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of the name </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geographic distribution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geographic distribution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Switzerland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Present status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_speakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_speakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Number of speakers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_speakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Linguistic structure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Linguistic_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Linguistic structure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Typology_and_syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typology_and_syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Typology and syntax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typology_and_syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Morphology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Orthography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Numerals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Word_comparisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_comparisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Word comparisons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_comparisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Dialects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialect_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialect_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Dialect examples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialect_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toponyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Toponyms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Toponyms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Toponyms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Toponyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Switzerland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 General and cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Franco-Provençal</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" > 74 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpitaans" title="Arpitaans – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Arpitaans" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankoprovenzalische_Sprache" title="Frankoprovenzalische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Frankoprovenzalische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%8D%92%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="አርፒታንኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አርፒታንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بروفنسالية فرنسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروفنسالية فرنسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_francoprovenzal" title="Idioma francoprovenzal – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma francoprovenzal" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpetan" title="Arpetan – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Arpetan" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoprovenzal" title="Francoprovenzal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Francoprovenzal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Франкаправансальская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Франкаправансальская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpitaneg" title="Arpitaneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arpitaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoproven%C3%A7al" title="Francoprovençal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Francoprovençal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Франс-провансаль чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Франс-провансаль чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franko-provens%C3%A1l%C5%A1tina" title="Franko-provensálština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Franko-provensálština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffranco-Brofensaleg" title="Ffranco-Brofensaleg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffranco-Brofensaleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankoprovenzalische_Sprache" title="Frankoprovenzalische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frankoprovenzalische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Γαλλοπροβηγκιανή γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαλλοπροβηγκιανή γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_franco-provenzal" title="Idioma franco-provenzal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma franco-provenzal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpitana_lingvo" title="Arpitana lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arpitana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankoproventzera" title="Frankoproventzera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frankoproventzera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زبان آرپیتان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان آرپیتان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Franco-Provençal" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoproven%C3%A7al" title="Francoprovençal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Francoprovençal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpitaanish" title="Arpitaanish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Arpitaanish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francoprovenzal" title="Lingua francoprovenzal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua francoprovenzal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%BD%94%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EB%B0%A9%EC%8A%A4%EC%96%B4" title="프랑코프로방스어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑코프로방스어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankoprovansalski_jezik" title="Frankoprovansalski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Frankoprovansalski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpitana_linguo" title="Arpitana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Arpitana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Franco-Provençal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpitanska" title="Arpitanska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Arpitanska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francoprovenzale" title="Lingua francoprovenzale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua francoprovenzale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95-%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פרנקו-פרובנסאלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנקו-פרובנסאלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D-%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ფრანკო-პროვანსული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრანკო-პროვანსული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpitanek" title="Arpitanek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Arpitanek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_arpetan" title="Lingaz arpetan – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz arpetan" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Arpitanica" title="Lingua Arpitanica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Arpitanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpit%C4%81%C5%86u_valoda" title="Arpitāņu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arpitāņu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankoprovansal%C5%B3_tarm%C4%97" title="Frankoprovansalų tarmė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Frankoprovansalų tarmė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_franco-provens%C3%A2" title="Lengua franco-provensâ – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua franco-provensâ" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_arpitana" title="Lengua arpitana – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua arpitana" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankoprovansz%C3%A1l_nyelv" title="Frankoprovanszál nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Frankoprovanszál nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D-%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ფრანკო-პროვანსული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფრანკო-პროვანსული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="بروفنساليه فرنسيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بروفنساليه فرنسيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arpitan" title="Bahasa Arpitan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Arpitan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoproven%C3%A7aals" title="Francoprovençaals – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Francoprovençaals" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%94%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="アルピタン語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルピタン語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_franco-pruvenzala" title="Lenga franco-pruvenzala – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lenga franco-pruvenzala" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankoprowensaals" title="Frankoprowensaals – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Frankoprowensaals" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankoproven%C3%A7alsk" title="Frankoprovençalsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frankoprovençalsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romand" title="Romand – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Romand" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoproven%C3%A7al" title="Francoprovençal – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Francoprovençal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aapiitan" title="Aapiitan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aapiitan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpitan" title="Arpitan – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Arpitan" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_franch-provensal" title="Lenga franch-provensal – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga franch-provensal" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_franko-prowansalski" title="Język franko-prowansalski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język franko-prowansalski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_franco-proven%C3%A7al" title="Língua franco-provençal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua franco-provençal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_francoprovensal%C4%83" title="Limba francoprovensală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba francoprovensală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Франкопровансальский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франкопровансальский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%BC%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱳᱼᱯᱨᱳᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥᱟᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱳᱼᱯᱨᱳᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥᱟᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_leid" title="Franco-Provençal leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Franco-Provençal leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpitanisht" title="Arpitanisht – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arpitanisht" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpitanu" title="Arpitanu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Arpitanu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Franco-Provençal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpitan%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Arpitanščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arpitanščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpitaani" title="Arpitaani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arpitaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankoprovensalska" title="Frankoprovensalska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frankoprovensalska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="அருபித மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அருபித மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="ภาษาอาร์เปอตัง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอาร์เปอตัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpitanca" title="Arpitanca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arpitanca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Франко-провансальська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Франко-провансальська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_arpitana" title="Łéngua arpitana – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua arpitana" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Tiếng Franco-Provençal – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Franco-Provençal" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoprovin%C3%A7%C3%A5" title="Francoprovinçå – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Francoprovinçå" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B-%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E6%97%BA%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="法兰克-普罗旺斯语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="法兰克-普罗旺斯语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B-%E6%99%AE%E7%BE%85%E6%97%BA%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87" title="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B-%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E6%97%BA%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="法兰克-普罗旺斯语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法兰克-普罗旺斯语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Gallo-Romance language spoken in France, Italy and Switzerland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Romand" redirects here. For the Swiss Romand people, see <a href="/wiki/Romands" title="Romands">Romands</a>. For Swiss Romand region, see <a href="/wiki/Romandy" title="Romandy">Romandy</a>. For the variety of French used in said region, see <a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss French</a>. 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color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Franco-Provençal</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Arpitan</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">patouès, gaga, arpetan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[patwe]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[ɡaga]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[arpetã]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Italy, France and Switzerland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Bourgogne-Franche-Comté">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savoie" title="Savoie">Savoie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bresse" title="Bresse">Bresse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bugey" title="Bugey">Bugey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dombes" title="Dombes">Dombes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaujolais_(province)" title="Beaujolais (province)">Beaujolais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Dauphiné">Dauphiné</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyonnais" title="Lyonnais">Lyonnais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forez" title="Forez">Forez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romandie" class="mw-redirect" title="Romandie">Romandie</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">157,000 (2013)<a href="#cite_note-e18-1">[1]</a> 80,000 in France, 70,000 in Italy and 7,000 in Switzerland<a href="#cite_note-Arpitan-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Gallo-Iberian?<a href="#cite_note-glottoOil-3">[3]</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Gallo-Rhaetian?<a href="#cite_note-glottoOil-3">[3]</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Arpitan–<a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Oïl</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Franco-Provençal</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Gallo-Romance">Old Gallo-Romance</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Dauphinois</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a></li> <li>Jurassien</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forezien_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forezien dialect">Forezien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li> <li>Vaudois</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;">France <ul><li>Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</li> <li>Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</li></ul> Italy <ul><li>Aosta Valley (protected by statute)<a href="#cite_note-parl-4">[4]</a></li></ul> Switzerland <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Switzerland">see below</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/frp" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:frp">frp</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/fran1269">fran1269</a></code>  Francoprovencalic <code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/fran1260">fran1260</a></code>  Arpitan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3395">Francoprovençal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">51-AAA-j<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:FRP-Map4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/FRP-Map4.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="290" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">Map of the Franco-Provençal language area:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-top:0.5em"> <ul><li>Dark blue: official.</li> <li>Medium blue: general regions.</li> <li>Light blue: historical transition zone.</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Franco-Provençal (also Francoprovençal, Patois or Arpitan)<a href="#cite_note-Arpitan-2">[2]</a> is a language within the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a> family, originally spoken in east-central <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. Franco-Provençal has several distinct <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> and is separate from but closely related to neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> dialects (the <a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">langues d'oïl</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">langues d'oc</a>, in France, as well as <a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a> in Switzerland and Italy).<a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a> Even with all its distinct dialects counted together, the number of Franco-Provençal speakers has been declining significantly and steadily.<a href="#cite_note-Switzerland-7">[6]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, Franco-Provençal was already in 1995 a "potentially endangered language" in Italy and an "<a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered language</a>" in Switzerland and France. <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> classifies it as "nearly extinct".<a href="#cite_note-Arpitan-2">[2]</a> The designation Franco-Provençal (Franco-Provençal: francoprovençâl; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: francoprovençal; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: francoprovenzale) dates to the 19th century. In the late 20th century, it was proposed that the language be referred to under the neologism Arpitan (Franco-Provençal: arpetan; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: arpitano), and its <a href="/wiki/Areal_feature" title="Areal feature">areal</a> as <a href="/wiki/Arpitania" title="Arpitania">Arpitania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> The use of both neologisms remains very limited, with most academics using the traditional form (often written without the hyphen: Francoprovençal), while language speakers refer to it almost exclusively as patois or under the names of its distinct dialects (Savoyard, Lyonnais, Gaga in <a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a>, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Formerly spoken throughout the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a>, Franco-Provençal is nowadays (as of 2016) spoken mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> as a native language by all age ranges.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> All remaining areas of the Franco-Provençal language region show practice limited to higher age ranges, except for <a href="/wiki/Evol%C3%A8ne" title="Evolène">Evolène</a> and other rural areas of <a href="/wiki/Romandy" title="Romandy">French-speaking Switzerland</a>. It is also spoken in the Alpine valleys around <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Turin" title="Metropolitan City of Turin">Turin</a> and in two isolated towns (<a href="/wiki/Faeto" title="Faeto">Faeto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celle_di_San_Vito" title="Celle di San Vito">Celle di San Vito</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> In France, it is one of the three <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance language families</a> of the country (alongside the <a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">langues d'oïl</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">langues d'oc</a>). Though it is a <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">regional language of France</a>, its use in the country is marginal. Still, organizations are attempting to preserve it through cultural events, education, scholarly research, and publishing. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> Although the name Franco-Provençal suggests it is a bridge dialect between French and the <a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> dialect of <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, it is a separate Gallo-Romance language that transitions into the <a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Oïl languages</a> <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a> to the northwest, into <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> to the east, into the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a> <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piemontese</a> to the southeast, and finally into the <a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> dialect of <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> to the southwest. The <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philological</a> classification for Franco-Provençal published by the <a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere Observatory</a> (Dalby, 1999/2000, p. 402) follows: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent">Indo-European phylosector → Romanic phylozone → Italiano+Româneasca (Romance) set → Italiano+Româneasca chain → Romance-West net → Lyonnais+Valdôtain (Franco-Provençal) reference name. The Linguasphere Observatory language code for Franco-Provençal is 51-AAA-j</div> A philological classification for Franco-Provençal published by Ruhlen (1987, pp. 325–326) is as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">Indo-Hittite → Indo-European → Italic → Latino-Faliscan → Romance → Continental → Western → Gallo-Iberian-Romance → Gallo-Romance → North → Franco-Provençal.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Franco-Provençal emerged as a <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a> variety of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. The linguistic <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">region</a> comprises east-central France, western portions of Switzerland, and the <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> of Italy with the adjacent alpine valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>. This area covers territories once occupied by pre-Roman <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Allobroges" title="Allobroges">Allobroges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sequani" title="Sequani">Sequani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceutrones" title="Ceutrones">Ceutrones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salassi" title="Salassi">Salassi</a>. By the fifth century, the region was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federico_Krutwig" title="Federico Krutwig">Federico Krutwig</a> has also suggested a <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substrate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Toponyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponyms">toponyms</a> of the easternmost <a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain dialect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Franco-Provençal is first attested in manuscripts from the 12th century, possibly diverging from the <a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">langues d'oïl</a> as early as the eighth–ninth centuries (Bec, 1971). However, Franco-Provençal is consistently typified by a strict, myopic comparison to French, and so is characterized as "conservative". Thus, commentators such as Désormaux consider "medieval" the terms for many nouns and verbs, including pâta "rag", bayâ "to give", moussâ "to lie down", all of which are conservative only relative to French. As an example, Désormaux, writing on this point in the foreword of his <a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard dialect</a> dictionary, states: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The antiquated character of the Savoyard patois is striking. One can note it not only in phonetics and morphology, but also in the vocabulary, where one finds numerous words and directions that clearly disappeared from French.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></blockquote> Franco-Provençal failed to garner the cultural prestige of its three more widely spoken neighbors: French, Occitan, and Italian. Communities where speakers lived were generally isolated from each other because of the mountains. In addition, the internal boundaries of the entire speech area were divided by wars and religious conflicts. France, Switzerland, the <a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Monarchy</a>), and the duchy, later kingdom, ruled by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a> politically divided the region. The strongest possibility for any dialect of Franco-Provençal to establish itself as a major language died when an <a href="/wiki/Edict" title="Edict">edict</a>, dated 6 January 1539, was confirmed in the parliament of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a> on 4 March 1540 (the duchy was partially occupied by France since 1538). The edict explicitly replaced Latin (and by implication, any other language) with French as the language of law and the courts (Grillet, 1807, p. 65). The name Franco-Provençal (franco-provenzale) is due to <a href="/wiki/Graziadio_Isaia_Ascoli" title="Graziadio Isaia Ascoli">Graziadio Isaia Ascoli</a> (1878), chosen because the dialect group was seen as intermediate between <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a>. Franco-Provençal dialects were widely spoken in their speech areas until the 20th century. As French political power expanded and the "single-national-language" doctrine was spread through French-only education, Franco-Provençal speakers abandoned their language, which had numerous spoken variations and no standard <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>, in favor of the culturally prestigious French. