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id="toc-Pribot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pribot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Pribot </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pribot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_Chauffeur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_Chauffeur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Project Chauffeur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_Chauffeur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waymo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waymo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Waymo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waymo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Road testing </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Road_testing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Road testing subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Road_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Chronology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crashes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crashes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Crashes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crashes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Limitations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Backlash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Backlash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Backlash </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Backlash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Services </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Services subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Robotaxis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robotaxis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Robotaxis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robotaxis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trucking_and_delivery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trucking_and_delivery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Trucking and delivery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trucking_and_delivery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_matters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_matters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legal matters </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_matters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legal matters subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_matters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Waymo_LLC_v._Uber_Technologies,_Inc._et_al." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waymo_LLC_v._Uber_Technologies,_Inc._et_al."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Waymo LLC v. Uber Technologies, Inc. et al. </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waymo_LLC_v._Uber_Technologies,_Inc._et_al.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-California_disclosure_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California_disclosure_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 California disclosure dispute </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California_disclosure_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Waymo</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" > 34 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88" title="وايمو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وايمو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaymo" title="Vaymo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vaymo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88" title="وايمو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وايمو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Waymo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Waymo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Waymo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Waymo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Waymo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88" title="ویمو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویمو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Waymo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%AA%A8" title="웨이모 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="웨이모" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1_Google" title="Անվարորդ ավտոմեքենա Google – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անվարորդ ավտոմեքենա Google" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Waymo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Waymo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95" title="ויימו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויימו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_autonominis_automobilis" title="Google autonominis automobilis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Google autonominis automobilis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_vezet%C5%91_n%C3%A9lk%C3%BCli_aut%C3%B3" title="Google vezető nélküli autó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Google vezető nélküli autó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="ഗൂഗിൾ കാർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗൂഗിൾ കാർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88" title="وايمو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وايمو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Waymo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Driverless_Car" title="Google Driverless Car – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Google Driverless Car" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A2" title="ウェイモ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウェイモ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Waymo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Waymo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Waymo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Waymo" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Waymo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlov_samovoze%C4%8Di_avtomobil" title="Googlov samovozeči avtomobil – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Googlov samovozeči avtomobil" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejmo" title="Vejmo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vejmo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Waymo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Waymo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Waymo" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Waymo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Waymo" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15330#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Waymo" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Waymo" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Waymo LLC</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Waymo_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Waymo_logo.svg/220px-Waymo_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Waymo_logo.svg/330px-Waymo_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Waymo_logo.svg/440px-Waymo_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="842" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous car">Autonomous cars</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Google Self-Driving Car Project</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>2004; 21 years ago (2004) (as Stanford Self-Driving Car Team)</li> <li>January 17, 2009; 16 years ago (January 17, 2009) (as the Google Self-Driving Car Project)</li> <li>December 13, 2016; 8 years ago (2016-12-13) (as Waymo)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Thrun" title="Sebastian Thrun">Sebastian Thrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Levandowski" title="Anthony Levandowski">Anthony Levandowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California">Mountain View, California</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daly_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Daly City">Daly City</a>, California, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>, United States (waitlist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami, Florida">Miami, Florida</a>, United States (private testing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (private testing)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Dolgov" title="Dmitri Dolgov">Dmitri Dolgov</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">co-CEO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekedra_Mawakana" title="Tekedra Mawakana">Tekedra Mawakana</a> (co-CEO)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,500 (2023) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15330?uselang=en#P1128" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google, Inc.</a> (2009–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet Inc.</a> (2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waymo.com">waymo.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waymo_Chrysler_Pacifica_in_Los_Altos,_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Waymo_Chrysler_Pacifica_in_Los_Altos%2C_2017.jpg/220px-Waymo_Chrysler_Pacifica_in_Los_Altos%2C_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Waymo_Chrysler_Pacifica_in_Los_Altos%2C_2017.jpg/330px-Waymo_Chrysler_Pacifica_in_Los_Altos%2C_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Waymo_Chrysler_Pacifica_in_Los_Altos%2C_2017.jpg/440px-Waymo_Chrysler_Pacifica_in_Los_Altos%2C_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5015" data-file-height="2711" /></a><figcaption>Waymo <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Pacifica_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid">Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid</a> undergoing testing in the San Francisco Bay Area (2017)</figcaption></figure> Waymo LLC, formerly known as the Google Self-Driving Car Project, is an American <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_driving" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous driving">autonomous driving</a> technology company headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California">Mountain View, California</a>. It is a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet Inc</a>. The company traces its origins to the Stanford Racing Team, which <a href="/wiki/Stanley_(vehicle)" title="Stanley (vehicle)">competed in the 2005</a> and 2007 <a href="/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (DARPA) <a href="/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challenge" title="DARPA Grand Challenge">Grand Challenges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-2">[2]</a> Google's development of self-driving technology began in January 2009,<a href="#cite_note-AP-16-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-4">[4]</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Thrun" title="Sebastian Thrun">Sebastian Thrun</a>, the former director of the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a> (SAIL), and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Levandowski" title="Anthony Levandowski">Anthony Levandowski</a>, founder of 510 Systems and Anthony's Robots.