<b>a</b>) pylon B and (<b>b</b>) pylon C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g004-550.jpg?1732504093" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Investigated suspension bridge model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g005-550.jpg?1732504094" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Effects due to <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>≠ 0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g006-550.jpg?1732504095" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Variation in (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> due to <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> ≠ 0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g007-550.jpg?1732504096" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Effects of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> ≠ 0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g008-550.jpg?1732504097" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Variation in (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> due to <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> ≠ 0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g009-550.jpg?1732504098" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Effects of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>≠ 0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g010-550.jpg?1732504099" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Variation in (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> due to <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> ≠ 0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g011-550.jpg?1732504100" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Effects of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> ≠ 0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g012-550.jpg?1732504101" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Variation in (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> due to <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> ≠ 0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g013-550.jpg?1732504102" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Effects of <span class="html-italic">d<sub>Dy</sub></span> ≠ 0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g014-550.jpg?1732504104" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Variation in (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>c</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and (<b>d</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> due to <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> ≠ 0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g015-550.jpg?1732504105" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Effects of <span class="html-italic">d<sub>Cy</sub></span> = <span class="html-italic">d<sub>Dy</sub></span> ≠ 0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g016-550.jpg?1732504107" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Variation in (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>c</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, and (<b>d</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> due to <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> ≠ 0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g017-550.jpg?1732504108" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Effects of tower rotation β<sub>B</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g018-550.jpg?1732504109" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Variation in (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> due to <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mi>B</mi> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> ≠ 0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g019-550.jpg?1732504110" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>Variation in α<sub>1</sub> due to (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> ≠ 0 and (<b>b</b>) to <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> ≠ 0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g020-550.jpg?1732504112" title=" <strong>Figure 20</strong><br/> <p>Variation in α<sub>1</sub> due to (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>≠ 0 and (<b>b</b>) to <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> ≠ 0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g021-550.jpg?1732504113" title=" <strong>Figure 21</strong><br/> <p>Variation in α<sub>1</sub> due to (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> ≠ 0 and (<b>b</b>) to <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> ≠ 0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g022-550.jpg?1732504113" title=" <strong>Figure 22</strong><br/> <p>Variation in α<sub>1</sub> due to <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mi>B</mi> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> ≠ 0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00211/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00211-g023-550.jpg?1732504114" title=" <strong>Figure 23</strong><br/> <p>Variation in α<sub>1</sub> due to <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1525127" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 26942 KiB   </span> <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/210/pdf?version=1732495837" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Small Robot to Repair Asphalt Road Potholes" data-journal="infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2412-3811/9/11/210">A Small Robot to Repair Asphalt Road Potholes</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Salvatore Bruno</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giuseppe Cantisani</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Antonio D’Andrea</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giulia Del Serrone</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paola Di Mascio</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kristian Knudsen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giuseppe Loprencipe</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Laura Moretti</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carlo Polidori</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Søren Thorenfeldt Ingwersen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Loretta Venturini</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marco Zani</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Infrastructures</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 210; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110210">https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110210</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 370 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> As part of the Horizon 2020 InfraROB project aimed at enhancing road safety through innovative robotic solutions, a compact autonomous vehicle has been developed to repair asphalt potholes. Central to this system is a 3D printer capable of extruding a novel cold-asphalt mixture, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/210/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> As part of the Horizon 2020 InfraROB project aimed at enhancing road safety through innovative robotic solutions, a compact autonomous vehicle has been developed to repair asphalt potholes. Central to this system is a 3D printer capable of extruding a novel cold-asphalt mixture, specifically designed for patching road surfaces. The printer is mounted on a small robot that autonomously navigates to potholes, while the human operator controls the operation from a secure location outside the traffic area. The system’s development involved several key steps: designing the repair mixture, constructing the 3D printer for mixture extrusion, implementing a photogrammetric technique to accurately measure pothole geometry for printing, and integrating the extrusion system with the robotic platform. Two preliminary tests were conducted in controlled environments at Sapienza University of Rome to check the reliability of calculation of the amount of material needed to fill in the potholes. Finally, the entire procedure was tested on an Italian motorway, demonstrating the system’s functionality without encountering operational issues. <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/210">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/infrastructures/special_issues/6309K7K897 ">Maintaining Integrity, Performance and Safety of the Road Infrastructure through Autonomous Robotized Solutions and Modularization</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/210/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525127"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525127"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" 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src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g006-550.jpg?1732495916'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1525127-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g007-550.jpg?1732495917'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1525127-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g008-550.jpg?1732495917'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1525127-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g009-550.jpg?1732495918'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1525127-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g010-550.jpg?1732495920'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1525127-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g011-550.jpg?1732495921'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1525127-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g012-550.jpg?1732495922'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1525127-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g013-550.jpg?1732495923'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1525127-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g014-550.jpg?1732495923'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1525127-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g015-550.jpg?1732495925'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1525127-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g016-550.jpg?1732495927'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1525127-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g017-550.jpg?1732495928'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1525127-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g018-550.jpg?1732495930'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1525127-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g019-550.jpg?1732495931'><p>Figure 19</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525127-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g001-550.jpg?1732495909" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The robot’s dimensions [<a href="#B17-infrastructures-09-00210" class="html-bibr">17</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/210'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g002-550.jpg?1732495910" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The 3D printer [<a href="#B17-infrastructures-09-00210" class="html-bibr">17</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/210'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g003-550.jpg?1732495912" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The 3D printer connected to the robot.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/210'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g004-550.jpg?1732495913" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>RPI 4B [<a href="#B21-infrastructures-09-00210" class="html-bibr">21</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/210'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g005-550.jpg?1732495915" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The hardware platform installed on the robot.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/210'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g006-550.jpg?1732495916" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>TMR path setting [<a href="#B30-infrastructures-09-00210" class="html-bibr">30</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/210'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g007-550.jpg?1732495917" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The procedure flowchart.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/210'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g008-550.jpg?1732495917" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The structural connection of the printer with the robot.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/210'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g009-550.jpg?1732495918" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Scheme of the field operations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/210'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g010-550.jpg?1732495920" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Flowchart of operations of the repair system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/210'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g011-550.jpg?1732495921" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Test at the polyclinic site: manual monitoring of pothole.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/210'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g012-550.jpg?1732495922" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Test at the polyclinic site: pothole repair.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/210'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g013-550.jpg?1732495923" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Test at the parking lot of FCIE: plan for the potholes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/210'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g014-550.jpg?1732495923" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Test at the parking lot of FCIE: (<b>a</b>) reconstruction of the potholes and comparison of the material weights for each pothole; (<b>b</b>) potholes lined with a thin layer of plastic; (<b>c</b>) the potholes after 120 days.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/210'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g015-550.jpg?1732495925" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Test site at A24 motorway (Italy).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/210'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g016-550.jpg?1732495927" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Pothole recording.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/210'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g017-550.jpg?1732495928" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Pothole reconstruction and volume calculation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/210'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g018-550.jpg?1732495930" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Pothole filling in a pothole.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/210'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00210/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00210-g019-550.jpg?1732495931" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>Mixture compaction.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/210'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1524372" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 3154 KiB   </span> <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/209/pdf?version=1732023619" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Strength Characteristics of DMJ Piles Based on Indoor Tests" data-journal="infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2412-3811/9/11/209">Strength Characteristics of DMJ Piles Based on Indoor Tests</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hongzhi Yue</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuhe Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yu Rong</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Weizhe Feng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yang Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lin Zhao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Songtao Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ruosong Ding</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fan Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhanyong Yao</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kai Yao</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Infrastructures</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 209; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110209">https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110209</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 346 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The Deep Cement Mixing Integrated Drilling, Mixing and Jetting (DMJ) method represents a novel approach to the construction of slurry piles in the Yellow River Floodplain, offering the potential to enhance the quality of these structures. In order to investigate the pile strength <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/209/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The Deep Cement Mixing Integrated Drilling, Mixing and Jetting (DMJ) method represents a novel approach to the construction of slurry piles in the Yellow River Floodplain, offering the potential to enhance the quality of these structures. In order to investigate the pile strength and its distribution characteristics under different conditions, an unconfined compressive strength test was conducted on DMJ pile core samples. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test was employed to evaluate the normal distribution characteristics of the strength, and the fluctuation of the pile strength was evaluated by the autocorrelation function method to elucidate the distribution characteristics. Moreover, a resistivity non-destructive test was conducted to ascertain the correlation between strength and resistivity and to perform supplementary strength testing. The distribution of the pile body strength is normal at the 5% level of significance. A clear correlation was observed between the strength of the pile core and depth, while the correlation between the strength of the pile outer side and depth was less pronounced. Additionally, a positive linear correlation was observed between resistivity and strength, which can be used to evaluate the strength of DMJ piles. <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/209">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/infrastructures/sections/infrastructures_structural_engineering">Infrastructures and Structural Engineering</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/209/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524372"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524372"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524372" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524372" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524372" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524372-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00209/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00209-g001-550.jpg?1732023719" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524372" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524372-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00209/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00209-g002-550.jpg?1732023720'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524372-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00209/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00209-g003-550.jpg?1732023722'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524372-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00209/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00209-g004-550.jpg?1732023724'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524372-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00209/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00209-g005a-550.jpg?1732023725'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524372-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00209/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00209-g005b-550.jpg?1732023727'><p>Figure 5 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524372-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00209/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00209-g006a-550.jpg?1732023728'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524372-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00209/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00209-g006b-550.jpg?1732023729'><p>Figure 6 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1524372-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00209/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00209-g007-550.jpg?1732023730'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1524372-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00209/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00209-g008-550.jpg?1732023731'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524372-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00209/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00209-g001-550.jpg?1732023719" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>A representative test pile from the site.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/209'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00209/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00209-g002-550.jpg?1732023720" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Coring samples collected from different positions of the test pile.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/209'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00209/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00209-g003-550.jpg?1732023722" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Statistical results of COV of cemented soil strength [<a href="#B12-infrastructures-09-00209" class="html-bibr">12</a>]: 1. Honjo (1982) [<a href="#B13-infrastructures-09-00209" class="html-bibr">13</a>], 2. Kawasaki (1984) [<a href="#B14-infrastructures-09-00209" class="html-bibr">14</a>], 3. Hosomi (1996) [<a href="#B15-infrastructures-09-00209" class="html-bibr">15</a>], 4. Mizutani (1996) [<a href="#B16-infrastructures-09-00209" class="html-bibr">16</a>], 5. Unami (1996) [<a href="#B17-infrastructures-09-00209" class="html-bibr">17</a>], 6. Ikegami (2002) [<a href="#B18-infrastructures-09-00209" class="html-bibr">18</a>], 7. Taki (2003) [<a href="#B19-infrastructures-09-00209" class="html-bibr">19</a>], 8. Navin (2005) [<a href="#B20-infrastructures-09-00209" class="html-bibr">20</a>], 9. Yang (2004) [<a href="#B21-infrastructures-09-00209" class="html-bibr">21</a>], 10. Dasenbrock (2004) [<a href="#B22-infrastructures-09-00209" class="html-bibr">22</a>], 11. Burke (2004) [<a href="#B23-infrastructures-09-00209" class="html-bibr">23</a>], 12. Jones (2004) [<a href="#B24-infrastructures-09-00209" class="html-bibr">24</a>], 13. Shiells (2004) [<a href="#B25-infrastructures-09-00209" class="html-bibr">25</a>], 14. Ai-Naqshabandy [<a href="#B26-infrastructures-09-00209" class="html-bibr">26</a>], 15. Srivastava (2012) [<a href="#B27-infrastructures-09-00209" class="html-bibr">27</a>], 16. Namikawa (2013) [<a href="#B28-infrastructures-09-00209" class="html-bibr">28</a>], 17. DMJ pile.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/209'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00209/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00209-g004-550.jpg?1732023724" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Intensity distribution frequency histogram. (<b>a</b>) Pile1; (<b>b</b>) Pile2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/209'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00209/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00209-g005a-550.jpg?1732023725" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Autocorrelation of Pile 1. (<b>a</b>) center; (<b>b</b>) outer side.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/209'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00209/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00209-g005b-550.jpg?1732023727" title=" <strong>Figure 5 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Autocorrelation of Pile 1. (<b>a</b>) center; (<b>b</b>) outer side.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/209'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00209/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00209-g006a-550.jpg?1732023728" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Autocorrelation of Pile 2. (<b>a</b>) center; (<b>b</b>) outer side.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/209'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00209/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00209-g006b-550.jpg?1732023729" title=" <strong>Figure 6 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Autocorrelation of Pile 2. (<b>a</b>) center; (<b>b</b>) outer side.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/209'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00209/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00209-g007-550.jpg?1732023730" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Resistivity test equipment.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/209'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00209/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00209-g008-550.jpg?1732023731" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Relationship between core sample strength and resistivity.