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_name">Origin of the name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin of the name">edit</a>]</div> Franco-Provençal is an extremely fragmented language, with scores of highly peculiar local variations that never merged over time. The range of dialect diversity is far greater than that found in the langue d'oïl and Occitan regions. Comprehension of one dialect by speakers of another is often difficult. Nowhere is it spoken in a "pure form" and there is not a "standard reference language" that the modern generic label used to identify the language may indicate. This explains why speakers use local terms to name it, such as Bressan, Forèzien, or Valdôtain, or simply patouès ("patois"). Only in recent years have speakers who are not specialists in linguistics become conscious of the language's collective identity. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ascoli.jpg/125px-Ascoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ascoli.jpg/188px-Ascoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Ascoli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Graziadio_Isaia_Ascoli" title="Graziadio Isaia Ascoli">Graziadio Isaia Ascoli</a></figcaption></figure> The language region was first recognized in the 19th century during advances in research into the nature and structure of human speech. <a href="/wiki/Graziadio_Isaia_Ascoli" title="Graziadio Isaia Ascoli">Graziadio Isaia Ascoli</a> (1829–1907), a pioneering <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguist</a>, analyzed the unique <a href="/wiki/Phonetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic">phonetic</a> and structural characteristics of numerous spoken <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>. In an article written about 1873 and published later, he offered a solution to existing disagreements about dialect frontiers and proposed a new linguistic region. He placed it between the <a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">langues d'oïl</a> group of languages (Franco) and the <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">langues d'oc</a> group (Provençal) and gave Franco-Provençal its name. Ascoli (1878, p. 61) described the language in these terms in his defining essay on the subject: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Chiamo franco-provenzale un tipo idiomatico, il quale insieme riunisce, con alcuni caratteri specifici, più altri caratteri, che parte son comuni al francese, parte lo sono al provenzale, e non proviene già da una confluenza di elementi diversi, ma bensì attesta sua propria indipendenza istorica, non guari dissimili da quella per cui fra di loro si distinguono gli altri principali tipi neo-latini. I call Franco-Provençal a type of language that brings together, along with some characteristics which are its own, characteristics partly in common with French, and partly in common with Provençal, and are not caused by a late confluence of diverse elements, but on the contrary, attests to its own historical independence, little different from those by which the principal neo-Latin [Romance] languages distinguish themselves from one another.</blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parla-Gaga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Parla-Gaga.jpg/150px-Parla-Gaga.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Parla-Gaga.jpg/225px-Parla-Gaga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Parla-Gaga.jpg/300px-Parla-Gaga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Title page of a Franco-Provençal dictionary from Saint-Étienne, France (1896): "The Key to the Gaga Dialect".</figcaption></figure> Although the name Franco-Provençal appears misleading, it continues to be used in most scholarly journals for the sake of continuity. Suppression of the hyphen between the two parts of the language name in French (francoprovençal) was generally adopted following a conference at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="University of Neuchâtel">University of Neuchâtel</a> in 1969;<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> however, most English-language journals continue to use the traditional spelling. The name Romand has been in use regionally in Switzerland at least since 1424, when notaries in <a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a> were directed to write their minutes in both <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and Rommant. It continues to appear in the names of many Swiss cultural organizations today. The term "Romand" is also used by some professional linguists who feel that the compound word "Franco-Provençal" is "inappropriate".<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> A proposal in the 1960s to call the language Burgundian (French: "burgondien") did not take hold, mainly because of the potential for confusion with an <a href="/wiki/O%C3%AFl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oïl language">Oïl language</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a>, which is spoken in a neighbouring area, known in English as <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Bourgogne). Other areas also had historical or political claims to such names, especially (Meune, 2007). Some contemporary speakers and writers prefer the name Arpitan because it underscores the independence of the language and does not imply a union to any other established linguistic group. "Arpitan" is derived from an indigenous word meaning "alpine" ("mountain highlands").<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> It was popularized in the 1980s by Mouvement <a href="/wiki/Harpitanya" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpitanya">Harpitanya</a>, a political organization in the <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> In the 1990s, the term lost its particular political context.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> The Aliance Culturèla Arpitana (Arpitan Cultural Alliance) is advancing the cause for the name "Arpitan" through the Internet, publishing efforts, and other activities. The organization was founded in 2004 by Stéphanie Lathion and Alban Lavy in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, Switzerland, and is now based in Fribourg.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> In 2010 <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL International">SIL</a> adopted the name "Arpitan" as the primary name of the language in <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a>, with "Francoprovençal" as an additional name form.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Native speakers call this language patouès (patois) or nosta moda ("our way [of speaking]"). Some Savoyard speakers call their language sarde. This is a colloquial term used because their ancestors were subjects of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> ruled by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a> until <a href="/wiki/Savoie" title="Savoie">Savoie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haute-Savoie" title="Haute-Savoie">Haute-Savoie</a> were annexed by France in 1860. The language is called gaga in France's <a href="/wiki/Forez" title="Forez">Forez</a> region and appears in the titles of dictionaries and other regional publications. Gaga (and the adjective gagasse) comes from a local name for the residents of <a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a>, popularized by Auguste Callet's story "La légende des Gagats" published in 1866. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francoprovencal-Geo-Map-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Francoprovencal-Geo-Map-1.jpg/400px-Francoprovencal-Geo-Map-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Francoprovencal-Geo-Map-1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>Language area map with standard place names and modern political divisions.</figcaption></figure> The historical linguistic domain of the Franco-Provençal language<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> are: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> (place name in <a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain patois</a>: Val d'Outa; in Italian: Valle d'Aosta; in French: Vallée d'Aoste); excepting the <a href="/wiki/Walser" class="mw-redirect" title="Walser">Walser</a>-speaking valley, the villages of <a href="/wiki/Gressoney-Saint-Jean" title="Gressoney-Saint-Jean">Gressoney-Saint-Jean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gressoney-La-Trinit%C3%A9" title="Gressoney-La-Trinité">Gressoney-La-Trinité</a> and <a href="/wiki/Issime" title="Issime">Issime</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lys_(torrente)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lys (torrente)">Lys valley</a>).</li> <li>the alpine heights of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Turin" title="Metropolitan City of Turin">Metropolitan City of Turin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> basin which includes the following 43 communities: <a href="/wiki/Ala_di_Stura" title="Ala di Stura">Ala di Stura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpette" title="Alpette">Alpette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balme" title="Balme">Balme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantoira" title="Cantoira">Cantoira</a> (Cantoire), <a href="/wiki/Carema" title="Carema">Carema</a> (Carême), <a href="/wiki/Castagnole_Piemonte" title="Castagnole Piemonte">Castagnole Piemonte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceres,_Piedmont" title="Ceres, Piedmont">Ceres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceresole_Reale" title="Ceresole Reale">Ceresole Reale</a> (Cérisoles), <a href="/wiki/Chialamberto" title="Chialamberto">Chialamberto</a> (Chalambert), <a href="/wiki/Chianocco" title="Chianocco">Chianocco</a> (Chanoux), <a href="/wiki/Coassolo_Torinese" title="Coassolo Torinese">Coassolo Torinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coazze" title="Coazze">Coazze</a> (Couasse), <a href="/wiki/Condove" title="Condove">Condove</a> (Condoue), <a href="/wiki/Corio,_Piedmont" title="Corio, Piedmont">Corio</a> (Corio), <a href="/wiki/Frassinetto" title="Frassinetto">Frassinetto</a> (Frasinei), <a href="/wiki/Germagnano" title="Germagnano">Germagnano</a> (Saint-Germain), <a href="/wiki/Giaglione" title="Giaglione">Giaglione</a> (Jaillons), <a href="/wiki/Giaveno" title="Giaveno">Giaveno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravere" title="Gravere">Gravere</a> (Gravière), <a href="/wiki/Groscavallo" title="Groscavallo">Groscavallo</a> (Groscaval), <a href="/wiki/Ingria,_Piedmont" title="Ingria, Piedmont">Ingria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanzo_Torinese" title="Lanzo Torinese">Lanzo Torinese</a> (Lans), <a href="/wiki/Lemie" title="Lemie">Lemie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locana" title="Locana">Locana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mattie,_Piedmont" title="Mattie, Piedmont">Mattie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meana_di_Susa" title="Meana di Susa">Meana di Susa</a> (Méan), <a href="/wiki/Mezzenile" title="Mezzenile">Mezzenile</a> (Mesnil), <a href="/wiki/Monastero_di_Lanzo" title="Monastero di Lanzo">Monastero di Lanzo</a> (Moutier), <a href="/wiki/Noasca" title="Noasca">Noasca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novalesa" title="Novalesa">Novalesa</a> (Novalaise), <a href="/wiki/Pessinetto" title="Pessinetto">Pessinetto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pont-Canavese" title="Pont-Canavese">Pont-Canavese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ribordone" title="Ribordone">Ribordone</a> (Ribardon), <a href="/wiki/Ronco_Canavese" title="Ronco Canavese">Ronco Canavese</a> (Ronc), <a href="/wiki/Rubiana" title="Rubiana">Rubiana</a> (Rubiane), <a href="/wiki/Sparone" title="Sparone">Sparone</a> (Esparon), <a href="/wiki/Susa,_Piedmont" title="Susa, Piedmont">Susa</a> (Suse), <a href="/wiki/Traves,_Piedmont" title="Traves, Piedmont">Traves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usseglio" title="Usseglio">Usseglio</a> (Ussel), <a href="/wiki/Valgioie" title="Valgioie">Valgioie</a> (Valjoie), <a href="/wiki/Valprato_Soana" title="Valprato Soana">Valprato Soana</a> (Valpré), <a href="/wiki/Venaus" title="Venaus">Venaus</a> (Vénaux), <a href="/wiki/Vi%C3%B9" title="Viù">Viù</a> (Vieu). Note: The southernmost valleys of Piedmont speak <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>.</li> <li>two enclaves in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Foggia" title="Province of Foggia">Province of Foggia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> region in the southern <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennine Mountains</a>: the villages of <a href="/wiki/Faeto" title="Faeto">Faeto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celle_di_San_Vito" title="Celle di San Vito">Celle di San Vito</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>the major part of <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Rhône-Alpes">Rhône-Alpes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a> regions, which includes the following <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Département in France">départements</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jura_(d%C3%A9partement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jura (département)">Jura</a> (southern two-thirds), <a href="/wiki/Doubs" title="Doubs">Doubs</a> (southern third), <a href="/wiki/Haute-Savoie" title="Haute-Savoie">Haute-Savoie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savoie" title="Savoie">Savoie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Is%C3%A8re" title="Isère">Isère</a> (except the southern edge which traditionally spoke <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">occitan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_(d%C3%A9partement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhône (département)">Rhône</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B4me" title="Drôme">Drôme</a> (extreme north), <a href="/wiki/Ard%C3%A8che" title="Ardèche">Ardèche</a> (extreme north), <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ain" title="Ain">Ain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire" title="Saône-et-Loire">Saône-et-Loire</a> (southern edge).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Switzerland">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>most of the officially French-speaking <a href="/wiki/Romandie" class="mw-redirect" title="Romandie">Romandie</a> (Suisse-Romande) part of the country, including the following <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Geneva</a> (Genève/Genf), <a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">Vaud</a>, the lower part of <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a> (Wallis), <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">Fribourg</a> (Freiburg), and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>. Note: the remaining parts of Romandie, namely <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">Jura</a>, and the northern valleys of the canton <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">Bern</a> linguistically belong to the <a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">langues d'oïl</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_status">Present status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Present status">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> is the only region of the Franco-Provençal area where this language is still widely spoken as native by all age ranges of the population. Since 1948 several events have combined to stabilize the language (<a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain dialect</a>) in this region. The constitution of Italy was amended<a href="#cite_note-:0-23">[22]</a> to change the status of the former province to an autonomous region. This gives the Aosta Valley special powers to make its own decisions about certain matters. This resulted in growth in the region's economy and the population increased from 1951 to 1991, improving long-term prospects. Residents were encouraged to stay in the region and they worked to continue long-held traditions. The language was explicitly protected by a 1991 Italian presidential decree<a href="#cite_note-:1-24">[23]</a> and a national law passed in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-:2-25">[24]</a> Further, a regional law<a href="#cite_note-:3-26">[25]</a> passed by the government in Aosta requires educators to promote knowledge of Franco-Provençal language and culture in the school curriculum. Several cultural groups, libraries, and theatre companies are fostering a sense of ethnic pride with their active use of the Valdôtain dialect as well (EUROPA, 2005). Paradoxically, the same federal laws do not grant the language the same protection in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Turin" title="Province of Turin">Province of Turin</a> because there Franco-Provençal speakers make up less than 15% of the population. Lack of jobs has resulted in their migration from the Piedmont's alpine valleys, and contributed to the language's decline. Switzerland does not recognize Romand (not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>) as one of its <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland#Languages" title="Languages of Switzerland">official languages</a>. Speakers live in western <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a> where <a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss French</a> predominates; they converse in the dialects mainly as a second language. The use in agrarian daily life is rapidly disappearing. However, in a few isolated places the decline is considerably less steep. This is most notably the case for the <a href="/wiki/Evol%C3%A8ne" title="Evolène">Evolène</a> dialect.<a href="#cite_note-:4-27">[26]</a> Franco-Provençal has had a precipitous decline in France. The official language of the French Republic has been designated as French (article 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">Constitution of France</a>). The French government officially recognizes Franco-Provençal as one of the "<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">languages of France</a>",<a href="#cite_note-:5-28">[27]</a> but its constitution bars it from ratifying the 1992 <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> (ECRML) that would guarantee certain rights to Franco-Provencal. This language has almost no political support in France and it is associated with generally low social status. This situation affects most regional languages that comprise the linguistic wealth of France. Speakers of regional languages are aging and live in mostly rural areas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_of_speakers">Number of speakers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Number of speakers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fete_internationale_de_l%27arpitan_francoprovencal_saint-etienne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Fete_internationale_de_l%27arpitan_francoprovencal_saint-etienne.jpg/300px-Fete_internationale_de_l%27arpitan_francoprovencal_saint-etienne.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Fete_internationale_de_l%27arpitan_francoprovencal_saint-etienne.jpg/450px-Fete_internationale_de_l%27arpitan_francoprovencal_saint-etienne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Fete_internationale_de_l%27arpitan_francoprovencal_saint-etienne.jpg/600px-Fete_internationale_de_l%27arpitan_francoprovencal_saint-etienne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Conference hall at the 37th Fête internationale de l'arpitan, Saint-Etienne (France), 2016.</figcaption></figure> Franco-Provençal is currently most spoken in Aosta Valley, with <a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valdôtain">Valdôtain</a> having the greatest population of active daily speakers. A 2001 survey of 7,250 people by the Fondation Émile Chanoux revealed that 15% of all Aosta Valley residents claimed Franco-Provençal as their mother tongue, a substantial reduction to the figures reported on the Italian census 20 years earlier (and used in the 2001 European Commission report).<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> At the time, 55.77% of residents said they knew Franco-provençal and 50.53% said they knew French, Franco-provençal and Italian.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> This opened a discussion about the concept of mother tongue when concerning a dialect. The Aosta Valley was confirmed as the only area where Franco-provençal is actively spoken in the early 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> A report published by <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Laval University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> which analyzed this data, reports that it is "probable" that the language will be "on the road to extinction" in this region in ten years. In 2005, the European Commission wrote that an approximate 68,000 people spoke the language in the <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> region of Italy, according to reports compiled after the 2003 linguistic survey conducted by the Fondation Chanoux.<a href="#cite_note-fondchanoux.org-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-34">[33]</a> In 2010, anthropologist and ethnologist Christiane Dunoyer proposed a much more conservative estimate of speakers in Aosta Valley at 40,000, with 20,000 using the language on a daily basis.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> In 2018, other linguistic academics estimated the number of speakers of Franco-provençal in Aosta Valley to be between 21,000 and 70,000, depending on whether one would choose the number of speakers designating Franco-provençal as their native language, or whether one included all those declaring they knew the language, irrespective of native language considerations.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> That same year, academic Riccardo Regis calculated that there were 50,000 Franco-provençal speakers in Aosta Valley.<a href="#cite_note-:7-37">[36]</a> The 2009 edition of ethnologue.com<a href="#cite_note-Arpitan-2">[2]</a> (Lewis, 2009) reported that there were 70,000 Franco-Provençal speakers in Italy. However, these figures are derived from the 1971 census. Outside of Aosta Valley, the alpine valleys of the adjacent province of Turin were estimated to be the home of another 22,000 speakers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Regis estimated the number of speakers in Piedmont in 2019 to be around 15,000.<a href="#cite_note-:7-37">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Faetar" class="mw-redirect" title="Faetar">Faetar</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cigli%C3%A0je&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cigliàje (page does not exist)">Cigliàje</a> dialect was thought to be spoken by 1,400 people in an isolated pocket of the province of <a href="/wiki/Foggia" title="Foggia">Foggia</a>, in the southern Italian <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-:6-34">[33]</a> Beginning in 1951, strong emigration from the town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celle_Di_San_Vito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celle Di San Vito (page does not exist)">Celle Di San Vito</a> to Canada established the Cigliàje variety of this dialect in <a href="/wiki/Brantford" title="Brantford">Brantford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. At its peak, the language was used daily by several hundred people. As of 2012 this community has dwindled to fewer than 50 daily speakers across three generations. In rural areas of the cantons of Valais and Fribourg in Switzerland, various dialects are spoken as a second language by about 7,000 residents (figures for Switzerland: Lewis, 2009). In the other cantons of Romandie where Franco-Provençal dialects used to be spoken, they are now all but extinct. Until the mid-19th century, Franco-Provençal dialects were the most widely spoken language in their domain in France. Today, regional vernaculars are limited to a small number of speakers in secluded towns. A 2002 report by the INED (Institut national d'études démographiques) states that the language loss by generation was 90%, made up of: "the proportion of fathers who did not usually speak to their 5-year-old children in the language that their own father usually spoke in to them at the same age". This was a greater loss than undergone by any other language in France, a loss called "critical". The report estimated that fewer than 15,000 speakers in France were handing down some knowledge of Franco-Provençal to their children (figures for France: Héran, Filhon, & Deprez, 2002; figure 1, 1-C, p. 2). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_structure">Linguistic structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Linguistic structure">edit</a>]</div> Note: The overview in this section follows Martin (2005), with all Franco-Provençal examples written in accordance with Orthographe de référence B (see "Orthography" section, below). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typology_and_syntax">Typology and syntax</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Typology and syntax">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Franco-Provençal is a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">synthetic language</a>, as are <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>. Most verbs have different endings for person, number, and tenses, making the use of the pronoun optional; thus, two grammatical functions are bound together. However, the second-person singular verb form regularly requires an appropriate pronoun for distinction.</li> <li>The standard word order for Franco-Provençal is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> (SVO) form in a declarative <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a>, for example: Vos côsâds anglès. ("You speak English."), except when the object is a pronoun, in which case the word order is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a> (SOV). <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">verb–subject–object</a> (VSO) form is standard word order for an interrogative sentence, for example: Côsâds-vos anglès ? ("Do you speak English?")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Morphology">edit</a>]</div> Franco-Provençal has <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> similar to that of other Romance languages. <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">Articles</a> have three forms: definite, indefinite, and partitive. Plural definite articles <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agree</a> in gender with the noun to which they refer, unlike French. Partitive articles are used with <a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">mass nouns</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#f9f9f9;"> <th style="width:92px;">Articles: </th> <th style="width:92px;">Masculine Definite </th> <th style="width:92px;">Feminine Definite </th> <th style="width:92px;">Masculine Indefinite </th> <th style="width:92px;">Feminine Indefinite </th></tr> <tr> <td>Singular</td> <td>lo</td> <td>la</td> <td>on</td> <td>na </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plural</td> <td>los</td> <td>les</td> <td>des / de</td> <td>des / de </td></tr></tbody></table> Articles precede women's <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given names</a> during <a href="/wiki/Conversation" title="Conversation">conversation</a>: la Foëse (Françoise/Frances), la Mya (Marie), la Jeânna (Jeanne/Jane), la Peronne (Pierrette), la Mauriza (Mauricette/Maurisa), la Daude (Claude/Claudia), la Génie (Eugénie/Eugenia); however, articles never precede men's names: Fanfoué (François), Dian (Jean/John), Guste (Auguste), Zèbe (Eusèbe/Eusebius), Ouiss (Louis), Mile (Émile).