<a href="#cite_note-:7-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[6]</a> After almost two years of road testing, the project was revealed in October 2010.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2010-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Google-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-tc-levandowski-9">[9]</a> In fall 2015, Google provided "the world's first fully driverless ride on public roads".<a href="#cite_note-:16-10">[10]</a> In December 2016, the project was renamed Waymo and spun out of Google as part of Alphabet.<a href="#cite_note-journey-11">[11]</a> In October 2020, Waymo became the first company to offer service to the public without safety drivers in the vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-auto-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Waymo, as of 2024, operates commercial <a href="/wiki/Self-driving_taxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-driving taxi">robotaxi</a> services in Phoenix (Arizona), San Francisco (California), and Los Angeles (California)<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> with new services planned in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami, Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-18">[18]</a> As of October 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waymo&action=edit">[update]</a>, it offers 150,000 paid rides per week totalling over 1 million miles weekly.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Waymo is run by co-CEOs <a href="/wiki/Tekedra_Mawakana" title="Tekedra Mawakana">Tekedra Mawakana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Dolgov" title="Dmitri Dolgov">Dmitri Dolgov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The company raised US$5.5 billion in multiple outside funding rounds<a href="#cite_note-cnbc-may22-21">[21]</a> by 2022 and raised $5.6 billion funding in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-:17-22">[22]</a> Waymo has or had partnerships with multiple vehicle manufacturers, including <a href="/wiki/Stellantis" title="Stellantis">Stellantis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hawkins17-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Group_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz Group AG">Mercedes-Benz Group AG</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Land_Rover" title="Jaguar Land Rover">Jaguar Land Rover</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bergen18-25">[25]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volvo" title="Volvo">Volvo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-26">[26]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Waymo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ground_work">Ground work</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Waymo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ground work">edit</a>]</div> Google's development of self-driving technology began on January 17, 2009,<a href="#cite_note-:2-4">[4]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] at <a href="/wiki/Google_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Google X">Google X</a> lab, run by co-founder <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AP-16-3">[3]</a> The project was launched at Google by Sebastian Thrun, the former director of the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a> (SAIL) and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Levandowski" title="Anthony Levandowski">Anthony Levandowski</a>, founder of 510 Systems and Anthony's Robots.<a href="#cite_note-:7-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[6]</a> The initial software code and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> (AI) design of the effort started before the team worked at Google, when Thrun and 15 engineers, including Dmitri Dolgov, Mike Montemerlo, Hendrik Dahlkamp, Sven Strohband, and <a href="/wiki/David_Stavens" title="David Stavens">David Stavens</a>, built Stanley and Junior, Stanford's entries in the 2005 and 2007 <a href="/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challenge" title="DARPA Grand Challenge">DARPA Challenges</a>. Later, aspects of this technology were used in a digital mapping project for SAIL called VueTool.<a href="#cite_note-:4-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT2010-7">[7]</a> In 2007, Google <a href="/wiki/Acqui-hiring" title="Acqui-hiring">acqui-hired</a> the entire VueTool team to help advance Google's <a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Street View</a> technology.<a href="#cite_note-:4-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Google-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hull17-29">[29]</a> As part of Street View development, 100 <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Priuses</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[6]</a> were outfitted with <a href="/wiki/Topcon" title="Topcon">Topcon</a> digital mapping hardware developed by 510 Systems.<a href="#cite_note-:9-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[6]</a> In 2008, the Street View team launched project Ground Truth,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> to create accurate road maps by extracting data from satellites and street views.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pribot">Pribot</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Waymo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pribot">edit</a>]</div> In February 2008, a <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a> producer for the documentary series <a href="/wiki/Prototype_This!" title="Prototype This!">Prototype This!</a> phoned Levandowski.<a href="#cite_note-:5-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The producer requested to borrow Levandowski's Ghost Rider, the autonomous two-wheeled motorcycle Levandowski's <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">Berkeley</a> team had built for the <a href="/wiki/2004_DARPA_Grand_Challenge" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 DARPA Grand Challenge">2004 DARPA Grand Challenge</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-2">[2]</a> that Levandowski had later donated to the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum" title="Smithsonian American Art Museum">Smithsonian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Since the motorcycle was not available, Levandowski offered to retrofit a Toyota Prius as a self-driving <a href="/wiki/Pizza_delivery" title="Pizza delivery">pizza delivery</a> car for the show.<a href="#cite_note-:5-28">[28]</a> As a Google employee, Levandowski asked <a href="/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a> and Thrun whether Google was interested in participating in the show. Both declined, citing liability issues.<a href="#cite_note-:10-2">[2]</a> However, they authorized Levandowski to move forward with the project, as long as it was not associated with Google.<a href="#cite_note-:5-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-35">[35]</a> Within weeks Levandowski founded Anthony's Robots to do so.<a href="#cite_note-:4-27">[27]</a> He retrofitted the car with <a href="/wiki/Light_detection_and_ranging" class="mw-redirect" title="Light detection and ranging">light detection and ranging</a> technology (lidar), sensors, and cameras. The Stanford team (<a href="/wiki/Stanley_(vehicle)" title="Stanley (vehicle)">Stanley (vehicle)</a>) provided its code base to the project.<a href="#cite_note-:10-2">[2]</a> The ensuing episode depicting Pribot delivering pizza across the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Bay Bridge">San Francisco Bay Bridge</a> under police escort aired in December 2008.<a href="#cite_note-:8-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The project success led Google to <a href="/wiki/Greenlight" title="Greenlight">greenlight</a> Google's self-driving car program in January 2009.<a href="#cite_note-:10-2">[2]</a> In 2011, Google acquired 510 Systems (co-founded by Levandowski, Pierre-Yves Droz and Andrew Schultz), and Anthony's Robots for an estimated US$20 million.<a href="#cite_note-:9-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Levandowski's vehicle and hardware, and Stanford's AI technology and software, became the nucleus of the project.<a href="#cite_note-:10-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg/220px-Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg/330px-Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg/440px-Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A Firefly self-driving Waymo car (2017)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_Chauffeur">Project Chauffeur</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Waymo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Project Chauffeur">edit</a>]</div> After almost two years of road testing with seven vehicles, the New York Times revealed the existence of Google's project on October 9, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2010-7">[7]</a> Google announced its initiative later the same day.<a href="#cite_note-Google-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-tc-levandowski-9">[9]</a> Starting in 2010, lawmakers in various states expressed concerns over how to regulate autonomous vehicles. A related <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> law went into effect on March 1, 2012.<a href="#cite_note-1stLicense-39">[39]</a> Google had been lobbying for such laws.<a href="#cite_note-GCC0611-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Forbes0611-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT0511-42">[42]</a> A modified Prius was licensed by the <a href="/wiki/Nevada_Department_of_Motor_Vehicles" title="Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles">Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles</a> (DMV) in May 2012.