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2018 | Optica

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class="news-release mb-2"> <div class="news-release__body"> <h4> <a target="_blank" href="/optica_blog/2018/february_2019/2018_applied_industrial_optics_(aio)/">AIO 2019: What is Applied Industrial Optics?</a> </h4> <p> <p>Applied Industrial Optics (AIO) is a multidisciplinary meeting that focuses on innovative photonics research and its commercial impact.&nbsp; The meeting is largely comprised of high quality invited speakers from diverse backgrounds speaking on a variety of topics.While the program committee strives to...&nbsp;</p> </p> <p class="news-release__date"> <strong>Added:</strong> 26 February 2019 </p> </div> <div class="news-release__image"> <a target="_blank" href="/optica_blog/2018/february_2019/2018_applied_industrial_optics_(aio)/"> <img src="" class="img-responsive" style="max-width: 480px; height: auto;" alt="AIO 2019: What is Applied Industrial Optics?" /> </a> </div> </div> <hr class="border-dark mb-2" /> <div class="news-release mb-2"> <div class="news-release__body"> <h4> <a target="_blank" href="/optica_blog/2018/february_2019/girls_(also)_wanna_have_fun_in_the_lab!_nobel_laur/">Girls (also) wanna have fun in the lab! Nobel Laureate Donna Strickland dixit.</a> </h4> <p> <p>The United Nations (UN) #February11 commemorates the International Day of Women and Girls in Science, in an effort to attract girls and women to STEM areas.&nbsp;Yes, girls are curious about science, the same way boys do too. Yet why are there fewer women in STEM (science, technology, engineering and math)? Why are the numbers not changing as fast as we would like?</p> </p> <p class="news-release__date"> <strong>Added:</strong> 12 February 2019 </p> </div> <div class="news-release__image"> <a target="_blank" href="/optica_blog/2018/february_2019/girls_(also)_wanna_have_fun_in_the_lab!_nobel_laur/"> <img src="/getmedia/5c4bb6fe-fdba-4671-9e85-987801d10b19/Maraia_Vina_blog-headshot.aspx" class="img-responsive" style="max-width: 480px; height: auto;" alt="Girls (also) wanna have fun in the lab! Nobel Laureate Donna Strickland dixit." /> </a> </div> </div> <hr class="border-dark mb-2" /> <div class="news-release mb-2"> <div class="news-release__body"> <h4> <a target="_blank" href="/optica_blog/2018/november_2018/advice_from_an_industry_professional_osa_ambassado/">Advice from an Industry Professional: OSA Ambassador Interview Series</a> </h4> <p> <p>​​Jelena Pesic, 2018 OSA Ambassador, conducts interviews with researchers in the field of industry. She asks a wide-range of questions regarding their inital interest in science, why they chose optics, to why industry is important. The fourth interview is with&nbsp;Annachiara Pagano, member of the technical staff/Senior Technology Expert at TIM in Italy.</p> </p> <p class="news-release__date"> <strong>Added:</strong> 12 November 2018 </p> </div> <div class="news-release__image"> <a target="_blank" href="/optica_blog/2018/november_2018/advice_from_an_industry_professional_osa_ambassado/"> <img src="/getmedia/947454d3-a806-4e0c-a744-d23e05df80b6/1.aspx?width=500&amp;height=594&amp;ext=.jpg" class="img-responsive" style="max-width: 480px; height: auto;" alt="Advice from an Industry Professional: OSA Ambassador Interview Series" /> </a> </div> </div> <hr class="border-dark mb-2" /> <div class="news-release mb-2"> <div class="news-release__body"> <h4> <a target="_blank" href="/optica_blog/2018/october/day_2_defects_by_design_incubator/">Day 2: Defects by Design Incubator</a> </h4> <p> <p>As the program came to a close it was clear that this Incubator has brought about a great amount of collaborative effort to tackle the challenges in this field, as well as highlighting new directions for further study.