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/209'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1523948" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 3811 KiB   </span> <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/208/pdf?version=1732002991" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Recovery Resiliency Characteristics of Interdependent Critical Infrastructures in Disaster-Prone Areas" data-journal="infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2412-3811/9/11/208">Recovery Resiliency Characteristics of Interdependent Critical Infrastructures in Disaster-Prone Areas</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Partha Sarker</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bhushan Lohar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sean Walker</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stephanie Patch</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>John T. Wade</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Infrastructures</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 208; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110208">https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110208</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 407 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> When Hurricane Maria struck the island of Puerto Rico in September, 2017, it devastated the island’s critical infrastructures, including the well-documented total loss of electric power systems. The strong interdependencies or associations among critical infrastructures in modern society meant that the failure of <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/208/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> When Hurricane Maria struck the island of Puerto Rico in September, 2017, it devastated the island’s critical infrastructures, including the well-documented total loss of electric power systems. The strong interdependencies or associations among critical infrastructures in modern society meant that the failure of power systems propagated to and exacerbated the failure of other infrastructure systems. Moreover, these associations impact systems recovery just as they impact system failure. This study is a follow-up of previous research by the first author on Hurricane Maria. In this research authors extracted and quantified the recovery associations of Hurricane Fiona (September 2022) made landfall in Puerto Rico and inflicted considerable damage to its critical infrastructures. The recovery efforts following the disaster provided an opportunity to follow up on the previous research and examine the recovery associations. Significant money and efforts have gone into upgrading the infrastructures of Puerto Rico to make them more resilient to natural disasters such as hurricanes or tropical storms following Hurricane Maria. This paper explores the new recovery resiliency characteristics of Puerto Rico’s critical infrastructure systems (CISs) that the recovery efforts following Hurricane Fiona illustrate. This research shows that the power systems and other CISs of Puerto Rico are much more resilient when compared to their state of resiliency in 2017. Moreover, examining the recovery interdependencies reveals that some of the CISs are strongly dependent on power systems recovery. Outcomes of this study suggest that CIS relationships based on recovery data from Puerto Rico, are transferable to similar disaster-prone areas such as the Caribbean islands or other island nations, as they have similar characteristics and challenges. <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/208">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Topic <a href="/topics/88WS06DH62">Resilient Civil Infrastructure, 2nd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/208/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1523948"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1523948"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1523948" data-cycle-prev="#prev1523948" data-cycle-progressive="#images1523948" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1523948-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00208/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00208-g001-550.jpg?1732003122" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1523948" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1523948-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00208/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00208-g002-550.jpg?1732003123'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1523948-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00208/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00208-g003-550.jpg?1732003125'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1523948-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00208/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00208-g004-550.jpg?1732003126'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1523948-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00208/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00208-g005-550.jpg?1732003130'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1523948-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00208/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00208-g006-550.jpg?1732003131'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1523948-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00208/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00208-g007a-550.jpg?1732003132'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1523948-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00208/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00208-g007b-550.jpg?1732003134'><p>Figure 7 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1523948-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00208/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00208-g008-550.jpg?1732003139'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1523948-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00208/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00208-g001-550.jpg?1732003122" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Puerto Rico’s power generation and transmission system [<a href="#B5-infrastructures-09-00208" class="html-bibr">5</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/208'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00208/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00208-g002-550.jpg?1732003123" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Puerto Rico’s cell tower map (crosses and numbers indicate quantity) [<a href="#B6-infrastructures-09-00208" class="html-bibr">6</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/208'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00208/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00208-g003-550.jpg?1732003125" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>CIS of Puerto Rico [<a href="#B7-infrastructures-09-00208" class="html-bibr">7</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/208'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00208/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00208-g004-550.jpg?1732003126" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Power systems interdependencies [<a href="#B28-infrastructures-09-00208" class="html-bibr">28</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/208'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00208/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00208-g005-550.jpg?1732003130" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Daily progress of CIS recovery in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Fiona.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/208'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00208/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00208-g006-550.jpg?1732003131" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>CIS resilience curves in terms of systems performance or functionality (adapted from [<a href="#B1-infrastructures-09-00208" class="html-bibr">1</a>,<a href="#B32-infrastructures-09-00208" class="html-bibr">32</a>,<a href="#B33-infrastructures-09-00208" class="html-bibr">33</a>]).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/208'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00208/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00208-g007a-550.jpg?1732003132" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Infrastructure interdependencies of (<b>a</b>) drinking water systems, (<b>b</b>) cell antenna sites, (<b>c</b>) hospitals, (<b>d</b>) ports, (<b>e</b>) commercial flights, and (<b>f</b>) AMA bus routes systems with power systems infrastructure based on post-disaster recovery data for Hurricane Fiona.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/208'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00208/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00208-g007b-550.jpg?1732003134" title=" <strong>Figure 7 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Infrastructure interdependencies of (<b>a</b>) drinking water systems, (<b>b</b>) cell antenna sites, (<b>c</b>) hospitals, (<b>d</b>) ports, (<b>e</b>) commercial flights, and (<b>f</b>) AMA bus routes systems with power systems infrastructure based on post-disaster recovery data for Hurricane Fiona.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/208'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00208/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00208-g008-550.jpg?1732003139" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Daily progress of CIS recovery in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/208'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1523235" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 4983 KiB   </span> <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/207/pdf?version=1731920351" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Durability of Steel-Reinforced Concrete Structures Under Effect of Climatic Temporality and Aggressive Agents (CO2, SO2) in Boca del Rio, Veracruz" data-journal="infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2412-3811/9/11/207">Durability of Steel-Reinforced Concrete Structures Under Effect of Climatic Temporality and Aggressive Agents (CO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>) in Boca del Rio, Veracruz</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Humberto Raymundo González-Moreno</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jose Luis Marín-Muñiz</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pablo Julian López-Gonzalez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Oscar Moreno-Vazquez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sergio Aurelio Zamora-Castro</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Brenda Lizeth Monzón-Reyes</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Joaquin Sangabriel-Lomeli</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Infrastructures</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 207; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110207">https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110207</a> - 18 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 518 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The development of sustainable infrastructure is essential to address the challenges of climate change and reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. The use of alternative materials, such as agro-industrial ashes and silica fume, emerges as a promising option to enhance the durability of concrete and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/207/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The development of sustainable infrastructure is essential to address the challenges of climate change and reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. The use of alternative materials, such as agro-industrial ashes and silica fume, emerges as a promising option to enhance the durability of concrete and diminish its environmental impact. These materials can partially replace conventional cement, contributing to the construction of more sustainable infrastructure without compromising performance, even under adverse environmental conditions. In this study, we present an analysis of the use of sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) and silica fume (SF) as a 15% cement replacement. The behavior of these materials was investigated under coastal conditions, analyzing climatic variables and degrading gases such as CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O. Electrochemical techniques were employed to measure corrosion rate and potential, in addition to conducting carbonation and compressive strength tests. The mixtures with a 15% addition of SBA and SF showed improvements compared to conventional mixes. SBA reduced the corrosion rate by 25% and increased compressive strength by 12% after 150 days, while SF enhanced carbonation resistance by 20% and compressive strength by 25%. The incorporation of SBA and SF provides significant durability in coastal environments, contributing to the sustainability of infrastructure exposed to adverse weather conditions. <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/207">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/207/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1523235"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1523235"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1523235" data-cycle-prev="#prev1523235" data-cycle-progressive="#images1523235" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1523235-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g001-550.jpg?1731920482" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1523235" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1523235-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g002-550.jpg?1731920483'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1523235-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g003-550.jpg?1731920485'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1523235-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g004-550.jpg?1731920487'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1523235-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g005-550.jpg?1731920488'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1523235-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g006-550.jpg?1731920489'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1523235-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g007-550.jpg?1731920490'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1523235-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g008-550.jpg?1731920490'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1523235-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g009-550.jpg?1731920491'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1523235-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g010-550.jpg?1731920492'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1523235-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g011-550.jpg?1731920493'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1523235-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g012-550.jpg?1731920494'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1523235-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g013-550.jpg?1731920495'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1523235-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g001-550.jpg?1731920482" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Effect of coastal environment on reinforced concrete infrastructure for community needs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/207'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g002-550.jpg?1731920483" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Deterioration process of chloride corrosion in steel and CO<sub>2</sub> carbonation in reinforced concrete structures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/207'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g003-550.jpg?1731920485" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Exposure zone for concrete specimens.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/207'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g004-550.jpg?1731920487" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Arrangement of concrete specimens for experimentation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/207'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g005-550.jpg?1731920488" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Corrosion potential in AISI 1018 and galvanized steel bars in control mixtures, with 15% replacement of Portland cement by silica fume and 15% replacement of Portland cement by sugarcane bagasse ash.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/207'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g006-550.jpg?1731920489" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Corrosion rate in AISI 1018 and galvanized steel bars in control mixtures, with 15% replacement of Portland cement by silica fume and 15% replacement of Portland cement by sugarcane bagasse ash.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/207'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g007-550.jpg?1731920490" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Evolutionary profiles of carbonation in different mixtures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/207'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g008-550.jpg?1731920490" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Correlation between temperature, CO<sub>2,</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub> from 2017 to 2019 in this study area.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/207'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g009-550.jpg?1731920491" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Correlation between SBA, silica fume, carbonation depth, and temperature in this study area during the exposure period.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/207'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g010-550.jpg?1731920492" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Correlation between wind speed, CO<sub>2,</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub> content in this study area during the exposure period.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/207'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g011-550.jpg?1731920493" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Correlation between relative humidity, CO<sub>2,</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub> for the period 2017–2019.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/207'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g012-550.jpg?1731920494" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Correlation between precipitation, CO<sub>2,</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub> for the period 2017–2019.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/207'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00207/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00207-g013-550.jpg?1731920495" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Compressive strength of conventional mixtures (control), Silica Fume (SF) mixture, and sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) mixture at 110 and 165 days.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/207'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1522869" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 7923 KiB   </span> <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/206/pdf?version=1732091653" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Response Surface Methodology Approach for the Prediction and Optimization of the Mechanical Properties of Sustainable Laterized Concrete Incorporating Eco-Friendly Calcium Carbide Waste" data-journal="infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2412-3811/9/11/206">Response Surface Methodology Approach for the Prediction and Optimization of the Mechanical Properties of Sustainable Laterized Concrete Incorporating Eco-Friendly Calcium Carbide Waste</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Auwal Ahmad Khalid</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Abdurra’uf. M. Gora</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>A. D. Rafindadi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sadi I. Haruna</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yasser E. Ibrahim</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Infrastructures</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 206; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110206">https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110206</a> - 17 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 578 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study investigated the combined effects of calcium carbide waste (CCW) and lateritic soil (LS) on sustainable concrete’s fresh and mechanical properties as a construction material for infrastructure development. The study will explore the possibility of using easily accessible materials, such as lateritic <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/206/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study investigated the combined effects of calcium carbide waste (CCW) and lateritic soil (LS) on sustainable concrete’s fresh and mechanical properties as a construction material for infrastructure development. The study will explore the possibility of using easily accessible materials, such as lateritic soils and calcium carbide waste. Therefore, laterite soil was used to replace some portions of fine aggregate at 0% to 40% (interval of 10%) by weight, while CCW substituted the cement content at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight. A response surface methodology/central composite design (RSM/CCD) tool was applied to design and develop statistical models for predicting and optimizing the properties of the sustainable concrete. The LS and CCW were input variables, and compressive strength and splitting tensile properties are response variables. The results indicated that the combined effects of CCW and LS improve workability by 18.2% compared to the control mixture. Regarding the mechanical properties, the synergic effects of CCW as a cementitious material and LS as a fine aggregate have improved the concrete’s compressive and splitting tensile strengths. The contribution of LS is more pronounced than that of CCW. The established models have successfully predicted the mechanical behavior and fresh properties of sustainable concrete utilizing LS and CCW as the independent variables with high accuracy. The optimized responses can be achieved with 15% CCW and 10% lateritic soil as a substitute for fine aggregate weight. These optimization outcomes produced the most robust possible results, with a desirability of 81.3%. <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/206">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/infrastructures/special_issues/8ALV82507J ">Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure: Climate Adaptation through Green Engineering and Low-Carbon Technologies</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/206/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1522869"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1522869"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1522869" data-cycle-prev="#prev1522869" data-cycle-progressive="#images1522869" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1522869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g001-550.jpg?1732091727" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1522869" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1522869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g002-550.jpg?1732091727'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1522869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g003-550.jpg?1732091728'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1522869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g004-550.jpg?1732091729'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1522869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g005-550.jpg?1732091730'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1522869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g006-550.jpg?1732091731'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1522869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g007-550.jpg?1732091732'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1522869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g008-550.jpg?1732091733'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1522869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g009-550.jpg?1732091736'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1522869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g010-550.jpg?1732091737'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1522869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g011-550.jpg?1732091739'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1522869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g012-550.jpg?1732091740'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1522869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g013-550.jpg?1732091742'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1522869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g014-550.jpg?1732091742'><p>Figure 14</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1522869-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g001-550.jpg?1732091727" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Grading curves of aggregate materials.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/206'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g002-550.jpg?1732091727" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Slump flow test setup.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/206'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g003-550.jpg?1732091728" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Experimental setup for (<b>a</b>) compressive and (<b>b</b>) splitting tensile test.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/206'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g004-550.jpg?1732091729" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Central composite design (CCD) frameworks.