<a href="#cite_note-:11-43">[43]</a> The car was "driven" by <a href="/wiki/Chris_Urmson" title="Chris Urmson">Chris Urmson</a> with Levandowski in the passenger seat.<a href="#cite_note-:11-43">[43]</a> This was the first US license for a self-driven car.<a href="#cite_note-1stLicense-39">[39]</a> In January 2014<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Google was granted a patent for a transportation service funded by advertising that included autonomous vehicles as a transport method.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In late May, Google revealed an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototype</a>, which had no steering wheel, gas pedal, or brake pedal.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In December, Google unveiled a Firefly prototype that was planned to be tested on <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> roads beginning in early 2015.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lynch17-49">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Google_driverless_car_at_intersection.gk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Google_driverless_car_at_intersection.gk.jpg/220px-Google_driverless_car_at_intersection.gk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Google_driverless_car_at_intersection.gk.jpg/330px-Google_driverless_car_at_intersection.gk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Google_driverless_car_at_intersection.gk.jpg/440px-Google_driverless_car_at_intersection.gk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption>A self-driving car with the previous Google branding (2016)</figcaption></figure>In 2015, Levandowski left the project. In August 2015, Google hired former <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company" title="Hyundai Motor Company">Hyundai Motor</a> executive, <a href="/wiki/John_Krafcik" title="John Krafcik">John Krafcik</a>, as CEO.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-spinoff-50">[50]</a> In fall 2015, Google provided "the world's first fully driverless ride on public roads" in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a> to Steve Mahan, former CEO of the Santa Clara Valley Blind Center, who was a <a href="/wiki/Legally_blind" class="mw-redirect" title="Legally blind">legally blind</a> friend of principal engineer Nathaniel Fairfield.<a href="#cite_note-:16-10">[10]</a> It was the first entirely autonomous trip on a public road. It was not accompanied by a test driver or police escort.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The car had no steering wheel or floor pedals.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> By the end of 2015, Project Chauffeur had covered more than a million miles.<a href="#cite_note-:9-30">[30]</a> Google spent $1.1 billion on the project between 2009 and 2015. For comparison, the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Cruise_Automation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise Automation">Cruise Automation</a> by <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> in March 2016 was for $500 million, and Uber's acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Otto_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto (company)">Otto</a> in August 2016 was for $680 million.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waymo">Waymo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Waymo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Waymo">edit</a>]</div> In May 2016, Google and Stellantis announced an order of 100 <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Pacifica_(minivan)" title="Chrysler Pacifica (minivan)">Chrysler Pacifica</a> <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid</a> minivans to test the self-driving technology.<a href="#cite_note-Ebhardt16-54">[54]</a> In December 2016, the project was renamed Waymo and spun out of Google as part of Alphabet.<a href="#cite_note-journey-11">[11]</a> The name was derived from "a new way forward in mobility".<a href="#cite_note-:0-55">[55]</a> In May 2016, the company opened a 53,000-square-foot (4,900 m2) technology center in <a href="/wiki/Novi,_Michigan" title="Novi, Michigan">Novi, Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-michigan-winter-56">[56]</a> In 2017, Waymo sued <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a> for allegedly stealing trade secrets.<a href="#cite_note-Hull17-29">[29]</a> Waymo began testing minivans without a safety driver on public roads in <a href="/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona" title="Chandler, Arizona">Chandler, Arizona</a>, in October 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Randazzo18-57">[57]</a> In 2017, Waymo unveiled new sensors and chips that are less expensive to manufacture, cameras that improve visibility, and wipers to clear the <a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">lidar</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-Bergen17-58">[58]</a> At the beginning of the self-driving car program, they used a $75,000 lidar system from <a href="/wiki/Velodyne_LiDAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Velodyne LiDAR">Velodyne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Adams17-59">[59]</a> In 2017, the cost decreased approximately 90 percent, as Waymo converted to in-house built lidar.<a href="#cite_note-Amadeo17-60">[60]</a> Waymo has applied its technology to various cars including the Prius, <a href="/wiki/Audi_TT" title="Audi TT">Audi TT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a> <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Pacifica_(RU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysler Pacifica (RU)">Chrysler Pacifica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lexus_RX450h" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexus RX450h">Lexus RX450h</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wired2012-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Waymo partners with Lyft on pilot projects and product development.<a href="#cite_note-Isaac17-63">[63]</a> Waymo ordered an additional 500 Pacifica hybrids in 2017. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waymo_Jaguar_I-Pace_in_San_Francisco_2023_dllu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Waymo_Jaguar_I-Pace_in_San_Francisco_2023_dllu.jpg/220px-Waymo_Jaguar_I-Pace_in_San_Francisco_2023_dllu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Waymo_Jaguar_I-Pace_in_San_Francisco_2023_dllu.jpg/330px-Waymo_Jaguar_I-Pace_in_San_Francisco_2023_dllu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Waymo_Jaguar_I-Pace_in_San_Francisco_2023_dllu.jpg/440px-Waymo_Jaguar_I-Pace_in_San_Francisco_2023_dllu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11648" data-file-height="8736" /></a><figcaption>Waymo-operated Jaguar I-Pace in San Francisco (2023)</figcaption></figure> In March 2018, Jaguar Land Rover announced that Waymo had ordered up to 20,000 of its <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_I-Pace" title="Jaguar I-Pace">I-Pace</a> electric SUVs at an estimated cost of more than $1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-Higgins18-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-65">[65]</a> In late May 2018, Alphabet announced plans to add up to 62,000 Pacifica Hybrid minivans to the fleet.<a href="#cite_note-Hawkins18-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Also in May 2018, Waymo established Huimo Business Consulting subsidiary in Shanghai.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In April 2019, Waymo announced plans for vehicle assembly in Detroit at the former American Axle & Manufacturing plant, bringing between 100 and 400 jobs to the area. Waymo used vehicle assembler <a href="/wiki/Magna_Steyr" title="Magna Steyr">Magna</a> to turn <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_I-PACE" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaguar I-PACE">Jaguar I-PACE</a> electric SUVs and <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Pacifica_(minivan)" title="Chrysler Pacifica (minivan)">Chrysler Pacifica</a> Hybrid minivans into Waymo <a href="/wiki/Vehicular_automation#Autonomy_levels" title="Vehicular automation">Level 4</a> autonomous vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Waymo subsequently reverted to retrofitting existing models rather than a custom design.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In March 2020, Waymo Via was launched after the company's announcement that it had raised $2.25 billion from investors.<a href="#cite_note-cnbc-waymovia-2020-03-72">[72]</a> In May 2020, Waymo raised an additional $750 million.<a href="#cite_note-funding-fool-73">[73]</a> In July 2020, the company announced an exclusive partnership with auto manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Volvo_Cars" title="Volvo Cars">Volvo</a> to integrate Waymo technology.<a href="#cite_note-:12-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In April 2021, Krafcik was replaced by two co-CEOs: Waymo's COO Tekedra Mawakana and <a href="/wiki/Chief_technology_officer" title="Chief technology officer">CTO</a> Dmitri Dolgov.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Waymo raised $2.5 billion in another funding round in June 2021,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> with total funding of $5.5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-cnbc-may22-21">[21]</a> Waymo launched a consumer testing program in San Francisco in August 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:13-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-79">[79]</a> In May 2022, Waymo started a pilot program seeking riders in downtown <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-79">[79]</a> In May 2022, Waymo announced that it would expand the program to more areas of Phoenix.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In 2023, coverage of the Waymo One area was increased by 45 square miles (120 km2), expanding to include downtown Mesa, uptown Phoenix, and South Mountain Village.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In June 2022, Waymo announced a partnership with Uber, under which Waymo will integrate its autonomous technology into Uber's freight truck service.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Plans to expand the program to Los Angeles were announced in late 2022.