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data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/pasture-and-environment-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-153" >Pasture and Environment Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-156" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-159" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/reproduction-and-genetics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-162" >Reproduction and Genetics</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-165" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-168" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-171" >Personal Safety </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-174" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-195" >Swine</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Swine</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-195"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/production-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-198" >Production and Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/product-quality" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-201" >Product Quality</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-204" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-207" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/reproduction-and-genetics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-210" >Reproduction and Genetics</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-213" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-216" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-219" >Personal Safety </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-222" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-243" >Goats</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Goats</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-243"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/production-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-246" >Production and Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/product-quality" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-249" >Product Quality</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-252" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-255" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/reproduction-and-genetics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-258" >Reproduction and Genetics</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-261" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-264" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-267" >Personal Safety </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-270" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-291" >Sheep</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Sheep</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-291"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/production-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-294" >Production and Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/product-quality" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-297" >Product Quality</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-300" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-303" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/reproduction-and-genetics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-306" >Reproduction and Genetics</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-309" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-312" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-315" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-318" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-339" >Llamas and Alpacas</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Llamas and Alpacas</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-339"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-348" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-351" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-357" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-360" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-366" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-2608" >Canine</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Canine</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-2608"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2611" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine/behavior-and-welfare" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2614" >Behavior and Welfare</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2617" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine/reproduction-and-genetics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2620" >Reproduction and Genetics</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item  main-menu__item--parent level0"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-387" >Forage and Food Crops </a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Forage and Food Crops </span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div> <div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level1" data-menu="menu-387"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level1 1"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-0" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-390" >Agronomic Crops</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Agronomic Crops</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-390"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-393" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/species-and-varieties" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-396" >Species and Varieties</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/soil-fertility-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-399" >Soil Fertility and Management </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-402" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/weed-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-405" >Weed Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/organic-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-408" >Organic Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/sustainable-agriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-411" >Sustainable Agriculture</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-414" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-417" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-438" >Cover