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/206'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g005-550.jpg?1732091730" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Slump test result of laterite concrete containing CCW.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/206'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g006-550.jpg?1732091731" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Compressive strength of laterite concrete modified with CCW.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/206'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g007-550.jpg?1732091732" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Splitting tensile strength of laterite concrete modified with CCW.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/206'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g008-550.jpg?1732091733" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Predicted <span class="html-italic">F</span><sub>C</sub> vs. experimental values at (<b>a</b>) 7 days, (<b>b</b>) 14 days, and (<b>c</b>) 28 days ages.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/206'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g009-550.jpg?1732091736" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Contour and 3D plots for compressive strength at different ages of curing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/206'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g010-550.jpg?1732091737" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Predicted <span class="html-italic">F</span><sub>s</sub> vs. experimental values at ages of: (<b>a</b>) 7 days, (<b>b</b>) 14 days, and (<b>c</b>) 28 days.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/206'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g011-550.jpg?1732091739" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Contour and 3D plots for splitting tensile strength at different curing ages.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/206'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g012-550.jpg?1732091740" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Externally studentized residuals vs. runs plots for: (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">F</span><sub>c</sub>-<sub>28</sub>, (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">F</span><sub>c</sub>-<sub>28</sub>, (<b>c</b>) <span class="html-italic">F</span><sub>c</sub>-<sub>28</sub> (MPa).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/206'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g013-550.jpg?1732091742" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Externally studentized residuals vs. runs plots for: (<b>a</b>) F<sub>s-28</sub>, (<b>b</b>) F<sub>s-28</sub>, (<b>c</b>) F<sub>s-28</sub> (MPa).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/206'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00206/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00206-g014-550.jpg?1732091742" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Surface plot for desirability in 3D.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/206'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1522393" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 5063 KiB   </span> <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/205/pdf?version=1731747478" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Enhancing Recovery of Structural Health Monitoring Data Using CNN Combined with GRU" data-journal="infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2412-3811/9/11/205">Enhancing Recovery of Structural Health Monitoring Data Using CNN Combined with GRU</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nguyen Thi Cam Nhung</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hoang Nguyen Bui</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tran Quang Minh</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Infrastructures</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 205; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110205">https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110205</a> - 16 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 428 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Structural health monitoring (SHM) plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety of infrastructure in general, especially critical infrastructure such as bridges. SHM systems allow the real-time monitoring of structural conditions and early detection of abnormalities. This enables managers to make accurate decisions <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/205/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Structural health monitoring (SHM) plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety of infrastructure in general, especially critical infrastructure such as bridges. SHM systems allow the real-time monitoring of structural conditions and early detection of abnormalities. This enables managers to make accurate decisions during the operation of the infrastructure. However, for various reasons, data from SHM systems may be interrupted or faulty, leading to serious consequences. This study proposes using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) combined with Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs) to recover lost data from accelerometer sensors in SHM systems. CNNs are adept at capturing spatial patterns in data, making them highly effective for recognizing localized features in sensor signals. At the same time, GRUs are designed to model sequential dependencies over time, making the combined architecture particularly suited for time-series data. A dataset collected from a real bridge structure will be used to validate the proposed method. Different cases of data loss are considered to demonstrate the feasibility and potential of the CNN-GRU approach. The results show that the CNN-GRU hybrid network effectively recovers data in both single-channel and multi-channel data loss scenarios. <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/205">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/infrastructures/special_issues/9DC7SB4688 ">Advances in Structural Health Monitoring and Industry 5.0 Innovations for Bridge Management and Conservation</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/205/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1522393"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1522393"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1522393" data-cycle-prev="#prev1522393" data-cycle-progressive="#images1522393" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1522393-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g001-550.jpg?1731747624" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1522393" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1522393-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g002-550.jpg?1731747625'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1522393-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g003-550.jpg?1731747626'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1522393-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g004-550.jpg?1731747629'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1522393-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g005-550.jpg?1731747631'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1522393-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g006-550.jpg?1731747633'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1522393-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g007-550.jpg?1731747636'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1522393-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g008-550.jpg?1731747639'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1522393-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g009-550.jpg?1731747641'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1522393-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g010a-550.jpg?1731747644'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1522393-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g010b-550.jpg?1731747645'><p>Figure 10 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1522393-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g011a-550.jpg?1731747646'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1522393-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g011b-550.jpg?1731747648'><p>Figure 11 Cont.</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1522393-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g001-550.jpg?1731747624" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Convolutional Neural Networks.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g002-550.jpg?1731747625" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The structure of GRU network [<a href="#B44-infrastructures-09-00205" class="html-bibr">44</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g003-550.jpg?1731747626" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Data recovery process using CNN-GRU.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g004-550.jpg?1731747629" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Thang Long Bridge: (<b>a</b>) side view; (<b>b</b>) lower floor.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g005-550.jpg?1731747631" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Arrangement of measuring points at Thang Long Bridge.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g006-550.jpg?1731747633" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Data collection: (<b>a</b>) equipment station; (<b>b</b>) sensors’ installation location.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g007-550.jpg?1731747636" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Network training results in single-channel data recovery scenario: (<b>a</b>) training convergence curve; (<b>b</b>) mean absolute error.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g008-550.jpg?1731747639" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Recovery data segment using CNN-GRU; CNN and GRU.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g009-550.jpg?1731747641" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Mode shapes of two datasets.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g010a-550.jpg?1731747644" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Network training results in multi-channel data recovery scenario: (<b>a</b>) training convergence curve; (<b>b</b>) mean absolute error.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g010b-550.jpg?1731747645" title=" <strong>Figure 10 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Network training results in multi-channel data recovery scenario: (<b>a</b>) training convergence curve; (<b>b</b>) mean absolute error.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g011a-550.jpg?1731747646" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>MAC values: (<b>a</b>) two-sensor data recovery; (<b>b</b>) three-sensor data recovery; (<b>c</b>) four-sensor data recovery.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00205/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00205-g011b-550.jpg?1731747648" title=" <strong>Figure 11 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>MAC values: (<b>a</b>) two-sensor data recovery; (<b>b</b>) three-sensor data recovery; (<b>c</b>) four-sensor data recovery.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1522307" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 22 pages, 14143 KiB   </span> <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/204/pdf?version=1731744018" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Enhancing Predictive Maintenance Through Detection of Unrecorded Track Work" data-journal="infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2412-3811/9/11/204">Enhancing Predictive Maintenance Through Detection of Unrecorded Track Work</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jan Schatzl</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Florian Gerhold</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Markus Loidolt</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stefan Marschnig</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Infrastructures</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 204; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110204">https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110204</a> - 16 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 395 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Predictive maintenance can help infrastructure managers to reduce costs and improve railway availability while ensuring safety. However, its accuracy depends on reliable data from various sources, especially track measurement data. When analysing track data over time, historical maintenance actions must be considered, as <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/204/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Predictive maintenance can help infrastructure managers to reduce costs and improve railway availability while ensuring safety. However, its accuracy depends on reliable data from various sources, especially track measurement data. When analysing track data over time, historical maintenance actions must be considered, as otherwise the interpretation of the data would be misleading. This research aims to address inconsistencies in recorded maintenance data by detecting unrecorded track works through track geometry evaluations. The main goal is to provide the foundations for accurate descriptions of track behaviour, supporting the implementation of effective predictive maintenance regimes. As part of the research, three different approaches are analysed and evaluated, whereby two of them are based on cross-sectional analyses and the third one detects track works in longitudinal track dimension. The results show that the CRAB algorithm produces the most statistically significant results. Conversely, the cumulative track geometry-based algorithm provides a homogeneous representation of past maintenance work and a result that is statistically only marginally inferior. Consequently, these two methods are best suited to build the foundation for making accurate cross-sectional conclusions about track geometry behaviour. This allows for the verification and enhancement of existing maintenance databases. <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/204">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/infrastructures/sections/infrastructures_inspection_maintenance">Infrastructures Inspection and Maintenance</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/204/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1522307"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1522307"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1522307" data-cycle-prev="#prev1522307" data-cycle-progressive="#images1522307" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g001-550.jpg?1731744103" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1522307" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g002-550.jpg?1731744104'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g003-550.jpg?1731744105'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g004-550.jpg?1731744106'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g005-550.jpg?1731744110'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g006-550.jpg?1731744110'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g007-550.jpg?1731744111'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g008-550.jpg?1731744112'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g009-550.jpg?1731744115'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g010-550.jpg?1731744116'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g011-550.jpg?1731744117'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g012-550.jpg?1731744118'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g013-550.jpg?1731744118'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g014-550.jpg?1731744120'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g015-550.jpg?1731744123'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g016a-550.jpg?1731744124'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g016b-550.jpg?1731744125'><p>Figure 16 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g017-550.jpg?1731744126'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g018a-550.jpg?1731744129'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g018b-550.jpg?1731744130'><p>Figure 18 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='20' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g019a-550.jpg?1731744133'><p>Figure 19</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='21' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g019b-550.jpg?1731744135'><p>Figure 19 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='22' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g020a-550.jpg?1731744135'><p>Figure 20</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='23' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g020b-550.jpg?1731744136'><p>Figure 20 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='24' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g021a-550.jpg?1731744137'><p>Figure 21</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='25' data-target='article-1522307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g021b-550.jpg?1731744138'><p>Figure 21 Cont.</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1522307-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g001-550.jpg?1731744103" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Signal synchronisation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g002-550.jpg?1731744104" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Rules 1–4 of the SEARCH algorithm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g003-550.jpg?1731744105" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Application of Rule 5 of the SEARCH algorithm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g004-550.jpg?1731744106" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Application of all rules to one cross section.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g005-550.jpg?1731744110" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Flow chart of the SEARCH algorithm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g006-550.jpg?1731744110" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Calibration of interval setting.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g007-550.jpg?1731744111" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>First step of the CRAB algorithm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g008-550.jpg?1731744112" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Second step of the CRAB algorithm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g009-550.jpg?1731744115" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Flow chart of the CRAB algorithm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g010-550.jpg?1731744116" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Visualisation of the CI and DCI signal for multiple measurement runs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g011-550.jpg?1731744117" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Determination of the secant length.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g012-550.jpg?1731744118" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Consideration of asynchronous gradients.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g013-550.jpg?1731744118" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Determination of the correlation coefficient threshold value.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g014-550.jpg?1731744120" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Determination of the threshold value (<b>a</b>) F1 score; (<b>b</b>) ROC curve; (<b>c</b>) Number of maintenance sections per class as a function of the threshold value.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g015-550.jpg?1731744123" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Flow chart of the CTG-based algorithm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g016a-550.jpg?1731744124" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Statistical results of the three algorithms applied to the described four sections (<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g016b-550.jpg?1731744125" title=" <strong>Figure 16 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Statistical results of the three algorithms applied to the described four sections (<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g017-550.jpg?1731744126" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Combined statistical result.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g018a-550.jpg?1731744129" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Recorded and detected maintenance in Section 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g018b-550.jpg?1731744130" title=" <strong>Figure 18 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Recorded and detected maintenance in Section 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g019a-550.jpg?1731744133" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>Recorded and detected maintenance in Section 3.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g019b-550.jpg?1731744135" title=" <strong>Figure 19 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Recorded and detected maintenance in Section 3.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g020a-550.jpg?1731744135" title=" <strong>Figure 20</strong><br/> <p>Amount of detected and not detected track work section for recorded track works.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g020b-550.jpg?1731744136" title=" <strong>Figure 20 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Amount of detected and not detected track work section for recorded track works.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g021a-550.jpg?1731744137" title=" <strong>Figure 21</strong><br/> <p>Amount of detected and not detected track work section for unrecorded track works.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00204/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00204-g021b-550.jpg?1731744138" title=" <strong>Figure 21 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Amount of detected and not detected track work section for unrecorded track works.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1519292" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 5541 KiB   </span> <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/203/pdf?version=1731419386" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Investigation of Critical Aspects of Roughness Assessment for Airfield Pavements" data-journal="infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2412-3811/9/11/203">Investigation of Critical Aspects of Roughness Assessment for Airfield Pavements</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Angeliki Armeni</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Christina Plati</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andreas Loizos</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Infrastructures</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 203; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110203">https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110203</a> - 12 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 481 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> One of the main priorities of airport authorities is to maintain a high level of serviceability of runway pavements due to the high safety requirements for aircraft at high speeds. Accordingly, the assessment of the functional condition of airfield pavements is crucial for <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/203/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> One of the main priorities of airport authorities is to maintain a high level of serviceability of runway pavements due to the high safety requirements for aircraft at high speeds. Accordingly, the assessment of the functional condition of airfield pavements is crucial for the proper operation of an airport. The most critical functional parameter appears to be pavement roughness. It characterizes the condition of the runway surface and is directly related to the safety of aircraft flights, as it affects the handling characteristics and braking performance of the aircraft, the increase in operating costs, and the wear of the aircraft. Worldwide, there are several indices for assessing the roughness of airfield pavements. This study aims to compare some of these indices to assess their ability to capture the characteristics of airfield pavement roughness. For this purpose, roughness data were collected along a runway with flexible pavement at a regional airport in southeast Europe and corresponding indices were estimated. The analysis of the data leads to the most efficient index for assessing the roughness of airfield surfaces to date. However, the need for a new index that expresses the response of the aircraft remains a critical issue. <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/203">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/infrastructures/special_issues/4L8L26GV77 ">Advanced Research in Geotechnics for Sustainable Infrastructure Development</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/203/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1519292"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1519292"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1519292" data-cycle-prev="#prev1519292" data-cycle-progressive="#images1519292" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1519292-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g001-550.jpg?1731419543" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1519292" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1519292-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g002-550.jpg?1731419544'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1519292-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g003-550.jpg?1731419544'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1519292-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g004-550.jpg?1731419545'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1519292-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g005-550.jpg?1731419545'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1519292-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g006-550.jpg?1731419546'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1519292-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g007-550.jpg?1731419547'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1519292-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g008-550.jpg?1731419548'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1519292-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g009-550.jpg?1731419551'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1519292-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g010-550.jpg?1731419552'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1519292-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g011-550.jpg?1731419553'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1519292-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g012-550.jpg?1731419554'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1519292-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g013-550.jpg?1731419555'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1519292-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g014-550.jpg?1731419556'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1519292-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g015-550.jpg?1731419557'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1519292-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g016-550.jpg?1731419558'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1519292-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g017-550.jpg?1731419558'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1519292-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g018-550.jpg?1731419560'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1519292-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g019-550.jpg?1731419561'><p>Figure 19</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1519292-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g001-550.jpg?1731419543" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of bump height measurement [<a href="#B8-infrastructures-09-00203" class="html-bibr">8</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/203'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g002-550.jpg?1731419544" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Roughness evaluation for single event bump [<a href="#B8-infrastructures-09-00203" class="html-bibr">8</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/203'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g003-550.jpg?1731419544" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Roughness acceptance criteria based on BBI [<a href="#B8-infrastructures-09-00203" class="html-bibr">8</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/203'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g004-550.jpg?1731419545" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Quarter-car model [<a href="#B28-infrastructures-09-00203" class="html-bibr">28</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/203'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g005-550.jpg?1731419545" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Simulation model of physical straightedge [<a href="#B12-infrastructures-09-00203" class="html-bibr">12</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/203'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g006-550.jpg?1731419546" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Measurements on the runway using RSP.