</li><li><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Nouns</a> are <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> by number and gender. Inflection by <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">grammatical number</a> (singular and plural) is clearly distinguished in feminine nouns, but not masculine nouns, where pronunciation is generally identical for those words ending with a vowel. To assist comprehension of written words, modern orthographers of the language have added an "s" to most plural nouns that is not reflected in speech. For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">codo (masculine singular): [ˈkodo] [ˈkodu] [ˈkodə],</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">codos (masculine plural): [ˈkodo] [ˈkodu] [ˈkodə] (in Italy, codo is occasionally used for both singular and plural).</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">pôrta (feminine singular): [ˈpɔrtɑ] [ˈpurtɑ],</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">pôrtas (feminine plural): [ˈpɔrte] [ˈpurte] [ˈpɔrtɛ] [ˈpurtɛ] [ˈpɔrtɑ] [ˈpurtɑ] (in Italy, pôrte is occasionally seen).</div> In general, inflection by <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a> (masculine and feminine) is the same as for French nouns; however, there are many exceptions. A few examples follow: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#f9f9f9;"> <th style="width:225px;">Franco-Provençal </th> <th style="width:115px;">Occitan (Provençal) </th> <th style="width:115px;">French </th> <th style="width:115px;">Piedmontese </th> <th style="width:115px;">Italian </th> <th style="width:115px;">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>la sal (fem.)</td> <td>la sau (fem.)</td> <td>le sel (masc.)</td> <td>la sal (fem.)</td> <td>il sale (masc.)</td> <td>the salt </td></tr> <tr> <td>l'ôvra (fem.), la besogne (fem.)</td> <td>l'òbra (fem.), lo trabalh (masc.) </td> <td>l'œuvre (fem.), la besogne (fem.), le travail (masc.), le labeur (masc.) </td> <td>ël travaj (masc.)</td> <td>il lavoro (masc.)</td> <td>the work </td></tr> <tr> <td>l'ongla (fem.)</td> <td>l'ongla (fem.)</td> <td>l'ongle (masc.)</td> <td>l'ongia (fem.)</td> <td>l'unghia (fem.)</td> <td>the fingernail </td></tr> <tr> <td>l'ôlyo (masc.)</td> <td>l'òli (masc.)</td> <td>l'huile (fem.)</td> <td>l'euli (masc.)</td> <td>l'olio (masc.)</td> <td>the oil </td></tr> <tr> <td>lo crotâl (masc.), lo vipèro (masc.)</td> <td>la vipèra (fem.)</td> <td>la vipère (fem.)</td> <td>la vipra (fem.)</td> <td>la vipera (fem.)</td> <td>the viper </td></tr></tbody></table></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Subject pronouns</a> agree in person, number, gender, and case. Although the subject pronoun is usually retained in speech, Franco-Provençal – unlike French or English – is a partially <a href="/wiki/Pro-drop_language" title="Pro-drop language">pro-drop language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Null_subject_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Null subject language">null subject language</a>), especially in the first-person singular. Masculine and feminine third-person singular pronouns are notable for the extremely wide variation in pronunciation from region to region. Impersonal subjects, such as weather and time, take the neuter pronoun "o" (and/or "el", a regional variant used before a word beginning with a vowel), which is analogous to "it" in English.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">Direct and indirect object pronouns</a> also agree in person, number, gender, and case. However, unlike subject pronouns, third-person singular and plural have neuter forms, in addition to masculine and feminine forms.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Possessive_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive pronoun">Possessive pronouns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Possessive_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive adjective">possessive adjectives</a> agree in person, number, gender, and case (masculine singular and plural forms are noteworthy because of their extremely wide variation in pronunciation from area to area).</li><li><a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">Relative pronouns</a> have one invariable form.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjectives</a> agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverbs</a> are invariable; that is, they are not inflected, unlike nouns, verbs, and adjectives.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verbs</a> form three grammatical conjugation classes, each of which are further split into two subclasses. Each <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a> is different, formed by isolating the <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> stem and adding an ending determined by mood, tense, voice, and number. Verbs are inflected in four <a href="/wiki/Mood_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mood (linguistics)">moods</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">indicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a>; and two impersonal moods: <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a>, which includes verbal adjectives. Verbs in Group 1a end in -ar (côsar, "to speak"; chantar, "to sing"); Group 1b end in -ier (mengier, "to eat"); Groups 2a & 2b end in -ir (finir, "to finish"; venir, "to come"), Group 3a end in -êr (dêvêr, "to owe"), and Group 3b end in -re (vendre, "to sell"). Auxiliary verbs are: avêr (to have) and étre (to be).</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> The consonants and vowel sounds in Franco-Provençal: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">i iː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">o oː</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">ɛ ɛː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">ɑ ɑː</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/ is frequently realized as [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>], as well as [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a>] in short form when preceding a /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/ or a /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/.</li> <li>/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a>/ have a phonemic status in the dialects of Savoy, Val d'Aosta, and Lyon.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Nasal vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ũ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õ</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɑ̃</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post- alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th>plain </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labial</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Affricate sounds [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>] are mainly present in Fribourg and Valais dialects (often written as chi and gi/ji, occurring before a vowel).</li> <li>In Arles, and in some dialects of Hauteville and Savoie, the /r/ phoneme is realized as [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>].</li> <li>In the dialects of Savoie and Bresse, phonetic dental sounds [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>] occur corresponding to palatal sounds /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a>/. These two sounds may also be realized in dialects of Valais, where they correspond to a succeeding /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/ after a voiceless or voiced stop (like cl, gl) they are then realized as [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>].</li> <li>A nasal sound [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>] can occur when a nasal precedes a velar stop.</li> <li>Palatalizations of /s, k/ can be realized as [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] in some Savoyard dialects.</li> <li>In rare dialects, a palatal lateral /ʎ/ can be realized as a voiced fricative [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a>].</li> <li>A glottal fricative [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>] occurs as a result of the softening of the allophones of [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] in Savoie and French-speaking Switzerland.</li> <li>In the dialects of Valdôtien, Fribourg, Valais, Vaudois and in some dialects of Savoyard and Dauphinois, realizations of phonemes /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a>/ often are heard as affricate sounds [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>]. In the dialects of French-speaking Switzerland, Valle d'Aosta, and Neuchâtel, the two palatal stops are realized as the affricates, [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></li> <li>The placement of stressed <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a> in the spoken language is a primary characteristic of Franco-Provençal that distinguishes it from French and Occitan. Franco-Provençal words take stress on the last syllable, as in French, or on the penultimate syllable, unlike French.</li> <li>Franco-Provençal also preserves final vowel sounds, in particular "a" in feminine forms and "o" in masculine forms (where it is pronounced "ou" in some regions.) The word portar is pronounced [pɔrˈtɑ] or [pɔrˈto], with accent on the final "a" or "o", but rousa is pronounced [ˈruːzɑ], with accent on the "ou".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal consonants</a> "m" and "n" are normally nasalized in a similar manner to those in French, for example, chantar and vin in Franco-Provençal, and "chanter" and "vin" in French. However, in the largest part of the Franco-Provençal domain, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasalized vowels</a> retain a timbre that more closely approaches the un-nasalized vowel sound than in French, for example, pan [pɑ̃] and vent [vɛ̃] in Franco-Provençal, compared to "pain" [pɛ̃] and "vent" [vɑ̃] in French.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Orthography">edit</a>]</div> There is no single official standard that covers Franco-Provençal as a whole. The orthographies in use include the following: <ul><li>The one used by Aimé Chenal and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Vautherin" title="Raymond Vautherin">Raymond Vautherin</a>, who wrote the first comprehensive grammar and dictionary for any variety of Franco-Provençal. Their landmark effort greatly expands upon the work by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Cerlogne" title="Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne">Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne</a> begun in the 19th century on the <a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a> (Valdotèn) dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a>. It was published in twelve volumes from 1967 to 1982.</li> <li>The one used by the Bureau régional pour l'ethnologie et la linguistique (BREL) in <a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a> and the Centre d'études franco-provençales « René Willien » (CEFP) in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nicolas,_Aosta_Valley" title="Saint-Nicolas, Aosta Valley">Saint-Nicolas</a>, Italy. It is based on the work of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Cerlogne" title="Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne">Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne</a>, albeit with several modifications.</li> <li>The Graphie de Conflans, which has achieved fairly wide acceptance among speakers residing in Bresse and Savoy. Since it was first proposed by the Groupe de Conflans in 1983, it has appeared in many published works. This method perhaps most closely follows the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>, omitting extraneous letters found in other historical and contemporary proposals. It features the use of a <a href="/wiki/Combining_low_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Combining low line">combining low line (underscore)</a> as a diacritic to indicate a stressed vowel in the <a href="/wiki/Penult" title="Penult">penult</a> when it occurs, for example: toma, déssanta.</li> <li>The Orthographe de référence B, or ORB, devised by linguist Dominique Stich. It is the only orthography intended to represent all Franco-Provençal dialects. It strays from a close representation of various local pronunciations, instead opting for more <a href="/wiki/Diaphoneme" title="Diaphoneme">diaphonemic</a> and etymological spellings, with frequent influence from French. There are two subtypes of ORB: large ("broad"), namely spellings intended to represent all dialects; and serrée ("narrow"), namely spellings modified to represent certain local features. For instance the descendant of Latin festa is given as féta in "broad" spelling and fétha in "narrow" spelling for a number of dialects where Latin [st] underwent metathesis to *[ts] and then developed to modern [θ].<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></li></ul> The table below compares a few words in each writing system, with French and English for reference. (Sources: Esprit Valdôtain (download 7 March 2007), C.C.S. Conflans (1995), and Stich (2003). <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#f9f9f9;"> <th colspan="5" style="width:90px;">Franco-Provençal </th> <th style="width:90px;">Occitan </th> <th style="width:90px;">Italian </th> <th style="width:90px;">French </th> <th style="width:90px;">Spanish </th> <th style="width:90px;">English </th></tr> <tr style="background:#f9f9f9;"> <th style="width:90px;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </th> <th style="width:90px;"><abbr title="Aimé Chenal & Raymond Vautherin">Chenal</abbr> </th> <th style="width:90px;"><abbr title="Regional Bureau of Ethnology and Linguistics">BREL</abbr> </th> <th style="width:90px;"><abbr title="La Graphie de Conflans">Conflans</abbr> </th> <th style="width:90px;"><abbr title="Orthographe de référence B">ORB</abbr> </th> <th style="width:90px;">Provençal </th> <th style="width:90px;">Standard </th> <th style="width:90px;">Standard </th> <th style="width:90px;">Standard </th> <th style="width:90px;">Standard </th></tr> <tr> <td>/kɑ̃/</td> <td>quan</td> <td>can</td> <td>kan</td> <td>quand</td> <td>quand, quora</td> <td>quando</td> <td>quand</td> <td>cuando</td> <td>when </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ˈtʃikɑ/</td> <td>tsëca</td> <td>tchica</td> <td>tchika</td> <td>checa</td> <td>un pauc</td> <td>un po'</td> <td>un peu</td> <td>un poco</td> <td>a little </td></tr> <tr> <td>/tsɑ̃/</td> <td>tsan</td> <td>tsan</td> <td>tsan</td> <td>champ</td> <td>tèrra</td> <td>campo</td> <td>champ</td> <td>campo</td> <td>field </td></tr> <tr> <td>/dʒuˈɑ/</td> <td>dzoà</td> <td>djouà</td> <td>djoua</td> <td>juè</td> <td>jòc</td> <td>gioco</td> <td>jeu</td> <td>juego</td> <td>game </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ˈtʃøvrɑ/</td> <td>tseuvra</td> <td>tcheuvra</td> <td>tseûvra</td> <td>chiévra</td> <td>cabra</td> <td>capra</td> <td>chèvre</td> <td>cabra</td> <td>goat </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ˈfɔʎə/</td> <td>foille</td> <td>foille</td> <td>fòye</td> <td>fôlye</td> <td>fuelha</td> <td>foglia</td> <td>feuille</td> <td>hoja</td> <td>leaf </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ˈføʎə/</td> <td>faille</td> <td>feuille</td> <td>feûye</td> <td>felye</td> <td>filha</td> <td>figlia</td> <td>fille</td> <td>hija</td> <td>daughter </td></tr> <tr> <td>/fɔ̃ˈtɑ̃.ɑ/</td> <td>fontana</td> <td>fontan-a</td> <td>fontana</td> <td>fontana</td> <td>fònt</td> <td>fontana</td> <td>fontaine</td> <td>fuente</td> <td>wellspring </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ˈlɑ̃.ɑ/</td> <td>lana</td> <td>lan-a</td> <td>lana</td> <td>lana</td> <td>lana</td> <td>lana</td> <td>laine</td> <td>lana</td> <td>wool </td></tr> <tr> <td>/siˈlɑ̃sə/</td> <td>silence</td> <td>silanse</td> <td>silanse</td> <td>silence</td> <td>silenci</td> <td>silenzio</td> <td>silence</td> <td>silencio</td> <td>silence </td></tr> <tr> <td>/rəpəˈbløk.ə/</td> <td>repeublecca</td> <td>repebleucca</td> <td>repebleûke</td> <td>rèpublica</td> <td>republica</td> <td>repubblica</td> <td>république</td> <td>república</td> <td>republic </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerals">Numerals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Numerals">edit</a>]</div> Franco-Provençal uses a <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a> counting system. The numbers "1", "2", and "4" have masculine and feminine forms (Duplay, 1896; Viret, 2006). 0) zérô; 1) yon (masc.), yona / yena (fem.); 2) dos (masc.), does / doves / davè (fem.); 3) três; 4) quatro (masc.), quat / quatrè (fem.); 5) cinq; 6) siéx; 7) sèpt; 8) huét; 9) nô; 10) diéx; 11) onze'; 12) doze; 13) trèze; 14) quatôrze; 15) quinze; 16) sèze; 17) dix-sèpt; 18) dix-huét; 19) dix-nou; 20) vengt; 21) vengt-yon / vengt-et-yona; 22) vengt-dos ... 30) trenta; 40) quaranta; 50) cinquanta; 60) souessanta; 70) sèptanta; 80) huétanta; 90) nonanta; 100) cent; 1000) mila; 1,000,000) on milyon / on milyona. Many western dialects use a <a href="/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">vigesimal</a> (base-20) form for "80", that is, quatro-vingt /katroˈvɛ̃/, possibly due to the influence of French. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Word_comparisons">Word comparisons</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Word comparisons">edit</a>]</div> The chart below compares words in Franco-Provençal to those in selected Romance languages, with English for reference. Between vowels, the Latinate "p" became "v", "c" and "g" became "y", and "t" and "d" disappeared. Franco-Provençal also softened the hard <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatized</a> "c" and "g" before "a". This led Franco-Provençal to evolve down a different path from Occitan and Gallo-Iberian languages, closer to the evolutionary direction taken by French. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#f9f9f9;"> <th>Latin </th> <th>Franco-Provençal </th> <th>French </th> <th>Occitan </th> <th>Catalan </th> <th>Spanish </th> <th>Romansh </th> <th>Piedmontese </th> <th>Italian </th> <th>Portuguese </th> <th>Sardinian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>clavis</td> <td>cllâf</td> <td>clé, clef</td> <td>clau</td> <td>clau</td> <td>llave</td> <td>clav</td> <td>ciav</td> <td>chiave</td> <td>chave</td> <td>crai</td> <td>key </td></tr> <tr> <td>cantare</td> <td>chantar</td> <td>chanter</td> <td>cantar</td> <td>cantar</td> <td>cantar</td> <td>c(h)antar</td> <td>canté</td> <td>cantare</td> <td>cantar</td> <td>cantai</td> <td>sing </td></tr> <tr> <td>capra</td> <td>chiévra</td> <td>chèvre</td> <td>cabra</td> <td>cabra</td> <td>cabra</td> <td>chavra</td> <td>crava</td> <td>capra</td> <td>cabra</td> <td>craba</td> <td>goat </td></tr> <tr> <td>caseus (formaticus)</td> <td>tôma/fromâjo</td> <td>tomme/fromage</td> <td>formatge</td> <td>formatge</td> <td>queso</td> <td>caschiel</td> <td>formagg</td> <td>formaggio</td> <td>queijo</td> <td>casu</td> <td>cheese </td></tr> <tr> <td>dies Martis</td> <td>demârs/mârdi</td> <td>mardi</td> <td>dimars</td> <td>dimarts</td> <td>martes</td> <td>mardi(s)</td> <td>màrtes</td> <td>martedì</td> <td>terça-feira</td> <td>martis</td> <td>Tuesday </td></tr> <tr> <td>ecclesia/basilica</td> <td>égllése</td> <td>église/basilique</td> <td>glèisa</td> <td>església</td> <td>iglesia</td> <td>baselgia</td> <td>gesia/cesa</td> <td>chiesa</td> <td>igreja</td> <td>cresia</td> <td>church </td></tr> <tr> <td>fratrem</td> <td>frâre</td> <td>frère</td> <td>fraire</td> <td>germà</td> <td>hermano</td> <td>frar</td> <td>frel</td> <td>fratello</td> <td>irmão</td> <td>frari</td> <td>brother </td></tr> <tr> <td>hospitalis</td> <td>hèpetâl/hopetâl</td> <td>hôpital</td> <td>espital</td> <td>hospital</td> <td>hospital</td> <td>spital/ospidal</td> <td>ospidal</td> <td>ospedale</td> <td>hospital</td> <td>ospidali</td> <td>hospital </td></tr> <tr> <td>lingua</td> <td>lengoua</td> <td>langue, langage</td> <td>lenga</td> <td>llengua</td> <td>lengua</td> <td>lieunga</td> <td>lenga</td> <td>lingua</td> <td>língua</td> <td>lingua, limba</td> <td>language </td></tr> <tr> <td>sinister</td> <td>gôcho/mâladrêt</td> <td>gauche</td> <td>esquèrra/senèstra</td> <td>esquerra</td> <td>izquierda</td> <td>saniester/schnester</td> <td>gàucia</td> <td>sinistra</td> <td>esquerda</td> <td>sa manu manca</td> <td>left </td></tr> <tr> <td>rem/natam/ne gentem</td> <td>ren</td> <td>rien</td> <td>res/ren</td> <td>res/re</td> <td>nada</td> <td>nuot/navot/nöglia</td> <td>nen/gnente</td> <td>niente/nulla</td> <td>nada</td> <td>nudda</td> <td>nothing </td></tr> <tr> <td>noctem</td> <td>nuet</td> <td>nuit</td> <td>nuèch/nuèit</td> <td>nit</td> <td>noche</td> <td>not(g)</td> <td>neuit/neucc</td> <td>notte</td> <td>noite</td> <td>noti</td> <td>night </td></tr> <tr> <td>pacare</td> <td>payér</td> <td>payer</td> <td>pagar</td> <td>pagar</td> <td>pagar</td> <td>pagar/pajar</td> <td>paghé</td> <td>pagare</td> <td>pagar</td> <td>pagai</td> <td>pay </td></tr> <tr> <td>sudor</td> <td>suor</td> <td>sueur</td> <td>susor</td> <td>suor</td> <td>sudor</td> <td>suada</td> <td>sudor</td> <td>sudore</td> <td>suor</td> <td>suai</td> <td>sweat </td></tr> <tr> <td>vita</td> <td>via</td> <td>vie</td> <td>vida</td> <td>vida</td> <td>vida</td> <td>veta/vita</td> <td>via/vita</td> <td>vita</td> <td>vida</td> <td>vida</td> <td>life </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dialects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francoprovencal-Dialect-Map-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Francoprovencal-Dialect-Map-1.jpg/400px-Francoprovencal-Dialect-Map-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Francoprovencal-Dialect-Map-1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Classification of Franco-Provençal <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> divisions is challenging. Each canton and valley uses its own vernacular without standardization. Difficult intelligibility among dialects was noted as early as 1807 by Grillet. The dialects are divided into eight distinct categories or groups. Six dialect groups comprising 41 dialect idioms for the Franco-Provençal language have been identified and documented by <a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere Observatory (Observatoire Linguistique)</a> (Dalby, 1999/2000, pp. 402–403). Only two dialect groups – Lyonnaise and Dauphinois-N. – were recorded as having fewer than 1,000 speakers each. Linguasphere has not listed any dialect idiom as "extinct", however, many are highly endangered. A seventh isolated dialect group, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Faetar" class="mw-redirect" title="Faetar">Faetar</a> (also known as "Cigliàje" or "Cellese"), has been analyzed by Nagy (2000). The Piedmont dialects need further study. <dl><dd>Dialect Group : Dialect Idiom: (Epicenters / Regional locations)</dd></dl> <ul><li>Lyonnais: (France)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>1. Bressan (<a href="/wiki/Bresse" title="Bresse">Bresse</a>, Ain (<a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">département</a>) west; Revermont, French Jura (département) southwest; Saône-et-Loire east),</dd> <dd>2. Bugésien (<a href="/wiki/Bugey" title="Bugey">Bugey</a>, Ain southeast),</dd> <dd>3. Mâconnais (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A2con" title="Mâcon">Mâcon</a> country),</dd> <dd>4. Lyonnais-rural (Lyonnais mountains, <a href="/wiki/Dombes" title="Dombes">Dombes</a>, & Balmes)</dd> <dd>5. Roannais+Stéphanois (<a href="/wiki/Roanne" title="Roanne">Roanne</a> country, Foréz plain, & <a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a>).</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Dauphinois-N.: (France)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>1. Dauphinois-Rhodanien (<a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhône River">Rhône River</a> valley, Rhône (département) south, Loire (département) southeast, Ardèche north, Drôme north, Isère west),</dd> <dd>2. Crémieu (<a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9mieu" title="Crémieu">Crémieu</a>, Isère north),</dd> <dd>3. Terres-Froides (<a href="/wiki/Bourbre" title="Bourbre">Bourbre</a> River valley, Isère central north),</dd> <dd>4. Chambaran (<a href="/wiki/Roybon" title="Roybon">Roybon</a>, Isère central south),</dd> <dd>5. Grésivaudan [& Uissans] (Isère east).</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Savoyard: (France)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>1. Bessanèis (<a href="/wiki/Bessans" title="Bessans">Bessans</a>),</dd> <dd>2. Langrin (<a href="/wiki/Lanslebourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanslebourg">Lanslebourg</a>),</dd> <dd>3. Matchutin (<a href="/wiki/Valloire" title="Valloire">Valloire</a> & Ma’tchuta) (1., 2. & 3.: <a href="/wiki/Maurienne" title="Maurienne">Maurienne</a> country, <a href="/wiki/Arc_(Savoie)" title="Arc (Savoie)">Arc valley</a>, Savoie south),</dd> <dd>4. Tartentaise [& Tignard] (<a href="/wiki/Tarentaise_Valley" title="Tarentaise Valley">Tarentaise country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tignes" title="Tignes">Tignes</a>, Savoie east, Isère upper valleys),</dd> <dd>5. Arly (<a href="/wiki/Arly" title="Arly">Arly</a> valley, <a href="/wiki/Ugine" title="Ugine">Ugine</a>, Savoie north),</dd> <dd>6. Chambérien (<a href="/wiki/Chamb%C3%A9ry" title="Chambéry">Chambéry</a>),</dd> <dd>7. Annecien [& Viutchoïs] (<a href="/wiki/Annecy" title="Annecy">Annecy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viuz-la-Chi%C3%A9saz" title="Viuz-la-Chiésaz">Viuz-la-Chiésaz</a>, Haute-Savoie southwest),</dd> <dd>8. Faucigneran (<a href="/wiki/Faucigny" title="Faucigny">Faucigny</a>, Haute-Savoie southeast),</dd> <dd>9. Chablaisien+Genevois (<a href="/wiki/Chablais" title="Chablais">Chablais</a> country & Geneva (canton) hinterlands).</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Franc-Comtois (FrP) [Jurassien-Méridional]: (Switzerland & France)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>1. Neuchâtelois (Neuchâtel (canton)),</dd> <dd>2. Vaudois-NW. (Vaud northwest),</dd> <dd>3. Pontissalien (<a href="/wiki/Pontarlier" title="Pontarlier">Pontarlier</a> & Doubs (département) south),</dd> <dd>4. Ain-N. (<a href="/wiki/Ain_(d%C3%A9partement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ain (département)">Ain</a> upper valleys & French <a href="/wiki/Jura_(d%C3%A9partement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jura (département)">Jura</a>),</dd> <dd>5. Valserine (<a href="/wiki/Bellegarde-sur-Valserine" title="Bellegarde-sur-Valserine">Bellegarde-sur-Valserine</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Valserine" class="mw-redirect" title="River Valserine">Valserine valley</a>, Ain northeast & adjacent French Jura).</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Vaudois: (Switzerland)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>1. Vaudois-Intracluster (Vaud west),</dd> <dd>2. Gruyèrienne (Fribourg (canton) west),</dd> <dd>3. Enhaut (<a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-d%27%C5%92x" title="Château-d'Œx">Château-d'Œx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pays-d%27Enhaut_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pays-d'Enhaut (district)">Pays-d'Enhaut</a>, Vaud east),</dd> <dd>4. Valaisan (Valais, Valaisan Romand).