Crops</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Cover Crops</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-438"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-441" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/species-and-varieties" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-444" >Species and Varieties</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/soil-fertility-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-447" >Soil Fertility and Management </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-450" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/weed-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-453" >Weed Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/organic-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-456" >Organic Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/sustainable-agriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-459" >Sustainable Agriculture</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-462" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-465" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-483" >Forages</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Forages</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-483"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-486" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/species-and-varieties" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-489" >Species and Varieties</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/soil-fertility-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-492" >Soil Fertility and Management </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/forage-quality-and-testing" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-495" >Forage Quality and Testing</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-498" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/weed-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-501" >Weed Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/organic-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-504" >Organic Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/sustainable-agriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-507" >Sustainable Agriculture</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-510" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-513" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-537" >Fruit</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Fruit</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-537"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-540" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/cultivars-and-rootstocks" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-543" >Cultivars and Rootstocks</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/soil-fertility-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-546" >Soil Fertility and Management </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-549" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/weed-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-552" >Weed Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/organic-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-555" >Organic Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/sustainable-agriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-558" >Sustainable Agriculture</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-561" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-564" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-636" >Mushrooms</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Mushrooms</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-636"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-639" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms/substrate-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-645" >Substrate Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-648" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms/food-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-651" >Food Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-657" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-585" >Vegetables</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Vegetables</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-585"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-588" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/species-and-varieties" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-591" >Species and Varieties</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/soil-fertility-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-594" >Soil Fertility and Management </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-597" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/weed-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-600" >Weed Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/organic-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-603" >Organic Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/sustainable-agriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-606" >Sustainable Agriculture</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-609" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-612" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item  main-menu__item--parent level0"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-675" >Trees, Lawns, and Landscaping</a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Trees, Lawns, and Landscaping</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div> <div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level1" data-menu="menu-675"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item 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LinkedIn"></a></li> </ul></div> <div class="product attribute updated-at"> <strong class="type">Updated:</strong> <div class="value" >October 14, 2020</div></div></div></div><div class="product-content__wrapper"><div class="product-description__wrapper"> <div class="product media"> <a id="gallery-prev-area" tabindex="-1"></a><div class="action-skip-wrapper"> <a class="action skip gallery-next-area" href="#gallery-next-area"><span> Skip to the end of the images gallery</span></a></div> <div class="gallery-placeholder _block-content-loading fotorama-disabled" data-gallery-role="gallery-placeholder"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-2497-674c10ddc58e0"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/1/7/17dbc76df2344fa3a56d5728f9bc2ffb.