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/203'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g007-550.jpg?1731419547" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Measurements’ paths.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/203'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g008-550.jpg?1731419548" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Methodology layout.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/203'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g009-550.jpg?1731419551" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) IRI, (<b>b</b>) BBI, (<b>c</b>) SE, and (<b>d</b>) RMSVA CP (for left, center and right path).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/203'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g010-550.jpg?1731419552" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>SE and IRI comparison (left path).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/203'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g011-550.jpg?1731419553" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>SE and BBI comparison (left path).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/203'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g012-550.jpg?1731419554" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>IRI and BBI comparison (left path).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/203'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g013-550.jpg?1731419555" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Correlation between SE and IRI (left path).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/203'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g014-550.jpg?1731419556" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Correlation between SE and BBI (left path).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/203'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g015-550.jpg?1731419557" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Correlation between IRI and BBI (left path).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/203'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g016-550.jpg?1731419558" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of RMSVA for center of gravity and cockpit, Boeing 727 speed 100 knots (left path).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/203'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g017-550.jpg?1731419558" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Results of liner regression between RMSVA CP and RMSVA CG (all paths).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/203'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g018-550.jpg?1731419560" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of: (<b>a</b>) BBI and RMSVA CP (left path), (<b>b</b>) IRI and RMSVA CP (left path).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/203'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00203/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00203-g019-550.jpg?1731419561" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>Correlation between: (<b>a</b>) BBI and RMSVA CP (left path), (<b>b</b>) IRI and RMSVA CP (left path).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/203'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1518516" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 1428 KiB   </span> <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/202/pdf?version=1731321173" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Preliminary Assessments of Geotechnical Seismic Isolation Design Properties" data-journal="infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2412-3811/9/11/202">Preliminary Assessments of Geotechnical Seismic Isolation Design Properties</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Davide Forcellini</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Infrastructures</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 202; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110202">https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110202</a> - 11 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 631 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This paper proposes a method to investigate the design properties of geotechnical seismic isolation (GSI). This technique has been the object of many research contributions, both experimental and numerical. However, methods that may be used by practitioners for design procedures are still unavailable. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/202/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This paper proposes a method to investigate the design properties of geotechnical seismic isolation (GSI). This technique has been the object of many research contributions, both experimental and numerical. However, methods that may be used by practitioners for design procedures are still unavailable. The formulation presented herein may be used for preliminary assessments of two important properties: the thickness and the shear wave velocity. Three-dimensional advanced numerical simulations were performed with the state-of-the-art platform OpenSees in order to verify the analytical formulation on a benchmark case study. The elongation ratio has been taken as the relevant parameter to discuss the efficiency of GSI in decoupling the soil from the structure. The main findings consist of assessing the dependency of the elongation ratio on two parameters: the thickness and the shear velocity of the GSI layer. In this regard, a novel formulation was proposed in order to make preliminary design assessments that can be used by practitioners for practical applications. <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/202">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/infrastructures/special_issues/0E2SN3JU62 ">Seismic Engineering in Infrastructures: Challenges and Prospects</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/202/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1518516"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1518516"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1518516" data-cycle-prev="#prev1518516" data-cycle-progressive="#images1518516" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1518516-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00202/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00202-g001-550.jpg?1731321248" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1518516" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1518516-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00202/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00202-g002-550.jpg?1731321249'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1518516-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00202/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00202-g003-550.jpg?1731321251'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1518516-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00202/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00202-g004-550.jpg?1731321252'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1518516-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00202/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00202-g005-550.jpg?1731321254'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1518516-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00202/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00202-g006-550.jpg?1731321255'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1518516-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00202/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00202-g001-550.jpg?1731321248" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic 3 DOF system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/202'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00202/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00202-g002-550.jpg?1731321249" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Three-dimensional mesh. Yellow: soil S, blue: GSI layer, green: soil foundation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/202'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00202/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00202-g003-550.jpg?1731321251" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Shear stress–strain relationship Concrete 02 (column core).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/202'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00202/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00202-g004-550.jpg?1731321252" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Shear stress–strain relationship Concrete 02 (column cover).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/202'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00202/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00202-g005-550.jpg?1731321254" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Shear stress–strain relationship Steel 02 (reinforcement bars).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/202'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00202/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00202-g006-550.jpg?1731321255" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Shear stress–strain relationship (soil S and soil F).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/202'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1517974" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 23698 KiB   </span> <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/201/pdf?version=1731237148" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Application of Capillary Barrier Systems for Slope Stabilization Under Extreme Rainfall: A Case Study of National Highway 10, India" data-journal="infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2412-3811/9/11/201">Application of Capillary Barrier Systems for Slope Stabilization Under Extreme Rainfall: A Case Study of National Highway 10, India</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yusen Cheng</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yangyang Li</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Infrastructures</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 201; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110201">https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110201</a> - 10 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 777 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Global warming has led to an increase in extreme rainfall events, which often result in landslides, posing significant threats to infrastructure and human life. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Capillary Barrier System (CBS) in enhancing slope stability along a vulnerable section <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/201/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Global warming has led to an increase in extreme rainfall events, which often result in landslides, posing significant threats to infrastructure and human life. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Capillary Barrier System (CBS) in enhancing slope stability along a vulnerable section of India’s National Highway 10 (NH10) during maximum daily rainfall. The GEOtop model was employed to conduct water balance simulations and obtain the pore–water pressure (PWP), which was then used to calculate the Factor of Safety (FoS). Results showed that CBS effectively delayed the rise in PWP, leading to lower peak values and smaller areas of very high and high risk levels. Spatial distribution mapping further confirmed that CBS minimized very high risk zones. At three historical landslide points, CBS slopes generally maintained FoS values above 1, demonstrating enhanced stability and improved resilience to extreme rainfall. These findings highlight the potential of CBS as a viable strategy for slope reinforcement in regions susceptible to heavy rainfall. <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/201">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/infrastructures/special_issues/8ALV82507J ">Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure: Climate Adaptation through Green Engineering and Low-Carbon Technologies</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/201/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1517974"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1517974"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1517974" data-cycle-prev="#prev1517974" data-cycle-progressive="#images1517974" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1517974-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g001-550.jpg?1731237223" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1517974" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1517974-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g002-550.jpg?1731237225'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1517974-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g003-550.jpg?1731237226'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1517974-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g004-550.jpg?1731237227'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1517974-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g005-550.jpg?1731237229'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1517974-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g006-550.jpg?1731237231'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1517974-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g007-550.jpg?1731237232'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1517974-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g008-550.jpg?1731237234'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1517974-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g009-550.jpg?1731237237'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1517974-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g010-550.jpg?1731237238'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1517974-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g011-550.jpg?1731237240'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1517974-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g0A1-550.jpg?1731237243'><p>Figure A1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1517974-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g0A2-550.jpg?1731237246'><p>Figure A2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1517974-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g001-550.jpg?1731237223" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Overview of the study area. (<b>a</b>) The full extent of India’s NH10. (<b>b</b>) Study section of NH10 with a 3 km buffer zone.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g002-550.jpg?1731237225" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Maps used in GEOtop modeling: (<b>a</b>) DEM; (<b>b</b>) slope angle; (<b>c</b>) aspect.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g003-550.jpg?1731237226" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Curve fitting for residual soil: conversion from the Gardner equation to the Van Genuchten equation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g004-550.jpg?1731237227" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Curve fitting for CBS: conversion from the Fredlund and Xing equation to the Van Genuchten equation. (<b>a</b>). Fine−grained soil. (<b>b</b>). Coarse−grained soil.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g005-550.jpg?1731237229" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagrams of the original slope and CBS slope. The red dots indicate the center of each layer where the PWP values are calculated. (<b>a</b>). Original slope with eight residual soil layers. (<b>b</b>). CBS slope with fine− and coarse−grained soil layers in the top three layers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g006-550.jpg?1731237231" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The workflow of the GEOtop model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g007-550.jpg?1731237232" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Variations in the average PWP for the original and CBS slopes at various depths.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g008-550.jpg?1731237234" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Variations in the percentage of pixels for each risk category between the original slope and CBS slope at various depths. (<b>a</b>). Very high risk. (<b>b</b>). High risk. (<b>c</b>). Moderate risk. (<b>d</b>). Low risk.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g009-550.jpg?1731237237" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Risk distribution at a depth of 0.8 m for original slope and CBS slope at different rainfall stages.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g010-550.jpg?1731237238" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>The location of each landslide point.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g011-550.jpg?1731237240" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Variations in the FoS for each landslide point. (<b>a</b>). North point. (<b>b</b>). Central point. (<b>c</b>). South point.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g0A1-550.jpg?1731237243" title=" <strong>Figure A1</strong><br/> <p>Risk distribution at a depth of 1.25 m for the original slope and CBS slope at different rainfall stages.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00201/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00201-g0A2-550.jpg?1731237246" title=" <strong>Figure A2</strong><br/> <p>Risk distribution at a depth of 1.75 m for the original slope and CBS slope at different rainfall stages.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1517795" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 27 pages, 7336 KiB   </span> <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/200/pdf?version=1731387899" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Performance Evaluation and Optimization of Binder-Toner and Mixing Efficiency Ratios in an E-Waste Toner-Modified Composite Mixture Using Response Surface Methodology" data-journal="infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2412-3811/9/11/200">Performance Evaluation and Optimization of Binder-Toner and Mixing Efficiency Ratios in an E-Waste Toner-Modified Composite Mixture Using Response Surface Methodology</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Syyed Adnan Raheel Shah</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sabahat Hussan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nabil Ben Kahla</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Muhammad Kashif Anwar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mansoor Ahmad Baluch</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ahsan Nawaz</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Infrastructures</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 200; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110200">https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110200</a> - 10 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 419 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> E-waste toner (EWT), which is produced in large quantities by modern industries, has the potential to be utilized as a bitumen modifier to improve engineering properties and save costs. The current study focuses on exploring the optimization of EWT content to identify the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/200/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> E-waste toner (EWT), which is produced in large quantities by modern industries, has the potential to be utilized as a bitumen modifier to improve engineering properties and save costs. The current study focuses on exploring the optimization of EWT content to identify the most optimal proportions for achieving desirable levels of mechanical properties. This study also examined the effects of E-waste toner contents ranging from 0% to 30% on the fresh consistency of toner-modified and unmodified binder. The study utilized a central composite design (CCD) together with the response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the mix design variables, specifically the binder-toner ratio (BT) and mixing efficiency ratio (MER). The objective of this study was to examine the combined effects of these variables on the mechanical characteristics of EWT-modified asphalt mixtures. The mechanical responses were obtained through the performance of four responses such as Marshall stability (MS), Marshall flow (MF), indirect tensile strength (ITS), and stiffness tests. The findings suggest that the combined interaction of BT and MER ratios has an impact on their mechanical characteristics. However, the BT ratios had a significant impact on the volumetric attributes compared to MER. The RSM-based prediction models had an R-square over 0.86 across each response. This demonstrates that the inclusion of BT and MER ratios were accountable for a minimum of 86% of the alterations in the mechanical characteristics of EWT-modified asphalt. The multi-objective optimization analysis determined that the optimal proportions for the EWT-modified asphalt, in order to obtain the ideal consistency, were 0.249 ratio of BT and 1.63 ratio of MER with a desirability value of 0.97. Overall, it was found that RSM is a reliable technique for precisely forecasting the mechanical properties of EWT-modified asphalt, including BT and MER ratios. <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/200">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/infrastructures/special_issues/861LN2K871 "><span class="ui-provider a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z ab ac ae af ag ah ai aj ak" dir="ltr">Sustainable Construction Materials’ Contribution to a Zero-Waste Future</span></a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/200/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1517795"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1517795"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1517795" data-cycle-prev="#prev1517795" data-cycle-progressive="#images1517795" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1517795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g001-550.jpg?1731387995" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1517795" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1517795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g002-550.jpg?1731387996'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1517795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g003-550.jpg?1731387998'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1517795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g004-550.jpg?1731387999'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1517795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g005-550.jpg?1731388000'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1517795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g006-550.jpg?1731388000'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1517795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g007-550.jpg?1731388001'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1517795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g008-550.jpg?1731388002'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1517795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g009-550.jpg?1731388004'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1517795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g010a-550.jpg?1731388007'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1517795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g010b-550.jpg?1731388008'><p>Figure 10 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1517795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g011-550.jpg?1731388010'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1517795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g012-550.jpg?1731388011'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1517795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g013-550.jpg?1731388012'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1517795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g014-550.jpg?1731388014'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1517795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g015-550.jpg?1731388016'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1517795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g016-550.jpg?1731388017'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1517795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g017-550.jpg?1731388018'><p>Figure 17</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1517795-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g001-550.jpg?1731387995" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Flowchart of Response Surface Methodology (RSM).