</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valdôtain">Valdôtain</a>: (<a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a>, Italy)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>1. Valdôtain du Valdigne (<a href="/wiki/Dora_Baltea" title="Dora Baltea">Dora Baltea</a> upper valley, similar to <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">savoyard</a> Franco-Provençal),</dd> <dd>2. Aostois (<a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aostan</a> valdôtain),</dd> <dd>3. Valdôtain standard (Dora Baltea middle valley),</dd> <dd>4. Valpellinois, bossolein and bionassin (Valpelline Great St. Bernard and Bionaz valleys),</dd> <dd>5. Cognein (upper <a href="/wiki/Val_di_Cogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Val di Cogne">Cogne valley</a>),</dd> <dd>6. Valtournain (in <a href="/wiki/Valtournenche" title="Valtournenche">Valtournenche</a> valley),</dd> <dd>7. Ayassin (upper <a href="/wiki/Ayas,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayas, Italy">Ayas valley</a>),</dd> <dd>8. Valgrisein (<a href="/wiki/Valgrisenche" title="Valgrisenche">Valgrisenche</a> valley),</dd> <dd>9. Rhêmiard (<a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%AAmes-Saint-Georges" title="Rhêmes-Saint-Georges">Rhêmes valley</a>),</dd> <dd>10. Valsavarein (<a href="/wiki/Valsavarenche" title="Valsavarenche">Valsavarenche</a> valley),</dd> <dd>11. Moyen valdôtain (middle-lower Dora Baltea valley),</dd> <dd>12. Bas Valdôtain (lower Dora Baltea valley, similar to <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a>),</dd> <dd>13. Champorcherin (<a href="/wiki/Champorcher" title="Champorcher">Champorcher</a> valley)</dd> <dd>14. Fénisan (<a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9nis" title="Fénis">Fénis</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Faetar, Cigliàje: (Italy)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>1. Faetar & Cigliàje (<a href="/wiki/Faeto" title="Faeto">Faeto</a> & <a href="/wiki/Celle_di_San_Vito" title="Celle di San Vito">Celle di San Vito</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Foggia" title="Province of Foggia">Province of Foggia</a>). This variety is also spoken in <a href="/wiki/Brantford" title="Brantford">Brantford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada by an established emigrant community.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Piedmont Dialects: (Italy)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>(Note: Comparative analyses of dialect idioms in the Piedmont basin of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Turin" title="Metropolitan City of Turin">Metropolitan City of Turin</a> — from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Val_Soana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Val Soana (page does not exist)">Val Soana</a> in the north to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Val_Sangone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Val Sangone (page does not exist)">Val Sangone</a> in the south — have not been published).</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialect_examples">Dialect examples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dialect examples">edit</a>]</div> Several modern orthographic variations exist for all dialects of Franco-Provençal. The spellings and IPA equivalents listed below appear in Martin (2005). <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#f9f9f9;"> <th>English </th> <th>Occitan (Provençal) </th> <th>Franco-Provençal </th> <th>Savoyard dialect </th> <th>Bressan dialect </th> <th>French </th></tr> <tr> <td>Hello!</td> <td>Bonjorn !</td> <td>Bonjorn !</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[bɔ̃ˈʒu]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[bɔ̃ˈʒø]</a></td> <td>Bonjour ! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good night!</td> <td>Bòna nuech !</td> <td>Bôna nuet !</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[bunɑˈne]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[bunɑˈnɑ]</a></td> <td>Bonne nuit ! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Goodbye!</td> <td>A reveire !</td> <td>A revér !</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[arˈvi]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[arɛˈvɑ]</a></td> <td>Au revoir ! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yes</td> <td>Òc, vòai</td> <td>Ouè</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[ˈwɛ]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[ˈwɛ]</a></td> <td>Oui, Ouais </td></tr> <tr> <td>No</td> <td>Non</td> <td>Nan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[ˈnɑ]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[ˈnɔ̃]</a></td> <td>Non, Nan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maybe</td> <td>Benlèu / Bensai</td> <td>T-èpêr / Pôt-étre</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[tɛˈpɛ]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[pɛˈtetrə]</a></td> <td>Peut-être, (P't-être) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Please</td> <td>Se vos plai</td> <td>S’il vos plét</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[sivoˈple]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[sevoˈplɛ]</a></td> <td>S'il-vous-plaît </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thank you!</td> <td>Grandmercé, mercé !</td> <td>Grant-marci !</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[ɡrɑ̃maˈsi]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[ɡrɑ̃marˈsi]</a></td> <td>Merci beaucoup !, [Un] grand merci ! </td></tr> <tr> <td>A man</td> <td>Un òme</td> <td>Un homo</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[on ˈomo]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[in ˈumu]</a></td> <td>Un homme </td></tr> <tr> <td>A woman</td> <td>Una frema, una femna</td> <td>Na fèna</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[nɑ ˈfɛnɑ]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[nɑ ˈfɛnɑ]</a></td> <td>Une femme </td></tr> <tr> <td>The clock</td> <td>Lo relòtge</td> <td>Lo relojo</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[lo rɛˈloʒo]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[lo rɛˈlodʒu]</a></td> <td>L'horloge </td></tr> <tr> <td>The clocks</td> <td>Lei relòtges</td> <td>Los relojos</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[lu rɛˈloʒo]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[lu rɛˈlodʒu]</a></td> <td>Les horloges </td></tr> <tr> <td>The rose</td> <td>La ròsa</td> <td>La rousa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[lɑ ˈruzɑ]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[lɑ ˈruzɑ]</a></td> <td>La rose </td></tr> <tr> <td>The roses</td> <td>Lei ròsas</td> <td>Les rouses</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[lɛ ˈruzɛ]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[lɛ ˈruze]</a></td> <td>Les roses </td></tr> <tr> <td>He is eating.</td> <td>Manja.</td> <td>Il menge.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[il ˈmɛ̃ʒɛ]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[il ˈmɛ̃ʒɛ]</a></td> <td>Il mange. </td></tr> <tr> <td>She is singing.</td> <td>Canta.</td> <td>Ele chante.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[lə ˈʃɑ̃tɛ]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[ɛl ˈʃɑ̃tɛ]</a></td> <td>Elle chante. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">It is raining.</td> <td rowspan="2">Plòu.</td> <td>O pluvègne.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[o plyˈvɛɲə]</a></td> <td></td> <td>Il pleut. </td></tr> <tr> <td>O brolyasse.</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[u brulˈjasə]</a></td> <td>Il pleuvine. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">What time is it?</td> <td rowspan="2">Quant es d'ora ?</td> <td>Quint’hora est ?</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[kɛ̃t ˈørɑ ˈjɛ]</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quâl’hora est ?</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[tjel ˈoʒɑ ˈjə]</a></td> <td>Quelle heure est-il ? </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">It is 6:30.</td> <td rowspan="2">Es sièis oras e mieja.</td> <td>(Il) est siéx hores et demi.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[ˈjɛ siz ˈørɑ e dɛˈmi]</a></td> <td></td> <td>Il est six heures et demie. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Il est siéx hores demi.</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[ˈɛjɛ siʒ ˈoʒə dɛˈmi]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">What is your name?</td> <td rowspan="2">Coma te dison ?</td> <td>’T-il que vos éd niom ?</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[ˈtɛk voz i ˈɲɔ̃]</a></td> <td></td> <td>Quel est votre nom ? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coment que vos vos apelâd ?</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[kɛmˈe kɛ ˈvu vu apaˈlo]</a></td> <td>Comment vous appelez-vous ? (Comment que vous vous appelez ?) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">I am happy to see you.</td> <td rowspan="2">Siáu content de vos veire.</td> <td>Je su bon éso de vos vér.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[ʒə sɛ buˈnezə də vo ˈvi]</a></td> <td></td> <td>Je suis heureux/ravi de vous voir </td></tr> <tr> <td>Je su content de vos vêr.</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[ʒɛ si kɔ̃ˈtɛ də vu ˈvɑ]</a></td> <td>Je suis content de vous voir. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Do you speak Patois?</td> <td rowspan="2">Parlatz patoès ?</td> <td>Prègiéd-vos patouès ?</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[prɛˈʒi vo patuˈe]</a></td> <td></td> <td>Parlez-vous [le] Patois ? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Côsâd-vos patouès ?</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[koˈʒo vu patuˈɑ]</a></td> <td>Causez vous [le] Patois ? </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponyms">Toponyms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Toponyms">edit</a>]</div> Other than in <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">family names</a>, the Franco-Provençal legacy survives primarily in <a href="/wiki/Placename" class="mw-redirect" title="Placename">placenames</a>. Many are immediately recognizable, ending in -az, -o(t)z, -uz, -ax, -ex, -ux, -ou(l)x, -aulx, and -ieu(x). These suffixes are vestiges of an old medieval orthographic practice indicating the stressed syllable of a word. In polysyllables, 'z' indicates a <a href="/wiki/Paroxytone" title="Paroxytone">paroxytone</a> (stress on penultimate syllable) and 'x' indicates an <a href="/wiki/Oxytone" title="Oxytone">oxytone</a> (stress on last syllable). So, Chanaz <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[ˈʃɑnɑ]</a> (shana) but Chênex <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[ʃɛˈne]</a> (shèné). The following is a list of all such toponyms: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Introd_(AO)_-_panneau_entr%C3%A9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Introd_%28AO%29_-_panneau_entr%C3%A9e.jpg/220px-Introd_%28AO%29_-_panneau_entr%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Introd_%28AO%29_-_panneau_entr%C3%A9e.jpg/330px-Introd_%28AO%29_-_panneau_entr%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Introd_%28AO%29_-_panneau_entr%C3%A9e.jpg/440px-Introd_%28AO%29_-_panneau_entr%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3297" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual road sign (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Introd" title="Introd">Introd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charvex-sign2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Charvex-sign2.jpg/180px-Charvex-sign2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Charvex-sign2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Road sign for Charvex (La Balme de Thuy), Haute-Savoie, France after a name change in the 1990s to a historical <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoyard</a> spelling. (Former village name: Charvet.)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy_2">Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bionaz" title="Bionaz">Bionaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champdepraz" title="Champdepraz">Champdepraz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morgex" title="Morgex">Morgex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perloz" title="Perloz">Perloz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oulx" title="Oulx">Oulx</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sauze_d%27Oulx" title="Sauze d'Oulx">Sauze d'Oulx</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France_2">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain" title="Ain">Ain</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amb%C3%A9rieu-en-Bugey" title="Ambérieu-en-Bugey">Ambérieu-en-Bugey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amb%C3%A9rieux-en-Dombes" title="Ambérieux-en-Dombes">Ambérieux-en-Dombes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arbignieu" title="Arbignieu">Arbignieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belleydoux" title="Belleydoux">Belleydoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belmont-Luth%C3%A9zieu" title="Belmont-Luthézieu">Belmont-Luthézieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birieux" title="Birieux">Birieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boz,_Ain" title="Boz, Ain">Boz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9naz" title="Brénaz">Brénaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceyz%C3%A9rieu" title="Ceyzérieu">Ceyzérieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Challex" title="Challex">Challex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chanoz-Ch%C3%A2tenay" title="Chanoz-Châtenay">Chanoz-Châtenay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charnoz-sur-Ain" title="Charnoz-sur-Ain">Charnoz-sur-Ain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chevroux,_Ain" title="Chevroux, Ain">Chevroux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civrieux" title="Civrieux">Civrieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleyzieu" title="Cleyzieu">Cleyzieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colomieu" title="Colomieu">Colomieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contrevoz" title="Contrevoz">Contrevoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conzieu" title="Conzieu">Conzieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cormoz" title="Cormoz">Cormoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courmangoux" title="Courmangoux">Courmangoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culoz" title="Culoz">Culoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuzieu,_Ain" title="Cuzieu, Ain">Cuzieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flaxieu" title="Flaxieu">Flaxieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gex,_Ain" title="Gex, Ain">Gex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hostiaz" title="Hostiaz">Hostiaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Injoux-G%C3%A9nissiat" title="Injoux-Génissiat">Injoux-Génissiat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jujurieux" title="Jujurieux">Jujurieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagnieu" title="Lagnieu">Lagnieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lescheroux" title="Lescheroux">Lescheroux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lochieu" title="Lochieu">Lochieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lompnieu" title="Lompnieu">Lompnieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9az" title="Léaz">Léaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9lex" title="Lélex">Lélex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malafretaz" title="Malafretaz">Malafretaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marboz" title="Marboz">Marboz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marignieu" title="Marignieu">Marignieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlieux" title="Marlieux">Marlieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massieux" title="Massieux">Massieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massignieu-de-Rives" title="Massignieu-de-Rives">Massignieu-de-Rives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meximieux" title="Meximieux">Meximieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mijoux" title="Mijoux">Mijoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mis%C3%A9rieux" title="Misérieux">Misérieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montagnieu,_Ain" title="Montagnieu, Ain">Montagnieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monthieux" title="Monthieux">Monthieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murs-et-G%C3%A9lignieux" title="Murs-et-Gélignieux">Murs-et-Gélignieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A9vroz" title="Niévroz">Niévroz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nurieux-Volognat" title="Nurieux-Volognat">Nurieux-Volognat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oncieu" title="Oncieu">Oncieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordonnaz" title="Ordonnaz">Ordonnaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornex" title="Ornex">Ornex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outriaz" title="Outriaz">Outriaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyonnax" title="Oyonnax">Oyonnax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parcieux" title="Parcieux">Parcieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perrex" title="Perrex">Perrex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peyrieu" title="Peyrieu">Peyrieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peyzieux-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Peyzieux-sur-Saône">Peyzieux-sur-Saône</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pirajoux" title="Pirajoux">Pirajoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollieu" title="Pollieu">Pollieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9millieu" title="Prémillieu">Prémillieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pugieu" title="Pugieu">Pugieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reyrieux" title="Reyrieux">Reyrieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rignieux-le-Franc" title="Rignieux-le-Franc">Rignieux-le-Franc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruffieu" title="Ruffieu">Ruffieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Andr%C3%A9-le-Bouchoux" title="Saint-André-le-Bouchoux">Saint-André-le-Bouchoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Andr%C3%A9-sur-Vieux-Jonc" title="Saint-André-sur-Vieux-Jonc">Saint-André-sur-Vieux-Jonc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-de-Joux" title="Saint-Germain-de-Joux">Saint-Germain-de-Joux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-le-Vieux,_Ain" title="Saint-Jean-le-Vieux, Ain">Saint-Jean-le-Vieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nizier-le-Bouchoux" title="Saint-Nizier-le-Bouchoux">Saint-Nizier-le-Bouchoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Paul-de-Varax" title="Saint-Paul-de-Varax">Saint-Paul-de-Varax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sault-Br%C3%A9naz" title="Sault-Brénaz">Sault-Brénaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seillonnaz" title="Seillonnaz">Seillonnaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Songieu" title="Songieu">Songieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonthonnax-la-Montagne" title="Sonthonnax-la-Montagne">Sonthonnax-la-Montagne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surjoux" title="Surjoux">Surjoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutrieu" title="Sutrieu">Sutrieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talissieu" title="Talissieu">Talissieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9zillieu" title="Thézillieu">Thézillieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torcieu" title="Torcieu">Torcieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toussieux" title="Toussieux">Toussieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9voux" title="Trévoux">Trévoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernoux" title="Vernoux">Vernoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versailleux" title="Versailleux">Versailleux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versonnex,_Ain" title="Versonnex, Ain">Versonnex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vieu" title="Vieu">Vieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vieu-d%27Izenave" title="Vieu-d'Izenave">Vieu-d'Izenave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villieu-Loyes-Mollon" title="Villieu-Loyes-Mollon">Villieu-Loyes-Mollon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virieu-le-Grand" title="Virieu-le-Grand">Virieu-le-Grand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virieu-le-Petit" title="Virieu-le-Petit">Virieu-le-Petit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89chenevex" title="Échenevex">Échenevex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C3%A8che" title="Ardèche">Ardèche</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ajoux" title="Ajoux">Ajoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaulieu,_Ard%C3%A8che" title="Beaulieu, Ardèche">Beaulieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boucieu-le-Roi" title="Boucieu-le-Roi">Boucieu-le-Roi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boulieu-l%C3%A8s-Annonay" title="Boulieu-lès-Annonay">Boulieu-lès-Annonay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-de-Vernoux" title="Châteauneuf-de-Vernoux">Châteauneuf-de-Vernoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombier-le-Vieux" title="Colombier-le-Vieux">Colombier-le-Vieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coux,_Ard%C3%A8che" title="Coux, Ardèche">Coux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dav%C3%A9zieux" title="Davézieux">Davézieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duni%C3%A8re-sur-Eyrieux" title="Dunière-sur-Eyrieux">Dunière-sur-Eyrieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lavilledieu" title="Lavilledieu">Lavilledieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Roux,_Ard%C3%A8che" title="Le Roux, Ardèche">Le Roux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Les_Olli%C3%A8res-sur-Eyrieux" title="Les Ollières-sur-Eyrieux">Les Ollières-sur-Eyrieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roiffieux" title="Roiffieux">Roiffieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Fortunat-sur-Eyrieux" title="Saint-Fortunat-sur-Eyrieux">Saint-Fortunat-sur-Eyrieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jacques-d%27Atticieux" title="Saint-Jacques-d'Atticieux">Saint-Jacques-d'Atticieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Julien-le-Roux" title="Saint-Julien-le-Roux">Saint-Julien-le-Roux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Michel-de-Chabrillanoux" title="Saint-Michel-de-Chabrillanoux">Saint-Michel-de-Chabrillanoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre-sur-Doux" title="Saint-Pierre-sur-Doux">Saint-Pierre-sur-Doux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne-de-Valoux" title="Saint-Étienne-de-Valoux">Saint-Étienne-de-Valoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satillieu" title="Satillieu">Satillieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talencieux" title="Talencieux">Talencieux</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vinzieux" title="Vinzieux">Vinzieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubs" title="Doubs">Doubs</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bolandoz" title="Bolandoz">Bolandoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champoux" title="Champoux">Champoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chevroz" title="Chevroz">Chevroz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauvieux-les-Foss%C3%A9s" title="Châteauvieux-les-Fossés">Châteauvieux-les-Fossés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dampjoux" title="Dampjoux">Dampjoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deluz" title="Deluz">Deluz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goux-les-Usiers" title="Goux-les-Usiers">Goux-les-Usiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goux-l%C3%A8s-Dambelin" title="Goux-lès-Dambelin">Goux-lès-Dambelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goux-sous-Landet" title="Goux-sous-Landet">Goux-sous-Landet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand%27Combe-Ch%C3%A2teleu" title="Grand'Combe-Châteleu">Grand'Combe-Châteleu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granges-Narboz" title="Granges-Narboz">Granges-Narboz</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Cluse-et-Mijoux" title="La Cluse-et-Mijoux">La Cluse-et-Mijoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Barboux" title="Le Barboux">Le Barboux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_B%C3%A9lieu" title="Le Bélieu">Le Bélieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Les_H%C3%B4pitaux-Vieux" title="Les Hôpitaux-Vieux">Les Hôpitaux-Vieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Les_Villedieu" title="Les Villedieu">Les Villedieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montmahoux" title="Montmahoux">Montmahoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mont%C3%A9cheroux" title="Montécheroux">Montécheroux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reculfoz" title="Reculfoz">Reculfoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saraz,_Doubs" title="Saraz, Doubs">Saraz, Doubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verri%C3%A8res-de-Joux" title="Verrières-de-Joux">Verrières-de-Joux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villars-sous-Dampjoux" title="Villars-sous-Dampjoux">Villars-sous-Dampjoux</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ternoz" title="Éternoz">Éternoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B4me" title="Drôme">Drôme</a>: <a href="/wiki/Allex,_Dr%C3%B4me" title="Allex, Drôme">Allex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9rieux" title="Clérieux">Clérieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9nissieux" title="Génissieux">Génissieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsaz" title="Marsaz">Marsaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8res-Glandaz" title="Molières-Glandaz">Molières-Glandaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montaulieu" title="Montaulieu">Montaulieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montjoux" title="Montjoux">Montjoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roussieux" title="Roussieux">Roussieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Bardoux" title="Saint-Bardoux">Saint-Bardoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Bonnet-de-Valcl%C3%A9rieux" title="Saint-Bonnet-de-Valclérieux">Saint-Bonnet-de-Valclérieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sol%C3%A9rieux" title="Solérieux">Solérieux</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vassieux-en-Vercors" title="Vassieux-en-Vercors">Vassieux-en-Vercors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute-Savoie" title="Haute-Savoie">Haute-Savoie</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alex,_Haute-Savoie" title="Alex, Haute-Savoie">Alex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annecy-le-Vieux" title="Annecy-le-Vieux">Annecy-le-Vieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthaz-Pont-Notre-Dame" title="Arthaz-Pont-Notre-Dame">Arthaz-Pont-Notre-Dame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aviernoz" title="Aviernoz">Aviernoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernex,_Haute-Savoie" title="Bernex, Haute-Savoie">Bernex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cernex" title="Cernex">Cernex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chainaz-les-Frasses" title="Chainaz-les-Frasses">Chainaz-les-Frasses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charvonnex" title="Charvonnex">Charvonnex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chavannaz" title="Chavannaz">Chavannaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chessenaz" title="Chessenaz">Chessenaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chevenoz" title="Chevenoz">Chevenoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%AAnex" title="Chênex">Chênex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combloux" title="Combloux">Combloux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copponex" title="Copponex">Copponex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Excenevex" title="Excenevex">Excenevex</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Clusaz" title="La Clusaz">La Clusaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_C%C3%B4te-d%27Arbroz" title="La Côte-d'Arbroz">La Côte-d'Arbroz</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Forclaz" title="La Forclaz">La Forclaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Muraz" title="La Muraz">La Muraz</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Vernaz" title="La Vernaz">La Vernaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcellaz" title="Marcellaz">Marcellaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcellaz-Albanais" title="Marcellaz-Albanais">Marcellaz-Albanais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlioz" title="Marlioz">Marlioz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marnaz" title="Marnaz">Marnaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menthonnex-en-Bornes" title="Menthonnex-en-Bornes">Menthonnex-en-Bornes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menthonnex-sous-Clermont" title="Menthonnex-sous-Clermont">Menthonnex-sous-Clermont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monnetier-Mornex" title="Monnetier-Mornex">Monnetier-Mornex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saxonnex" title="Mont-Saxonnex">Mont-Saxonnex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peillonnex" title="Peillonnex">Peillonnex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reyvroz" title="Reyvroz">Reyvroz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jorioz" title="Saint-Jorioz">Saint-Jorioz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Servoz" title="Servoz">Servoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seythenex" title="Seythenex">Seythenex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seytroux" title="Seytroux">Seytroux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaulx,_Haute-Savoie" title="Vaulx, Haute-Savoie">Vaulx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veigy-Foncenex" title="Veigy-Foncenex">Veigy-Foncenex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versonnex,_Haute-Savoie" title="Versonnex, Haute-Savoie">Versonnex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villaz" title="Villaz">Villaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ville-en-Sallaz" title="Ville-en-Sallaz">Ville-en-Sallaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villy-le-Pelloux" title="Villy-le-Pelloux">Villy-le-Pelloux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viuz-en-Sallaz" title="Viuz-en-Sallaz">Viuz-en-Sallaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viuz-la-Chi%C3%A9saz" title="Viuz-la-Chiésaz">Viuz-la-Chiésaz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9traz-Monthoux" title="Vétraz-Monthoux">Vétraz-Monthoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is%C3%A8re" title="Isère">Isère</a>: <a href="/wiki/Apprieu" title="Apprieu">Apprieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assieu" title="Assieu">Assieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaulieu,_Is%C3%A8re" title="Beaulieu, Isère">Beaulieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellegarde-Poussieu" title="Bellegarde-Poussieu">Bellegarde-Poussieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilieu" title="Bilieu">Bilieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bossieu" title="Bossieu">Bossieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourgoin-Jallieu" title="Bourgoin-Jallieu">Bourgoin-Jallieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouvesse-Quirieu" title="Bouvesse-Quirieu">Bouvesse-Quirieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bressieux" title="Bressieux">Bressieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cessieu" title="Cessieu">Cessieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamagnieu" title="Chamagnieu">Chamagnieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charancieu" title="Charancieu">Charancieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charvieu-Chavagneux" title="Charvieu-Chavagneux">Charvieu-Chavagneux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chassignieu" title="Chassignieu">Chassignieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chavanoz" title="Chavanoz">Chavanoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheyssieu" title="Cheyssieu">Cheyssieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9lieu" title="Chélieu">Chélieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creys-M%C3%A9pieu" title="Creys-Mépieu">Creys-Mépieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9mieu" title="Crémieu">Crémieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizimieu" title="Dizimieu">Dizimieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%A9moz" title="Diémoz">Diémoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolomieu,_Is%C3%A8re" title="Dolomieu, Isère">Dolomieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fitilieu" title="Fitilieu">Fitilieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granieu" title="Granieu">Granieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heyrieux" title="Heyrieux">Heyrieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jarcieu" title="Jarcieu">Jarcieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Chapelle-de-Surieu" title="La Chapelle-de-Surieu">La Chapelle-de-Surieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Les_Roches-de-Condrieu" title="Les Roches-de-Condrieu">Les Roches-de-Condrieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leyrieu" title="Leyrieu">Leyrieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieudieu" title="Lieudieu">Lieudieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcieu" title="Marcieu">Marcieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massieu" title="Massieu">Massieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meyrieu-les-%C3%89tangs" title="Meyrieu-les-Étangs">Meyrieu-les-Étangs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moidieu-D%C3%A9tourbe" title="Moidieu-Détourbe">Moidieu-Détourbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moissieu-sur-Dolon" title="Moissieu-sur-Dolon">Moissieu-sur-Dolon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monsteroux-Milieu" title="Monsteroux-Milieu">Monsteroux-Milieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montagnieu,_Is%C3%A8re" title="Montagnieu, Isère">Montagnieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montalieu-Vercieu" title="Montalieu-Vercieu">Montalieu-Vercieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montseveroux" title="Montseveroux">Montseveroux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame-de-Vaulx" title="Notre-Dame-de-Vaulx">Notre-Dame-de-Vaulx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optevoz" title="Optevoz">Optevoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornacieux" title="Ornacieux">Ornacieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oz,_Is%C3%A8re" title="Oz, Isère">Oz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parmilieu" title="Parmilieu">Parmilieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisieu" title="Pisieu">Pisieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porcieu-Amblagnieu" title="Porcieu-Amblagnieu">Porcieu-Amblagnieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proveysieux" title="Proveysieux">Proveysieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quincieu" title="Quincieu">Quincieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romagnieu" title="Romagnieu">Romagnieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Andr%C3%A9-le-Gaz" title="Saint-André-le-Gaz">Saint-André-le-Gaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-de-Vaulx" title="Saint-Jean-de-Vaulx">Saint-Jean-de-Vaulx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-le-Vieux,_Is%C3%A8re" title="Saint-Jean-le-Vieux, Isère">Saint-Jean-le-Vieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Julien-de-Raz" title="Saint-Julien-de-Raz">Saint-Julien-de-Raz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Martin-le-Vinoux" title="Saint-Martin-le-Vinoux">Saint-Martin-le-Vinoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre-de-Bressieux" title="Saint-Pierre-de-Bressieux">Saint-Pierre-de-Bressieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre-de-M%C3%A9aroz" title="Saint-Pierre-de-Méaroz">Saint-Pierre-de-Méaroz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Romain-de-Surieu" title="Saint-Romain-de-Surieu">Saint-Romain-de-Surieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Sim%C3%A9on-de-Bressieux" title="Saint-Siméon-de-Bressieux">Saint-Siméon-de-Bressieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Victor-de-Cessieu" title="Saint-Victor-de-Cessieu">Saint-Victor-de-Cessieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardieu" title="Sardieu">Sardieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serm%C3%A9rieu" title="Sermérieu">Sermérieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siccieu-Saint-Julien-et-Carisieu" title="Siccieu-Saint-Julien-et-Carisieu">Siccieu-Saint-Julien-et-Carisieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Si%C3%A9voz" title="Siévoz">Siévoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soleymieu" title="Soleymieu">Soleymieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Succieu" title="Succieu">Succieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tignieu-Jameyzieu" title="Tignieu-Jameyzieu">Tignieu-Jameyzieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varacieux" title="Varacieux">Varacieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatilieu" title="Vatilieu">Vatilieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaulx-Milieu" title="Vaulx-Milieu">Vaulx-Milieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernioz" title="Vernioz">Vernioz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vertrieu" title="Vertrieu">Vertrieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veyssilieu" title="Veyssilieu">Veyssilieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vignieu" title="Vignieu">Vignieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villemoirieu" title="Villemoirieu">Villemoirieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virieu" title="Virieu">Virieu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9n%C3%A9rieu" title="Vénérieu">Vénérieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jura_(d%C3%A9partement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jura (département)">Jura</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bonlieu" title="Bonlieu">Bonlieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choux" title="Choux">Choux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2tel-de-Joux" title="Châtel-de-Joux">Châtel-de-Joux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courlaoux" title="Courlaoux">Courlaoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fontainebrux" title="Fontainebrux">Fontainebrux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraroz" title="Fraroz">Fraroz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lajoux,_Jura" class="mw-redirect" title="Lajoux, Jura">Lajoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Les_Bouchoux" title="Les Bouchoux">Les Bouchoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marnoz" title="Marnoz">Marnoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Men%C3%A9trux-en-Joux" title="Menétrux-en-Joux">Menétrux-en-Joux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molamboz" title="Molamboz">Molamboz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moutoux" title="Moutoux">Moutoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onoz,_Jura" title="Onoz, Jura">Onoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pagnoz" title="Pagnoz">Pagnoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponthoux" title="Ponthoux">Ponthoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recanoz" title="Recanoz">Recanoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saffloz" title="Saffloz">Saffloz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vannoz" title="Vannoz">Vannoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vertamboz" title="Vertamboz">Vertamboz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villevieux" title="Villevieux">Villevieux</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vulvoz" title="Vulvoz">Vulvoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loire_(department)" title="Loire (department)">Loire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9zieux-Bouth%C3%A9on" title="Andrézieux-Bouthéon">Andrézieux-Bouthéon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aveizieux" title="Aveizieux">Aveizieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bussy-Albieux" title="Bussy-Albieux">Bussy-Albieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champdieu" title="Champdieu">Champdieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chazelles-sur-Lavieu" title="Chazelles-sur-Lavieu">Chazelles-sur-Lavieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuzieu,_Loire" title="Cuzieu, Loire">Cuzieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doizieux" title="Doizieux">Doizieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9zieux-le-Fromental" title="Grézieux-le-Fromental">Grézieux-le-Fromental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonzieux" title="Jonzieux">Jonzieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_B%C3%A9nisson-Dieu" title="La Bénisson-Dieu">La Bénisson-Dieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lavieu" title="Lavieu">Lavieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcoux,_Loire" title="Marcoux, Loire">Marcoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miz%C3%A9rieux" title="Mizérieux">Mizérieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nandax" title="Nandax">Nandax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nervieux" title="Nervieux">Nervieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nollieux" title="Nollieux">Nollieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pouilly-sous-Charlieu" title="Pouilly-sous-Charlieu">Pouilly-sous-Charlieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cieux" title="Précieux">Précieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Haon-le-Vieux" title="Saint-Haon-le-Vieux">Saint-Haon-le-Vieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Hilaire-sous-Charlieu" title="Saint-Hilaire-sous-Charlieu">Saint-Hilaire-sous-Charlieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-Soleymieux" title="Saint-Jean-Soleymieux">Saint-Jean-Soleymieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nizier-sous-Charlieu" title="Saint-Nizier-sous-Charlieu">Saint-Nizier-sous-Charlieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soleymieux" title="Soleymieux">Soleymieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unieux" title="Unieux">Unieux</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89percieux-Saint-Paul" title="Épercieux-Saint-Paul">Épercieux-Saint-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoie" title="Savoie">Savoie</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aillon-le-Vieux" title="Aillon-le-Vieux">Aillon-le-Vieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allondaz" title="Allondaz">Allondaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avressieux" title="Avressieux">Avressieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avrieux" title="Avrieux">Avrieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barberaz" title="Barberaz">Barberaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamoux-sur-Gelon" title="Chamoux-sur-Gelon">Chamoux-sur-Gelon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chanaz" title="Chanaz">Chanaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chindrieux" title="Chindrieux">Chindrieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cohennoz" title="Cohennoz">Cohennoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conjux" title="Conjux">Conjux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drumettaz-Clarafond" title="Drumettaz-Clarafond">Drumettaz-Clarafond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entremont-le-Vieux" title="Entremont-le-Vieux">Entremont-le-Vieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frontenex" title="Frontenex">Frontenex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jongieux" title="Jongieux">Jongieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Giettaz" title="La Giettaz">La Giettaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Motte-Servolex" title="La Motte-Servolex">La Motte-Servolex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loisieux" title="Loisieux">Loisieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcieux" title="Marcieux">Marcieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meyrieux-Trouet" title="Meyrieux-Trouet">Meyrieux-Trouet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motz" title="Motz">Motz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontex" title="Ontex">Ontex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruffieux" title="Ruffieux">Ruffieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-de-Couz" title="Saint-Jean-de-Couz">Saint-Jean-de-Couz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre-de-Genebroz" title="Saint-Pierre-de-Genebroz">Saint-Pierre-de-Genebroz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Thibaud-de-Couz" title="Saint-Thibaud-de-Couz">Saint-Thibaud-de-Couz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonnaz" title="Sonnaz">Sonnaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verthemex" title="Verthemex">Verthemex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Villaroux" title="Villaroux">Villaroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_(d%C3%A9partement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhône (département)">Rhône</a>: <a href="/wiki/Affoux" title="Affoux">Affoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amb%C3%A9rieux,_Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Ambérieux, Rhône">Ambérieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussieu" title="Brussieu">Brussieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cailloux-sur-Fontaines" title="Cailloux-sur-Fontaines">Cailloux-sur-Fontaines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chassieu" title="Chassieu">Chassieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civrieux-d%27Azergues" title="Civrieux-d'Azergues">Civrieux-d'Azergues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombier-Saugnieu" title="Colombier-Saugnieu">Colombier-Saugnieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Condrieu" title="Condrieu">Condrieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courzieu" title="Courzieu">Courzieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9cines-Charpieu" title="Décines-Charpieu">Décines-Charpieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fleurieu-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Fleurieu-sur-Saône">Fleurieu-sur-Saône</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fleurieux-sur-l%27Arbresle" title="Fleurieux-sur-l'Arbresle">Fleurieux-sur-l'Arbresle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9zieu-la-Varenne" title="Grézieu-la-Varenne">Grézieu-la-Varenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9zieu-le-March%C3%A9" title="Grézieu-le-Marché">Grézieu-le-Marché</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jarnioux" title="Jarnioux">Jarnioux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joux" title="Joux">Joux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lissieu" title="Lissieu">Lissieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meyzieu" title="Meyzieu">Meyzieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouroux" title="Ouroux">Ouroux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poleymieux-au-Mont-d%27Or" title="Poleymieux-au-Mont-d'Or">Poleymieux-au-Mont-d'Or</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quincieux" title="Quincieux">Quincieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rillieux-la-Pape" title="Rillieux-la-Pape">Rillieux-la-Pape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Cyr-le-Chatoux" title="Saint-Cyr-le-Chatoux">Saint-Cyr-le-Chatoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre-de-Chandieu" title="Saint-Pierre-de-Chandieu">Saint-Pierre-de-Chandieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soucieu-en-Jarrest" title="Soucieu-en-Jarrest">Soucieu-en-Jarrest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sourcieux-les-Mines" title="Sourcieux-les-Mines">Sourcieux-les-Mines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toussieu" title="Toussieu">Toussieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaulx-en-Velin" title="Vaulx-en-Velin">Vaulx-en-Velin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ville-sur-Jarnioux" title="Ville-sur-Jarnioux">Ville-sur-Jarnioux</a>, and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9nissieux" title="Vénissieux">Vénissieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire" title="Saône-et-Loire">Saône-et-Loire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chalmoux" title="Chalmoux">Chalmoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clux" title="Clux">Clux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lux,_Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire" title="Lux, Saône-et-Loire">Lux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marly-sur-Arroux" title="Marly-sur-Arroux">Marly-sur-Arroux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouroux-sous-le-Bois-Sainte-Marie" title="Ouroux-sous-le-Bois-Sainte-Marie">Ouroux-sous-le-Bois-Sainte-Marie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouroux-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Ouroux-sur-Saône">Ouroux-sur-Saône</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontoux" title="Pontoux">Pontoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pouilloux" title="Pouilloux">Pouilloux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rigny-sur-Arroux" title="Rigny-sur-Arroux">Rigny-sur-Arroux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Bonnet-de-Joux" title="Saint-Bonnet-de-Joux">Saint-Bonnet-de-Joux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Didier-sur-Arroux" title="Saint-Didier-sur-Arroux">Saint-Didier-sur-Arroux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nizier-sur-Arroux" title="Saint-Nizier-sur-Arroux">Saint-Nizier-sur-Arroux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux,_Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire" title="Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux, Saône-et-Loire">Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thil-sur-Arroux" title="Thil-sur-Arroux">Thil-sur-Arroux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toulon-sur-Arroux" title="Toulon-sur-Arroux">Toulon-sur-Arroux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vendenesse-sur-Arroux" title="Vendenesse-sur-Arroux">Vendenesse-sur-Arroux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verjux" title="Verjux">Verjux</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tang-sur-Arroux" title="Étang-sur-Arroux">Étang-sur-Arroux</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland_2">Switzerland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Switzerland">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">Fribourg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9sopelloz" title="Chésopelloz">Chésopelloz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9suz" title="Crésuz">Crésuz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferpicloz" title="Ferpicloz">Ferpicloz</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Brillaz" title="La Brillaz">La Brillaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Folliaz" title="La Folliaz">La Folliaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Sonnaz" title="La Sonnaz">La Sonnaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neyruz,_Switzerland" title="Neyruz, Switzerland">Neyruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nor%C3%A9az" title="Noréaz">Noréaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pont-en-Ogoz" title="Pont-en-Ogoz">Pont-en-Ogoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prez-vers-Nor%C3%A9az" title="Prez-vers-Noréaz">Prez-vers-Noréaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9vaz" title="Sévaz">Sévaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaulruz" title="Vaulruz">Vaulruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villaz-Saint-Pierre" title="Villaz-Saint-Pierre">Villaz-Saint-Pierre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vuisternens-en-Ogoz" title="Vuisternens-en-Ogoz">Vuisternens-en-Ogoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Geneva</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bardonnex" title="Bardonnex">Bardonnex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernex,_Switzerland" title="Bernex, Switzerland">Bernex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choulex" title="Choulex">Choulex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collex-Bossy" title="Collex-Bossy">Collex-Bossy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laconnex" title="Laconnex">Laconnex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Grand-Saconnex" title="Le Grand-Saconnex">Le Grand-Saconnex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onex,_Switzerland" title="Onex, Switzerland">Onex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perly-Certoux" title="Perly-Certoux">Perly-Certoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%B4nex" title="Thônex">Thônex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Troinex" title="Troinex">Troinex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brot-Plamboz" title="Brot-Plamboz">Brot-Plamboz</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Chaux-du-Milieu" title="La Chaux-du-Milieu">La Chaux-du-Milieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a>: <a href="/wiki/Arbaz" title="Arbaz">Arbaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collombey-Muraz" title="Collombey-Muraz">Collombey-Muraz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dor%C3%A9naz" title="Dorénaz">Dorénaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evionnaz" title="Evionnaz">Evionnaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lax,_Switzerland" title="Lax, Switzerland">Lax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massongex" title="Massongex">Massongex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mex,_Valais" title="Mex, Valais">Mex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nax" title="Nax">Nax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nendaz" title="Nendaz">Nendaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernayaz" title="Vernayaz">Vernayaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vex,_Switzerland" title="Vex, Switzerland">Vex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veysonnaz" title="Veysonnaz">Veysonnaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vionnaz" title="Vionnaz">Vionnaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9rossaz" title="Vérossaz">Vérossaz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9troz" title="Vétroz">Vétroz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">Vaud</a>: <a href="/wiki/Arnex-sur-Nyon" title="Arnex-sur-Nyon">Arnex-sur-Nyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnex-sur-Orbe" title="Arnex-sur-Orbe">Arnex-sur-Orbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bex" title="Bex">Bex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bioley-Magnoux" title="Bioley-Magnoux">Bioley-Magnoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bioley-Orjulaz" title="Bioley-Orjulaz">Bioley-Orjulaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borex" title="Borex">Borex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champtauroz" title="Champtauroz">Champtauroz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chan%C3%A9az" title="Chanéaz">Chanéaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheseaux-Nor%C3%A9az" title="Cheseaux-Noréaz">Cheseaux-Noréaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chevroux,_Switzerland" title="Chevroux, Switzerland">Chevroux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-d%27%C5%92x" title="Château-d'Œx">Château-d'Œx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9serex" title="Chéserex">Chéserex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Founex" title="Founex">Founex</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Sarraz" title="La Sarraz">La Sarraz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauraz" title="Mauraz">Mauraz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mex,_Vaud" title="Mex, Vaud">Mex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutrux" title="Mutrux">Mutrux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neyruz-sur-Moudon" title="Neyruz-sur-Moudon">Neyruz-sur-Moudon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A9zieux" title="Palézieux">Palézieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paudex" title="Paudex">Paudex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penthalaz" title="Penthalaz">Penthalaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penthaz" title="Penthaz">Penthaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penth%C3%A9r%C3%A9az" title="Penthéréaz">Penthéréaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puidoux" title="Puidoux">Puidoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rennaz" title="Rennaz">Rennaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rivaz" title="Rivaz">Rivaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ropraz" title="Ropraz">Ropraz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-L%C3%A9gier-La_Chi%C3%A9saz" title="Saint-Légier-La Chiésaz">Saint-Légier-La Chiésaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Prex" title="Saint-Prex">Saint-Prex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saubraz" title="Saubraz">Saubraz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Signy-Avenex" title="Signy-Avenex">Signy-Avenex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susc%C3%A9vaz" title="Suscévaz">Suscévaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolochenaz" title="Tolochenaz">Tolochenaz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9lex" title="Trélex">Trélex</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noues-III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Noues-III.jpg/140px-Noues-III.