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=248,248,248&fit=bounds&height=427&width=640&canvas=640:427&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/1/7/17dbc76df2344fa3a56d5728f9bc2ffb.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=248,248,248&fit=bounds&height=427&width=640&canvas=640:427&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/1/7/17dbc76df2344fa3a56d5728f9bc2ffb.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=248,248,248&fit=bounds&height=427&width=640&canvas=640:427" loading="lazy" width="640" height="427" alt="Irrigation is considered to be a preharvest farm activity."/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-2497674c10ddc58e0 { width: 640px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 640 / 427; } .product-image-container-2497674c10ddc58e0 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-2497674c10ddc58e0 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.71875%; } }</style> <div class="image-alt-label"><p>Irrigation is considered to be a preharvest farm activity.</p></div> </div> <div class="action-skip-wrapper"> <a class="action skip gallery-prev-area" href="#gallery-prev-area"><span> Skip to the beginning of the images gallery</span></a></div> <a id="gallery-next-area" tabindex="-1"></a></div> <div class="product attribute description "> <div class="value" ><div id="when"><div class="event-details"><div class="left no-padding"> </div></div></div><p>Safe use of water is critical in fresh fruit and vegetable production. Water can move harmful microorganisms originating from animal or human feces across a large area or a large volume of product. The water source and how and when the water is applied greatly influence the risk for crop contamination to occur.</p> <h2>Pre- Versus Postharvest Water</h2> <p>When we think about agricultural water and food safety, it is useful to consider the many ways water is used during production, harvesting, and handling fresh produce. Preharvest water is used for crop irrigation, cooling, frost protection, as a carrier for fertilizers and pesticides, and for washing tools and harvest containers, handwashing, and drinking. Postharvest water is used for washing and transporting produce, cooling, applying waxes and coatings, handwashing, and drinking.</p> <h2>Water Source Increases or Decreases Risk</h2> <p>Sources of water used on the farm can be grouped into three types based on the likelihood that they can become contaminated: (1) surface water, (2) well water, and (3) municipal water.</p> <p>Surface water includes ponds, open springs, lakes, rivers, and streams. It has the highest risk for contamination because we often do not have control over what might be entering the water source upstream at any given time. Access of wild and domestic animals, drainage from upstream cattle operations, runoff from manure piles, and sewage discharges are all possible causes for sudden and unexpected surface water contamination.</p> <p>Water obtained from the wells on your farm generally has an intermediate risk. The potential for well water to become contaminated with harmful microorganisms is greatest when they are located too close to flood zones, septic tanks, cesspools, animal agricultural sites, manure storage areas, or drainage fields. Risks are greatly increased if the wells have not been constructed properly, or if the well casing has become cracked over time. However, if wells are properly sited, constructed, and maintained, they can be a reliable source of contaminant-free water.</p> <p>Municipal water obtained from your local water authority has the lowest level of food safety risk. We expect this to be the safest type of water because it is required by law to meet the highest chemical and microbiological drinking water standards, and it is tested regularly to ensure that it is consistently safe to drink.</p> <figure> <a class="light-box " href="https://extension.psu.edu/media/wysiwyg//extensions/catalog_product/25786ab6da014c0889d456444fe5d71f/p/l/plasticulture-and-drip-2-jpg.jpg" data-lightbox="show" title=""><img src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/wysiwyg//extensions/catalog_product/25786ab6da014c0889d456444fe5d71f/p/l/plasticulture-and-drip-2-jpg.jpg" alt="Peppers and tomatoes grown here using plasticulture and drip irrigation" /></a><figcaption>Peppers and tomatoes are grown here using plasticulture and drip irrigation, which eliminates most of the potential for irrigation water to contact the fruit.</figcaption></figure> <h2>Preventing Agricultural Water from Becoming a Source of Contamination</h2> <h3>Postharvest Water: Produce Washing, Handwashing, Cooling, Drinking</h3> <ul> <li>Conduct a potable water test. It is critical to use pathogen-free water for all postharvest water used for washing, flumes and tanks, handwashing, and drinking.</li> <li>If postharvest water does not meet the drinking water standard, it may be possible to treat the source with a one-time shock chlorination.</li> <li>If postharvest water does not meet the drinking water standard, it may be necessary to install a continuous sanitation system using chlorination or ultraviolet (UV) light.</li> </ul> <h3>Surface Water Used for Irrigation (Preharvest)</h3> <ul> <li>Regularly monitor the microbial content of your surface water. Consider testing three times each season: <ol> <li>At planting</li> <li>At peak use</li> <li>At or near harvest</li> </ol> </li> <li>Look for evidence of entry points for animals or areas where runoff can occur. Consider installing fences, vegetative buffer plantings, diversion berms, or other physical structures to protect the water from animal intrusion or drainage from contamination sources.</li> <li>When possible, use indirect irrigation methods, such as drip irrigation, that minimize water contact with fruits, tomatoes, peppers, and cole crops.</li> <li>Plasticulture methods that cover drip lines provide further protection for lower-growing crops such as leafy greens, cantaloupes, and summer squash.</li> <li>Use overhead irrigation in the morning to allow adequate drying of the crop surface before harvest. This speeds the destruction of both human and plant pathogens, and saves water.</li> <li>Maximize the time between overhead irrigation and harvest.</li> <li>Consider switching to well or municipal water for overhead irrigation and crop spraying methods.</li> </ul> <h3>Well Water</h3> <ul> <li>Monitor your well water quality at least twice during the growing season.