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g002-550.jpg?1731387996" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Electronic waste toner cartridge; (<b>b</b>) E-waste toner powder (EWT).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g003-550.jpg?1731387998" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Gradation curve of aggregates utilized in current study.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g004-550.jpg?1731387999" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Graphical presentation of CCD used for two or three independent variables.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g005-550.jpg?1731388000" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Penetration (25 °C, 0.1 mm) of the EWT-modified asphalt binder in comparison with past studies [<a href="#B35-infrastructures-09-00200" class="html-bibr">35</a>,<a href="#B36-infrastructures-09-00200" class="html-bibr">36</a>,<a href="#B58-infrastructures-09-00200" class="html-bibr">58</a>,<a href="#B59-infrastructures-09-00200" class="html-bibr">59</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g006-550.jpg?1731388000" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Softening point (°C) of the EWT-modified asphalt binder in comparison with past studies [<a href="#B36-infrastructures-09-00200" class="html-bibr">36</a>,<a href="#B58-infrastructures-09-00200" class="html-bibr">58</a>,<a href="#B59-infrastructures-09-00200" class="html-bibr">59</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g007-550.jpg?1731388001" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Ductility (25 °C, cm) of the EWT-modified asphalt binder in comparison with past studies [<a href="#B58-infrastructures-09-00200" class="html-bibr">58</a>,<a href="#B59-infrastructures-09-00200" class="html-bibr">59</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g008-550.jpg?1731388002" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Penetration index of the EWT-modified asphalt binder in comparison with past studies.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g009-550.jpg?1731388004" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Mechanical parameters for EWT-modified asphalt mixes with three different increasing factors. (<b>a</b>) Marshall stability; (<b>b</b>) Marshall flow; (<b>c</b>) Indirect Tensile Strength; (<b>d</b>) Stiffness.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g010a-550.jpg?1731388007" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Residual vs. Run and Predicted vs. Actual graph plots for different responses (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Marshall stability; (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) Marshall flow; (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) indirect tensile strength-ITS; and (<b>g</b>,<b>h</b>) stiffness.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g010b-550.jpg?1731388008" title=" <strong>Figure 10 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Residual vs. Run and Predicted vs. Actual graph plots for different responses (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Marshall stability; (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) Marshall flow; (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) indirect tensile strength-ITS; and (<b>g</b>,<b>h</b>) stiffness.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g011-550.jpg?1731388010" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Response surface graphs for the response (R1). Marshall stability: MS (<b>a</b>) 3D and (<b>b</b>) 2D surface plots.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g012-550.jpg?1731388011" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Response surface graphs for the response (R2) Marshall Flow: MF (<b>a</b>) 3D and (<b>b</b>) 2D surface plots.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g013-550.jpg?1731388012" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Response surface graphs for the response (R3) indirect tensile strength: ITS (<b>a</b>) 3D and (<b>b</b>) 2D surface plots.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g014-550.jpg?1731388014" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Response surface graphs for the response (R4) stiffness (<b>a</b>) 3D and (<b>b</b>) 2D surface plots.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g015-550.jpg?1731388016" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Multi-objective optimization values for all both independent and response variables.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g016-550.jpg?1731388017" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>RSM-based Ramps of multi-objective optimization for E-waste toner-modified asphalt mixture.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00200/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00200-g017-550.jpg?1731388018" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Optimum binder-toner and mixing efficiency ratios with respect to different EWT contents and mixing conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1514489" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 8334 KiB   </span> <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/199/pdf?version=1730812635" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Design Principles to Reduce Vehicle Pocketing at Guardrail-to-Concrete Barrier Transitions" data-journal="infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2412-3811/9/11/199">Design Principles to Reduce Vehicle Pocketing at Guardrail-to-Concrete Barrier Transitions</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Desiree Kofler</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ernst Tomasch</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Christian Mader</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marco Jiraut</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alexander Barnaš</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Olivier Jantscher</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Johann Horvatits</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Karl Gragger</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Infrastructures</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 199; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110199">https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110199</a> - 5 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 535 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Road restraint systems (RRSs) on European roads are provided by several manufacturers and, hence, lead to differences in geometry, material, and mode of operation. Focusing on the combination of soft steel RRSs with relatively stiffer concrete RRSs, it is vital to consider the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/199/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Road restraint systems (RRSs) on European roads are provided by several manufacturers and, hence, lead to differences in geometry, material, and mode of operation. Focusing on the combination of soft steel RRSs with relatively stiffer concrete RRSs, it is vital to consider the potentially critical deformation kinematics during vehicle impacts, such as vehicle pocketing. Since a statutory test procedure was not introduced until mid-2024, much of the transition construction (TC) on Austrian roads has remained untested. Knowledge of the design features to be implemented during the refurbishment of such TCs is of great interest. The main focus of this study was to derive constructive measures (CMs) that increase traffic safety and are applicable to various TCs already installed on roads. The first step involved deriving design principles whose implementations in TCs reduce the risk of critical vehicle or RRS behavior. Based on finite element simulations, the functionality of a TC featuring all derived design principles was examined. The effect of each individual CM was analyzed in a parameter study. The results from a TB61 impact simulation on the derived TC showed the effectiveness of CMs, achieving smooth vehicle redirection. Vehicle pocketing was limited to a minimum, and neither penetration of the TC nor rollover of the vehicle was observed. The analysis of the influence of each CM indicated positive, and in some cases, negative effects. The working width was mainly positively influenced by the compaction of the posts, an additional steel bar, and the chamfering of the first concrete element. A rather diverse picture is drawn regarding the influence on the tensile forces in the guardrails. Some CMs had both positive and negative effects on the distribution of forces in the upper and lower guardrails. Nevertheless, all CMs had positive effects on the tensile forces in the coupling. The chamfering of the first concrete element was the most effective measure to prevent vehicle pocketing. However, through the combination of all CMs, the positive effects predominated, ensuring the functionality of the TC as a whole. This study provides basic insights into the effectiveness of constructive measures, which can serve as a reference for the renovation of in-service TCs or in the development phase of new TCs to be certified. <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/199">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/199/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1514489"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1514489"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1514489" data-cycle-prev="#prev1514489" data-cycle-progressive="#images1514489" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1514489-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g001-550.jpg?1730812717" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1514489" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1514489-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g002-550.jpg?1730812718'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1514489-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g003-550.jpg?1730812719'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1514489-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g004-550.jpg?1730812721'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1514489-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g005-550.jpg?1730812722'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1514489-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g006-550.jpg?1730812723'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1514489-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g007-550.jpg?1730812724'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1514489-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g008-550.jpg?1730812726'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1514489-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g009-550.jpg?1730812727'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1514489-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g010-550.jpg?1730812728'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1514489-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g011-550.jpg?1730812729'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1514489-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g012-550.jpg?1730812730'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1514489-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g013-550.jpg?1730812731'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1514489-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g014-550.jpg?1730812732'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1514489-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g015-550.jpg?1730812733'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1514489-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g016-550.jpg?1730812734'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1514489-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g017-550.jpg?1730812736'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1514489-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g018-550.jpg?1730812737'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1514489-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g019-550.jpg?1730812739'><p>Figure 19</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1514489-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g020-550.jpg?1730812740'><p>Figure 20</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='20' data-target='article-1514489-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g021-550.jpg?1730812742'><p>Figure 21</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='21' data-target='article-1514489-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g022-550.jpg?1730812743'><p>Figure 22</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='22' data-target='article-1514489-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g023-550.jpg?1730812745'><p>Figure 23</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1514489-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g001-550.jpg?1730812717" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Approach to evaluating the influence of restraint principles.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g002-550.jpg?1730812718" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic illustration of the constructive measures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g003-550.jpg?1730812719" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Models of the base RRS KB1 RH3 (<b>left</b>) and DB100 6m (<b>right</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g004-550.jpg?1730812721" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Model of the base transition construction.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g005-550.jpg?1730812722" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>FE model of the heavy goods vehicle.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g006-550.jpg?1730812723" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Impact location for the evaluation of the transition construction.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g007-550.jpg?1730812724" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Base TC and TC modification V1.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g008-550.jpg?1730812726" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Base TC and TC modification V2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g009-550.jpg?1730812727" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Base TC and TC modification V3.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g010-550.jpg?1730812728" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Base TC and TC modification V4.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g011-550.jpg?1730812729" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Base TC and TC modification V5.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g012-550.jpg?1730812730" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Base TC and TC modification V6.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g013-550.jpg?1730812731" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Base TC and TC modification V7.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g014-550.jpg?1730812732" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Tensile force measurement cross-sections implemented in the guardrails (<b>left</b>) and couplings (<b>right</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g015-550.jpg?1730812733" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Working width for three different impact locations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g016-550.jpg?1730812734" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Kinematics of the TB61 impact on the base TC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g017-550.jpg?1730812736" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the kinematics between the base TC and TC (V1).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g018-550.jpg?1730812737" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the kinematics between the base TC and TC (V2).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g019-550.jpg?1730812739" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the kinematics between the base TC and TC (V3).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g020-550.jpg?1730812740" title=" <strong>Figure 20</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the kinematics between the base TC and TC (V4).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g021-550.jpg?1730812742" title=" <strong>Figure 21</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the kinematics between the base TC and TC (V5).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g022-550.jpg?1730812743" title=" <strong>Figure 22</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the kinematics between the base TC and TC (V6).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00199/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00199-g023-550.jpg?1730812745" title=" <strong>Figure 23</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the kinematics between the base TC and TC (V7).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1513745" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 4143 KiB   </span> <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/198/pdf?version=1730726001" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Reconstructing Road Roughness Profiles Using ANNs and Dynamic Vehicle Accelerations" data-journal="infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2412-3811/9/11/198">Reconstructing Road Roughness Profiles Using ANNs and Dynamic Vehicle Accelerations</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kais Douier</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jamil Renno</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mohammed F. M. Hussein</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Infrastructures</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 198; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110198">https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110198</a> - 4 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 630 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Road networks are crucial infrastructures that play a significant role in the progress and advancement of societies. However, roads deteriorate over time due to regular use and external environmental factors. This deterioration leads to discomfort for road users as well as the generation <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/198/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Road networks are crucial infrastructures that play a significant role in the progress and advancement of societies. However, roads deteriorate over time due to regular use and external environmental factors. This deterioration leads to discomfort for road users as well as the generation of noise and vibrations, which negatively impact nearby structures. Therefore, it is essential to regularly maintain and monitor road networks. The International Roughness Index (IRI) is commonly used to quantify road roughness and serves as a key indicator for assessing road condition. Traditionally, obtaining the IRI involves manual or automated methods that can be time-consuming and expensive. This study explores the potential of using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and dynamic vehicle accelerations from two simulated car models to reconstruct road roughness profiles. These models include a simplified quarter-car (QC) model with two degrees of freedom, valued for its computational efficiency, and a more intricate full-car (FC) model with seven degrees of freedom, which replicates real-life vehicle behavior. This study also examines the ability of ANNs to predict the mechanical properties of the FC model from dynamic vehicle responses to obstacles. We compare the accuracy and computational efficiency of the two models and find that the QC model is almost 10 times faster than the FC model in reconstructing the road roughness profile whilst achieving higher accuracy. <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/198">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/infrastructures/sections/infrastructures_inspection_maintenance">Infrastructures Inspection and Maintenance</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/198/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1513745"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1513745"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1513745" data-cycle-prev="#prev1513745" data-cycle-progressive="#images1513745" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1513745-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00198/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00198-g001-550.jpg?1730726065" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1513745" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1513745-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00198/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00198-g002-550.jpg?1730726066'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1513745-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00198/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00198-g003-550.jpg?1730726069'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1513745-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00198/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00198-g004-550.jpg?1730726069'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1513745-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00198/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00198-g005-550.jpg?1730726070'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1513745-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00198/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00198-g006-550.jpg?1730726074'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1513745-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00198/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00198-g007a-550.jpg?1730726077'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1513745-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00198/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00198-g007b-550.jpg?1730726078'><p>Figure 7 Cont.</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1513745-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00198/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00198-g001-550.jpg?1730726065" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Illustration of a quarter-car model moving on random roughness.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/198'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00198/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00198-g002-550.jpg?1730726066" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Illustration of an FC model [<a href="#B25-infrastructures-09-00198" class="html-bibr">25</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/198'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00198/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00198-g003-550.jpg?1730726069" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>ANN architecture for (<b>a</b>) FC model characterization, (<b>b</b>) FC road roughness reconstruction, (<b>c</b>) QC road roughness reconstruction.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/198'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00198/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00198-g004-550.jpg?1730726069" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Front left and rear left wheel speed bump profiles.