</p> </p> <p class="news-release__date"> <strong>Added:</strong> 30 October 2018 </p> </div> <div class="news-release__image"> <a target="_blank" href="/optica_blog/2018/october/day_2_defects_by_design_incubator/"> <img src="/getmedia/f017c18d-4cee-4bfc-bf44-642c1b1c5504/Defects_by_Design_group.aspx" class="img-responsive" style="max-width: 480px; height: auto;" alt="Day 2: Defects by Design Incubator" /> </a> </div> </div> <hr class="border-dark mb-2" /> <div class="news-release mb-2"> <div class="news-release__body"> <h4> <a target="_blank" href="/optica_blog/2018/october/day_1_&#x2013;_osa_incubator_defects_by_design_quantum_na/">Day 1 &#x2013; OSA Incubator Defects by Design: Quantum Nanophotonics in Emerging Materials </a> </h4> <p> <p>At the <u><a href="https://www.osa.org/en-us/meetings/incubator_meetings/osa_defects_by_design_incubator_quantum_nanophoto/">OSA Incubator: Defects by Design</a></u>&nbsp;at the OSA Headquarters in Washington, D.C., top researchers in the field of optically-active material defects gathered to discuss efforts to predict and identify potentially useful quantum defects in new materials. Lending...</p> </p> <p class="news-release__date"> <strong>Added:</strong> 29 October 2018 </p> </div> <div class="news-release__image"> <a target="_blank" href="/optica_blog/2018/october/day_1_&#x2013;_osa_incubator_defects_by_design_quantum_na/"> <img src="/getmedia/40a28ab8-ab23-48ad-a486-bae03624326b/Lee_Bassett.aspx" class="img-responsive" style="max-width: 480px; height: auto;" alt="Day 1 &#x2013; OSA Incubator Defects by Design: Quantum Nanophotonics in Emerging Materials " /> </a> </div> </div> <hr class="border-dark mb-2" /> <div class="news-release mb-2"> <div class="news-release__body"> <h4> <a target="_blank" href="/optica_blog/2018/october/a_global_diverse_and_inclusive_osa_challenges_and/">A Global, Diverse and Inclusive OSA: Challenges and Opportunities</a> </h4> <p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif;">As a researcher I travel quite often. This year in particular, was my first year as an OSA Ambassador and I had the opportunity to travel much more than usual, to places where I had never been before. &nbsp;This role as OSA Ambassador has allowed me to expand my network dramatically and gave me the...</span></span></p> </p> <p class="news-release__date"> <strong>Added:</strong> 26 October 2018 </p> </div> <div class="news-release__image"> <a target="_blank" href="/optica_blog/2018/october/a_global_diverse_and_inclusive_osa_challenges_and/"> <img src="" class="img-responsive" style="max-width: 480px; height: auto;" alt="A Global, Diverse and Inclusive OSA: Challenges and Opportunities" /> </a> </div> </div> <hr class="border-dark mb-2" /> <div class="news-release mb-2"> <div class="news-release__body"> <h4> <a target="_blank" href="/optica_blog/2018/october/day_2_of_the_metamaterial_films_for_in-space_propu/">Day 2 of the Metamaterial Films for In-Space Propulsion by Radiation Pressure Incubator</a> </h4> <p> <p>The OSA Incubator <strong><u><a href="https://www.osa.org/en-us/meetings/incubator_meetings/metamaterial_films_for_in-space_propulsion_by_radi/">Metamaterial Films for In-Space Propulsion by Radiation Pressure</a></u></strong> wrapped up with breakout sessions for brainstorming ideas for different types of lightsail missions: <strong>Inner Solar System, Outer Solar System, and Laser Driven...