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0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"></path></svg></button></li></ul></li></ul></div> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/fast_loswp-bundle-9c3aee17884517704b99164df3bf08122e978aed622298001f4470844ed827e5.js" defer="defer"></script><script>window.loswp = {}; window.loswp.author = 19382519; window.loswp.bulkDownloadFilterCounts = {}; window.loswp.hasDownloadableAttachment = true; window.loswp.hasViewableAttachments = true; // TODO: just use routes for this window.loswp.loginUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F27115399%2FOceans_apart_conservation_models_for_two_temperate_penguin_species_shaped_by_the_marine_environment%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F27115399%2FOceans_apart_conservation_models_for_two_temperate_penguin_species_shaped_by_the_marine_environment%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":47365734,"identifier":"Attachment_47365734","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":27115399,"created_at":"2016-07-19T18:40:09.621-07:00","from_world_paper_id":155670708,"updated_at":"2024-11-13T08:08:09.205-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"Oceanographic productivity patterns in the breeding areas of Magellanic penguins Spheniscus magellanicus in the Atlantic differ from those of Humboldt penguins S. humboldti in the Pacific. We used satellite telemetry to compare foraging trips between 2 Humboldt penguin females with chicks and 44 Magellanic penguin females with eggs or chicks. The Humboldt penguins took trips of short duration and distance, with fewer than 10% of locations \u003e25 km from the colony. Magellanic penguins traveled longer and more variable distances. Only 24% of locations during chick rearing were within 25 km of the colony; all 8 incubation trips reached distances greater than 100 km. Among Magellanic penguins, foraging trip duration was significantly correlated with distance from the colony during all stages of the breeding season (incubation r 2 = 0.66; early chick r 2 = 0.75; late chick r 2 = 0.91). For each hour of trip duration, penguins ranged nearly 1 km farther from the colony. For the 2 Humboldt females, trip duration was correlated with maximum distance from the colony for one female but not the other, whose trip duration varied little. Trip duration for Magellanic penguins determined by nest checks was correlated with duration determined by satellite telemetry (r 2 = 0.96), making nest checks a potentially inexpensive and minimally disturbing estimator of foraging trip distance and changing food availability. The large difference in foraging distance between the species reflects the distribution of productivity in their foraging areas and shows that protecting the species requires conservation models that are effective on different spatial scales.","publication_date":"2007,,","publication_name":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"47365734"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Oceans apart: conservation models for two temperate penguin species shaped by the marine environment","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [19382519,51189494]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":47365734,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Oceans apart: conservation models for two temperate penguin species shaped by the marine environment”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/47365734/mini_magick20190207-24053-v8a79.png?1549532731" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Oceans apart: conservation models for two temperate penguin species shaped by the marine environment</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="19382519" href="https://upch.academia.edu/PatriciaMajluf"><img alt="Profile image of Patricia Majluf" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Patricia Majluf</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51189494" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GingerRebstock"><img alt="Profile image of Ginger Rebstock" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Ginger Rebstock</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2007, Marine Ecology Progress Series</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">9 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 27115399; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Oceanographic productivity patterns in the breeding areas of Magellanic penguins Spheniscus magellanicus in the Atlantic differ from those of Humboldt penguins S. humboldti in the Pacific. We used satellite telemetry to compare foraging trips between 2 Humboldt penguin females with chicks and 44 Magellanic penguin females with eggs or chicks. The Humboldt penguins took trips of short duration and distance, with fewer than 10% of locations >25 km from the colony. Magellanic penguins traveled longer and more variable distances. Only 24% of locations during chick rearing were within 25 km of the colony; all 8 incubation trips reached distances greater than 100 km. Among Magellanic penguins, foraging trip duration was significantly correlated with distance from the colony during all stages of the breeding season (incubation r 2 = 0.66; early chick r 2 = 0.75; late chick r 2 = 0.91). For each hour of trip duration, penguins ranged nearly 1 km farther from the colony. For the 2 Humboldt females, trip duration was correlated with maximum distance from the colony for one female but not the other, whose trip duration varied little. Trip duration for Magellanic penguins determined by nest checks was correlated with duration determined by satellite telemetry (r 2 = 0.96), making nest checks a potentially inexpensive and minimally disturbing estimator of foraging trip distance and changing food availability. The large difference in foraging distance between the species reflects the distribution of productivity in their foraging areas and shows that protecting the species requires conservation models that are effective on different spatial scales.