</li> <li>Check that your well is installed correctly. There should be at least 2 inches of grout maintained between the well casing and the surrounding soil to prevent infiltration of surface water. Because well drilling is not regulated in Pennsylvania, your well may not have the proper casing and grout to exclude surface water contaminants.</li> <li>Maintain a 100-foot radius around the well that is kept free from animal intrusion, manure piles, or other contamination sources.</li> <li>Install a sanitary well cap to prevent insects or small mammals from entering the well.</li> <li>Inspect your wells at least once each year. Check that the well cap and casing seal are in good condition.</li> </ul> <h2>Monitoring Water Quality</h2> <p>Regular water testing can give you useful knowledge about the safety of water and how it might vary during the season or from year to year. Water testing labs test for <em>E. coli</em> instead of <em>Salmonella</em> spp., <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em>, hepatitis A virus, parasites, and other sources of human illness because it can be a useful indicator of these and other pathogens.</p> <p>Growers who sell their produce through wholesale markets may be required to test their water as a condition of sale. Contact your buyers to make sure you understand their testing requirements. The Food Safety Modernization Act will require water testing for produce growers regulated under the law.</p> <h2>Where Can I Test My Water?</h2> <p>Penn State's College of Agricultural Sciences has established a farm food safety irrigation water testing program to facilitate and encourage testing by fresh produce growers in Pennsylvania. Instructions on how to submit a water sample to the laboratory are provided with test kits available from Penn State Extension offices. Several private laboratories in the state also perform <em>E. coli</em> testing on agricultural water. A list of labs may be found in the Penn State Extension website.</p> <p>Many labs, including the Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences, conduct potable water testing. Make sure to follow water testing directions included in the test kits.</p> <h2>What Standard Does My Water Need to Meet?</h2> <p>Postharvest water used for washing and transporting produce, cooling, applying waxes and coatings, and handwashing and drinking must meet the drinking water standard.</p> <figure> <a class="light-box " href="https://extension.psu.edu/media/wysiwyg//extensions/catalog_product/11015dad16b64db68bcdba68b8b7dd39/g/o/good-casing-and-well-cap-jpg.jpg" data-lightbox="show" title=""><img src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/wysiwyg//extensions/catalog_product/11015dad16b64db68bcdba68b8b7dd39/g/o/good-casing-and-well-cap-jpg.jpg" alt="Well with a sanitary cap" /></a><figcaption>This well has a sanitary well cap and casing done correctly.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most commonly used microbial standard for preharvest agricultural water (crop irrigation, frost protection, as a carrier for fertilizers and pesticides, for washing tools and harvest containers) is based on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards for recreational water. This standard says that you may have no more than 235 <em>E. coli</em> bacteria in a single 100-milliliter sample and that the average for the last five samples can be no more than 126 <em>E. coli</em> bacteria per 100 milliliters. High <em>E. coli</em> levels do not always predict the presence of human pathogens, but they are the only true indicator of fecal contamination and thus suggest conditions where pathogens might be present. It is important that you ask your testing laboratory to provide you with the actual number of <em>E. coli</em> bacteria in your sample, not just a confirmation of whether they are absent or present.</p> <figure> <a class="light-box " href="https://extension.psu.edu/media/wysiwyg//extensions/catalog_product/1015c555f3714671a73fb201a89154eb/w/a/water-sampling-in-pond-jpg.jpg" data-lightbox="show" title=""><img src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/wysiwyg//extensions/catalog_product/1015c555f3714671a73fb201a89154eb/w/a/water-sampling-in-pond-jpg.jpg" alt="Person sampling water from a pond" /></a><figcaption>It is important to test the quality of water from surface water sources used for irrigation or other agricultural uses.</figcaption></figure> <h2>Additional Resources</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/understanding-fsma-the-produce-safety-rule">Understanding FSMA - The Produce Safety Rule</a></li> <li><a href="https://agsci.psu.edu/aasl/water-testing/farm-food-safety-gap-water-testing">Penn State Agricultural Analytical Lab Farm Food Safety (GAP) Water Testing</a> or call 814-863-0841</li> <li>Penn State Extension "<a href="https://extension.psu.edu/where-does-your-drinking-water-come-from">Safeguarding Wells and Springs from Bacterial Contamination</a>"</li> <li>Penn State Extension "<a href="https://extension.psu.edu/shock-chlorination-of-wells-and-springs">Shock Chlorination of Wells and Springs</a>," written by Bryan R. Swistock, Stephanie Clemens, William Sharpe.</li> </ul> <p class="discreet">Prepared by the Penn State Extension Farm Food Safety team; Luke LaBorde, Penn State Professor of Food Science and聽Tianna DuPont, Penn State Extension. Reviewed by Thomas Ford and Lee Stivers, Penn State Extension. 2015, Updated 2020.</p></div></div> <div class="product info detailed"><div class="product data items" data-mage-init=' { "accordion": { "openedState": "active", "collapsible": true, "active": "0", "animate": 50, "multipleCollapsible": false } }'> <div class="data item title" data-role="collapsible" id="tab-label-product.info.agenda"><a class="data switch" tabindex="-1" data-toggle="trigger" href="#product.info.agenda" id="tab-label-product.info.agenda-title">Agenda</a></div><div class="data item content" aria-labelledby="tab-label-product.info.agenda-title" id="product.info.agenda" data-role="content"> <div class="product attribute event-agenda"></div></div> <div class="data item title" data-role="collapsible" id="tab-label-product.info.author"><a class="data switch" tabindex="-1" data-toggle="trigger" href="#product.info.author" id="tab-label-product.info.author-title">Authors</a></div><div class="data item content" aria-labelledby="tab-label-product.info.author-title" id="product.info.author" data-role="content"> <div class="authors-wrapper" id="authors"> <div itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="performer" class="author-item"> <div class="photo"><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/luke-laborde" class="authors-photo"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-1579-674c10de2521d"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/4/3/430e5e0f89c5cccdc15accd0e2cd526b.