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/198'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00198/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00198-g005-550.jpg?1730726070" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Sprung mass accelerations of the true and estimated FC models passing over a speed bump.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/198'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00198/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00198-g006-550.jpg?1730726074" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Reconstructed road roughness profile using FC-trained ANN (dashed red), reconstructed road roughness profile using QC-trained ANN (dashed green), and true road roughness profiles (solid blue) for (<b>a</b>) Class A, (<b>b</b>) Class B, (<b>c</b>) Class C, (<b>d</b>) Class D, (<b>e</b>) Class E, (<b>f</b>) Class F, (<b>g</b>) Class G, and (<b>h</b>) Class H.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/198'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00198/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00198-g007a-550.jpg?1730726077" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Reconstructed road roughness profile using FC-trained ANN (dashed red), reconstructed road roughness profile using QC-trained ANN (dashed green), and true road roughness profiles (solid blue) reconstructed by class D trained ANNs for (<b>a</b>) Class A, (<b>b</b>) Class B, (<b>c</b>) Class C, and (<b>d</b>) Class D roughness profiles, and reconstructed by class H trained ANNs for (<b>e</b>) Class E, (<b>f</b>) Class F, (<b>g</b>) Class G, and (<b>h</b>) Class H.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/198'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00198/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00198-g007b-550.jpg?1730726078" title=" <strong>Figure 7 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Reconstructed road roughness profile using FC-trained ANN (dashed red), reconstructed road roughness profile using QC-trained ANN (dashed green), and true road roughness profiles (solid blue) reconstructed by class D trained ANNs for (<b>a</b>) Class A, (<b>b</b>) Class B, (<b>c</b>) Class C, and (<b>d</b>) Class D roughness profiles, and reconstructed by class H trained ANNs for (<b>e</b>) Class E, (<b>f</b>) Class F, (<b>g</b>) Class G, and (<b>h</b>) Class H.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/198'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1512553" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 25 pages, 23178 KiB   </span> <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/197/pdf?version=1730700963" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Basic Study on the Proposal of New Measures to Improve the Ductility of RC Bridge Pier and Their Effectiveness" data-journal="infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2412-3811/9/11/197">Basic Study on the Proposal of New Measures to Improve the Ductility of RC Bridge Pier and Their Effectiveness</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hiroki Tamai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wenming Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yoshimi Sonoda</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Masami Koshiishi</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Infrastructures</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 197; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110197">https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110197</a> - 1 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 659 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> To enhance the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) elements, it is essential to consider both strength and ductility post-yielding. This study proposed a novel method to improve the ductility of RC piers by using preformed inward-bending longitudinal reinforcements at the plastic hinges. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/197/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> To enhance the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) elements, it is essential to consider both strength and ductility post-yielding. This study proposed a novel method to improve the ductility of RC piers by using preformed inward-bending longitudinal reinforcements at the plastic hinges. Two full-scale model tests of standard and ductility-enhanced (DE) RC piers and numerical simulations were conducted. The lateral reversed cyclic loading experiments were conducted to assess the effectiveness of this new approach. The performance was evaluated regarding failure mode, plastic hinge distribution, hysteretic properties, normalized stiffness degradation, normalized energy dissipation capacity, bearing capacity, and ductility. Non-linear finite element method (FEM) analyses were also carried out to investigate the usefulness of the proposed method by DIANA, and simulation was validated against the experiment results by hysteretic curves, skeleton curves, failure mode crack pattern, ductility coefficient, and bearing capacity. The results indicated that the proposed method enhanced bearing capacity, resistance to stiffness degradation, energy dissipation capacity, and ductility. Additionally, it was observed that the preformed positions and curvature of the main steel bars influenced the plastic hinge location and the buckling of longitudinal reinforcements. FEM analysis revealed that it might be reasonable to deduce the other factors that influenced the ductility of the specimens by using the same material parameters and models. <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/197">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/infrastructures/sections/infrastructures_structural_engineering">Infrastructures and Structural Engineering</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/197/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1512553"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1512553"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1512553" data-cycle-prev="#prev1512553" data-cycle-progressive="#images1512553" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g001-550.jpg?1730701144" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1512553" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g002-550.jpg?1730701145'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g003-550.jpg?1730701146'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g004-550.jpg?1730701147'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g005-550.jpg?1730701148'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g006-550.jpg?1730701148'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g007-550.jpg?1730701151'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g008-550.jpg?1730701153'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g009a-550.jpg?1730701154'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g009b-550.jpg?1730701156'><p>Figure 9 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g010-550.jpg?1730701159'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g011-550.jpg?1730701163'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g012-550.jpg?1730701164'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g013-550.jpg?1730701167'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g014-550.jpg?1730701168'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g015-550.jpg?1730701169'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g016-550.jpg?1730701170'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img 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src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g020-550.jpg?1730701174'><p>Figure 20</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='21' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g021-550.jpg?1730701175'><p>Figure 21</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='22' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g022-550.jpg?1730701176'><p>Figure 22</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='23' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g023a-550.jpg?1730701177'><p>Figure 23</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='24' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g023b-550.jpg?1730701178'><p>Figure 23 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='25' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g024-550.jpg?1730701179'><p>Figure 24</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='26' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g025-550.jpg?1730701180'><p>Figure 25</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='27' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g026-550.jpg?1730701181'><p>Figure 26</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='28' data-target='article-1512553-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g027-550.jpg?1730701183'><p>Figure 27</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1512553-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g001-550.jpg?1730701144" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Failure of plastic hinge in RC pier or column.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g002-550.jpg?1730701145" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Diagram of parameters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g003-550.jpg?1730701146" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of force balance for standard and high-ductility beams: (<b>a</b>) cross section of the standard beam; (<b>b</b>) schematic diagram of the balance of forces of the standard beam; (<b>c</b>) cross-section of high-ductility beam; (<b>d</b>) schematic diagram of the balance of forces of high-ductility beam before the failure of concrete; (<b>e</b>) schematic diagram of the balance of forces of high-ductility beam after the failure of concrete.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g004-550.jpg?1730701147" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The comparison of the design philosophy between the standard pier and the proposed ductility improvement pier: (<b>a</b>) Standard pier and (<b>b</b>) DE pier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g005-550.jpg?1730701148" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The flowchart of design.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g006-550.jpg?1730701148" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Geometric illustration in flowchart.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g007-550.jpg?1730701151" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of reinforcements (unit: mm): (<b>a</b>) Type 1 and (<b>b</b>) Type 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g008-550.jpg?1730701153" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Installation of specimen on the loading device: (<b>a</b>) Schematic diagram of setup and (<b>b</b>) test setup photo.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g009a-550.jpg?1730701154" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Lateral cyclic loading: (<b>a</b>) Type 1 and (<b>b</b>) Type 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g009b-550.jpg?1730701156" title=" <strong>Figure 9 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Lateral cyclic loading: (<b>a</b>) Type 1 and (<b>b</b>) Type 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g010-550.jpg?1730701159" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Failure pattern of Type 1: (<b>a</b>) crack pattern of top face at 2<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>δ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>; (<b>b</b>) west face at final state near bottom; and (<b>c</b>) east face at final state near bottom.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g011-550.jpg?1730701163" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Failure pattern of Type 2: (<b>a</b>) crack pattern of top face at 2<span class="html-italic">δ</span><sub>y</sub>; (<b>b</b>) west face at final state near bottom; and (<b>c</b>) east face at final state near bottom.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g012-550.jpg?1730701164" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Displacement of the pier at the arrival of each lateral loading displacement: (<b>a</b>) Type 1 and (<b>b</b>) Type 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g013-550.jpg?1730701167" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Plastic hinge of pier: (<b>a</b>) Type 1 and (<b>b</b>) Type 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g014-550.jpg?1730701168" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of hysteresis curves between Type 1 and Type 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g015-550.jpg?1730701169" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Skeleton curves.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g016-550.jpg?1730701170" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Normalized stiffness degradation curve.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g017-550.jpg?1730701171" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Normalized accumulated energy curve.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g018-550.jpg?1730701172" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>FEM model of specimens (<b>a</b>) Type 1 (<b>b</b>) Type 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g019-550.jpg?1730701173" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>The loading history of simulation: (<b>a</b>) Type 1 and (<b>b</b>) Type 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g020-550.jpg?1730701174" title=" <strong>Figure 20</strong><br/> <p>Behaviors of concrete in tensile and compression.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g021-550.jpg?1730701175" title=" <strong>Figure 21</strong><br/> <p>Stress–strain of rebar.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g022-550.jpg?1730701176" title=" <strong>Figure 22</strong><br/> <p>The relationship of bond-slip.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g023a-550.jpg?1730701177" title=" <strong>Figure 23</strong><br/> <p>Comparison between simulation and experiment: (<b>a</b>) Type 1 and (<b>b</b>) Type 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g023b-550.jpg?1730701178" title=" <strong>Figure 23 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Comparison between simulation and experiment: (<b>a</b>) Type 1 and (<b>b</b>) Type 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g024-550.jpg?1730701179" title=" <strong>Figure 24</strong><br/> <p>Comparison between simulation and experiment for skeleton curves: (<b>a</b>) Type 1 and (<b>b</b>) Type 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g025-550.jpg?1730701180" title=" <strong>Figure 25</strong><br/> <p>The possible crushing area for Type 1: (<b>a</b>) minimal principal stress and (<b>b</b>) minimal principal strain.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g026-550.jpg?1730701181" title=" <strong>Figure 26</strong><br/> <p>The possible crushing area for Type 2: (<b>a</b>) minimal principal stress and (<b>b</b>) minimal principal strain.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00197/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00197-g027-550.jpg?1730701183" title=" <strong>Figure 27</strong><br/> <p>The distribution of crack: (<b>a</b>) Type 1 and (<b>b</b>) Type 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1511530" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 3086 KiB   </span> <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/196/pdf?version=1730446252" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Experimental Application of the Italian Bridge Guidelines to a Stock of Prestressed Concrete Bridges" data-journal="infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2412-3811/9/11/196">Experimental Application of the Italian Bridge Guidelines to a Stock of Prestressed Concrete Bridges</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrea Floridia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Davide Messina</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dario Panarelli</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Antonino Recupero</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pier Paolo Rossi</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nino Spinella</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Infrastructures</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 196; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110196">https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110196</a> - 31 Oct 2024 </div> Viewed by 713 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study applies the first three levels of analysis outlined in the recent Italian Bridge Guidelines to a stock of prestressed concrete bridges located along the highways connecting the cities of Palermo, Messina and Catania in Sicily, south of Italy. The examined levels <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/196/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study applies the first three levels of analysis outlined in the recent Italian Bridge Guidelines to a stock of prestressed concrete bridges located along the highways connecting the cities of Palermo, Messina and Catania in Sicily, south of Italy. The examined levels of analysis include census, visual inspection and determination of the structural–foundational and seismic Classes of Attention of bridges and viaducts. Data of the census and visual inspection activities were gathered using a custom-made web application. The details, the methodologies and all the features implemented in the web platform were illustrated and discussed. Furthermore, the collected data were described and critically analyzed, offering insights into the strength and limitations of each of the three examined levels of analysis of the Italian Bridge Guidelines. Finally, based on the detected defects and their numerousness with respect to the total number of assessed bridges, the authors proposed a straightforward and practical methodology for prioritizing any subsequent repairing intervention on specific groups of bridges. <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/196">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/infrastructures/sections/infrastructures_inspection_maintenance">Infrastructures Inspection and Maintenance</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/196/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1511530"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1511530"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1511530" data-cycle-prev="#prev1511530" data-cycle-progressive="#images1511530" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1511530-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g001-550.jpg?1730446315" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1511530" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1511530-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g002-550.jpg?1730446316'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1511530-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g003-550.jpg?1730446319'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1511530-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g004-550.jpg?1730446321'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1511530-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g005-550.jpg?1730446323'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1511530-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g006-550.jpg?1730446324'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1511530-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g007-550.jpg?1730446326'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1511530-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g008-550.jpg?1730446328'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1511530-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g009-550.jpg?1730446330'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1511530-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g010-550.jpg?1730446332'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1511530-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g011-550.jpg?1730446335'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1511530-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g012-550.jpg?1730446337'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1511530-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g001-550.jpg?1730446315" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Two examples of PC bridges assessed along A18 and A20 highways.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/196'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g002-550.jpg?1730446316" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Form for visual inspection of PC girders (web app screenshot).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/196'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g003-550.jpg?1730446319" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Geographical positions of PC bridges on highway: (<b>a</b>) A18 and (<b>b</b>) A20 (web app screenshot).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/196'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g004-550.jpg?1730446321" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Relative frequency (<span class="html-italic">f</span><sub>r</sub>) of length of girders (<span class="html-italic">L</span>) and maximum height of piers (<span class="html-italic">H</span>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/196'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g005-550.jpg?1730446323" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Maximum girder length and number of bays of the investigated PC bridges: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) A18; (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) A20.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/196'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g006-550.jpg?1730446324" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Peak ground acceleration at bedrock for the investigated PC bridges: (<b>a</b>) A18 and (<b>b</b>) A20.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/196'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g007-550.jpg?1730446326" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Some defects identified on PC bridges of A18 and A20 highways.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/196'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g008-550.jpg?1730446328" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Number of defects detected on PC girders of bridges of highway A18 at different (<b>a</b>) extension and (<b>b</b>) intensity grades.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/196'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g009-550.jpg?1730446330" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Number of defects detected on PC girders of bridges of highway A20 at different (<b>a</b>) extension and (<b>b</b>) intensity grades.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/196'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g010-550.jpg?1730446332" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Structure–foundation (<span class="html-italic">SF</span>) and seismic (<span class="html-italic">S</span>) classes of attention of investigated PC bridges: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) A18, (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) A20.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/196'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g011-550.jpg?1730446335" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Prioritization defect index for PC bridges of highway A18: (<b>a</b>) PC girders and RC beams, (<b>b</b>) slabs, piers and abutments.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/196'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00196/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00196-g012-550.jpg?1730446337" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Prioritization defect index for PC bridges of highway A20: (<b>a</b>) PC girders and RC beams, (<b>b</b>) slabs, piers and abutments.