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":47365734,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/27115399/Oceans_apart_conservation_models_for_two_temperate_penguin_species_shaped_by_the_marine_environment"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":47365734,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/27115399/Oceans_apart_conservation_models_for_two_temperate_penguin_species_shaped_by_the_marine_environment"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="47365734" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/27115399/Oceans_apart_conservation_models_for_two_temperate_penguin_species_shaped_by_the_marine_environment" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="109735456" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109735456/Variability_in_Foraging_Range_and_Direction_Among_Colonies_in_a_Widespread_Seabird_the_Magellanic_Penguin">Variability in Foraging Range and Direction Among Colonies in a Widespread Seabird, the Magellanic Penguin</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7754597" href="https://cenpat.academia.edu/PabloGarciaBorboroglu">Pablo Garcia Borboroglu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Most seabirds forage far from land, making them hard to observe when foraging. Satellite tracking of seabirds shows where they come into conflict with human uses of the ocean, and whether they use protected areas. Because tracking data are expensive, data from one colony and/or year are sometimes used to design marine protection for a species across its range. Two assumptions commonly made are that foraging distance increases with colony size and individuals are uniformly distributed around colonies. We tested these assumptions using Magellanic penguins Spheniscus magellanicus as an example. We used a large tracking dataset of 338 penguins foraging for chicks at 10 colonies in Argentina from 1996 to 2019. Foraging distance increased with population size among colonies, but predicted distances would not cover foraging areas for all colonies. There was no relationship between population size and foraging distance within colony among years for colonies with ten and 23 years of data. Penguins were not uniformly distributed around colonies. Penguins used~24% (12-40%) of the ocean available within the colony's maximum foraging distance. We also show that overlap between penguin foraging areas and marine protected areas (MPA) and hydrocarbon concessions varied among colonies partly because of variation in how far offshore penguins forage. Overlap with MPAs was low (0%-20%) for seven of the ten colonies and high (23%-100%) for the other three. Overlap with a large area permitted for hydrocarbon exploration (seismic surveys) was relatively high (23%-81%) for seven colonies where penguins forage offshore. Data from one colony are unlikely to indicate the most effective marine spatial planning for all colonies. Our data show that to be effective, marine planning should consider the temporal and spatial dynamics of ocean conditions and the response of marine wildlife to these changes. Climate variability is predicted to increase, making knowledge of foraginglocation variation among colonies and years critical to conservation planning.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Variability in Foraging Range and Direction Among Colonies in a Widespread Seabird, the Magellanic Penguin","attachmentId":107771504,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109735456/Variability_in_Foraging_Range_and_Direction_Among_Colonies_in_a_Widespread_Seabird_the_Magellanic_Penguin","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109735456/Variability_in_Foraging_Range_and_Direction_Among_Colonies_in_a_Widespread_Seabird_the_Magellanic_Penguin"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="109735464" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109735464/Conservation_of_migratory_Magellanic_penguins_requires_marine_zoning">Conservation of migratory Magellanic penguins requires marine zoning</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7754597" href="https://cenpat.academia.edu/PabloGarciaBorboroglu">Pablo Garcia Borboroglu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biological Conservation, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Conservation of migratory species requires an understanding of their migration path and pattern. We used band returns and satellite tracking to characterize the seasonal migration of Magellanic penguins breeding in southern Argentina, with the purpose of identifying an effective conservation approach for this species. Band returns show these penguins migrate annually to the coastal waters of northern Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil, an average one-way distance of approximately 2000 km, and a modal distance of 2300-2400 km. Satellite data indicate that the penguins follow a migration corridor within 250 km of shore. Mean migration distance varied among years. Juveniles migrated farther on average than older birds, although migration distance of different age classes overlapped substantially. Mortality rates during migration were higher among younger birds, and juvenile mortality rate during migration was inversely correlated with cohort survival, indicating that mortality during migration is an important determinant of population recruitment. A minimum of 13% of the migration-period mortality we recorded resulted from fisheries bycatch and oil pollution. Because of the penguin's mode of travel (swimming at or near the surface), the large spatial extent of its migration, and the intensity of human use of the area, effective conservation through conventional coastal marine reserves is unlikely. Marine zoning is an alternative that could provide the spatial scale and flexibility necessary to accommodate both penguin migration and human activities. As the waters traversed by Magellanic penguins are among the most threatened in Latin America, zoning for protection of this wide-ranging and charismatic species can also protect regional biodiversity.