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=390&width=255&canvas=255:390&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/4/3/430e5e0f89c5cccdc15accd0e2cd526b.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=390&width=255&canvas=255:390&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/4/3/430e5e0f89c5cccdc15accd0e2cd526b.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=390&width=255&canvas=255:390" loading="lazy" width="255" height="390" alt="Luke LaBorde, Ph.D."/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-1579674c10de2521d { width: 255px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 255 / 390; } .product-image-container-1579674c10de2521d span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-1579674c10de2521d span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 152.94117647059%; } }</style> </a></div> <div class="info "><div class="name"><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/luke-laborde" class="author-name"><span itemprop="name">Luke LaBorde, Ph.D.</span></a></div><div class="author-info">Professor of Food Science</div> <div class="author-expertise"><span class="author-expertise__title">Expertise</span> <ul> <li>Tracking Listeria monocytogenes in produce production, packing, and processing environments</li> <li>Food safety validation of mushroom growing, packing, and processing procedures</li> <li>Farm food safety, Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) training</li> <li>Hazards Analysis and Risk Based Preventive Controls (HACCP) training</li> <li>Technical assistance to home and commercial food processors</li> <li>Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA)</li> </ul></div> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/education-format?authors=Luke LaBorde, Ph.D." class="author-more__link">More By Luke LaBorde, Ph.D.</a></div></div> </div></div></div></div></div> <div class="block related" data-mage-init='{"relatedProducts":{"relatedCheckbox":".related.checkbox"}}' data-limit="10" data-shuffle="0 ?>" data-shuffle-weighted="0 ?>"><div class="featured-content article" data-content-type="products" data-element="main"><div class="block-top-wrapper"></div><div class="block-title title"><h2 id="block-related-heading" role="heading" aria-level="2">You may also be interested in ...</h2></div><div class="widget-navigation"></div><div class="block-content content" aria-labelledby="block-related-heading"> <div class="products wrapper grid products-grid products-related"><ol class="products list items product-items" data-mage-init='{"slick": { "autoplay": false, "infinite": false, "arrows": false, "dots": false, "slidesToShow": 9999, "slidesToScroll": 1, "appendArrows": ".related .widget-navigation", "prevArrow": "<div class=slick-prev><span>Previous</span></div>", "nextArrow": "<div class=slick-next><span>Next</span></div>", "responsive": [ { "breakpoint": 1280, "settings": { "slidesToShow": 4, "slidesToScroll": 1, "arrows": true, "appendArrows": ".related .widget-navigation", "prevArrow": "<div class=slick-prev><span>Previous</span></div>", "nextArrow": "<div class=slick-next><span>Next</span></div>" } }, { "breakpoint": 1024, "settings": { "slidesToShow": 3, "slidesToScroll": 1, "arrows": true, "appendArrows": ".related .widget-navigation", "prevArrow": "<div class=slick-prev><span>Previous</span></div>", "nextArrow": "<div class=slick-next><span>Next</span></div>" } }, { "breakpoint": 768, "settings": { "slidesToShow": 1, "slidesToScroll": 1, "arrows": true, "appendArrows": ".related .widget-navigation", "prevArrow": "<div class=slick-prev><span>Previous</span></div>", "nextArrow": "<div class=slick-next><span>Next</span></div>" } } ] }}'> <li class="item product product-item" id="product-item_5856" data-shuffle-group="" > <div class="product-item-info "><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/tree-fruit-production-guide" class="product photo product-item-photo"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-5856-674c10de2785f"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/0/b0abfcf5c80e10ef2ba8306cebc59a19_2.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/0/b0abfcf5c80e10ef2ba8306cebc59a19_2.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/0/b0abfcf5c80e10ef2ba8306cebc59a19_2.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336" loading="lazy" width="504" height="336" alt="Tree Fruit Production Guide"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-5856674c10de2785f { width: 504px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 504 / 336; } .product-image-container-5856674c10de2785f span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-5856674c10de2785f span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.666666666667%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="808"></span> Guides and Publications</div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" title="Tree Fruit Production Guide" href="https://extension.psu.edu/tree-fruit-production-guide">Tree Fruit Production Guide</a></h5> <div class="price-box price-final_price" data-role="priceBox" data-product-id="5856" data-price-box="product-id-5856"> <p class="minimal-price"> <span class="price-container price-final_price tax weee" > <span class="price-label">Starting at </span> <span id="from-5856" data-price-amount="15" data-price-type="" class="price-wrapper " ><span class="price">$15.00</span></span> </span> </p></div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item" id="product-item_6201" data-shuffle-group="" > <div class="product-item-info related-available"><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/propagating-nut-trees" class="product photo product-item-photo"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-6201-674c10de28210"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/6/d623380799bc62d9af86c9a2f41bca8a.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/6/d623380799bc62d9af86c9a2f41bca8a.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/6/d623380799bc62d9af86c9a2f41bca8a.