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/196'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1510589" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 22 pages, 5728 KiB   </span> <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/195/pdf?version=1730443808" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Critical Success Factors for Public–Private Partnerships in Urban Regeneration Projects" data-journal="infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2412-3811/9/11/195">Critical Success Factors for Public–Private Partnerships in Urban Regeneration Projects</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paula Vale de Paula</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rui Cunha Marques</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jorge Manuel Gonçalves</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Infrastructures</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 195; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110195">https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110195</a> - 30 Oct 2024 </div> Viewed by 661 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Public–Private Partnership (PPP) arrangements are used in different sectors in the provision of infrastructure and public services. The use of PPP agreements in urban regeneration projects, although more recent, has been gaining prominence in different contexts. However, in many cases, PPP projects have <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/195/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Public–Private Partnership (PPP) arrangements are used in different sectors in the provision of infrastructure and public services. The use of PPP agreements in urban regeneration projects, although more recent, has been gaining prominence in different contexts. However, in many cases, PPP projects have a controversial implementation, often not achieving the proposed objectives and presenting negative results. Their controversial implementation is the result of a lack of knowledge and lack of application of the best practices and Critical Success Factors (CSFs) associated with them. Based on this, the present study aims to identify and analyze the CSFs for PPP arrangements in urban regeneration projects. The study was conducted in two distinct parts. The first part consists of a literature review on the PPP CSFs in general. The second part consists of the development of a questionnaire seeking to identify the CSFs of PPP arrangements for urban regeneration projects. Based on the literature review and the questionnaire answers, the main success factors of PPP projects for urban regeneration were identified and structured in the framework with five main clusters: two related to the external environment (enabling environment and exogenous factors) and three related to the internal environment (preparation phase, procurement phase, and contract management phase). <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/195">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/195/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1510589"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1510589"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1510589" data-cycle-prev="#prev1510589" data-cycle-progressive="#images1510589" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1510589-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00195/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00195-g001-550.jpg?1730443945" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1510589" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1510589-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00195/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00195-g002-550.jpg?1730443949'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1510589-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00195/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00195-g003-550.jpg?1730443953'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1510589-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00195/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00195-g004-550.jpg?1730443957'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1510589-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00195/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00195-g005-550.jpg?1730443960'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1510589-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00195/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00195-g001-550.jpg?1730443945" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Likert scale analysis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/195'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00195/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00195-g002-550.jpg?1730443949" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Likert scale analysis (cont).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/195'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00195/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00195-g003-550.jpg?1730443953" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Ranking analysis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/195'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00195/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00195-g004-550.jpg?1730443957" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Ranking analysis (cont).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/195'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00195/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00195-g005-550.jpg?1730443960" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Framework of PPP CSFs for Urban Regeneration Projects.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/195'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1509407" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 1902 KiB   </span> <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/194/pdf?version=1730214552" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Automated Classification of Exchange Information Requirements for Construction Projects Using Word2Vec and SVM" data-journal="infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2412-3811/9/11/194">Automated Classification of Exchange Information Requirements for Construction Projects Using Word2Vec and SVM</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ewelina Mitera-Kiełbasa</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Krzysztof Zima</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Infrastructures</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 194; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110194">https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110194</a> - 29 Oct 2024 </div> Viewed by 656 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study addresses the challenge of automating the creation of Exchange Information Requirements (EIRs) for construction projects using Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Digital Twins, as specified in the ISO 19650 standard. This paper focuses on automating the classification of EIR paragraphs according <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/194/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study addresses the challenge of automating the creation of Exchange Information Requirements (EIRs) for construction projects using Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Digital Twins, as specified in the ISO 19650 standard. This paper focuses on automating the classification of EIR paragraphs according to the ISO 19650 standard’s categories, aiming to improve information management in construction projects. It addresses a gap in applying AI to enhance BIM project management, where barriers often include technological limitations, a shortage of specialists, and limited understanding of the methodology. The proposed method uses Word2Vec for text vectorisation and Support Vector Machines (SVMs) with an RBF kernel for text classification, and it attempts to apply Word2Vec with cosine similarity for text generation. The model achieved an average F1 score of 0.7, with predicted categories for provided sentences and similar matches for selected phrases. While the text classification results were promising, further refinement is required for the text generation component. This study concludes that integrating AI tools such as Word2Vec and SVM offers a feasible solution for enhancing EIR creation. However, further development of text generation, particularly using advanced techniques such as GPT, is recommended. These findings contribute to improving managing complex construction projects and advancing digitalization in the AECO sector. <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/194">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/infrastructures/special_issues/O2V83QIPH9 ">Modern Digital Technologies for the Built Environment of the Future</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/194/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1509407"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1509407"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1509407" data-cycle-prev="#prev1509407" data-cycle-progressive="#images1509407" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1509407-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00194/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00194-g001-550.jpg?1730214631" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1509407" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1509407-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00194/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00194-g002-550.jpg?1730214632'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1509407-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00194/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00194-g003-550.jpg?1730214635'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1509407-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00194/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00194-g004-550.jpg?1730214637'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1509407-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00194/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00194-g005-550.jpg?1730214638'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1509407-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00194/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00194-g001-550.jpg?1730214631" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Process of text classification and generation for the EIR proposal presented (in red using Word2Vec and SVM).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/194'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00194/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00194-g002-550.jpg?1730214632" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Differences between Continuous Bag of Words and Skip-Gram architectures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/194'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00194/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00194-g003-550.jpg?1730214635" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Example applications of Word2Vec for text vectorization.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/194'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00194/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00194-g004-550.jpg?1730214637" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Token for “detail” from text vectorization.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/194'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00194/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00194-g005-550.jpg?1730214638" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Evaluation metrics chart.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/194'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1509079" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 5811 KiB   </span> <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/193/pdf?version=1730196705" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effect of Olive Waste Ash as a Partial Replacement of Cement on the Volume Stability of Cement Paste" data-journal="infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2412-3811/9/11/193">Effect of Olive Waste Ash as a Partial Replacement of Cement on the Volume Stability of Cement Paste</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Safa Ghazzawi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hassan Ghanem</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jamal Khatib</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Samer El Zahab</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Adel Elkordi</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Infrastructures</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 193; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110193">https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110193</a> - 29 Oct 2024 </div> Viewed by 659 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Over the last decades, concrete has been excessively prone to cracks resulting from shrinkage. These dimensional changes can be affected by the incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials. This work used olive waste ash (OWA), which could substantially tackle this problem and achieve sustainability <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/193/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Over the last decades, concrete has been excessively prone to cracks resulting from shrinkage. These dimensional changes can be affected by the incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials. This work used olive waste ash (OWA), which could substantially tackle this problem and achieve sustainability goals. For this issue, five cement paste mixes were prepared by replacing cement with OWA at different percentages varying from 0 to 20% by weight with a constant increment of 5%. The water-to-cement ratio was 0.45 for all mixes. Compressive strength and flexural strength were investigated at 7, 28, and 90 days. In addition, three shrinkage tests (drying, autogenous, and chemical) and expansion tests were also conducted for each mix and measured during 90 days of curing. The experimental findings indicated that there was a loss in compressive and flexural strength in the existence of OWA. Among all mixes containing OWA, the samples incorporating 10% OWA exhibited maximum strength values. Furthermore, the chemical and autogenous shrinkage decreased with the incorporation of OWA. However, the drying shrinkage decreased at lower levels of substitutions and increased at higher replacement levels. In addition, there was a growth in expansion rates for up to 10% of OWA content, followed by a decrease at higher levels (beyond 10%). Additionally, correlations between these volumetric stability tests were performed. It was shown that a positive linear correlation existed between chemical shrinkage and autogenous and drying shrinkage; however, there was a negative relationship between chemical shrinkage and expansion. <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/193">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/infrastructures/special_issues/53OG3E6042 ">Sustainable and Digital Transformation of Road Infrastructures</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/193/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1509079"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1509079"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1509079" data-cycle-prev="#prev1509079" data-cycle-progressive="#images1509079" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1509079-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g001-550.jpg?1730196769" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1509079" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1509079-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g002-550.jpg?1730196770'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1509079-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g003-550.jpg?1730196773'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1509079-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g004-550.jpg?1730196774'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1509079-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g005-550.jpg?1730196775'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1509079-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g006-550.jpg?1730196777'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1509079-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g007-550.jpg?1730196778'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1509079-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g008-550.jpg?1730196779'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1509079-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g009-550.jpg?1730196780'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1509079-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g010-550.jpg?1730196783'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1509079-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g011-550.jpg?1730196784'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1509079-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g012-550.jpg?1730196785'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1509079-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g013-550.jpg?1730196786'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1509079-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g001-550.jpg?1730196769" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Process of OWA preparation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/193'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g002-550.jpg?1730196770" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Particle size distribution of OWA and cement.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/193'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g003-550.jpg?1730196773" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Chemical shrinkage setup; (<b>b</b>) chemical shrinkage specimens.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/193'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g004-550.jpg?1730196774" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Specimens for (<b>a</b>) drying shrinkage; and (<b>b</b>) autogenous shrinkage.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/193'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g005-550.jpg?1730196775" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Expansion specimens; (<b>b</b>) strain gauge.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/193'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g006-550.jpg?1730196777" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Chemical shrinkage of pastes with different levels of OWA measured over 90 days.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/193'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g007-550.jpg?1730196778" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Drying shrinkage of pastes with different levels of OWA measured over 90 days.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/193'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g008-550.jpg?1730196779" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Autogenous shrinkage of pastes with different levels of OWA measured over 90 days.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/193'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g009-550.jpg?1730196780" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Expansion of pastes with different levels of OWA measured over 90 days.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/193'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g010-550.jpg?1730196783" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Length change in pastes containing (<b>a</b>) 0% OWA; (<b>b</b>) 5% OWA; (<b>c</b>) 10% OWA; (<b>d</b>) 15% OWA; (<b>e</b>) 20% OWA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/193'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g011-550.jpg?1730196784" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Correlation between drying and chemical shrinkage for all levels of OWA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/193'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g012-550.jpg?1730196785" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Correlation between autogenous and chemical shrinkage for all levels of OWA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/193'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00193/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00193-g013-550.jpg?1730196786" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Correlation between expansion and chemical shrinkage for all levels of OWA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/193'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1507877" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 8011 KiB   </span> <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/192/pdf?version=1730088717" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Investigation of the Influence of Spoiler and Maintenance Track on Second-Order Heaving Vortex-Induced Vibration" data-journal="infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2412-3811/9/11/192">Investigation of the Influence of Spoiler and Maintenance Track on Second-Order Heaving Vortex-Induced Vibration</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Feng Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jiqing Luo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shuohua Xu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Peisen Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jiamin Dang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Guangzhong Gao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jiaying Wang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haodao Li</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Infrastructures</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 192; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110192">https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110192</a> - 28 Oct 2024 </div> Viewed by 526 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> To improve the guidance for the wind tunnel test, this study initially conducted thorough research on the wind environment at a coastal bridge site to ascertain the characteristics of the wind parameters varying along the bridge span. Subsequently, the measured results were utilized <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/192/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> To improve the guidance for the wind tunnel test, this study initially conducted thorough research on the wind environment at a coastal bridge site to ascertain the characteristics of the wind parameters varying along the bridge span. Subsequently, the measured results were utilized to steer wind tunnel test research, focusing on analyzing the influence of the spoiler and maintenance track on the second-order heaving vortex-induced vibration of the flat steel box girder. This investigation uncovered two distinct distributions in the angle of attack along the span: bimodal distribution and asymmetric unimodal distribution. The angle of attack of the incoming flow was primarily concentrated within ±5°. Both the two-side and the windward spoiler were found to exert similar effects on the second-order heaving vortex-induced vibration, primarily impacting the second lock-in region. Furthermore, the outer maintenance track could effectively suppress the vortex-induced vibration, while the spacing of the inner maintenance track significantly affected the vortex-induced vibration at high wind speeds. <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/192">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Topic <a href="/topics/J8IQP09534">Sustainable Materials and Resilient Structures: Interdisciplinary Approaches</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/192/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1507877"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1507877"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1507877" data-cycle-prev="#prev1507877" data-cycle-progressive="#images1507877" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1507877-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g001-550.jpg?1730088822" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1507877" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1507877-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g002-550.jpg?1730088823'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1507877-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g003-550.jpg?1730088824'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1507877-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g004-550.jpg?1730088828'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1507877-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g005-550.jpg?1730088828'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1507877-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g006-550.jpg?1730088830'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1507877-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g007-550.jpg?1730088831'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1507877-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g008-550.jpg?1730088832'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1507877-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g009-550.jpg?1730088833'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1507877-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g010-550.jpg?1730088834'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1507877-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g011-550.jpg?1730088835'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1507877-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g012-550.jpg?1730088836'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1507877-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g013-550.jpg?1730088837'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1507877-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g001-550.jpg?1730088822" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Layout of measured points.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/192'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g002-550.jpg?1730088823" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The installation diagram of the ultrasonic anemometer.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/192'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g003-550.jpg?1730088824" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Wind direction distribution at different monitoring points.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/192'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g004-550.jpg?1730088828" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of mean wind speed and mean angle of attack. (<b>a</b>) P1; (<b>b</b>) P2; (<b>c</b>) P3.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/192'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g005-550.jpg?1730088828" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Cross-section of the main beam (unit: mm).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/192'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g006-550.jpg?1730088830" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The layout of the wind tunnel test.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/192'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g007-550.jpg?1730088831" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Vibration characteristics of the original section at different angles of attack. (<b>a</b>) The amplitude varies with the wind speed; (<b>b</b>) the maximum amplitude and lock-in region vary with the angle of attack.