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Conservation of migratory Magellanic penguins requires marine zoning","attachmentId":107771549,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109735464/Conservation_of_migratory_Magellanic_penguins_requires_marine_zoning","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109735464/Conservation_of_migratory_Magellanic_penguins_requires_marine_zoning"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="114722735" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/114722735/Marine_protection_is_needed_for_Magellanic_penguins_in_Argentina_based_on_long_term_data">Marine protection is needed for Magellanic penguins in Argentina based on long-term data</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7754597" href="https://cenpat.academia.edu/PabloGarciaBorboroglu">Pablo Garcia Borboroglu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biological Conservation, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) are listed as near threatened by the IUCN. At their largest colony, Punta Tombo, Chubut, Argentina, active nests declined >30% over 30 years. Reproductive success is low, many penguins forage far from the colony, and starvation, the major cause of chick death, kills 39% of chicks on average each year. A 210-ha provincial reserve protects part of the breeding colony but there is no marine protected area (MPA) around Punta Tombo. An MPA protecting the foraging area of adults with small chicks could reduce chick starvation, increase reproductive success, and reduce adult mortality. The Province of Chubut wants an MPA to protect penguins at Punta Tombo but when and where would an MPA be most effective? We used our long-term dataset to determine that most chicks starve within 20-30 days after hatching (November and December). We used satellite tags to track penguins foraging for chicks <20 days of age in 1997-2001 and 2006-2009. Core foraging areas for penguins whose chicks did not starve (successful) and those whose chicks starved (unsuccessful) partially overlapped. Unsuccessful penguins, however, foraged farther from the colony (59 ± 27 km, N = 39 penguins, 115 trips) and had a larger core foraging area (554 km 2) than successful penguins (46 ± 19 km, N = 23 penguins, 78 trips, P = 0.002; 375 km 2). Unsuccessful parents took longer to return to feed their chicks, increasing chick starvation. There is a limited window of opportunity to secure protection through adequate management of a critical foraging area for penguins and the rich assemblage of other marine species using the same area. Increases in chick growth and survival would demonstrate the effectiveness of the MPA.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Marine protection is needed for Magellanic penguins in Argentina based on long-term data","attachmentId":111342354,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114722735/Marine_protection_is_needed_for_Magellanic_penguins_in_Argentina_based_on_long_term_data","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/114722735/Marine_protection_is_needed_for_Magellanic_penguins_in_Argentina_based_on_long_term_data"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="6222142" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6222142/CT_Harding_Masters_Thesis_Tracking_African_penguins_Spheniscus_demersus_outside_of_the_breeding_season_Regional_effects_and_fishing_pressure_during_the_pre_moult_period">CT Harding Masters Thesis - Tracking African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) outside of the breeding season: Regional effects and fishing pressure during the pre-moult period</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1971920" href="https://nmmu.academia.edu/LorienPichegru">Lorien Pichegru</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) have experienced a 60% population decline in the past 30 years due to an eastward shift in the relative abundance of their main food source, anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardinops sagax). This shift may be exacerbated by pressure from the small-pelagic fishery targeting these species. A lack of knowledge regarding foraging areas when not breeding has been identified as a deficiency in management planning for African penguins. Satellite transmitters were deployed on 20 adults during the pre-moult foraging period from colonies on the west coast (Dassen Island, n=10) and south coast (Bird Island, Algoa Bay, n=10) of South Africa. Kernel density analyses were produced using nightly locations to create foraging range maps, which were compared to catches made by the small-pelagic fishery during September-December 2012. Birds from the two colonies differed in their foraging strategies. Compared to penguins from Bird Island, those from Dassen Island spent more than six times the number of nights beyond the foraging range used during the breeding season (40 km from their colony). Birds from Dassen Island typically made long, looping trips more than 300 km away from the colony, and travelled further and at higher daily rates to foraging areas than individuals from Bird Island, feeding outside areas where fishing activity was highest. Kernel density analysis showed the foraging range of Dassen Island penguins was between Cape Columbine and the central Agulhas Bank. Individuals from Bird Island continued to central place forage, typically