</strong></p> </p> <p class="news-release__date"> <strong>Added:</strong> 09 October 2018 </p> </div> <div class="news-release__image"> <a target="_blank" href="/optica_blog/2018/october/day_2_of_the_metamaterial_films_for_in-space_propu/"> <img src="/getmedia/08e7c6a0-5fbf-4d36-b0a0-0df2f650d91f/9_oct_18_group_2.aspx" class="img-responsive" style="max-width: 480px; height: auto;" alt="Day 2 of the Metamaterial Films for In-Space Propulsion by Radiation Pressure Incubator" /> </a> </div> </div> <hr class="border-dark mb-2" /> <div class="news-release mb-2"> <div class="news-release__body"> <h4> <a target="_blank" href="/optica_blog/2018/october/day_1_of_the_metamaterial_films_for_in-space_propu/">Day 1 of the Metamaterial Films for In-Space Propulsion by Radiation Pressure Incubator</a> </h4> <p> <p><img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/osa.media/meetings/incubators/8_oct_18_betts_slide.png?t=636746141722716622" style="width: 200px; height: 112px; float: right; margin: 5px;" />Optics and photonics has and continues to enable our understanding of the universe - and it is&nbsp;that fact that takes center stage at the OSA Incubator:&nbsp;...</p> </p> <p class="news-release__date"> <strong>Added:</strong> 08 October 2018 </p> </div> <div class="news-release__image"> <a target="_blank" href="/optica_blog/2018/october/day_1_of_the_metamaterial_films_for_in-space_propu/"> <img src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/osa.media/meetings/incubators/8_oct_18_betts_slide.png?t=636746141722716622" class="img-responsive" style="max-width: 480px; height: auto;" alt="Day 1 of the Metamaterial Films for In-Space Propulsion by Radiation Pressure Incubator" /> </a> </div> </div> <hr class="border-dark mb-2" /> <div class="news-release mb-2"> <div class="news-release__body"> <h4> <a target="_blank" href="/optica_blog/2018/september_2018/100_scientists_on_an_island/">100 Scientists On An Island</a> </h4> <p> <p>What do you get when you gather about 100 laser scientists on a small island? You get a lot of geeky light jokes (pun intended), learning, discussions ranging from lasers, solitons, POTUS, gender issues to new anime. All in all you get one of the best laser schools ever conducted!</p> <p>I was lucky to be a part of the fifth Siegman International School on Lasers in the Island of Hven...</p> </p> <p class="news-release__date"> <strong>Added:</strong> 10 September 2018 </p> </div> <div class="news-release__image"> <a target="_blank" href="/optica_blog/2018/september_2018/100_scientists_on_an_island/"> <img src="/getmedia/d9b8fcc0-d825-44de-b38c-af4e3937cad4/OSAF-SiegmanSchool-DTU-2018_1.aspx?width=500&amp;height=229&amp;ext=.jpg" class="img-responsive" style="max-width: 480px; height: auto;" alt="100 Scientists On An Island" /> </a> </div> </div> <hr class="border-dark mb-2" /> <div class="news-release mb-2"> <div class="news-release__body"> <h4> <a target="_blank" href="/optica_blog/2018/august_2018/2018_siegman_school;_enjoying_science_in_a_positiv/">2018 Siegman School; Enjoying Science in a Positive Atmosphere!</a> </h4> <p> <p>Italian guy, working in Poland, comes to Sweden for a summer school organized by OSA, a society founded in the USA. Really?! Is it actually true? Of course it is! Could it be more international than that? Probably, but at least this is my little story across Europe&hellip;</p> <p>I&rsquo;m Mattia and in January I moved to Poland, to work as a Ph.D. student at Institute of Electronic...</p> </p> <p class="news-release__date"> <strong>Added:</strong> 31 August 2018 </p> </div> <div class="news-release__image"> <a target="_blank" href="/optica_blog/2018/august_2018/2018_siegman_school;_enjoying_science_in_a_positiv/"> <img src="/getmedia/20f8f6f1-fb12-47f7-8ebb-845f2062ebf2/OSAF-SiegmanSchool-DTU-2018_110317.aspx?width=500&amp;height=229&amp;ext=.jpg" class="img-responsive" style="max-width: 480px; height: auto;" alt="2018 Siegman School; Enjoying Science in a Positive Atmosphere!" /> </a> </div> </div> <hr class="border-dark mb-2" /> <div id="loadmore1"><div class="text-center mb-3"><a class="btn btn-primary text-white" data-ajax="true" data-ajax-mode="replace" data-ajax-success="$(&#x27;#paging-number-paged&#x27;).text(20)" data-ajax-update="#loadmore1" 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