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/192'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g008-550.jpg?1730088832" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Influence of the bilateral 30 cm spoiler. (<b>a</b>) The amplitude varies with the wind speed; (<b>b</b>) the maximum amplitude and lock-in region vary with the angle of attack.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/192'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g009-550.jpg?1730088833" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Influence of the bilateral 45 cm spoiler. (<b>a</b>) The amplitude varies with the wind speed; (<b>b</b>) the maximum amplitude and lock-in region vary with the angle of attack.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/192'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g010-550.jpg?1730088834" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Influence of the bilateral 50 cm spoiler. (<b>a</b>) The amplitude varies with the wind speed; (<b>b</b>) the maximum amplitude and lock-in region vary with the angle of attack.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/192'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g011-550.jpg?1730088835" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Influence of the 45 cm spoiler of the windward site. (<b>a</b>) The amplitude varies with the wind speed; (<b>b</b>) the maximum amplitude and lock-in region vary with the angle of attack.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/192'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g012-550.jpg?1730088836" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Vortex-induced vibration performance without the outer maintenance track. (<b>a</b>) The amplitude varies with the wind speed; (<b>b</b>) the maximum amplitude and lock-in region vary with the angle of attack.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/192'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00192/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00192-g013-550.jpg?1730088837" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>The influence of the inner maintenance track. (<b>a</b>) The amplitude varies with the wind speed; (<b>b</b>) the maximum amplitude and lock-in region vary with the angle of attack.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/192'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1506242" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 22 pages, 8967 KiB   </span> <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/191/pdf?version=1729839351" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Physical, Mechanical and Durability Properties of Eco-Friendly Engineered Geopolymer Composites" data-journal="infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2412-3811/9/11/191">Physical, Mechanical and Durability Properties of Eco-Friendly Engineered Geopolymer Composites</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ahmed M. Tahwia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Duaa S. Aldulaimi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mohamed Abdellatief</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Osama Youssf</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Infrastructures</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 191; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110191">https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110191</a> - 25 Oct 2024 </div> Viewed by 897 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Engineered geopolymer composite (EGC) is a high-performance material with enhanced mechanical and durability capabilities. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and silica fume (SF) are common binder materials in producing EGC. However, due to the scarcity and high cost of these materials in <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/191/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Engineered geopolymer composite (EGC) is a high-performance material with enhanced mechanical and durability capabilities. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and silica fume (SF) are common binder materials in producing EGC. However, due to the scarcity and high cost of these materials in some countries, sustainable alternatives are needed. This research focused on producing eco-friendly EGC made of cheaper and more common pozzolanic waste materials that are rich in aluminum and silicon. Rice husk ash (RHA), granite waste powder (GWP), and volcanic pumice powder (VPP) were used as partial substitutions (10–50%) of GGBFS in EGC. The effects of these wastes on workability, unit weight, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, water absorption, and porosity of EGC were examined. The residual compressive strength of the proposed EGC mixtures at high elevated temperatures (200, 400, and 600 °C) was also evaluated. Additionally, scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to analyze the EGC microstructure characteristics. The experimental results demonstrated that replacing GGBFS with RHA and GWP at high replacement ratios decreased EGC workability by up to 23.1% and 30.8%, respectively, while 50% VPP improved EGC workability by up to 38.5%. EGC mixtures made with 30% RHA, 20% GWP, or 10% VPP showed the optimal results in which they exhibited the highest compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths, as well as the highest residual compressive strength when exposed to high elevated temperatures. The water absorption and porosity increased by up to 106.1% and 75.1%, respectively, when using RHA; increased by up to 23.2% and 18.6%, respectively, when using GWP; and decreased by up to 24.7% and 22.6%, respectively, when using VPP in EGC. <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/191">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/infrastructures/special_issues/concrete ">Innovative Solutions for Concrete Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/191/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1506242"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1506242"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1506242" data-cycle-prev="#prev1506242" data-cycle-progressive="#images1506242" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1506242-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g001-550.jpg?1729839436" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1506242" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1506242-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g002-550.jpg?1729839440'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1506242-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g003-550.jpg?1729839441'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1506242-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g004-550.jpg?1729839445'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1506242-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g005-550.jpg?1729839446'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1506242-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g006-550.jpg?1729839449'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1506242-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g007-550.jpg?1729839452'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1506242-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g008-550.jpg?1729839454'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1506242-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g009-550.jpg?1729839458'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1506242-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g010-550.jpg?1729839461'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1506242-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g011-550.jpg?1729839464'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1506242-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g012-550.jpg?1729839468'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1506242-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g013-550.jpg?1729839471'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1506242-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g014-550.jpg?1729839477'><p>Figure 14</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1506242-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g001-550.jpg?1729839436" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Polypropylene fibers used.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/191'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g002-550.jpg?1729839440" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Materials and mixing method used in this study.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/191'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g003-550.jpg?1729839441" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Heat curing of EGC specimens for 24 h after demolding.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/191'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g004-550.jpg?1729839445" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Measuring of EGC workability.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/191'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g005-550.jpg?1729839446" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Dimensions of EGC dog-bone and plate specimens.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/191'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g006-550.jpg?1729839449" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Mechanical test setups of EGC: (<b>a</b>) Uniaxial tensile test setup, (<b>b</b>) Four-point flexural test setup.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/191'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g007-550.jpg?1729839452" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Workability of EGC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/191'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g008-550.jpg?1729839454" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Unit weight of EGC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/191'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g009-550.jpg?1729839458" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Compressive strength of EGC at different ages.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/191'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g010-550.jpg?1729839461" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Tensile strength of EGC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/191'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g011-550.jpg?1729839464" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Flexural strength of EGC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/191'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g012-550.jpg?1729839468" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Water absorption and apparent porosity of EGC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/191'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g013-550.jpg?1729839471" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Residual compressive strength after exposure to high elevated temperatures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/191'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00191/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00191-g014-550.jpg?1729839477" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of EGC mixes: (<b>a</b>) EGC-control, (<b>b</b>) RHA-30, (<b>c</b>) GWP-20, and (<b>d</b>) VPP-10.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/191'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1505692" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 25 pages, 397 KiB   </span> <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/190/pdf?version=1729765210" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Evaluating Waste-Based Alkali Activated Materials as Pavement Quality Concrete" data-journal="infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2412-3811/9/11/190">Evaluating Waste-Based Alkali Activated Materials as Pavement Quality Concrete</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Joseph Abdayem</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marianne Saba</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fateh Fakhari Tehrani</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Joseph Absi</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Infrastructures</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 190; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110190">https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110190</a> - 24 Oct 2024 </div> Viewed by 904 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The utilization of Ordinary Portland Cement as the primary material of choice in the construction industry has had its drawbacks due to the large amounts of pollution Portland cement’s production causes. Significant findings have been discovered, and alkali-activated materials have been implemented as <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/190/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The utilization of Ordinary Portland Cement as the primary material of choice in the construction industry has had its drawbacks due to the large amounts of pollution Portland cement’s production causes. Significant findings have been discovered, and alkali-activated materials have been implemented as an alternative cementitious material to the traditional concrete of today. Alkali-activated materials can be formulated using industrial wastes, making them eco-friendly and a more sustainable replacement for concrete. This study aims to assess whether alkali-activated materials can be implemented in infrastructural fields and seeks to evaluate the possibility of alkali-activated materials acting as pavement-quality concrete in infrastructural applications. This review presents the results of various studies, demonstrating that alkali-activated materials can meet the requirements for pavement-quality concrete with the proper incorporation of industrial wastes. This outlines the viability of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) as a green alternative for pavement applications as most AAMs attain required mechanical properties, mostly reaching compressive strength values higher than the required 40 MPa, all while simultaneously adhering to the needed durability, workability, drying shrinkage, and abrasion resistance attributes. Using industrial waste-based alkali-activated materials renders the material eco-friendly and sustainable, all while enhancing the material’s characteristics and properties necessary for large-scale infrastructural applications. This review highlights AAMs’ suitability as a durable and eco-friendly solution for pavement construction. <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/190">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/infrastructures/special_issues/B5J4GK2I36 ">Sustainable Low-Carbon Road Pavement Infrastructure: Methods and Challenges</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1504879" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 26 pages, 7140 KiB   </span> <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/189/pdf?version=1729741096" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Experimental Evaluation of an Innovative Connection for the Reinforcement of Existing Infilled RC Buildings" data-journal="infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2412-3811/9/11/189">Experimental Evaluation of an Innovative Connection for the Reinforcement of Existing Infilled RC Buildings</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zabih Mehdipour</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Elisa Poletti</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>André C. Fontes</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jorge M. Branco</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Infrastructures</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 189; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110189">https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9110189</a> - 23 Oct 2024 </div> Viewed by 516 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The retrofitting of existing reinforced concrete (RC) buildings with cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels presents a promising approach for enhancing seismic performance and overall structural resilience. However, effective integration of CLT with existing RC structures poses significant challenges, particularly concerning the design of connections <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/189/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The retrofitting of existing reinforced concrete (RC) buildings with cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels presents a promising approach for enhancing seismic performance and overall structural resilience. However, effective integration of CLT with existing RC structures poses significant challenges, particularly concerning the design of connections between CLT panels and the RC structure. This paper introduces a novel connection that addresses these challenges by focusing on both structural and architectural considerations. Structurally, the connection is engineered to provide optimal stiffness, strength, and deformation capacity, ensuring robust performance under seismic and dynamic loads. Architecturally, the design incorporates a predefined weak component that facilitates easy access and rapid replacement of damaged parts, thereby reducing downtime and maintenance efforts. The proposed connection was evaluated through a series of monotonic and cyclic loading tests, demonstrating its structural efficiency and reliability. The results indicate that the new connection system not only meets the necessary structural requirements but also offers practical benefits for maintenance and repair, contributing to the overall sustainability and resilience of retrofitted RC buildings. This innovative approach represents a significant advancement in the field of structural retrofitting, providing a viable solution for integrating CLT panels into existing RC frameworks. <a href="/2412-3811/9/11/189">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/9/11/189/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1504879"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1504879"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1504879" data-cycle-prev="#prev1504879" data-cycle-progressive="#images1504879" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1504879-popup'><span 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src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g010-550.jpg?1729741177'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1504879-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g011a-550.jpg?1729741179'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1504879-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g011b-550.jpg?1729741180'><p>Figure 11 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1504879-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img 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src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g018-550.jpg?1729741190'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1504879-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g019-550.jpg?1729741190'><p>Figure 19</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='20' data-target='article-1504879-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g020-550.jpg?1729741191'><p>Figure 20</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1504879-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g001-550.jpg?1729741166" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>RADIAL-inspired connector, (<b>a</b>) CLT attached to RC beam, (<b>b</b>) Connector geometry.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/189'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g002-550.jpg?1729741167" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>RADIAL details.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/189'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g003-550.jpg?1729741167" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) LBS 7x160; (<b>b</b>) arrangement in the connector.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/189'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g004-550.jpg?1729741169" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Geometry of the triangular steel plate.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/189'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g005-550.jpg?1729741170" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Geometry of the CLT specimen.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/189'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g006-550.jpg?1729741171" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Test setup.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/189'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g007-550.jpg?1729741172" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Joints between the plate, support, and frame.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/189'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g008-550.jpg?1729741173" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Loading steel connector (dimensions in mm).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/189'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g009-550.jpg?1729741175" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>LVDT number and arrangement (<b>left</b>), LVDTs in the test (<b>right</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/189'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g010-550.jpg?1729741177" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Different connection configurations tested: (<b>a</b>) R2TP-BG 8.8, no nuts, 1 TP, (<b>b</b>) R2TP-BG 8.8, 2 nuts, 1 TP, (<b>c</b>) R2TP-BG 10.9, 3 nuts, 1 TP, (<b>d</b>) R2TP-BG 10.9, 2 nuts, 2 TPs, (<b>e</b>) R2TP-BG 10.9, 2 nuts, 1 TP.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/189'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g011a-550.jpg?1729741179" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Failure modes observed in the tests performed: (<b>a</b>) Bending of grade 8.8 bolt, (<b>b</b>) Shear of TP, (<b>c</b>) Shear of TP, (<b>d</b>) Thread withdrawal of screws, (<b>e</b>) Bending of grade 10.9 bolt, (<b>f</b>) CLT delamination, (<b>g</b>) Shear of TP.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/189'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g011b-550.jpg?1729741180" title=" <strong>Figure 11 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Failure modes observed in the tests performed: (<b>a</b>) Bending of grade 8.8 bolt, (<b>b</b>) Shear of TP, (<b>c</b>) Shear of TP, (<b>d</b>) Thread withdrawal of screws, (<b>e</b>) Bending of grade 10.9 bolt, (<b>f</b>) CLT delamination, (<b>g</b>) Shear of TP.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/189'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g012-550.jpg?1729741181" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Force–displacement of the connector under monotonic loading.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/189'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g013-550.jpg?1729741183" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Force–displacement of the connector’s components in monotonic tests: (<b>a</b>) Screws, (<b>b</b>) RADIAL, (<b>c</b>) TP, (<b>d</b>) CLT.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/189'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g014-550.jpg?1729741184" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Force–displacement curves registered by the actuator and the combined displacement from Equation (7) in monotonic tests.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/189'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g015-550.jpg?1729741185" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Force–displacement experimental curves observed in the connector during the cyclic tests.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/189'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g016-550.jpg?1729741188" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Force–displacement of the connector’s components in cyclic tests: (<b>a</b>) Screws, (<b>b</b>) RADIAL, (<b>c</b>) TP, (<b>d</b>) CLT.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/189'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g017-550.jpg?1729741189" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Force–displacement curves registered by the actuator and the combined displacement from Equation (7) in cyclic tests.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/189'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g018-550.jpg?1729741190" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Accumulated total energy versus displacement.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/189'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g019-550.jpg?1729741190" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>RC-CLT connections: (<b>a</b>) Iztok I [<a href="#B39-infrastructures-09-00189" class="html-bibr">39</a>], (<b>b</b>) Iztok II [<a href="#B39-infrastructures-09-00189" class="html-bibr">39</a>], (<b>c</b>) Angle bracket [<a href="#B40-infrastructures-09-00189" class="html-bibr">40</a>], (<b>d</b>) X-RAD [<a href="#B41-infrastructures-09-00189" class="html-bibr">41</a>], (<b>e</b>) RIC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/189'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/infrastructures/infrastructures-09-00189/article_deploy/html/images/infrastructures-09-00189-g020-550.jpg?1729741191" title=" <strong>Figure 20</strong><br/> <p>The tensile behavior of the connections shown in <a href="#infrastructures-09-00189-f019" class="html-fig">Figure 19</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2412-3811/9/11/189'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row footer"> <div class="listing-select-options"> <div class="columns small-12"> <div class="select generic-item"> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element 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