staying within 35 km of the colony. Penguins from Dassen Island that remained on the west coast had to compete with higher levels of fishing pressure than penguins from Bird Island. More than 70% of the fleet-wide, 2012 purse-seine catch occurred within the area where Dassen Island penguins spent 50% of their time. These colony-specific characteristics suggest that management plans for African penguins need to be regionally targeted and incorporate larger foraging ranges during the pre-moult period for birds from western colonies. The larger foraging ranges and effort demonstrated by birds from the west coast suggest that a combination of the low relative fish abundance and higher commercial fishing pressure may force pre-moulting birds to seek food sources farther from the colony, putting them at higher risk of not surviving the annual moult. This project requires more years of data to ensure these foraging patterns are representative, and to more accurately provide management suggestions directed to alleviate stress on African penguins for long-term protection of this endangered seabird.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"CT Harding Masters Thesis - Tracking African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) outside of the breeding season: Regional effects and fishing pressure during the pre-moult period","attachmentId":33090516,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6222142/CT_Harding_Masters_Thesis_Tracking_African_penguins_Spheniscus_demersus_outside_of_the_breeding_season_Regional_effects_and_fishing_pressure_during_the_pre_moult_period","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6222142/CT_Harding_Masters_Thesis_Tracking_African_penguins_Spheniscus_demersus_outside_of_the_breeding_season_Regional_effects_and_fishing_pressure_during_the_pre_moult_period"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="10653563" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10653563/Comparative_foraging_behaviour_of_sympatric_Humboldt_and_Magellanic_Penguins_reveals_species_specific_and_sex_specific_strategies">Comparative foraging behaviour of sympatric Humboldt and Magellanic Penguins reveals species-specific and sex-specific strategies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26026277" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KlemensP%C3%BCtz">Klemens Pütz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Emu, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">How closely related marine organisms mitigate competition for resources while foraging at sea is not well understood, particularly the relative importance of interspecific and intraspecific mitigation strategies. Using location and time-depth data, we investigated species-specific and sex-specific foraging areas and diving behaviour of the closely related Humboldt (Spheniscus humboldti) and Magellanic (S. magellanicus) Penguins breeding in sympatry at Islotes Puñihuil in southern Chile during the chick-rearing period. The average duration of foraging trips was <20 h and did not differ significantly between species or between sexes of each species. Magellanic Penguins made significantly deeper and longer dives than Humboldt Penguins. Males of both species made significantly longer dives than females. Total distance travelled per foraging trip was significantly greater for males than for females, and females made more direct trips (less sinuous) than males. Foraging effort was concentrated in waters up to 15 km to the west and south-west of the colony. The overlap in density contours was lower between species than between sexes within a species. In general, dive characteristics and foraging areas differed more between Magellanic and Humboldt Penguins than between the sexes of each species. In contrast to the findings of studies of flying seabirds, the foraging behaviour of these penguins differs more between species than between sexes.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Comparative foraging behaviour of sympatric Humboldt and Magellanic Penguins reveals species-specific and sex-specific strategies","attachmentId":47231446,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10653563/Comparative_foraging_behaviour_of_sympatric_Humboldt_and_Magellanic_Penguins_reveals_species_specific_and_sex_specific_strategies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10653563/Comparative_foraging_behaviour_of_sympatric_Humboldt_and_Magellanic_Penguins_reveals_species_specific_and_sex_specific_strategies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="85410960" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/85410960/Use_of_at_sea_distribution_data_to_derive_potential_foraging_ranges_of_macaroni_penguins_during_the_breeding_season">Use of at-sea distribution data to derive potential foraging ranges of macaroni penguins during the breeding season</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="110572637" href="https://independent.academia.edu/InigoandDianaEverson">Inigo and Diana Everson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Marine Ecology Progress Series, 1998</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Macaroni penguins are the main avian consumer of Antarctic krill in the vicinity of South Georgia. The largest breeding colonies occur on small offshore islands to the northwest of the main island. To delimit the foraging range of penguins from these colonies during the chick-rearing period, we used a series of ship-based survey transects to estimate their distribution and abundance. The survey transects were positioned so as to radiate from a point close to those islands with the largest colonies. Spatial and temporal variations within the data are examined. Penguins were mostly over the continental shelf in water less than 350 m depth and with more than 70% of birds at distances less