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> On December 13, 2022, Waymo applied for the final permit necessary to operate fully autonomous taxis, without a backup driver present, within the state of California.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In January 2023, <a href="/wiki/The_Information_(website)" title="The Information (website)">The Information</a> reported that Waymo staff were among those affected by Google's layoffs of around 12,000 workers. <a href="/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a> reported that Waymo was set to kill its trucking program.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In July 2024, Waymo began testing its sixth-generation robotaxis which are based on electric vehicles by Chinese automobile company <a href="/wiki/Zeekr" title="Zeekr">Zeekr</a>, developed in a partnership first announced in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:18-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> They were anticipated to reduce costs, at a time when Waymo was operating at a loss.<a href="#cite_note-:18-88">[88]</a> In October 2024, Waymo closed a $5.6 billion funding round led by Alphabet, aimed at expanding its robotaxi services, bringing its total capital to over $11 billion.<a href="#cite_note-:17-22">[22]</a> Around that time, the New York Times described Waymo as being "far ahead of the competition", in particular after <a href="/wiki/Cruise_(autonomous_vehicle)" title="Cruise (autonomous vehicle)">Cruise</a> had to suspend its operations after an accident in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:18-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Waymo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Technology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Google%27s_Lexus_RX_450h_Self-Driving_Car.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Google%27s_Lexus_RX_450h_Self-Driving_Car.jpg/220px-Google%27s_Lexus_RX_450h_Self-Driving_Car.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Google%27s_Lexus_RX_450h_Self-Driving_Car.jpg/330px-Google%27s_Lexus_RX_450h_Self-Driving_Car.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Google%27s_Lexus_RX_450h_Self-Driving_Car.jpg/440px-Google%27s_Lexus_RX_450h_Self-Driving_Car.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2235" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Lexus_RX450h" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexus RX450h">Lexus RX450h</a> retrofitted by Google for its self-driving car project (2012)</figcaption></figure> Google has invested heavily in <a href="/wiki/Matrix_multiplication" title="Matrix multiplication">matrix multiplication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_processing" title="Video processing">video processing</a> hardware such as the <a href="/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a> (TPU) to augment <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">graphics processing units</a> (GPUs) and <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">central processing units</a> (CPUs).<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Much of this is shrouded in trade secrets, but <a href="/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformer (machine learning)">transformer (machine learning)</a> technology for inference is probably involved.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Waymo manufactures a suite of self-driving hardware developed in-house.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbs17-92">[92]</a> This includes sensors and hardware-enhanced vision system, <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, and lidar.<a href="#cite_note-Hawkins17-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gibbs17-92">[92]</a> Sensors give 360-degree views while lidar detects objects up to 300 metres (980 ft) away.<a href="#cite_note-Hawkins17-23">[23]</a> Short-range lidar images objects near the vehicle, while radar is used to see around other vehicles and track objects in motion.<a href="#cite_note-Hawkins17-23">[23]</a> Riders push buttons to control functions such as "help", "lock", "pull over", and "start ride".<a href="#cite_note-della_Cava17-93">[93]</a> Waymo's <a href="/wiki/Deep-learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep-learning">deep-learning</a> architecture VectorNet predicts vehicle trajectories in complex traffic scenarios. It uses a <a href="/wiki/Graph_neural_network" title="Graph neural network">graph neural network</a> to model the interactions between vehicles and has demonstrated state-of-the-art performance on several benchmark datasets for trajectory prediction.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Waymo Carcraft is a virtual world where Waymo can simulate driving conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Madrigal17-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seppala17-96">[96]</a> The simulator was named after the video game <a href="/wiki/World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Madrigal17-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seppala17-96">[96]</a> With Carcraft, 25,000 virtual self-driving cars navigate through models of Austin, Texas; <a href="/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California">Mountain View, California</a>; Phoenix, Arizona; and other cities.<a href="#cite_note-Madrigal17-95">[95]</a> As of 2024, Waymo's fifth-generation robotaxis were based on <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_I-Pace" title="Jaguar I-Pace">Jaguar I-Pace</a> electric vehicles augmented with automatic driving equipment that according to Dolgov costs up to $100,000.<a href="#cite_note-:18-88">[88]</a> Other costs include technicians that monitor rides, and real estate for storing and charging the vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-:18-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Road_testing">Road testing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Waymo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Road testing">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronology">Chronology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Waymo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chronology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jurvetson_Google_driverless_car_trimmed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Jurvetson_Google_driverless_car_trimmed.jpg/220px-Jurvetson_Google_driverless_car_trimmed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Jurvetson_Google_driverless_car_trimmed.jpg/330px-Jurvetson_Google_driverless_car_trimmed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Jurvetson_Google_driverless_car_trimmed.jpg/440px-Jurvetson_Google_driverless_car_trimmed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a> modified to operate as a Google driverless car, navigating a test course<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> (2011)</figcaption></figure> In 2009, Google began testing its self-driving cars in the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Etherington18-98">[98]</a> By December 2013, Nevada, Florida, California, and Michigan had passed laws permitting <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous car">autonomous cars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> A law proposed in Texas allowed testing.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In June 2015, Waymo announced that their vehicles had driven over 1,000,000 mi (1,600,000 km) and that in the process they had encountered 200,000 stop signs, 600,000 traffic lights, and 180 million other vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Prototype vehicles were driving in Mountain View.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Speeds were limited to 25 mph (40 km/h) and had safety drivers aboard.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Google took its first driverless ride on public roads in October 2015, when Mahan took a 10-minute ride around Austin in a Google "pod car" with no steering wheel or pedals.<a href="#cite_note-Davies17-105">[105]</a> Google expanded its road-testing to Texas, where regulations did not prohibit cars without pedals or a steering wheel.<a href="#cite_note-yahoo.com-106">[106]</a> In 2016, road testing expanded to Phoenix and <a href="/wiki/Kirkland,_Washington" title="Kirkland, Washington">Kirkland, Washington</a>, which has a wet climate.<a href="#cite_note-Shepardson16-107">[107]</a> As of June 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waymo&action=edit">[update]</a>, Google had test driven its fleet of vehicles in autonomous mode a total of 1,725,911 mi (2,777,585 km).<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In August 2016 alone, their cars traveled a "total of 170,000 miles; of those, 126,000 miles were autonomous (i.e., the car was fully in control)".<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In 2017, Waymo reported a total of 636,868 miles covered by the fleet in autonomous mode, and the associated 124 disengagements, for the period from December 1, 2015, through November 30, 2016.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In November Waymo altered its Arizona testing by removing safety drivers.<a href="#cite_note-Hawkins17-23">[23]</a> The cars were geofenced within a 100-square-mile (260 km2) region surrounding <a href="/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona" title="Chandler, Arizona">Chandler, Arizona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hawkins17-23">[23]</a> In 2017, Waymo began testing its <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_car#Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous car">level 4</a> cars in Arizona to take advantage of good weather, simple roads, and permissive laws with minimal disclosure requirements.<a href="#cite_note-Hawkins17-23">[23]</a> In 2017, Waymo began testing in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-della_Cava17-93">[93]</a> Also, in 2017, Waymo unveiled its <a href="/wiki/Castle_Air_Force_Base" title="Castle Air Force Base">Castle</a> test facility in <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a>, California. Castle, a former airbase, has served as the project's training course since 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Hawkins17-23">[23]</a> In March 2018, Waymo announced its plans for experiments with the company's self-driving trucks delivering freight to Google data centers in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In October 2018, the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Motor_Vehicles" title="California Department of Motor Vehicles">California Department of Motor Vehicles</a> issued a permit for Waymo to operate cars without safety drivers. Waymo was the first company to receive a permit that allowed day and night testing on public roads and highways. Waymo announced that its service would include Mountain View, Sunnyvale, Los Altos, and Palo Alto.