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Noues-III.jpg/210px-Noues-III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Noues-III.jpg/280px-Noues-III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Text of a carol about the appearance of a comet in 1682 by Jean Chapelon.</figcaption></figure> A long tradition of Franco-Provençal literature exists, although no prevailing written form of the language has materialized. An early 12th-century fragment containing 105 verses from a poem about <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> may be the earliest known work in the language. <a href="/wiki/Girart_de_Roussillon" title="Girart de Roussillon">Girart de Roussillon</a>, an epic with 10,002 lines from the mid-12th century,[<a href="/wiki/Girart_de_Roussillon#Romance" title="Girart de Roussillon">contradictory</a>] has been asserted to be Franco-Provençal. It certainly contains prominent Franco-Provençal features, although the editor of an authoritative edition of this work claims that the language is a mixture of French and Occitan forms.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> A significant document from the same period containing a list of vassals in the County of Forez also is not without literary value. Among the first historical writings in Franco-Provençal are legal texts by <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_notary" title="Civil law notary">civil law notaries</a> that appeared in the 13th century as Latin was being abandoned for official administration. These include a translation of the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> (known as the <a href="/wiki/Justinian_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian Code">Justinian Code</a>) in the vernacular spoken in Grenoble. Religious works also were translated and conceived in Franco-Provençal dialects at some monasteries in the region. <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew">The Legend of Saint Bartholomew</a> is one such work that survives in Lyonnais patois from the 13th century. <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_d%27Oingt" title="Marguerite d'Oingt">Marguerite d'Oingt</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1240–1310), <a href="/wiki/Prioress" class="mw-redirect" title="Prioress">prioress</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Carthusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian">Carthusian</a> nunnery near <a href="/wiki/Mionnay" title="Mionnay">Mionnay</a> (France), composed two remarkable sacred texts in her native Lyonnais dialect, in addition to her writings in Latin. The first, entitled Speculum ("The Mirror"), describes three <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miraculous</a> <a href="/wiki/Vision_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision (religion)">visions</a> and their meanings. The other work, Li Via seiti Biatrix, virgina de Ornaciu ("The Life of the Blessed Virgin <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_d%27Ornacieux" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatrix d'Ornacieux">Beatrix d'Ornacieux</a>"), is a long biography of a <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a> consecrated to the <a href="/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion (Christianity)">Passion</a> whose faith lead to a devout cult. This text contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">beatification</a> of the nun more than 500 years later by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> in 1869.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> A line from the work in her dialect follows:<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> <dl><dd>§ 112 : « Quant vit co li diz vicayros que ay o coventavet fayre, ce alyet cela part et en ot mout de dongiers et de travayl, ancis que cil qui gardont lo lua d'Emuet li volissant layssyer co que il demandavet et que li evesques de Valenci o volit commandar. Totes veys yses com Deus o aveyt ordonat oy se fit. »</dd></dl> Religious conflicts in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> between <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> Reformers and staunch <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a>, supported by the Duchy of Savoy, brought forth many texts in Franco-Provençal during the early 17th century. One of the best known is Cé qu'è lainô ("The One Above"), which was composed by an unknown writer in 1603. The long narrative poem describes <a href="/wiki/L%27Escalade" title="L'Escalade">l'Escalade</a>, a raid by the Savoyard army that generated patriotic sentiments. It became the unofficial national anthem of the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Republic of Geneva</a>. The first three verses follow below (in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Genevois</a> dialect)<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> with a translation: <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cequelaino.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cequelaino.png/160px-Cequelaino.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cequelaino.png/240px-Cequelaino.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cequelaino.png/320px-Cequelaino.png 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>Cé qu'è l'ainô musical score showing verses 1, 2, 4, & 68.</figcaption></figure> <table style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <dl><dd>Cé qu'è lainô, le Maitre dé bataille,</dd> <dd>Que se moqué et se ri dé canaille;</dd> <dd>A bin fai vi, pè on desande nai,</dd> <dd>Qu'il étivé patron dé Genevoi.</dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>The One above, the Master of the battles,</dd> <dd>Who mock and laugh at the rabble,</dd> <dd>Made them see well, on a Saturday night,</dd> <dd>That He was protector of the Genevese people.</dd></dl> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <dl><dd>I son vegnu le doze de dessanbro</dd> <dd>Pè onna nai asse naire que d'ancro;</dd> <dd>Y étivé l'an mil si san et dou,</dd> <dd>Qu'i veniron parla ou pou troi tou.</dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>They came on the twelfth of December,</dd> <dd>On a night as black as ink;</dd> <dd>It was the year sixteen-hundred-and-two,</dd> <dd>That they speak of, at the earliest (hour).</dd></dl> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <dl><dd>Pè onna nai qu'étive la pe naire</dd> <dd>I veniron; y n'étai pas pè bairè;</dd> <dd>Y étivé pè pilli nou maison,</dd> <dd>Et no tüa sans aucuna raison.</dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>On the blackest night</dd> <dd>They came — it was not for drinking —</dd> <dd>To plunder our houses,</dd> <dd>And to kill us without any reason.</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> Several writers created <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moralistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Poem">poetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater">theatrical</a> texts during the era that followed, which indicates the vitality of the language at that time. These include: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernardin_Uchard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernardin Uchard (page does not exist)">Bernardin Uchard</a> (1575–1624), <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">author</a> and <a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">playwright</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bresse" title="Bresse">Bresse</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Perrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Perrin (page does not exist)">Henri Perrin</a>, comic playwright from Lyon; <a href="/wiki/Jean_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Millet">Jean Millet</a> (1600?–1675), author of <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastorals</a>, poems, and comedies from Grenoble; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Brossard_de_Montaney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Brossard de Montaney (page does not exist)">Jacques Brossard de Montaney</a> (1638–1702), writer of comedies and <a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">carols</a> from Bresse; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chapelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Chapelon (page does not exist)">Jean Chapelon</a> [<a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jian_Chapelon" class="extiw" title="frp:Jian Chapelon">frp</a>] (1647–1694), priest and composer of more than 1,500 carols, songs, epistles, and essays from <a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a>; and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Blanc_dit_Blanc_la_Goutte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Blanc dit Blanc la Goutte (page does not exist)">François Blanc dit Blanc la Goutte</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Blanc_(po%C3%A8te)" class="extiw" title="fr:François Blanc (poète)">fr</a>] (1690–1742), writer of <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> poems, including Grenoblo maléirou about the great flood of 1733 in Grenoble. 19th century authors include <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Roquille" title="Guillaume Roquille">Guillaume Roquille</a> (1804–1860), working-class poet from Rive-de-Gier near Saint-Chamond, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_B%C3%A9ard_dit_l%27%C3%89lyeudo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Béard dit l'Élyeudo (page does not exist)">Joseph Béard dit l'Élyeudo</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_B%C3%A9ard" class="extiw" title="fr:Joseph Béard">fr</a>] (1805–1872), physician, poet, and songwriter from Rumilly, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Bornet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Bornet (page does not exist)">Louis Bornet</a> [<a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bornet" class="extiw" title="frp:Louis Bornet">frp</a>] (1818–1880) of Gruyères. <a href="/wiki/Clair_Tisseur" title="Clair Tisseur">Clair Tisseur</a> (1827–1896), architect of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89glise_du_Bon-Pasteur" title="Église du Bon-Pasteur">Bon-Pasteur Church</a> in Lyon, published many writings under the pen name "Nizier du Puitspelu". These include a popular dictionary and humorous works in Lyonnaise dialect that have reprinted for more than 100 years.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amelie_Gex_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Amelie_Gex_2.jpg/110px-Amelie_Gex_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Amelie_Gex_2.jpg/165px-Amelie_Gex_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Amelie_Gex_2.jpg/220px-Amelie_Gex_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Gex" title="Amélie Gex">Amélie Gex</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Baptiste_Cerlogne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jean-Baptiste_Cerlogne.jpg/120px-Jean-Baptiste_Cerlogne.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jean-Baptiste_Cerlogne.jpg/180px-Jean-Baptiste_Cerlogne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Jean-Baptiste_Cerlogne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Cerlogne" title="Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne">Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne</a> originating from <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nicolas,_Aosta_Valley" title="Saint-Nicolas, Aosta Valley">Saint-Nicolas, Aosta Valley</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Gex" title="Amélie Gex">Amélie Gex</a> (1835–1883) wrote in her native patois as well as <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. She was a passionate advocate for her language. Her literary efforts encompassed lyrical themes, work, love, tragic loss, nature, the passing of time, religion, and politics, and are considered by many to be the most significant contributions to the literature. Among her works are: Reclans de Savoué ("Echos from Savoy", 1879), Lo cent ditons de Pierre d'Emo ("One Hundred Sayings by Pierre du Bon-Sens", 1879), Poesies ("Poems", 1880), Vieilles gens et vieilles choses: Histoires de ma rue et de mon village ("Old people and old things: Stories from my street and from my village", 1889), Fables (1898), and Contio de la Bova ("Tales from the Cowshed"). The writings of the abbé <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Cerlogne" title="Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne">Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne</a> (1826–1910) are credited with reestablishing the cultural identity of the Aosta Valley. His early poetry includes: L'infan prodeggo (1855), Marenda a Tsesalet (1856) and La bataille di vatse a Vertosan (1858); among his scholarly works are: Petite grammaire du dialecte valdotain (1893), Dictionnaire du dialecte valdôtain (1908) and Le patois valdotain: son origine littéraire et sa graphie (1909). The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regione.vda.it/cultura/eventi/concours_cerlogne/default_i.asp">Concours Cerlogne</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060109023052/http://www.regione.vda.it/Cultura/eventi/concours_cerlogne/default_i.asp">Archived</a> 9 January 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – an annual event named in his honor – has focused thousands of Italian students on preserving the region's language, literature, and heritage since 1963. At the end of the 19th century, regional dialects of Franco-Provençal were disappearing due to the expansion of the French language into all walks of life and the emigration of rural people to urban centers. Cultural and regional savant societies began to collect oral <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folk tales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverbs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legends</a> from native speakers in an effort that continues to today. Numerous works have been published. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prosper_Convert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prosper Convert (page does not exist)">Prosper Convert</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Convert" class="extiw" title="fr:Prosper Convert">fr</a>] (1852–1933), the bard of Bresse; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Mercier_(poet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Mercier (poet) (page does not exist)">Louis Mercier</a> (1870–1951), <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk singer</a> and author of more than twelve volumes of prose from Coutouvre near <a href="/wiki/Roanne" title="Roanne">Roanne</a>; <a href="/wiki/Just_Songeon" title="Just Songeon">Just Songeon</a> (1880–1940), author, poet, and activist from La Combe, Sillingy near <a href="/wiki/Annecy" title="Annecy">Annecy</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A9nie_Martinet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugénie Martinet (page does not exist)">Eugénie Martinet</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_Martinet" class="extiw" title="fr:Eugénie Martinet">fr</a>] (1896–1983), poet from <a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a>; and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Yerly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Yerly (page does not exist)">Joseph Yerly</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Yerly" class="extiw" title="de:Joseph Yerly">de</a>] (1896–1961) of <a href="/wiki/Gruy%C3%A8res" title="Gruyères">Gruyères</a> whose complete works were published in Kan la têra tsantè ("When the earth sang"), are well known for their use of patois in the 20th century. Louis des Ambrois de Nevache, from Upper Susa Valley, transcribed popular songs and wrote some original poetry in local patois. There are compositions in the current language on the album Enfestar, an artistic project from Piedmont<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> The first comic book in a Franco-Provençal dialect, Le rebloshon que tyouè! ("The cheese that killed!"), from the Fanfoué des Pnottas series by Félix Meynet, appeared in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Two popular works from <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin" title="The Adventures of Tintin">The Adventures of Tintin</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> and one from the <a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luke" title="Lucky Luke">Lucky Luke</a> series<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> were published in Franco-Provençal translations for young readers in 2006 and 2007. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_France" title="Language policy in France">Language policy in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Languages of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Languages of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergonha" title="Vergonha">Vergonha</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> For details on the question of linguistic classification see <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Romance">Gallo-Romance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Questione_Ladina" title="Questione Ladina">Questione Ladina</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/frp/">Franco-Provençal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Arpitan-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arpitan_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arpitan_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arpitan_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arpitan_2-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/frp">"Arpitan"</a>. Ethnologue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019063846/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/frp">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Arpitan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Ffrp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Proven%C3%A7al" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-glottoOil-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glottoOil_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-glottoOil_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2022" class="citation web cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oila1234">"Glottolog 4.8 - Oil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a>. <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111104954/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oila1234">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.8+-+Oil&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Foila1234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Proven%C3%A7al" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-parl-4"><a href="#cite_ref-parl_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm">Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche</a> (in Italian), Italian parliament, 15 December 1999, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120502202046/http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm">archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2012, retrieved 8 September 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norme+in+materia+di+tutela+delle+minoranze+linguistiche+storiche&rft.pub=Italian+parliament&rft.date=1999-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlamento.it%2Fparlam%2Fleggi%2F99482l.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Proven%C3%A7al" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguasphere.info/lcontao/tl_files/pdf/index/LS_index_d-e-f.pdf">"f"</a> (PDF). The Linguasphere Register. p. 165. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140419030647/http://www.linguasphere.info/lcontao/tl_files/pdf/index/LS_index_d-e-f.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Linguasphere+Register&rft.atitle=f&rft.pages=165&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguasphere.info%2Flcontao%2Ftl_files%2Fpdf%2Findex%2FLS_index_d-e-f.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Proven%C3%A7al" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Switzerland-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Switzerland_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfsstatic/dam/assets/342038/master">"Paesaggio Linguistico in Svizzera"</a> [Switzerland's Linguistic Landscape]. Ufficio Federale di Statistica (in Italian). 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228141140/https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfsstatic/dam/assets/342038/master">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ufficio+Federale+di+Statistica&rft.atitle=Paesaggio+Linguistico+in+Svizzera&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfsstatic%2Fdam%2Fassets%2F342038%2Fmaster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Proven%C3%A7al" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> A derivation from arpa "<a href="/wiki/Alpine_pasture" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine pasture">alpine pasture</a>", see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPichard2009" class="citation web cs1">Pichard, Alain (2 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715171257/http://blog.regionleman.com/public/Arpitanie/Histoire_Arpitanie_24heures.pdf">"Nos ancêtres les Arpitans"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.regionleman.com/public/Arpitanie/Histoire_Arpitanie_24heures.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nos+anc%C3%AAtres+les+Arpitans&rft.date=2009-05-02&rft.aulast=Pichard&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.regionleman.com%2Fpublic%2FArpitanie%2FHistoire_Arpitanie_24heures.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Proven%C3%A7al" class="Z3988">. 24 Heures, Lausanne. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasquet-Cyrus2018" class="citation cs2">Gasquet-Cyrus, Médéric (14 February 2018), Auzanneau, Michelle; Greco, Luca (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/enseditions/8582">"Frontières linguistiques et glossonymie en zone de transition: le cas du patois de Valjouffrey"</a>, Dessiner les frontières, Langages, Lyon: ENS Éditions, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84788-983-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84788-983-3"><bdi>978-2-84788-983-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428152602/https://books.openedition.org/enseditions/8582">archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021, retrieved 16 November 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dessiner+les+fronti%C3%A8res&rft.atitle=Fronti%C3%A8res+linguistiques+et+glossonymie+en+zone+de+transition%3A+le+cas+du+patois+de+Valjouffrey&rft.date=2018-02-14&rft.isbn=978-2-84788-983-3&rft.aulast=Gasquet-Cyrus&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fenseditions%2F8582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Proven%C3%A7al" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centre-etudes-francoprovencales.eu/bollettini/nouvelles-centre-73-2016-1098.pdf">Site du Centre d'études francoprovençales : "Au temps de Willien : les ferments de langue"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627204720/https://www.centre-etudes-francoprovencales.eu/bollettini/nouvelles-centre-73-2016-1098.pdf">Archived</a> 27 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnrico_AllasinoConsuelo_FerrierSergio_ScamuzziTullio_Telmon2005" class="citation journal cs1">Enrico Allasino; Consuelo Ferrier; Sergio Scamuzzi; Tullio Telmon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gioventurapiemonteisa.net/wp-content/uploads/docs/ires_quaderno_113.pdf">"LE LINGUE DEL PIEMONTE"</a> (PDF). IRES. 113: 71. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220216080051/http://www.gioventurapiemonteisa.net/wp-content/uploads/docs/ires_quaderno_113.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2020 – via Gioventura Piemontèisa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IRES&rft.atitle=LE+LINGUE+DEL+PIEMONTE&rft.volume=113&rft.pages=71&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Enrico+Allasino&rft.au=Consuelo+Ferrier&rft.au=Sergio+Scamuzzi&rft.au=Tullio+Telmon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gioventurapiemonteisa.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fdocs%2Fires_quaderno_113.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Proven%C3%A7al" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Krutwig, F. (1973). Les noms pré-indoeuropéens en Val-d'Aoste. Le Flambeau, no. 4, 1973., in: Henriet, Joseph (1997). La Lingua Arpitana. Quaderni Padani, Vol. III, no. 11, May–June 1997. pp. 25–30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060506090010/http://www.laliberacompagnia.org/pubblicazioni/qp_pdf/qp_11.pdf">.pdf</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a> (in Italian). </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Constantin & Désormaux, 1982. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Marzys, 1971. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Dalby, 1999/2000, p. 402. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Bessat & Germi, 1991. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arpitania.forumactif.com/CAFE-ARPITAN-c1/L-euroregion-Arpitanie-f1/La-nation-Arpitane-J-Harriet-1974-t581.htm">J. Harriet (1974), "L'ethnie valdôtaine n'a jamais existe... elle n'est que partie de l'ethnie harpitane" in La nation Arpitane</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120709031834/http://arpitania.forumactif.com/CAFE-ARPITAN-c1/L-euroregion-Arpitanie-f1/La-nation-Arpitane-J-Harriet-1974-t581.htm">Archived</a> 9 July 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, image of original article posted at Arpitania.eu, 12 January 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPichard2009" class="citation web cs1">Pichard, Alain (2 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715171257/http://blog.regionleman.com/public/Arpitanie/Histoire_Arpitanie_24heures.pdf">"Nos ancêtres les Arpitans"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.regionleman.com/public/Arpitanie/Histoire_Arpitanie_24heures.