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336" loading="lazy" width="504" height="336" alt="Propagating Nut Trees"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-6201674c10de28210 { width: 504px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 504 / 336; } .product-image-container-6201674c10de28210 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-6201674c10de28210 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.666666666667%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="808"></span> Guides and Publications</div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" title="Propagating Nut Trees" href="https://extension.psu.edu/propagating-nut-trees">Propagating Nut Trees</a></h5> <div class="price-box price-final_price" data-role="priceBox" data-product-id="6201" data-price-box="product-id-6201"> <span class="price-container price-final_price tax weee" > <span id="product-price-6201" data-price-amount="1.75" data-price-type="finalPrice" class="price-wrapper " ><span class="price">$1.75</span></span> </span> </div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item" id="product-item_9222" data-shuffle-group="" > <div class="product-item-info "><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/growing-raspberries-and-blackberries-from-planting-to-harvest" class="product photo product-item-photo"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-9222-674c10de28b9d"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/4/b4af170c61d1b075220c79435ca5e96a.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/4/b4af170c61d1b075220c79435ca5e96a.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/4/b4af170c61d1b075220c79435ca5e96a.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336" loading="lazy" width="504" height="336" alt="Growing Raspberries and Blackberries: From Planting to Harvest"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-9222674c10de28b9d { width: 504px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 504 / 336; } .product-image-container-9222674c10de28b9d span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-9222674c10de28b9d span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.666666666667%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="806"></span> Online Courses</div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" title="Growing Raspberries and Blackberries: From Planting to Harvest" href="https://extension.psu.edu/growing-raspberries-and-blackberries-from-planting-to-harvest">Growing Raspberries and Blackberries: From Planting to Harvest</a></h5> <div class="price-box price-final_price" data-role="priceBox" data-product-id="9222" data-price-box="product-id-9222"> <p class="minimal-price"> <span class="price-container price-final_price tax weee" > <span class="price-label"> </span> <span id="from-9222" data-price-amount="99" data-price-type="" class="price-wrapper " ><span class="price">$99.00</span></span> </span> </p></div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item" id="product-item_5545" data-shuffle-group="" > <div class="product-item-info related-available"><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/apple-trellis-construction-for-high-density-orchard-systems" class="product photo product-item-photo"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-5545-674c10de294f9"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_3619.jpg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_3619.jpg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_3619.jpg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336" loading="lazy" width="504" height="336" alt="Apple Trellis Construction for High Density Orchard Systems"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-5545674c10de294f9 { width: 504px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 504 / 336; } .product-image-container-5545674c10de294f9 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-5545674c10de294f9 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.666666666667%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="809"></span> Videos</div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" title="Apple Trellis Construction for High Density Orchard Systems" href="https://extension.psu.edu/apple-trellis-construction-for-high-density-orchard-systems">Apple Trellis Construction for High Density Orchard Systems</a></h5></div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item" id="product-item_22732" data-shuffle-group="" > <div class="product-item-info "><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/drip-irrigation-for-tree-fruit-orchards-in-pennsylvania" class="product photo product-item-photo"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-22732-674c10de29bd8"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/1/d16b05f731589672c22ede3970035c27.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/1/d16b05f731589672c22ede3970035c27.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/1/d16b05f731589672c22ede3970035c27.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336" loading="lazy" width="504" height="336" alt="Drip irrigation in orchard. Photo: Long He, Penn State"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-22732674c10de29bd8 { width: 504px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 504 / 336; } .product-image-container-22732674c10de29bd8 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-22732674c10de29bd8 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.666666666667%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" title="Drip Irrigation for Tree Fruit Orchards in Pennsylvania" href="https://extension.psu.edu/drip-irrigation-for-tree-fruit-orchards-in-pennsylvania">Drip Irrigation for Tree Fruit Orchards in Pennsylvania</a></h5></div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item" id="product-item_2618" data-shuffle-group="" > <div class="product-item-info "><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/fruit-color-promoting-red-color-development-in-apple" class="product photo product-item-photo"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-2618-674c10de2a35d"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/0/b/0bfd31f4dfa8fa4b345326dfebc0d34a.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/0/b/0bfd31f4dfa8fa4b345326dfebc0d34a.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/0/b/0bfd31f4dfa8fa4b345326dfebc0d34a.