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In July 2019, Waymo received permission to transport passengers.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In December 2018, Waymo launched Waymo One, transporting passengers. The service used safety drivers to monitor some rides, with others provided in select areas without them. In November 2019, Waymo One became the first autonomous service worldwide to operate without safety drivers.<a href="#cite_note-ars-201911-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-verge-201912-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-vox-2020-02-117">[117]</a> By January 2020, Waymo had completed twenty million miles (32,000,000 km) of driving on public roads.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In August 2021, commercial Waymo One test service started in San Francisco, beginning with a "trusted tester" rollout.<a href="#cite_note-sf-08021-120">[120]</a> In March 2022, Waymo began offering rides for Waymo staff in San Francisco without a driver.<a href="#cite_note-sf-03022-121">[121]</a> As of October 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waymo&action=edit">[update]</a>, Waymo is offering 100,000 paid rides per week across its Phoenix, San Francisco, and Los Angeles markets.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In December 2024, Waymo announced its first international expansion with testing in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo,_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo, Japan">Tokyo, Japan</a> in the neighborhoods of Shinjuku, Shibuya, Minato, Chiyoda, Chūō, Shinagawa, and Kōtō in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Kotsu" title="Nihon Kotsu">Nihon Kotsu</a> and Japan's <a href="/w/index.php?title=GO_taxi_app&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GO taxi app (page does not exist)">GO taxi app</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:19-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crashes">Crashes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Waymo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Crashes">edit</a>]</div> By July 2015, Google's 23 self-driving cars had been involved in 14 minor collisions on public roads.<a href="#cite_note-11accidents-123">[123]</a> Google maintained that, in all but one case, the vehicle was not at fault because the cars were either driven manually or the driver of another vehicle was at fault.<a href="#cite_note-The_View-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> By July 2021, the NHTSA had found 150 crashes by Waymo. Under NHTSA rules, crashes were reported if the system was in use in the prior 30 seconds, though most crashes did not have injuries.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Waymo regularly publishes safety reports.<a href="#cite_note-Laris17-128">[128]</a> Waymo is required by the California DMV to report the number of incidents where the safety driver took control for safety reasons. Some incidents were not reported when simulations indicated that the car would have stopped safely on its own.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In 2023, Waymo claimed only 3 crashes with injuries over 7.1 million miles driven, nearly twice as safe as a human driver.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> A Waymo robotaxi killed a dog in San Francisco while in "autonomous mode" in May 2023.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In February 2024, a driverless Waymo robotaxi struck a cyclist in San Francisco.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Later that same month, Waymo issued recalls for 444 of its vehicles after two hit the same truck being towed on a highway.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> As of December 16, 2024, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has received 762 reports<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> documenting 632 incidents involving Waymo vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> On January 19, 2025, the first fatal accident involving a Waymo occurred in San Francisco, when a Tesla traveling at 98 mph (158 km/h) struck multiple vehicles, including an unoccupied Waymo car. The crash resulted in the death of 27-year-old Mikhael Romanenko and his dog, with seven others injured. The Tesla driver was arrested on charges including vehicular manslaughter.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitations">Limitations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Waymo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Limitations">edit</a>]</div> Waymo operates in some of its testing markets, such as Chandler, Arizona, at <a href="/wiki/SAE_automation_level" class="mw-redirect" title="SAE automation level">L4 autonomy</a> with no one sitting behind the steering wheel, sharing roadways with other drivers and pedestrians.<a href="#cite_note-Hawkins17-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Etherington17-140">[140]</a> Waymo's earlier testing focused on areas without harsh weather, extreme density, or complicated road systems, but it has moved on to test under new conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Ohnsman18-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davies17-105">[105]</a> As a result, beginning in 2017, Waymo began testing in areas with harsher conditions, such as its winter testing in Michigan.<a href="#cite_note-della_Cava17-93">[93]</a> In 2014, a critic wrote in the MIT Technology Review that unmapped stoplights would cause problems with Waymo's technology and the self-driving technology could not detect potholes. Additionally, the lidar technology cannot spot some potholes or discern when humans, such as a police officer, signal the car to stop, the critic wrote.<a href="#cite_note-Gomes14-142">[142]</a> Waymo has worked to improve how its technology responds in construction zones.<a href="#cite_note-Castro18-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaffe14-144">[144]</a> California regulators do not require Waymo to disclose every incident involving erratic behavior in its fleet. In the first five months of 2023, San Francisco officials said they had logged more than 240 incidents in which a Cruise or Waymo vehicle might have created a safety hazard.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In 2021, it was noted that Waymo cars kept routing through the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_District,_San_Francisco" title="Richmond District, San Francisco">Richmond District</a> of San Francisco, with up to 50 cars each day driving to a <a href="/wiki/Dead_end_street" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead end street">dead end street</a> before turning around.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Abc7_Bay_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Abc7 Bay Area">ABC7 News Bay Area</a> posted a video of a journalist taking a ride in a Waymo vehicle, which stopped at a green light and dropped the journalist at the wrong stop twice, despite support intervention.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Backlash">Backlash</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Waymo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Backlash">edit</a>]</div> In 2023, the San Francisco group Safe Street Rebel used a practice called "coning" to trap Waymo and Cruise cars with traffic cones as a form of protest after claiming that the cars had been involved in hundreds of incidents.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> During the 2024 Lunar New Year in San Francisco Chinatown, protestors attacked, graffitied, and set fire to a Waymo car. No one was injured.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In 2024, passengers during a Waymo ride described an attack by an onlooker who attempted to cover the car's sensors.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In 2024, the city attorney of San Francisco attempted to sue to prevent expansion of driverless vehicles including Waymo into San Francisco.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/San_Mateo_County,_California" title="San Mateo County, California">San Mateo County</a> government soon after also sent a letter to regulators opposing expansion to its county.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In May 2024, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) launched an investigation into potential flaws in Waymo vehicles, focusing on 31 incidents that included Waymo vehicles ramming into a closing gate, driving on the wrong side of the road, and at least 17 crashes or fires.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> In August of 2024, residents of San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/SoMa" class="mw-redirect" title="SoMa">SoMa</a> district began to complain about noise pollution from Waymo vehicles honking at each other in a local parking lot. Residents reported that the car horns could be heard daily, with varying levels of activity, usually peaking at around 4 AM and during evening rush hour. The honking appears to have been triggered by the self-driving cars backing in and out of the lot.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> The story caught attention after a resident began live streaming the cars with <a href="/wiki/Lofi_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Lofi hip hop">lofi hip hop</a> music. Since then, Waymo Director of Product & Ops, Vishay Nihalani has appeared on the live stream to apologize and offer an explanation. Nihalani has assured locals that the honking will be fixed as further software updates are implemented.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Services">Services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Waymo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Services">edit</a>]</div> In 2017, Waymo highlighted four specific business uses for its autonomous tech: Robotaxis, trucking and logistics, urban public transportation, and passenger cars.