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nos+anc%C3%AAtres+les+Arpitans&rft.date=2009-05-02&rft.aulast=Pichard&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.regionleman.com%2Fpublic%2FArpitanie%2FHistoire_Arpitanie_24heures.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Proven%C3%A7al" class="Z3988">, 24 Heures, Lausanne. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Michel Rime, "L'afére Pecârd, c'est Tintin en patois vaudois", Quotidien (Lausanne), 24 heures, 19 March 2007; p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=frp">Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: frp</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306154133/http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=frp">Archived</a> 6 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 11 March 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> see: Jochnowitz, George (1973). </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> There are various hypotheses about their origins, possibly dating from 1200–1400, e.g. remnants of troops of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Naples">Charles d'Anjou</a>, according to Michele Melillo, "Intorno alle probabili sedi originarie delle colonie francoprovenzali di Celle e Faeto", Revue de Linguistique Romaine, XXIII, (1959), pp. 1–34, or <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a> refugees according to Pierre Gilles, Histoire ecclesiastique des églises reformées recueillies en quelques Valées de Piedmont, autrefois appelées Vaudoises, Paris, 1643, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0">^</a> Italian constitutional law: Legge costituzionale 26 febbraio 1948, n. 4, "Statuto speciale per la Valle d'Aosta" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlamentiregionali.it/dbdata/documenti/%5B4721daf9e8d13%5Dvda2001.pdf">Parlamento Italiano, Legge 1948, n. 4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227122947/http://www.parlamentiregionali.it/dbdata/documenti/%5B4721daf9e8d13%5Dvda2001.pdf">Archived</a> 27 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-24"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-0">^</a> Italian presidential decree: Decreto presidenziale della Repubblica del 20 novembre 1991, "Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche", Articolo 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-25"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_25-0">^</a> Italian federal law: Legge 15 dicembre 1999, n. 482, "Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche", pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 297 del 20 dicembre 1999, Articolo 2, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlamento.it/leggi/99482l.htm">Parlamento Italiano, Legge 482</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080129153010/http://www.parlamento.it/leggi/99482l.htm">Archived</a> 29 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-26"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consiglio.regione.vda.it/banche_dati/leggi_regolamenti/dettaglio_f.asp?pk_lr=3141&versione=V">"Conseil de la Vallée - Loi régionale 1er août 2005, n. 18 - Texte en vigueur"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210248/http://www.consiglio.regione.vda.it/banche_dati/leggi_regolamenti/dettaglio_f.asp?pk_lr=3141&versione=V">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conseil+de+la+Vall%C3%A9e+-+Loi+r%C3%A9gionale+1er+ao%C3%BBt+2005%2C+n.+18+-+Texte+en+vigueur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consiglio.regione.vda.it%2Fbanche_dati%2Fleggi_regolamenti%2Fdettaglio_f.asp%3Fpk_lr%3D3141%26versione%3DV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Proven%C3%A7al" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-27"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100305120439/http://www.evolena-nostra.ch/patois/grammaire.htm">"Eat Healthy, Eat Well"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evolena-nostra.ch/patois/grammaire.htm">the original</a> on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eat+Healthy%2C+Eat+Well&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evolena-nostra.ch%2Fpatois%2Fgrammaire.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Proven%C3%A7al" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-28"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/dglf/">"Langue française et langues de France"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141210181336/http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/dglf/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Langue+fran%C3%A7aise+et+langues+de+France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture.gouv.fr%2Fculture%2Fdglf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Proven%C3%A7al" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fondchanoux.org/site/pages/sondage.asp">Fondation Émile Chanoux: Sondage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607163340/http://www.fondchanoux.org/site/pages/sondage.asp">Archived</a> 7 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Assessorat de l'éducation et la culture - Département de la surintendance des écoles, Profil de la politique linguistique éducative, Le Château éd., 2009, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Barbero" title="Alessandro Barbero">Alessandro Barbero</a>, Une Vallée d'Aoste bilingue dans une Europe plurilingue, Aoste (2003). </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/europe/italieaoste.htm">TLFQ: Vallée d'Aoste</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070811053659/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/europe/italieaoste.htm">Archived</a> 11 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-fondchanoux.org-33"><a href="#cite_ref-fondchanoux.org_33-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fondchanoux.org/">Sondage linguistique de la Fondation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220002541/http://www.fondchanoux.org/">Archived</a> 20 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Chanoux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Émile Chanoux (page does not exist)">Émile Chanoux</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060213220151/http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/it6_en.html">"The Euromosaic study: Franco-provençal in Italy"</a>. European Commission (europa.eu.int). 4 February 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/it6_en.html">the original</a> on 13 February 2006. Retrieved 26 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission+%28europa.eu.int%29&rft.atitle=The+Euromosaic+study%3A+Franco-proven%C3%A7al+in+Italy&rft.date=2005-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu.int%2Fcomm%2Feducation%2Fpolicies%2Flang%2Flanguages%2Flangmin%2Feuromosaic%2Fit6_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Proven%C3%A7al" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2017" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bauer, Roland (25 September 2017), Reutner, Ursula (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110348217-012/html">"Vallée d'Aoste"</a>, Manuel des francophonies (in French), De Gruyter, pp. 246–274, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110348217-012">10.1515/9783110348217-012</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-034821-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-034821-7"><bdi>978-3-11-034821-7</bdi></a>, retrieved 26 July 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manuel+des+francophonies&rft.atitle=Vall%C3%A9e+d%27Aoste&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E246-%3C%2Fspan%3E274&rft.date=2017-09-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110348217-012&rft.isbn=978-3-11-034821-7&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110348217-012%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Proven%C3%A7al" class="Z3988">. "Actuellement, le nombre des patoisants valdôtains est estimé à environ 40.000, dont la moitié pratiquerait le francoprovençal quotidiennement (cf. Dunoyer 2010, 17)." </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZulatoKasstanNagy2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zulato, Alessia; Kasstan, Jonathan; Nagy, Naomi (20 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl-2017-0038/html">"An overview of Francoprovençal vitality in Europe and North America"</a>. International Journal of the Sociology of Language (249): 11–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijsl-2017-0038">10.1515/ijsl-2017-0038</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-3668">1613-3668</a>. <q>According to the largest sociolinguistic survey conducted by the Fondation Emile Chanoux in 2001 on a sample of 7,250 Aosta Valley residents, the number of speakers is between 21,000-70,000 (i.e., 40% to 56% of the overall regional population of 128,000 inhabitants). The count depends on whether estimates are inferred from responses to the questions concerning the informants' L1, or the language(s) and dialect(s) known, or the language first learnt (Chanoux 2003).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Language&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+Francoproven%C3%A7al+vitality+in+Europe+and+North+America&rft.issue=249&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2017-12-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl-2017-0038&rft.issn=1613-3668&rft.aulast=Zulato&rft.aufirst=Alessia&rft.au=Kasstan%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Nagy%2C+Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl-2017-0038%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Proven%C3%A7al" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegis2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Regis, Riccardo (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1720978?mode=simple">"Intorno alla vitalità del francoprovenzale nell'Italia di nord-ovest"</a>. Regards croisés sur la standardisation du francoprovençal (in Italian). Aoste. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788831943093" title="Special:BookSources/9788831943093"><bdi>9788831943093</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Intorno+alla+vitalit%C3%A0+del+francoprovenzale+nell%E2%80%99Italia+di+nord-ovest&rft.btitle=Regards+crois%C3%A9s+sur+la+standardisation+du+francoproven%C3%A7al&rft.place=Aoste&rft.pages=48&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9788831943093&rft.aulast=Regis&rft.aufirst=Riccardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firis.unito.it%2Fhandle%2F2318%2F1720978%3Fmode%3Dsimple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Proven%C3%A7al" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHauff2016">Hauff (2016)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFViret2021">Viret (2021)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKasstan2015">Kasstan (2015)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStich1998">Stich (1998)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStich2001">Stich 2001</a>:111, 133, 153 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Price, 1998. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>, See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02375a.htm">Beatrix: VI. Blessed Beatrix of Ornacieux</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202120428/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02375a.htm">Archived</a> 2 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Blumenfeld-Kosinski, Renate (1997). The Writings of Margaret of Oingt, Medieval Prioress and Mystic. (From series: Library of Medieval Women). Cambridge: D.S. Brewer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85991-442-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85991-442-9">0-85991-442-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hypo.ge-dip.etat-ge.ch/www/athena/helvetia/cqlaino.html">Cé qu'è lainô</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071223012326/http://hypo.ge-dip.etat-ge.ch/www/athena/helvetia/cqlaino.html">Archived</a> 23 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Complete text of 68 verses in Franco-Provençal and French. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> "Tout sur la langue des gones", Lyon Capitale, N° 399, 30 October 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoundcloud:_Enfestar" class="citation web cs1">Soundcloud: Enfestar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soundcloud.com/blu-lazard/sets/enfestar-blu-lazard">"Album Enfestar, Blu l'azard"</a>. Soundcloud. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118094952/https://soundcloud.com/blu-lazard/sets/enfestar-blu-lazard">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soundcloud&rft.atitle=Album+Enfestar%2C+Blu+l%27azard&rft.au=Soundcloud%3A+Enfestar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoundcloud.com%2Fblu-lazard%2Fsets%2Fenfestar-blu-lazard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Proven%C3%A7al" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Meynet, Félix (Illustrations) & Roman, Pascal (Text). Le rebloshon que tyouè !. (Translation in Savoyard dialect.) Editions des Pnottas, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-940171-14-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-940171-14-9">2-940171-14-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> "<a href="/wiki/Herg%C3%A9" title="Hergé">Hergé</a>" (Remi, Georges) (2006). Lé Pèguelyon de la Castafiore ("<a href="/wiki/The_Castafiore_Emerald" title="The Castafiore Emerald">The Castafiore Emerald</a>", from <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin" title="The Adventures of Tintin">The Adventures of Tintin</a> series). Meune, Manuel & Josine, Trans. (Translation in Bressan dialect, Orthography: La Graphie de Conflans). Brussels, Belgium: Casterman Editions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-203-00930-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-203-00930-6">2-203-00930-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> "<a href="/wiki/Herg%C3%A9" title="Hergé">Hergé</a>" (Remi, Georges) (2006). L'Afére Pecârd ("<a href="/wiki/The_Calculus_Affair" title="The Calculus Affair">The Calculus Affair</a>", from <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin" title="The Adventures of Tintin">The Adventures of Tintin</a> series). (Translation in mixed Franco-Provençal dialects, Orthography: ORB). Brussels, Belgium: Casterman Editions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-203-00931-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-203-00931-4">2-203-00931-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> "<a href="/wiki/Achd%C3%A9" title="Achdé">Achdé</a>" (Darmenton, Hervé); Gerra, Laurent; & "<a href="/wiki/Morris_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris (comics)">Morris</a>" (Bevere, Maurice de) (2007). Maryô donbin pèdu ("The Noose", from the <a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luke" title="Lucky Luke">Lucky Luke</a> series. Translation in Bressan dialect.) Belgium: Lucky Comics. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-88471-207-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-88471-207-0">2-88471-207-0</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: General and cited sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Abry, Christian et al. "Groupe de Conflans" (1994). Découvrir les parlers de Savoie. Conflans (Savoie): Centre de la Culture Savoyarde. This work presents of one of the commonly used orthographic standards</li> <li>Aebischer, Paul (1950). Chrestomathie franco-provençale. Bern: Éditions A. Francke S.A.</li> <li>Agard, Frederick B. (1984). A Course in Romance Linguistics: A Diachronic View. (Vol. 2). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87840-089-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87840-089-3">0-87840-089-3</a></li> <li>Ascoli, Graziadio Isaia (1878). Schizzi Franco-provenzali. Archivio glottologico italiano, III, pp. 61–120. Article written about 1873.</li> <li>Bec, Pierre (1971). Manuel pratique de philologie romane. (Tome 2, pp. 357 et seq.). Paris: Éditions Picard. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7084-0288-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7084-0288-9">2-7084-0288-9</a> A philological analysis of Franco-Provençal; the Alpine dialects have been particularly studied.</li> <li>Bessat, Hubert & Germi, Claudette (1991). Les mots de la montagne autour du Mont-Blanc. Grenoble: Ellug. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-902709-68-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-902709-68-4">2-902709-68-4</a></li> <li>Bjerrome, Gunnar (1959). Le patois de Bagnes (Valais). Stockholm: Almkvist and Wiksell.</li> <li>Brocherel, Jules (1952). Le patois et la langue francaise en Vallée d’Aoste. Neuchâtel: V. Attinger.</li> <li>Centre de la Culture Savoyard, Conflans (1995). Écrire le patois: La Graphie de Conflans pour le Savoyard. Taninges: Éditions P.A.O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.aol.com/conflans1/GR_CONF.pdf">.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060110094804/http://members.aol.com/conflans1/GR_CONF.pdf">Archived</a> 10 January 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in French)</li> <li>Cerlogne, Jean-Baptiste (1971). Dictionnaire du patois valdôtain, précédé de la petite grammaire. Geneva: Slatkine Reprints. (Original work published, Aosta: Imprimérie Catholique, 1907)</li> <li>Chenal, Aimé (1986). Le franco-provençal valdôtain: Morphologie et syntaxe. Quart: Musumeci. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7032-232-7" title="Special:BookSources/88-7032-232-7">88-7032-232-7</a></li> <li>Chenal, Aimé & Vautherin, Raymond (1967–1982). Nouveau dictionnaire de patois valdôtain. (12 vol.). Aoste : Éditions Marguerettaz.</li> <li>Chenal, Aimé & Vautherin, Raymond (1984). Nouveau dictionnaire de patois valdôtain; Dictionnaire français-patois. Quart: Musumeci. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7032-534-2" title="Special:BookSources/88-7032-534-2">88-7032-534-2</a></li> <li>Constantin, Aimé & Désormaux, Joseph (1982). Dictionnaire savoyard. Marseille: Éditions Jeanne Laffitte. (Originally published, Annecy: Société florimontane, 1902). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7348-0137-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-7348-0137-X">2-7348-0137-X</a></li> <li>Cuaz-Châtelair, René (1989). Le Franco-provençal, mythe ou réalité'. Paris, la Pensée universelle, pp. 70. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-214-07979-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-214-07979-3">2-214-07979-3</a></li> <li>Cuisenier, Jean (Dir.) (1979). Les sources régionales de la Savoie: une approche ethnologique. Alimentation, habitat, élevage, agriculture.... (re: Abry, Christian: Le paysage dialectal.) Paris: Éditions Fayard.</li> <li>Dalby, David (1999/2000). The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities. (Vol. 2). (Breton, Roland, Pref.). Hebron, Wales, UK: Linguasphere Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9532919-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9532919-2-8">0-9532919-2-8</a> See p. 402 for the complete list of 6 groups and 41 idioms of Franco-Provençal dialects.</li> <li>Dauzat, Albert & Rostaing, Charles (1984). Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de lieux en France. (2nd ed.). Paris: Librairie Guénégaud. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-85023-076-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-85023-076-6">2-85023-076-6</a></li> <li>Devaux, André; Duraffour, A.; Dussert, A.-S.; Gardette, P.; & Lavallée, F. (1935). Les patois du Dauphiné. (2 vols.). Lyon: Bibliothèque de la Faculté catholique des lettres. Dictionary, grammar, & linguistic atlas of the Terres-Froides region.</li> <li>Duch, Célestin & Bejean, Henri (1998). Le patois de Tignes. Grenoble: Ellug. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84310-011-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-84310-011-9">2-84310-011-9</a></li> <li>Dunoyer, Christiane (2016). Le francoprovençal. Transmission, revitalisation et normalisation. Introduction aux travaux. "Actes de la conférence annuelle sur l’activité scientifique du Centre d’études francoprovençales René Willien de Saint-Nicolas, le 7 novembre 2015". Aosta, pp. 11–15.</li> <li>Duraffour, Antonin; Gardette, P.; Malapert, L. & Gonon, M. (1969). Glossaire des patois francoprovençaux. Paris: CNRS Éditions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-222-01226-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-222-01226-0">2-222-01226-0</a></li> <li>Elsass, Annie (Ed.) (1985). Jean Chapelon 1647–1694, Œuvres complètes. Saint-Étienne: Université de Saint-Étienne.</li> <li>Escoffier, Simone (1958). La rencontre de la langue d'Oïl, de la lange d'Oc, et de francoprovençal entre Loire et Allier. Publications de l'Institut linguistique romane de Lyon, XI, 1958.</li> <li>Escoffier, Simone & Vurpas, Anne-Marie (1981). Textes littéraires en dialecte lyonnais. Paris: CNRS Éditions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-222-02857-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-222-02857-4">2-222-02857-4</a></li> <li>EUROPA (European Commission) (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060213220151/http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/it6_en.html">Francoprovençal in Italy, The Euromosaic Study.</a> Last update: 4 February 2005.</li> <li>Favre, Christophe & Balet, Zacharie (1960). Lexique du Parler de Savièse. Romanica Helvetica, Vol. 71, 1960. Bern: Éditions A. Francke S.A.</li> <li>Gardette, l'Abbé Pierre, (1941). Études de géographie morphologique sur les patois du Forez. Mâcon: Imprimerie Protat frères.</li> <li>Gex, Amélie (1986). Contes et chansons populaires de Savoie. (Terreaux, Louis, Intro.). Aubenas: Curandera. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86677-036-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-86677-036-6">2-86677-036-6</a></li> <li>Gex, Amélie (1999). Vieilles gens et vieilles choses: Histoires de ma rue et de mon village. (Bordeaux, Henry, Pref.). Marseille: Éditions Jeanne Laffitte. (Original work published, Chambéry: Dardel, 1924). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7348-0399-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-7348-0399-2">2-7348-0399-2</a></li> <li>Gossen, Charles Théodore (1970). La scripta para-francoprovençale, Revue de linguistique romane 34, p. 326–348.</li> <li>Grasset, Pierre & Viret, Roger (2006). Joseph Béard, dit l'Eclair : Médecin des pauvres, Poète patoisant, Chansonnier savoyard. (Terreaux, Louis, Pref.). Montmelian: La Fontaine de Siloé. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84206-338-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-84206-338-4">2-84206-338-4</a></li> <li>Grillet, Jean-Louis (1807). Dictionnaire historique, littéraire et statistique des départements du Mont-Blanc et du Léman. Chambéry: Librairie J.F. Puthod.</li> <li>Joze Harietta (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seud%C3%B3nimo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seudónimo (page does not exist)">Seudónimo</a> de Joseph Henriet), La lingua arpitana : con particolare riferimento alla lingua della Val di Aosta, Tip. Ferrero & Cie. die Romano Canavese, 1976, 174 p.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauff2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Hauff, Tristan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/51526">Le français régional de la Vallée d'Aoste: Aspects sociolinguistiques et phonologiques</a> (Masters). Universitetet i Oslo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230126213608/https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/51526">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Le+fran%C3%A7ais+r%C3%A9gional+de+la+Vall%C3%A9e+d%27Aoste%3A+Aspects+sociolinguistiques+et+phonologiques&rft.inst=Universitetet+i+Oslo&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Hauff&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duo.uio.no%2Fhandle%2F10852%2F51526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Proven%C3%A7al" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]</li> <li>Héran, François; Filhon, Alexandra; & Deprez, Christine (2002). Language transmission in France in the course of the 20th century. Population & Sociétés. No. 376, February 2002. Paris: INED-Institut national d’études démographiques. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0184-7783">0184-7783</a>. Monthly newsletter in English, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ined.fr/">INED</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522063805/http://www.ined.fr/">Archived</a> 22 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Hoyer, Gunhild & Tuaillon, Gaston (2002). Blanc-La-Goutte, poète de Grenoble: Œuvres complètes. Grenoble: Centre alpin et rhodanien d'ethnologie.</li> <li>Humbert, Jean (1983). Nouveau glossaire genevois. Genève: Slatkine Reprints. (Original work published, Geneva: 1852). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8321-0172-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-8321-0172-0">2-8321-0172-0</a></li> <li>Iannàccaro, Gabriele & Dell'Aquila, Vittorio (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3178188/Investigare_la_Valle_dAosta_metodologia_di_raccolta_e_analisi_dei_dati">"Investigare la Valle d’Aosta: metodologia di raccolta e analisi dei dati"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819222653/http://www.academia.edu/3178188/Investigare_la_Valle_dAosta_metodologia_di_raccolta_e_analisi_dei_dati">Archived</a> 19 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In: Caprini, Rita (ed.): "Parole romanze. Scritti per <a href="/wiki/Michel_Contini" title="Michel Contini">Michel Contini</a>", Alessandria: Edizioni Dell'Orso</li> <li>Jochnowitz, George (1973). Dialect Boundaries and the Question of Franco-Provençal. Paris & The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter & Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-279-2480-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-279-2480-5">90-279-2480-5</a></li> <li>Kattenbusch, Dieter (1982), Das Frankoprovenzalische in Süditalien: Studien zur synchronischen und diachronischen Dialektologie (Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik), Tübingen, Germany: Gunter Narr Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87808-997-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-87808-997-X">3-87808-997-X</a></li> <li>Kasstan, Jonathan and Naomi Nagy, eds. 2018. Special issue: "Francoprovencal: Documenting Contact Varieties in Europe and North America." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 249.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasstan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kasstan, Jonathan Richard (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100315000250">"Lyonnais (Francoprovençal)"</a>. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 45 (3): 349–355. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100315000250">10.1017/S0025100315000250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Lyonnais+%28Francoproven%C3%A7al%29&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E349-%3C%2Fspan%3E355&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100315000250&rft.aulast=Kasstan&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0025100315000250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Proven%C3%A7al" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Martin, Jean-Baptiste & Tuaillon, Gaston (1999). Atlas linguistique et ethnographique du Jura et des Alpes du nord (Francoprovençal Central) : La maison, l'homme, la morphologie. (Vol. 3). Paris: CNRS Éditions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-222-02192-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-222-02192-8">2-222-02192-8</a> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard dialect</a>).</li> <li>Martin, Jean-Baptiste (2005). Le Francoprovençal de poche. Chennevières-sur-Marne: Assimil. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7005-0351-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-7005-0351-1">2-7005-0351-1</a></li> <li>Martinet, André (1956). La Description phonologique avec application au parler franco-provençal d'Hauteville (Savoie). Genève: Librairie Droz / M.J. Minard.