than 40 km from the main breeding site. To model the observed distribution of penguins, a theoretical at-sea distribution is developed together with a 'potential foraging footprint'. The results are compared with those from previous models based solely on the use of foraging trip duration and at-sea activity budgets. The foraging 'footprint' is probably the best basis currently available for assessing the nature of interactions between macaroni penguins and the conlmercial fisheries for krill. KEY WORDS. Macaroni penguin. Foraging. At-sea. Colony counts. Eudyptes chrysolophus</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Use of at-sea distribution data to derive potential foraging ranges of macaroni penguins during the breeding season","attachmentId":90117256,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/85410960/Use_of_at_sea_distribution_data_to_derive_potential_foraging_ranges_of_macaroni_penguins_during_the_breeding_season","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/85410960/Use_of_at_sea_distribution_data_to_derive_potential_foraging_ranges_of_macaroni_penguins_during_the_breeding_season"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="115245882" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/115245882/Utilisation_of_the_oceanic_habitat_by_king_penguins_over_the_annual_cycle">Utilisation of the oceanic habitat by king penguins over the annual cycle</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32662654" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Jeanbeno%C3%AEtCharrassin">Jean-benoît Charrassin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2001</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The distribution and behaviour of foraging seabirds depend on the physical features of the ocean at different time and space scales, but little is known for penguins. We investigated the foraging behaviour of king penguins in relation to oceanographic features over the birds' complete annual cycle. A total of 44 birds was followed between 1994 and 1997 at the Crozet Islands to monitor foraging habitat, diving behaviour, and sea temperature of the water column, using satellitetracking and time-temperature-depth recorders (TDR) carried by the birds. The study included breeding in summer, the winter period of chick raising, and the post-moult period in spring. King penguins foraged in 2 specific regions in response to the seasonal changes in local prey availability. In summer, satellite-tracked birds during the incubating and brooding stages (n = 14) preferentially exploited the polar front located 340 to 450 km to the south of their breeding site. TDR-equipped birds (n = 12) also foraged at the polar front in summer as indicated by the vertical temperature profiles. In autumn and winter, satellite tracks (n = 8) and sea temperature measurements of TDRequipped birds (n = 8) showed that birds with crèching chicks instead foraged in antarctic waters, with 70% of individuals reaching the latitude of the pack-ice limit (1600 km from the colony). This suggests better prey availability than in the polar frontal zone at that time. When the birds were at the latitude of the polar front, the thickness of the surface mixed layer (SML) ranged from 80 m in summer to 140 m in winter, the SML temperature was ~4°C and the thermocline had a mean maximum gradient of-0.5°C for each 10 m depth. When the birds were at their most southerly position, the depth of the SML ranged from 100 m in autumn to ~150 m in winter, while its temperature ranged from-0.8 to 2°C. The temperature gradient of the thermocline showed an inversion in autumn, and this gradient was positive in winter (mean maximum gradient of 0.3°C for each 10 m depth). Except for spring birds (n = 4) and for 1 winter bird, where the SML exceeded the diving range, all TDRequipped penguins (n = 19) dived preferentially in and below the depth of the thermocline, thereby minimising diving in the SML. Therefore, their prey may have been predictably concentrated below the SML through oceanographic processes. In king penguins, the strategy of going south could then have evolved in relation to the thinning of the SML towards the south at any time of the year.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Utilisation of the oceanic habitat by king penguins over the annual cycle","attachmentId":111709337,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115245882/Utilisation_of_the_oceanic_habitat_by_king_penguins_over_the_annual_cycle","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/115245882/Utilisation_of_the_oceanic_habitat_by_king_penguins_over_the_annual_cycle"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="100544576" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/100544576/Post_moult_movements_of_sympatrically_breeding_Humboldt_and_Magellanic_Penguins_in_south_central_Chile">Post-moult movements of sympatrically breeding Humboldt and Magellanic Penguins in south-central Chile</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35393396" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlejandroSimeone">Alejandro Simeone</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Global Ecology and Conservation, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Ten Humboldt (Spheniscus humboldti) and eight Magellanic Penguins (S. magellanicus) were successfully equipped with satellite transmitters in March 2009 on Islotes Puñihuil in central south-Chile to follow their post-moult dispersal. Overall, Humboldt Penguins could be followed for a mean period of 49 ±18 days (range: 25-93) and Magellanic Penguins for 57 ±12 days (range 35-68). Irrespective of species and sex, seven study birds remained in the vicinity of their breeding ground throughout the transmission period. All other penguins moved northwards, either only a relatively short distance (max 400 