<a href="#cite_note-della_Cava17-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robotaxis">Robotaxis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Waymo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Robotaxis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waymo_Jaguar_I-Pace_Interior_In_Motion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Waymo_Jaguar_I-Pace_Interior_In_Motion.jpg/220px-Waymo_Jaguar_I-Pace_Interior_In_Motion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Waymo_Jaguar_I-Pace_Interior_In_Motion.jpg/330px-Waymo_Jaguar_I-Pace_Interior_In_Motion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Waymo_Jaguar_I-Pace_Interior_In_Motion.jpg/440px-Waymo_Jaguar_I-Pace_Interior_In_Motion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6314" data-file-height="4120" /></a><figcaption>The interior of a Waymo Jaguar I-Pace robotaxi as it autonomously drives through San Francisco</figcaption></figure> Waymo offers robotaxi services in Phoenix, Arizona, San Francisco,<a href="#cite_note-sf-08021-120">[120]</a> and Los Angeles, California.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trucking_and_delivery">Trucking and delivery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Waymo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Trucking and delivery">edit</a>]</div> Waymo Via, launched in 2020 to work with OEMs to get its technology into vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-:14-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnbc-waymovia-2020-03-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-waymo-via-159">[159]</a> The company is testing <a href="/wiki/Truck_classification" title="Truck classification">Class 8</a> tractor-trailers<a href="#cite_note-Hawkins03-09-2018-160">[160]</a> in Atlanta,<a href="#cite_note-Hawkins03-09-2018-160">[160]</a> and southwest shipping routes across Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California.<a href="#cite_note-:14-158">[158]</a> The company operates a trucking hub in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, Texas.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> It is partnering with Daimler to integrate autonomous technology into a fleet of <a href="/wiki/Freightliner_Cascadia" title="Freightliner Cascadia">Freightliner Cascadia</a> trucks.<a href="#cite_note-via-daimler-162">[162]</a> Waymo operates 48 Class 8 autonomous trucks with safety drivers.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-202304-163">[163]</a> In 2023 Waymo issued a joint application along with <a href="/wiki/Aurora_Innovation" title="Aurora Innovation">Aurora Innovation</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Motor_Carrier_Safety_Administration" title="Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration">Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration</a> for a five-year exemption from rules that require drivers to place reflective triangles or a flare around a stopped tractor-trailer truck, to avoid needing human drivers, in favor of warning beacons mounted on the truck cab.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Waymo tested its technology in commercial delivery vehicles with <a href="/wiki/United_Parcel_Service" title="United Parcel Service">United Parcel Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-fc-ups-waymo-166">[166]</a> In July 2020 Waymo and <a href="/wiki/Stellantis" title="Stellantis">Stellantis</a> expanded their partnership, including the development of <a href="/wiki/Ram_ProMaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram ProMaster">Ram ProMaster</a> delivery vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_matters">Legal matters</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Waymo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legal matters">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waymo_LLC_v._Uber_Technologies,_Inc._et_al.">Waymo LLC v. Uber Technologies, Inc. et al.</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Waymo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Waymo LLC v. Uber Technologies, Inc. et al.">edit</a>]</div> In February 2017, Waymo sued Uber and its subsidiary self-driving trucking company, <a href="/wiki/Otto_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto (company)">Otto</a>, alleging <a href="/wiki/Trade_secrets" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade secrets">trade secret</a> theft and patent infringement. The company claimed that three ex-Google employees, including <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Levandowski" title="Anthony Levandowski">Anthony Levandowski</a>, had stolen trade secrets, including thousands of files, from Google before joining Uber.<a href="#cite_note-Wakabayashi-168">[168]</a> The alleged infringement was related to Waymo's proprietary lidar technology,<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Google accused Uber of colluding with Levandowski.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Levandowski allegedly downloaded 9 gigabytes of data that included over a hundred trade secrets; eight of which were at stake during the trial.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Larson18-173">[173]</a> An ensuing settlement gave Waymo 0.34% of Uber stock,<a href="#cite_note-Wakabayashi-168">[168]</a> the equivalent of $245 million. Uber agreed not to infringe Waymo's intellectual property.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Part of the agreement included a guarantee that "Waymo confidential information is not being incorporated in Uber Advanced Technologies Group hardware and software."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2018-175">[175]</a> In statements released after the settlement, Uber maintained that it received no trade secrets.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In May, according to an Uber spokesman, Uber had fired Levandowski, which resulted in the loss of roughly $250 million of his equity in Uber, which almost exactly equaled the settlement.<a href="#cite_note-Wakabayashi-168">[168]</a> Uber announced that it was halting production of self-driving trucks through Otto in July 2018, and the subsidiary company was shuttered.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California_disclosure_dispute">California disclosure dispute</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Waymo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: California disclosure dispute">edit</a>]</div> In January 2022, Waymo sued the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Motor_Vehicles" title="California Department of Motor Vehicles">California Department of Motor Vehicles</a> (DMV) to prevent data on driverless crashes from being released to the public. Waymo maintained that such information constituted a <a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">trade secret</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Los Angeles Times">The Los Angeles Times</a>, the "topics Waymo wants to keep hidden include how it plans to handle driverless car emergencies, what it would do if a robot taxi started driving itself where it wasn't supposed to go, and what constraints there are on the car's ability to traverse San Francisco's tunnels, tight curves and steep hills."<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> In February 2022, Waymo was successful in preventing the release of robotaxi safety records. 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Retrieved June 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Uber+reaches+settlement+with+Waymo+in+dispute+over+trade+secrets&rft.date=2018-02-10&rft.aulast=Lien&rft.aufirst=Russ&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Tracey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fautos%2Fla-fi-uber-waymo-settlement-20180209-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaymo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorosec2018" class="citation web cs1">Korosec, Kirsten (July 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2018/07/30/ubers-self-driving-trucks-division-is-dead-long-live-uber-self-driving-cars/">"Uber's self-driving trucks division is dead, long live Uber self-driving cars"</a>. TechCrunch. Retrieved December 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Uber%27s+self-driving+trucks+division+is+dead%2C+long+live+Uber+self-driving+cars&rft.date=2018-07-30&rft.aulast=Korosec&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2018%2F07%2F30%2Fubers-self-driving-trucks-division-is-dead-long-live-uber-self-driving-cars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaymo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins2022" class="citation web cs1">Hawkins, Andrew J. (January 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2022/1/28/22906513/waymo-lawsuit-california-dmv-crash-data-foia">"Waymo sues California DMV to keep driverless crash data under wraps"</a>. The Verge. Retrieved January 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Waymo+sues+California+DMV+to+keep+driverless+crash+data+under+wraps&rft.date=2022-01-28&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2022%2F1%2F28%2F22906513%2Fwaymo-lawsuit-california-dmv-crash-data-foia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaymo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2022" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Russ (January 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2022-01-28/waymo-robot-taxi-sues-state-secret-black-ice">"Waymo sues state DMV to keep robotaxi safety details secret"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Waymo+sues+state+DMV+to+keep+robotaxi+safety+details+secret&rft.date=2022-01-28&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Russ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fstory%2F2022-01-28%2Fwaymo-robot-taxi-sues-state-secret-black-ice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaymo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins2022" class="citation web cs1">Hawkins, Andrew J. (February 23, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/23/22947595/waymo-lawsuit-california-dmv-secret-win-injunction">"Waymo wins bid to keep some of its robotaxi safety details secret"</a>. The Verge. Retrieved January 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Waymo+wins+bid+to+keep+some+of+its+robotaxi+safety+details+secret&rft.date=2022-02-23&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2022%2F2%2F23%2F22947595%2Fwaymo-lawsuit-california-dmv-secret-win-injunction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaymo" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Waymo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">Grant, Christian (May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210401042828/https://www.youtube.com/embed/tbGVWRIzZr4">"Episode Exe006: Sebastian Thrun, Director, Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory"</a>. Executive Talks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.executivetalks.com/exe006.html">the original</a> on April 1, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Talks&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.executivetalks.com%2Fexe006.