</li> <li>Marzys, Zygmunt (Ed.) (1971). Colloque de dialectologie francoprovençale. Actes. Neuchâtel & Genève: Faculté des Lettres, Droz.</li> <li>Melillo, Michele (1974), Donde e quando vennero i francoprovenzali di Capitanata, "Lingua e storia in Puglia"; Siponto, Italy: Centro di Studi pugliesi. pp. 80–95</li> <li>Meune, Manuel (2007). Le franco(-)provençal entre morcellement et quête d’unité : histoire et état des lieux. Québec: Laval University. Article in French from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/AXL/monde/franco-provencal.htm">TLFQ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120607062922/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/monde/franco-provencal.htm">Archived</a> 7 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Minichelli, Vincenzo (1994). Dizionario francoprovenzale di Celle di San Vito e Faeto. (2nd ed.). (Telmon, Tullio, Intro.). Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7694-166-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-7694-166-5">88-7694-166-5</a></li> <li>Morosi, Giacomo (1890–92), Il dialetto franco-provenzale di Faeto e Celle, nell'Italia meridionale, "Archivio Glottologico Italiano", XII. pp. 33–75</li> <li>Nagy, Naomi (2000). Faetar. Munich: Lincom Europa. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89586-548-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-89586-548-6">3-89586-548-6</a></li> <li>Nelde, Peter H. (1996). Euromosaic: The production and reproduction of the minority language groups in the European Union. Luxembourg: European Commission. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-827-5512-6" title="Special:BookSources/92-827-5512-6">92-827-5512-6</a> See: EUROPA, 2005.</li> <li>Nizier du Puitspelu (pen name of Tisseur, Clair) (2008). Le Littré de la Grand'Côte : à l'usage de ceux qui veulent parler et écrire correctement. Lyon: Éditions Lyonnaises d'Art et d'Histoire. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84147-196-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-84147-196-9">2-84147-196-9</a> (Original work published, Lyon: Juré de l'Académie/Académie du Gourguillon, 1894, reprint 1903). Lyonnaise dialect dictionary and encyclopedia of anecdotes and idiomatic expressions, pp. 353.</li> <li>Pierrehumbert, William (1926). Dictionnaire historique du parler neuchâtelois et suisse romand. Neuchâtel: Éditions Victor Attinger.</li> <li>Price, Glanville (1998). Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19286-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19286-7">0-631-19286-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_Reutner" title="Ursula Reutner">Ursula Reutner</a>: 'Minor' Gallo-Romance Languages. In: Lebsanft, Franz/Tacke, Felix: Manual of Standardization in the Romance Languages. Berlin: de Gruyter (Manuals of Romance Linguistics 24), 773–807, ISBN 9783110455731.</li> <li>Ruhlen, Merritt (1987). A Guide to the World's Languages. (Vol. 1: Classification). Stanford: Stanford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-1250-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-1250-6">0-8047-1250-6</a> Author of numerous articles on language and linguistics; Language Universals Project, Stanford University.</li> <li>Schüle, Ernest (1978), Histoire et évolution des parler francoprovençaux d'Italie, in: AA. VV, "Lingue e dialetti nell'arco alpino occidentale; Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Torino", Torino, Italy: Centro Studi Piemontesi.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStich2001" class="citation thesis cs1">Stich, Dominique (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arpitania.eu/aca/documents/These_Stich_2001.pdf">Francoprovençal: Proposition d'une orthographe supra-dialectale standardisée</a> (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Francoproven%C3%A7al%3A+Proposition+d%27une+orthographe+supra-dialectale+standardis%C3%A9e&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Paris&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Stich&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arpitania.eu%2Faca%2Fdocuments%2FThese_Stich_2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Proven%C3%A7al" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Stich, Dominique (2003). Dictionnaire francoprovençal / français, français / francoprovençal : Dictionnaire des mots de base du francoprovençal : Orthographe ORB supradialectale standardisée. (Walter, Henriette, Preface). Thonon-les-Bains: Éditions Le Carré. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-908150-15-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-908150-15-8">2-908150-15-8</a> This work includes the current orthographic standard for the language.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStich1998" class="citation book cs1">Stich, Dominique (1998). Parlons francoprovençal : une langue méconnue. Paris: L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7384-7203-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-7384-7203-6"><bdi>2-7384-7203-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parlons+francoproven%C3%A7al+%3A+une+langue+m%C3%A9connue&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=2-7384-7203-6&rft.aulast=Stich&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Proven%C3%A7al" class="Z3988"> This work includes the former orthographic standard, Orthographe de référence A (ORA).</li> <li>Tuaillon, Gaston (1988). Le Franco-provençal, Langue oubliée. in: Vermes, Geneviève (Dir.). Vingt-cinq communautés linguistiques de la France. (Vol. 1: Langues régionales et langues non territorialisées). Paris: Éditions l’Harmattan. pp. 188–207.</li> <li>Tuallion, Gaston (2002). La littérature en francoprovençal avant 1700. Grenoble: Ellug. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84310-029-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-84310-029-1">2-84310-029-1</a></li> <li>Villefranche, Jacques Melchior (1891). Essai de grammaire du patois Lyonnais. Bourg: Imprimerie J. M. Villefranche.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViret2001" class="citation book cs1">Viret, Roger (2001). Patois du pays de l'Albanais : Dictionnaire savoyard-français (2e éd ed.). Cran-Gevrier: L'Echevé du Val-de-Fier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-9512146-2-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-9512146-2-6"><bdi>2-9512146-2-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patois+du+pays+de+l%27Albanais+%3A+Dictionnaire+savoyard-fran%C3%A7ais&rft.place=Cran-Gevrier&rft.edition=2e+%C3%A9d&rft.pub=L%27Echev%C3%A9+du+Val-de-Fier&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=2-9512146-2-6&rft.aulast=Viret&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Proven%C3%A7al" class="Z3988"> Dictionary and grammar for the dialect in the Albanais region, which includes Annecy and Aix-les-Bains.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViret2021" class="citation web cs1">Viret, Roger (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arpitania.eu/aca/documents/Dictionnaire_Viret_Francais_Savoyard.pdf">"Dictionnaire Français - Savoyard: Comportant plusieurs variantes de la langue savoyarde"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406110710/https://www.arpitania.eu/aca/documents/Dictionnaire_Viret_Francais_Savoyard.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+Fran%C3%A7ais+-+Savoyard%3A+Comportant+plusieurs+variantes+de+la+langue+savoyarde&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Viret&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arpitania.eu%2Faca%2Fdocuments%2FDictionnaire_Viret_Francais_Savoyard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Proven%C3%A7al" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Vurpas, Anne-Marie (1993). Le Parler lyonnais. (Martin, Jean-Baptiste, Intro.) Paris: Éditions Payot & Rivages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86930-701-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-86930-701-2">2-86930-701-2</a></li> <li>Wartburg, Walter von (1928–2003). <a href="/wiki/Franz%C3%B6sisches_Etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch">Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch</a>. ("FEW"). (25 vol.). Bonn, Basel & Nancy: Klopp, Helbing & Lichtenhahn, INaLF/ATILF. Etymological dictionary of Gallo-Roman languages and dialects.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="frp:"> Arpitan edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arpitania.eu/">Arpitan Cultural Alliance</a>, International Federation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422195616/http://francoprovencal.org/">Francoprovencal.org</a> Le site du francoprovençal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centre-etudes-francoprovencales.eu/">Centre d'Études Francoprovençales</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nicolas,_Aosta_Valley" title="Saint-Nicolas, Aosta Valley">Saint-Nicolas, Aosta Valley</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171011043911/https://sites.google.com/site/lengouaarpitana2/loslimsarpitans">On-line directory regularly updated</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=115570914925694292683.00047f42f7c6fad6365ff">Google Maps</a>, Precise Map of Arpitania</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=115570914925694292683.00047ce9d35f29abcf6f0">[1]</a> Precise Map of Arpitania and Occitania in Italy and Switzerland</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.u-grenoble3.fr/almura/">ALMURA: Atlas linguistique multimédia de la région Rhône-Alpes et des régions limitrophes</a> — Multimedia website from <a href="/wiki/Stendhal_University" title="Stendhal University">Stendhal University-Grenoble 3</a> with MP3 audio clips of more than 700 words and expressions by native speakers grouped in 15 themes by village. The linguistic atlas demonstrates the transition from Franco-Provençal <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> in the north to Occitan phonology in the south. (select: ATLAS)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alaval.unine.ch:">L'Atlas linguistique audiovisuel du Valais romand</a> — Multimedia website from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="University of Neuchâtel">University of Neuchâtel</a> with audio and video clips of Franco-Provençal speakers from the canton of <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a>, Switzerland.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languesdefranceenchansons.com/">Les Langues de France en chansons: N'tra Linga e Chanfon</a> — Multimedia website with numerous audio clips of native Franco-Provençal speakers singing traditional songs. Select: TRAINS DIRECTS → scroll to: Francoprovençal.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Lapurdian_dialect" title="Navarro-Lapurdian dialect">Navarro-Lapurdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souletin_dialect" title="Souletin dialect">Souletin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9gorrois_Breton_dialect" title="Trégorrois Breton dialect">Trégorrois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern Catalan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franco-Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergnat dialect">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchois_(dialect)" title="Marchois (dialect)">Marchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overseas languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aji%C3%AB_language" title="Ajië language">Ajië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drehu_language" title="Drehu language">Drehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guianese_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Guianese Creole">Guianese Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futunan_language" title="Futunan language">Futunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Kibushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nengone_language" title="Nengone language">Nengone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paic%C3%AE_language" title="Paicî language">Paicî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Creole" title="Réunion Creole">Réunion Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maore_dialect" title="Maore dialect">Shimaore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallisian_language" title="Wallisian language">Wallisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xaracuu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Xaracuu language">Xaracuu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Algerian Jewish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela_language" title="Erromintxela language">Erromintxela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Manuš Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guillemet" title="Guillemet">Guillemet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_France" title="Language policy in France">Language policy in France</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Italy557" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Italy" title="Template:Languages of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Languages of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Italy557" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy#Historical_language_minorities" title="Languages of Italy">Historical linguistic minorities</a>: <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Franco-Provençal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of German speakers">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central-Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchigiano_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Marchigiano dialect">Marchigiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marino_dialect" title="Marino dialect">Marinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Beneventano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bari_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bari dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Cosentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central-Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other Italo-Dalmatian languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sardinian32" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Campidanese dialect">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franco-Provençal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cellese (page does not exist)">Cellese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco and Legnanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legnanese_dialect" title="Legnanese dialect">Legnanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco-Lecchese dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasell" title="Spasell">Spasell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Lombard dialect">Eastern Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol_linguistic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian–Romagnol linguistic group">Emilian–Romagnol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Romagnol dialects">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other Gallo-Italic languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[a]</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Venetian30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rhaeto-Romance43" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Arbëresh_language22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccarizzo_Albanian" title="Vaccarizzo Albanian">Vaccarizzo Albanian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian language">Slovenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brda_dialect" title="Brda dialect">Brda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gail_Valley_dialect" title="Gail Valley dialect">Gail Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Carniolan_dialect" title="Inner Carniolan dialect">Inner Carniolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_dialect" title="Istrian dialect">Istrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_dialect" title="Karst dialect">Karst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natisone_Valley_dialect" title="Natisone Valley dialect">Natisone Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Valley_dialect" title="Torre Valley dialect">Torre Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Italy#Triestine_Serbs" title="Serbs in Italy">Triestine Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Italiot_Greek17" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Calabrian Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Griko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other German dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist. </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Switzerland80" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Template:Languages of Switzerland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Template talk:Languages of Switzerland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Switzerland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Switzerland80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Languages of Switzerland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major dialect groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss-German_Sign_Language" title="Swiss-German Sign Language">Swiss-German Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects379" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template talk:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects379" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a> and dialects</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areal groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Creole_French" title="Dominican Creole French">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Creole_French" title="Grenadian Creole French">Grenadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Creole" title="Saint Lucian Creole">Saint Lucian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_Creole" title="Bourbonnais Creole">Bourbonnais Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agalega_creole" title="Agalega creole">Agalega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagossian_creole" title="Chagossian creole">Chagossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Creole" title="Réunion Creole">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodriguan_creole" title="Rodriguan creole">Rodriguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_Creole" title="Seychellois Creole">Seychellois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Abidjan_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Abidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Kinshasa_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Kinshasa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Québécois</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Cambodia" title="French language in Cambodia">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francien_language" title="Francien language">Francien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_India#Indian_French" title="French people in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Laos" title="French language in Laos">Laotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontarian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontarian French">Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Vietnam" title="French language in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norman" title="Old Norman">Old Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolze" title="Bolze">Bolze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi_Pidgin_French" title="Burundi Pidgin French">Burundi Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais">Camfranglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianese_Creole" title="French Guianese Creole">Guianese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karip%C3%BAna_French_Creole" title="Karipúna French Creole">Karipúna Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouchi">Nouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais_dialect" title="Orléanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais_Tirailleur" title="Français Tirailleur">Petit nègre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin-Saintongeais" class="mw-redirect" title="Poitevin-Saintongeais">Poitevin-Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayo_Creole" title="Tayo Creole">Tayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_B%E1%BB%93i_Pidgin_French" title="Tây Bồi Pidgin French">Tây Bồi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Francoprovencalic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a>/Faetar-Cigliàje</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> or dialects</li> <li>A star (*) indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">varieties with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romance_languages_(classification)516" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romance_languages" title="Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romance_languages" title="Template talk:Romance languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romance_languages_(classification)516" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Romance_languages" title="Classification of Romance languages">classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Daco-Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo- Dalmatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Ancona_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Fabriano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Fabriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Macerata_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Macerata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central−Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central−Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Neapolitan–Calabrese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Northern Calabrian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Dalmatian_Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Dalmatian Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol" title="Emilian–Romagnol">Emilian–Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialect" title="Emilian dialect">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Mantuan" title="Judeo-Mantuan">Judeo-Mantuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_sammarinese" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto sammarinese">Sammarinese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrarese_dialect" title="Ferrarese dialect">Ferrarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_gallo-piceno" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto gallo-piceno">Gallo-Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialects" title="Eastern Lombard dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Lombard_dialect" title="Old Lombard dialect">Old Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco–Legnanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legnanese_dialect" title="Legnanese dialect">Legnanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco–Lecchese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Languesd&#039;oïl38" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennais_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ardennais (dialecte)">Ardennais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mois_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rémois (dialecte)">Rémois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li>North American dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians#Language" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumais" class="extiw" title="fr:Gaumais">Gaumais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgien" class="extiw" title="fr:Vosgien">Vosgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayennais" class="extiw" title="fr:Mayennais">Mayennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paydret" class="extiw" title="fr:Paydret">Paydret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-wallon" class="extiw" title="fr:Ouest-wallon">West Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero- Romance</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asturian" title="East Asturian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Asturian" title="Western Asturian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bercian_dialect" title="Bercian dialect">Bercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uezu_dialect" title="Paḷḷuezu dialect">Paḷḷuezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palra_d%27El_Rebollal" title="Palra d'El Rebollal">Palra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riberan_dialect" title="Riberan dialect">Riberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riunorese_Leonese" title="Riunorese Leonese">Riunorese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Asturian" title="Galician–Asturian">Galician–Asturian</a>/Eonavian</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Creoles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portugis</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages#Classification" title="West Iberian languages">Castilian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Peruvian Ribereño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrenean–Mozarabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Central_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Eastern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benasquese_dialect" title="Benasquese dialect">Benasquese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Southern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li>Somontanés <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navalese_dialect" title="Navalese dialect">Navalese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Western_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisinian_Aragonese" title="Aisinian Aragonese">Aisinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ans%C3%B3_Aragonese" title="Ansó Aragonese">Ansó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%BC%C3%A9s_Aragonese" title="Aragüés Aragonese">Aragüés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecho_Aragonese" title="Hecho Aragonese">Hecho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_dialect" title="Navarrese dialect">Navarrese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Navarrese" title="Old Navarrese">Old Navarrese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Riojan" title="Old Riojan">Old Riojan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a> (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorqu%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Mallorquín">Mallorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan" title="Menorcan">Menorcan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language_of_Aas" title="Whistled language of Aas">Aas whistled</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landese_dialect" title="Landese dialect">Landese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect" title="Jauer dialect">Jauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuatschin_dialect_(Romansh)" title="Tuatschin dialect (Romansh)">Tuatschin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutsilvan_dialects_(Romansh)" title="Sutsilvan dialects (Romansh)">Sutsilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect" title="Vallader dialect">Vallader</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a> (Western Romance-based pidgin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (unknown further classification) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Proto-Eastern Romanc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Bold indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">languages with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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