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336" loading="lazy" width="504" height="336" alt="Photo: Tara Baugher"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-2618674c10de2a35d { width: 504px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 504 / 336; } .product-image-container-2618674c10de2a35d span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-2618674c10de2a35d span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.666666666667%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" title="Fruit Color - Promoting Red Color Development in Apple" href="https://extension.psu.edu/fruit-color-promoting-red-color-development-in-apple">Fruit Color - Promoting Red Color Development in Apple</a></h5></div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item" id="product-item_3421" data-shuffle-group="" > <div class="product-item-info "><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/highbush-blueberry-production" class="product photo product-item-photo"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-3421-674c10de2aada"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/2/a/2ad987f99af5a40d1058d065321f49f6_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/2/a/2ad987f99af5a40d1058d065321f49f6_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/2/a/2ad987f99af5a40d1058d065321f49f6_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336" loading="lazy" width="504" height="336" alt="Blueberries"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-3421674c10de2aada { width: 504px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 504 / 336; } .product-image-container-3421674c10de2aada span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-3421674c10de2aada span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.666666666667%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" title="Highbush Blueberry Production" href="https://extension.psu.edu/highbush-blueberry-production">Highbush Blueberry Production</a></h5> <div class="price-box price-final_price" data-role="priceBox" data-product-id="3421" data-price-box="product-id-3421"> <span class="price-container price-final_price tax weee" > <span id="product-price-3421" data-price-amount="0.7" data-price-type="finalPrice" class="price-wrapper " ><span class="price">$0.70</span></span> </span> </div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item" id="product-item_5975" data-shuffle-group="" > <div class="product-item-info "><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/peach-production" class="product photo product-item-photo"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-5975-674c10de2b4f1"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/6/7/673a39c6518d0a512e3fb4a1f93edfda.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/6/7/673a39c6518d0a512e3fb4a1f93edfda.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/6/7/673a39c6518d0a512e3fb4a1f93edfda.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336" loading="lazy" width="504" height="336" alt="Peaches"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-5975674c10de2b4f1 { width: 504px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 504 / 336; } .product-image-container-5975674c10de2b4f1 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-5975674c10de2b4f1 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.666666666667%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" title="Peach Production" href="https://extension.psu.edu/peach-production">Peach Production</a></h5> <div class="price-box price-final_price" data-role="priceBox" data-product-id="5975" data-price-box="product-id-5975"> <span class="price-container price-final_price tax weee" > <span id="product-price-5975" data-price-amount="0.7" data-price-type="finalPrice" class="price-wrapper " ><span class="price">$0.70</span></span> </span> </div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item" id="product-item_21317" data-shuffle-group="" > <div class="product-item-info "><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/assessing-and-managing-potassium-concentration-in-the-vineyard" class="product photo product-item-photo"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-21317-674c10de2bf29"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/9/8/988872c10e8be645583231a651de513e.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/9/8/988872c10e8be645583231a651de513e.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/9/8/988872c10e8be645583231a651de513e.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336" loading="lazy" width="504" height="336" alt="Symptoms of potassium deficiency."/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-21317674c10de2bf29 { width: 504px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 504 / 336; } .product-image-container-21317674c10de2bf29 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-21317674c10de2bf29 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.666666666667%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" title="Assessing and Managing Potassium Concentration in the Vineyard" href="https://extension.psu.edu/assessing-and-managing-potassium-concentration-in-the-vineyard">Assessing and Managing Potassium Concentration in the Vineyard</a></h5></div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item" id="product-item_2065" data-shuffle-group="0" > <div class="product-item-info "><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/plum-pox-eradication-in-pa-a-blueprint-for-future-plant-disease-outbreaks" class="product photo product-item-photo"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-2065-674c10de2c77e"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/4/9/49a6809226dd2db2e006838d67a02411.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/4/9/49a6809226dd2db2e006838d67a02411.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/4/9/49a6809226dd2db2e006838d67a02411.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=336&width=504&canvas=504:336" loading="lazy" width="504" height="336" alt="In recognition of their work in eradicating Plum Pox Virus, research and industry partners received a USDA award. Pictured is Jim Lerew, one of the local growers recognized in the ceremony."/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-2065674c10de2c77e { width: 504px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 504 / 336; } .product-image-container-2065674c10de2c77e span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-2065674c10de2c77e span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.666666666667%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" title="Plum Pox Eradication in PA - A Blueprint for Future Plant Disease Outbreaks" href="https://extension.psu.edu/plum-pox-eradication-in-pa-a-blueprint-for-future-plant-disease-outbreaks">Plum Pox Eradication in PA - A Blueprint for Future Plant Disease Outbreaks</a></h5></div></div></li> 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