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaymo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Lin, Patrick (July 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/opinion/2013/07/the-surprising-ethics-of-robot-cars/">"The Ethics of Saving Lives with Autonomous Cars Are Far Murkier Than You Think"</a>. Wired. Retrieved August 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=The+Ethics+of+Saving+Lives+with+Autonomous+Cars+Are+Far+Murkier+Than+You+Think&rft.date=2013-07-30&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fopinion%2F2013%2F07%2Fthe-surprising-ethics-of-robot-cars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaymo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Marcus, Gary (November 27, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2012/11/google-driverless-car-morality.html">"Moral Machines"</a>. The New Yorker. Retrieved August 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Moral+Machines&rft.date=2012-11-27&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fonline%2Fblogs%2Fnewsdesk%2F2012%2F11%2Fgoogle-driverless-car-morality.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaymo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller2013" class="citation news cs1">Muller, Joann (May 27, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/joannmuller/2013/05/08/silicon-valley-vs-detroit-the-battle-for-the-car-of-the-future/">"Silicon Valley vs. Detroit: The Battle for the Car of the Future"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Silicon+Valley+vs.+Detroit%3A+The+Battle+for+the+Car+of+the+Future&rft.date=2013-05-27&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=Joann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fjoannmuller%2F2013%2F05%2F08%2Fsilicon-valley-vs-detroit-the-battle-for-the-car-of-the-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaymo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStock2014" class="citation news cs1">Stock, Kyle (April 3, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140404154928/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-04-03/the-problem-with-self-driving-cars-they-dont-cry#r=hpt-ls">"The Problem with Self-Driving Cars"</a>. Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-04-03/the-problem-with-self-driving-cars-they-dont-cry#r=hpt-ls">the original</a> on April 4, 2014. Retrieved April 6, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Businessweek&rft.atitle=The+Problem+with+Self-Driving+Cars&rft.date=2014-04-03&rft.aulast=Stock&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Farticles%2F2014-04-03%2Fthe-problem-with-self-driving-cars-they-dont-cry%23r%3Dhpt-ls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaymo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker_Smith2012" class="citation cs2">Walker Smith, Bryant (November 1, 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/publications/automated-vehicles-are-probably-legal-united-states">Automated Vehicles Are Probably Legal in the United States</a>, Stanford Law School, retrieved August 24, 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Automated+Vehicles+Are+Probably+Legal+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=Stanford+Law+School&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft.aulast=Walker+Smith&rft.aufirst=Bryant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyberlaw.stanford.edu%2Fpublications%2Fautomated-vehicles-are-probably-legal-united-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaymo" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Waymo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Waymo" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Waymo">Waymo</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waymo.com">Waymo Official Website</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_CVPR_2020/html/Sun_Scalability_in_Perception_for_Autonomous_Driving_Waymo_Open_Dataset_CVPR_2020_paper.html">Scalability in Perception for Autonomous Driving: Waymo Open Dataset</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jjricks.com/videos">Waymo Self Driving Car Videos</a> – citizen journalist recording Waymo autonomous trips in Phoenix area</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alphabet_Inc." title="Template:Alphabet Inc."><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alphabet_Inc." title="Template talk:Alphabet Inc."><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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title="CapitalG">CapitalG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">DeepMind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaFold" title="AlphaFold">AlphaFold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Fan_Hui" title="AlphaGo versus Fan Hui">vs. Fan Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Ke_Jie" title="AlphaGo versus Ke Jie">vs. Ke Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Lee_Sedol" title="AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol">vs. Lee Sedol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_(film)" title="AlphaGo (film)">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Go_Summit" title="Future of Go Summit">Future of Go Summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_Zero" title="AlphaGo Zero">AlphaGo Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaStar_(software)" title="AlphaStar (software)">AlphaStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_(software)" title="Master (software)">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MuZero" title="MuZero">MuZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WaveNet" title="WaveNet">WaveNet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DoubleClick" title="DoubleClick">DoubleClick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebase" title="Firebase">Firebase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitbit" title="Fitbit">Fitbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_(website)" title="Tenor (website)">Tenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waze" title="Waze">Waze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GV_(company)" title="GV (company)">GV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomorphic_Labs" title="Isomorphic Labs">Isomorphic Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verily" title="Verily">Verily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseline_Study" title="Baseline Study">Baseline Study</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_Development" title="X Development">X Development</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Waymo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_(company)" title="Wing (company)">Wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Dynamics" title="Boston Dynamics">Boston Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicle Security">Chronicle Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(company)" title="Jigsaw (company)">Jigsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loon_LLC" title="Loon LLC">Loon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makani_(company)" title="Makani (company)">Makani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meka_Robotics" title="Meka Robotics">Meka Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Nest" title="Google Nest">Nest Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_Labs" title="Sidewalk Labs">Sidewalk Labs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_Toronto" title="Sidewalk Toronto">Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_(company)" title="Vicarious (company)">Vicarious</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundar_Pichai" title="Sundar Pichai">Sundar Pichai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Porat" title="Ruth Porat">Ruth Porat</a> (president and <a href="/wiki/Chief_investment_officer" title="Chief investment officer">CIO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat_Ashkenazi" title="Anat Ashkenazi">Anat Ashkenazi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">CFO</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">President</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Drummond_(businessman)" title="David Drummond (businessman)">David Drummond</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_legal_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief legal officer">CLO</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board of directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Frances Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Martin_Chavez" title="R. Martin Chavez">R. Martin Chavez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Doerr" title="John Doerr">John Doerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Hennessy" title="John L. Hennessy">John L. Hennessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Mather" title="Ann Mather">Ann Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundar_Pichai" title="Sundar Pichai">Sundar Pichai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Shriram" title="Ram Shriram">Ram Shriram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_W._Ferguson_Jr." title="Roger W. Ferguson Jr.">Roger W. Ferguson Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Greene" title="Diane Greene">Diane Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Mulally" title="Alan Mulally">Alan Mulally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Conrad" title="Andrew Conrad">Andrew Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Fadell" title="Tony Fadell">Tony Fadell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_D._Levinson" title="Arthur D. Levinson">Arthur D. Levinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Krane" title="David Krane">David Krane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astro_Teller" title="Astro Teller">Astro Teller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alphabet_Inc." title="Category:Alphabet