km) to Isla Mocha at 38°S (n = 3) or further north beyond 35°S (n = 8). However, eight of these birds (73%) turned south again towards the end of the individual tracking periods. The total area used by both species during the tracking period was restricted to a coastal area stretching from the breeding site at 42°S about 1000 km to the north at about 32°S. The area used by Humboldt penguins overlapped by 95% the area used by Magellanic penguins, whereas the area used by the latter species was much larger and overlapped only by 45% with the area used by Humboldt penguins. Overall, our results indicate that Magellanic Penguins in the Pacific Ocean are probably less migratory than their conspecifics on the Atlantic side, while Humboldt Penguins appear to be more migratory than previously anticipated. In general, there was a poor relationship between preferred foraging areas and chlorophyll-a, as a proxy for primary productivity, indicating the limitations of using remote-sensed primary productivity as a proxy to interpret the foraging behaviour of marine predators. In addition, there was also no clear relationship between the preferred foraging areas and the amount of regional fish catches by artisanal fishery.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Post-moult movements of sympatrically breeding Humboldt and Magellanic Penguins in south-central Chile","attachmentId":101338577,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100544576/Post_moult_movements_of_sympatrically_breeding_Humboldt_and_Magellanic_Penguins_in_south_central_Chile","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/100544576/Post_moult_movements_of_sympatrically_breeding_Humboldt_and_Magellanic_Penguins_in_south_central_Chile"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="7595299" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7595299/Winter_migration_of_magellanic_penguins_Spheniscus_magellanicus_from_the_southernmost_distributional_range">Winter migration of magellanic penguins ( Spheniscus magellanicus ) from the southernmost distributional range</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13693757" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndreaRayaRey">Andrea Raya Rey</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Marine Biology, 2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A total of 22 magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) from Isla Martillo in the Beagle Channel, Argentina, were successfully satellite tracked in 2004 (n = 7), 2005 (n = 7) and 2006 (n = 8) to monitor their winter migration after moult. Only one magellanic penguin migrated northwards into the Pacific Ocean, whereas all others remained in the Atlantic Ocean. In general, these birds left the island in an easterly direction, rounded Cabo San Diego, the southeasterly tip of South America, and continued northwards occupying inshore waters mostly less than 50 km from the coast, only occasionally venturing further offshore. By the end of the transmission period, birds were still travelling northwards and the most northerly positions were obtained from birds located in the area of Peninsula Valdés, Argentina, at a latitude of around 42°S, some 1,500 km from their breeding site on Isla Martillo. The mean maximum distance to the breeding site was, however, only 624 ± 460 km. The mean minimum distance covered during the study period was 1,440 ± 685 km, which corresponded to a mean distance of 23.2 ± 6.6 km covered per day. The northbound migration of the penguins could be separated into periods of rapid movement, interspersed with periods during which the birds remained for some time in particular coastal regions. Areas with a high density of daily penguin positions were observed in three distinct areas: at the northeastern coast of Tierra del Fuego, at the southern entrance of Golfo San Jorge and to the northeast of the Peninsula Valdez. The observed migration pattern is presumably driven by the formation and subsequent dispersal of areas of enhanced productivity as the season progressed. Our findings also suggest that magellanic penguins are increasingly threatened by human activities in coastal areas as penguins migrate northwards.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Winter migration of magellanic penguins ( Spheniscus magellanicus ) from the southernmost distributional range","attachmentId":48405963,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7595299/Winter_migration_of_magellanic_penguins_Spheniscus_magellanicus_from_the_southernmost_distributional_range","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7595299/Winter_migration_of_magellanic_penguins_Spheniscus_magellanicus_from_the_southernmost_distributional_range"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="9238865" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9238865/The_Humboldt_penguin_Spheniscus_humboldti_a_migratory_bird">The Humboldt penguin Spheniscus humboldti : a migratory bird</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21192355" href="https://ucn.academia.edu/GuillermoLunaJorquera">Guillermo Luna-Jorquera</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Ornithology, 1997</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Humboldt penguin Spheniscus humboldti : a migratory bird","attachmentId":47844961,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9238865/The_Humboldt_penguin_Spheniscus_humboldti_a_migratory_bird","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9238865/The_Humboldt_penguin_Spheniscus_humboldti_a_migratory_bird"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":47365734,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":47365734,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_47365734" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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