Inc.">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/28px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/56px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Self-driving_cars,_self-driving_vehicles_and_enabling_technologies290" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Self-driving_cars_and_enabling_technologies" title="Template:Self-driving cars and enabling technologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Self-driving_cars_and_enabling_technologies" title="Template talk:Self-driving cars and enabling technologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Self-driving_cars_and_enabling_technologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Self-driving cars and enabling technologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Self-driving_cars,_self-driving_vehicles_and_enabling_technologies290" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Self-driving cars</a>, self-driving vehicles and enabling technologies</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview and context</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_self-driving_cars" title="History of self-driving cars">History of self-driving cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_self-driving_cars" title="Impact of self-driving cars">Impact of self-driving cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_transportation_system" title="Intelligent transportation system">Intelligent transportation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context-aware_pervasive_systems" title="Context-aware pervasive systems">Context-aware pervasive systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart,_connected_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart, connected products">Smart, connected products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_intelligence" title="Ambient intelligence">Ambient intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_self-driving_system_suppliers" title="List of self-driving system suppliers">List of self-driving system suppliers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car#Levels_of_driving_automation" title="Self-driving car">SAE Levels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Human driver monitors the driving environment (Levels 0,1,2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lane_departure_warning_system" title="Lane departure warning system">Lane departure warning system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_parking" title="Automatic parking">Automatic parking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_emergency_braking_system" title="Automated emergency braking system">Automated emergency braking system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collision_avoidance_system" title="Collision avoidance system">Collision avoidance system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_control" title="Cruise control">Cruise control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_cruise_control" title="Adaptive cruise control">Adaptive cruise control</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_driver-assistance_system" title="Advanced driver-assistance system">Advanced driver-assistance system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driver_drowsiness_detection" title="Driver drowsiness detection">Driver drowsiness detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_speed_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent speed adaptation">Intelligent speed adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_spot_monitor" title="Blind spot monitor">Blind spot monitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">System monitors the driving environment (Levels 3,4,5)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_Lane_Keeping_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated Lane Keeping Systems">Automated Lane Keeping Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_ad_hoc_network" title="Vehicular ad hoc network">Vehicular ad hoc network</a> (V2V)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_car" title="Connected car">Connected car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_navigation_system" title="Automotive navigation system">Automotive navigation system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Cars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VaMP" title="VaMP">VaMP</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_Berlin" title="Spirit of Berlin">Spirit of Berlin</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Motors_EN-V" title="General Motors EN-V">General Motors EN-V</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MadeInGermany" title="MadeInGermany">MadeInGermany</a> (2011)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Waymo</a>, formerly Google Car (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_S#Autopilot" title="Tesla Model S">Tesla Model S with Autopilot</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LUTZ_Pathfinder" title="LUTZ Pathfinder">LUTZ Pathfinder</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avride" title="Avride">Avride</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honda_Legend" title="Honda Legend">Honda Legend</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Buses and commercial vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_guideway_transit" title="Automated guideway transit">Automated guideway transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAVForth" title="CAVForth">CAVForth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ParkShuttle" title="ParkShuttle">ParkShuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navia_(vehicle)" title="Navia (vehicle)">Navia shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuTonomy" title="NuTonomy">NuTonomy</a> taxi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freightliner_Inspiration" title="Freightliner Inspiration">Freightliner Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driverless_tractor" title="Driverless tractor">Driverless tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_truck" title="Self-driving truck">Self-driving truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_as_a_service_(transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobility as a service (transport)">Mobility as a service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_self-driving_cars" title="Regulation of self-driving cars">Regulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car#Regulation" title="Self-driving car">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11p" title="IEEE 802.11p">IEEE 802.11p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assured_clear_distance_ahead" title="Assured clear distance ahead"> Safe speed automotive common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_Lane_Keeping_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated Lane Keeping System">Automated lane keeping system</a> (unece regulation 157)</li> <li>Regulation (EU) 2019/2144</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car_liability" title="Self-driving car liability">Self-driving car liability</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enabling technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIDAR" class="mw-redirect" title="LIDAR">LIDAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Artificial neural network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_stereo_vision" title="Computer stereo vision">Computer stereo vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision#Recognition" title="Computer vision">Image recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedicated_short-range_communications" title="Dedicated short-range communications">Dedicated short-range communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Control_System" title="Real-time Control System">Real-time Control System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFpro" title="RFpro">rFpro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">Eye tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">Radio-frequency identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_navigation_system" title="Automotive navigation system">Automotive navigation system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations, Projects & People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Organizations, projects and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Mobility" title="American Center for Mobility">American Center for Mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVI" title="DAVI">DAVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Land-Robot_Trial" title="European Land-Robot Trial">European Land-Robot Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navlab" title="Navlab">Navlab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challenge" title="DARPA Grand Challenge">DARPA Grand Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisLab_Intercontinental_Autonomous_Challenge" title="VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge">VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Prometheus_Project" title="Eureka Prometheus Project">Eureka Prometheus Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Intelligent_Transportation_Systems_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society">IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Goddijn" title="Harold Goddijn">Harold Goddijn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Broggi" title="Alberto Broggi">Alberto Broggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Levandowski" title="Anthony Levandowski">Anthony Levandowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b9576b97f-6x6ck","wgBackendResponseTime":159,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.833","walltime":"2.004","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12225,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":396737,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8373,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":654057,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1790.828 1 -total"," 56.98% 1020.325 1 Template:Reflist"," 31.16% 558.048 107 Template:Cite_web"," 15.97% 285.974 60 Template:Cite_news"," 9.78% 175.174 1 Template:Infobox_company"," 9.18% 164.324 1 Template:Infobox"," 8.57% 153.448 9 Template:Navbox"," 7.59% 135.948 1 Template:Sfn"," 6.60% 118.231 1 Template:Alphabet_Inc."," 4.28% 76.617 1 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2010-10-11T20:57:40Z","dateModified":"2025-02-20T05:18:25Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9f\/Waymo_logo.svg","headline":"autonomous car technology company by alphabet inc."}</script> </body> </html>