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id="toc-Prehistory_and_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_and_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory and antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_and_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_and_dynasties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_and_dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Foundation and dynasties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_and_dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_and_Spanish_protectorates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_and_Spanish_protectorates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 French and Spanish protectorates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_and_Spanish_protectorates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Post-independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legislative_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Legislative branch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Sahara_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Sahara_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Western Sahara status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Sahara_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narcotics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narcotics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Narcotics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narcotics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_supply_and_sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Water supply and sanitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Morocco</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 266 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-266" aria-hidden="true" > 266 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghribi" title="Maghribi – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Maghribi" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Марокко – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Марокко" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%88%AE%E1%8A%AE" title="ሞሮኮ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሞሮኮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मोरोक्को – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मोरोक्को" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Марокко – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Марокко" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="المغرب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المغرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marruecos" title="Marruecos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Marruecos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%93%DC%AA%DC%92" title="ܡܓܪܒ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܓܪܒ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%84" title="Մարոք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մարոք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marroco" title="Marroco – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Marroco" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B" title="মৰক্কো – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মৰক্কো" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marruecos" title="Marruecos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Marruecos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marru%C3%A9ko" title="Marruéko – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Marruéko" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruku" title="Maruku – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Maruku" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99rake%C5%9F" title="Mərakeş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mərakeş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B4" title="مراکش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مراکش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B" title="মরক্কো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মরক্কো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Марокко – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Марокко" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Марока – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марока" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Марока – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Марока" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मोरक्को – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मोरक्को" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroko" title="Moroko – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Moroko" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroko" title="Moroko – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Moroko" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Мароко – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мароко" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="མོ་རོ་ཁོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མོ་རོ་ཁོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Марокко – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Марокко" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marroc" title="Marroc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marroc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Марокко – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Марокко" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruwekos" title="Maruwekos – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Maruwekos" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marruecos" title="Marruecos – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Marruecos" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroko" title="Moroko – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Moroko" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroccu" title="Maroccu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Maroccu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroco" title="Moroco – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Moroco" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="لمغريب – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لمغريب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%84%DE%AA" title="މައުރިބު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މައުރިބު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%CA%BCe%CA%BCaahj%C3%AD_Gh%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85%CC%81%CA%BCask%CA%BCidii_Bi%C5%82ikahii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Eʼeʼaahjí Ghą́ą́ʼaskʼidii Biłikahii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Eʼeʼaahjí Ghą́ą́ʼaskʼidii Biłikahii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मोरोक्को – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मोरोक्को" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC" title="མོ་རོ་ཀོ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="མོ་རོ་ཀོ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BF" title="Μαρόκο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρόκο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marruecos" title="Marruecos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marruecos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marruecu" title="Marruecu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Marruecu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroko" title="Moroko – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Moroko" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B4" title="مراکش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مراکش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroc" title="Maroc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maroc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morooku" title="Morooku – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Morooku" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marac%C3%B3" title="Maracó – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Maracó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Varoc" title="Yn Varoc – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Varoc" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroco" title="Maroco – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Maroco" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrocos" title="Marrocos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Marrocos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B" title="મોરોક્કો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મોરોક્કો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मोरोक्को – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="मोरोक्को" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EB%A1%9C%EC%BD%94" title="모로코 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모로코" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroko" title="Moroko – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Moroko" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moloko" title="Moloko – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Moloko" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%AF%D5%B8" title="Մարոկկո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարոկկո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मोरक्को – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोरक्को" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B" title="মরক্কো – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মরক্কো" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marocco" title="Marocco – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Marocco" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Марокко – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Марокко" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morokho" title="Morokho – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Morokho" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMorokho" title="IMorokho – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IMorokho" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokk%C3%B3" title="Marokkó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Marokkó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marocco" title="Marocco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marocco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95" title="מרוקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרוקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C9%94k%C9%A9" title="Marɔkɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Marɔkɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A" title="ಮೊರಾಕೊ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೊರಾಕೊ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruekus" title="Maruekus – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Maruekus" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Марокко – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Марокко" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="მაროკო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაროკო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marok%C3%B2" title="Marokò – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Marokò" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Марокко – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Марокко" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokk" title="Marokk – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Marokk" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroke" title="Maroke – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Maroke" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroko" title="Moroko – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Moroko" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Марокко – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Марокко" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magriba" title="Magriba – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Magriba" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maw%C3%B2k" title="Mawòk – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mawòk" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%B2k" title="Maròk – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Maròk" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Марокко – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Марокко" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Марокко – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Марокко" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroch" title="Maroch – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Maroch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%84" title="ປະເທດໂມຣັອກໂຄ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດໂມຣັອກໂຄ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marocum" title="Marocum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Marocum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroka" title="Maroka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maroka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Марокко – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Марокко" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokas" title="Marokas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Marokas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%B2cco" title="Maròcco – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Maròcco" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C9%94k%C9%9B" title="Malɔkɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Malɔkɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magrib" title="Magrib – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Magrib" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/morgu%27e" title="morgu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="morgu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroch" title="Maroch – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Maroch" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokk%C3%B3" title="Marokkó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Marokkó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Мароко – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мароко" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%B4ka" title="Marôka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Marôka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A" title="മൊറോക്കൊ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൊറോക്കൊ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokk" title="Marokk – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Marokk" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marako" title="Marako – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Marako" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मोरोक्को – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मोरोक्को" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="მაროკო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაროკო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="المغرب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المغرب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B4" title="مراکش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مراکش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghribi" title="Maghribi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Maghribi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3" title="ꯃꯣꯔꯣꯛꯀꯣ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯣꯔꯣꯛꯀꯣ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrocos" title="Marrocos – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Marrocos" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Марокко – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Марокко" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Марокко – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Марокко" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="မော်ရိုကိုနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မော်ရိုကိုနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मोरोक्को – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मोरोक्को" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मोरक्को – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मोरक्को" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%B3" title="モロッコ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モロッコ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marocco" title="Marocco – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Marocco" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Марокко – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Марокко" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroc" title="Maroc – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Maroc" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroko" title="Moroko – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Moroko" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marr%C3%B2c" title="Marròc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Marròc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Марокко – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Марокко" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B" title="ମୋରୋକ୍କୋ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମୋରୋକ୍କୋ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morookoo" title="Morookoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Morookoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokash" title="Marokash – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Marokash" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B" title="ਮੋਰੱਕੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੋਰੱਕੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मोराको – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="मोराको" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B4" title="مراکش – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مراکش" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B4" title="مراکش – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مراکش" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marako" title="Marako – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Marako" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%80" title="ម៉ារ៉ុក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ារ៉ុក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroc" title="Maroc – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Maroc" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%B2ch" title="Maròch – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Maròch" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrocos" title="Marrocos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marrocos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%9Frip" title="Mağrip – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Mağrip" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroc" title="Maroc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Maroc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwikus" title="Marwikus – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Marwikus" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Марокко – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Марокко" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Марокко – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Марокко" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Марокко – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Марокко" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मोराको – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मोराको" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%B4ko" title="Marôko – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Marôko" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B3" title="ᱢᱚᱨᱳᱠᱠᱳ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱚᱨᱳᱠᱠᱳ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marocu" title="Marocu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Marocu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroku" title="Maroku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Maroku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroccu" title="Maroccu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Maroccu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%80" title="මොරොක්කෝව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මොරොක්කෝව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AA%D8%B4" title="مراڪش – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مراڪش" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMorokho" title="IMorokho – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IMorokho" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marooko" title="Marooko – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Marooko" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D8%BA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="مەغریب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەغریب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Мароко – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мароко" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marocko" title="Marocko – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Marocko" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruekos" title="Maruekos – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Maruekos" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B" title="மொரோக்கோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மொரோக்கோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lm%C9%A3rib" title="Lmɣrib – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lmɣrib" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lmerruk" title="Lmerruk – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Lmerruk" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Марокко – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Марокко" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းမေႃႇရူဝ်ႇၵူဝ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းမေႃႇရူဝ်ႇၵူဝ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B" title="మొరాకో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మొరాకో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="ประเทศโมร็อกโก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศโมร็อกโก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%88%AE%E1%8A%AE" title="ሞሮኮ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሞሮኮ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Марокаш – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Марокаш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%BC%E1%8E%B6%E1%8E%AA" title="ᎼᎶᎪ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎼᎶᎪ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fas" title="Fas – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fas" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroko" title="Moroko – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Moroko" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Марокко – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Марокко" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Марокко – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марокко" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="المغرب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="المغرب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%DB%95%D8%B4" title="ماراكەش – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ماراكەش" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroco" title="Maroco – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Maroco" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marok" title="Marok – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Marok" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroc" title="Maroc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Maroc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marok%C3%A4n" title="Marokän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Marokän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Maroko" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marok" title="Marok – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Marok" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="摩洛哥 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="摩洛哥" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marok" title="Marok – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Marok" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="摩洛哥 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="摩洛哥" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morokho" title="Morokho – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Morokho" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%90" title="מאראקא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאראקא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="摩洛哥 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="摩洛哥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merake%C5%9F" title="Merakeş – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Merakeş" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Marokko" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruoks" title="Maruoks – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Maruoks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="摩洛哥 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="摩洛哥" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroko" title="Moroko – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Moroko" data-language-autonym="Obolo" 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco – South Ndebele" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Morocco" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="South Ndebele" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiNdebele seSewula</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99rake%C5%A1" title="Mərakeš – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Mərakeš" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1" title="ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" 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.geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Morocco&params=32_N_6_W_scale:5000000_type:country_region:MA">32°N 6°W / 32°N 6°W / 32; -6</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in North Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country in North Africa. For the subregion, see <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>. 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.infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Morocco</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>المملكة المغربية (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>) al-Mamlakah al-Maghribiyah</li><li>ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ (<a href="/wiki/Standard_Moroccan_Amazigh" title="Standard Moroccan Amazigh">Tamazight</a>) Tageldit n Lmeɣrib</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Morocco.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Morocco"><img alt="Flag of Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/125px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/188px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/250px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Morocco" title="Flag of Morocco">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Morocco"><img alt="Coat of arms of Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="874" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco" title="Coat of arms of Morocco"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: ٱللَّٰه، ٱلْوَطَن، ٱلْمَلِك  "Allāh, al-Waṭan, al-Malik" "God, Country, King"<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: ٱلنَّشِيْد ٱلْوَطَنِي  "an-Našīd al-Waṭanīy" "<a href="/wiki/Cherifian_Anthem" title="Cherifian Anthem">Cherifian Anthem</a>" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="68" data-mwtitle="National_Anthem_of_Morocco.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/National_Anthem_of_Morocco.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/National_Anthem_of_Morocco.ogg/National_Anthem_of_Morocco.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Morocco.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Morocco.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Morocco.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Morocco.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Morocco.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Morocco.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Morocco.ogg&lang=kab&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="kab" label="Taqbaylit ‪(kab)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Morocco.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Morocco.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Morocco.ogg&lang=zgh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zgh" label="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ‪(zgh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Morocco_(orthographic_projection,_WS_claimed).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Morocco in northwest Africa Dark green: Undisputed territory of Morocco Lighter green: Western Sahara, a territory claimed and occupied mostly by Morocco as its Southern Provinces[a]"><img alt="Location of Morocco in northwest Africa Dark green: Undisputed territory of Morocco Lighter green: Western Sahara, a territory claimed and occupied mostly by Morocco as its Southern Provinces[a]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Morocco_%28orthographic_projection%2C_WS_claimed%29.svg/250px-Morocco_%28orthographic_projection%2C_WS_claimed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Morocco_%28orthographic_projection%2C_WS_claimed%29.svg/375px-Morocco_%28orthographic_projection%2C_WS_claimed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Morocco_%28orthographic_projection%2C_WS_claimed%29.svg/500px-Morocco_%28orthographic_projection%2C_WS_claimed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of Morocco in northwest <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> Dark green: Undisputed territory of Morocco Lighter green: <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_non-self-governing_territories" title="United Nations list of non-self-governing territories">territory</a> claimed and occupied mostly by Morocco as its <a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Southern Provinces</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Morocco&params=34_02_N_6_51_W_type:city(580,000)_region:MA-RAB">34°02′N 6°51′W / 34.033°N 6.850°W / 34.033; -6.850</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Morocco&params=33_32_N_7_35_W_type:city(3,710,000)_region:MA-CAS">33°32′N 7°35′W / 33.533°N 7.583°W / 33.533; -7.583</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Moroccan_Tamazight" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Moroccan Tamazight">Tamazight</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Morocco" title="Languages of Morocco">Spoken languages</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(2014)<a href="#cite_note-RGPH_2014-3">[2]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>92% <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <ul><li>91% <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan Arabic</a></li> <li>0.8% <a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya Arabic</a></li></ul></li> <li>26.0% <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a> <ul><li>14.1% <a href="/wiki/Shilha_language" title="Shilha language">Tashelhit</a></li> <li>7.9% <a href="/wiki/Central_Atlas_Tamazight" title="Central Atlas Tamazight">Tamazight</a></li> <li>4.0% <a href="/wiki/Tarifit" title="Tarifit">Tarifit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Foreign languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="#Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-CIA-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>99.6% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Morocco" title="Islam in Morocco">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>) <ul><li>99.23% <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li>0.45% <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li></ul></li> <li>0.3% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Others</a> <ul><li>0.13% <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnostics</a></li> <li>0.10% <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Morocco" title="Baháʼí Faith in Morocco">Baháʼís</a></li> <li>0.09% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Morocco" title="Christianity in Morocco">Christians</a></li> <li>0.01% <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moroccans" title="Moroccans">Moroccan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Morocco" title="Politics of Morocco">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy#Executive_monarchy_versus_ceremonial_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">semi-constitutional monarchy</a><a href="#cite_note-Const1-9">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">King</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Morocco" title="Prime Minister of Morocco">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Akhannouch" title="Aziz Akhannouch">Aziz Akhannouch</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Morocco" title="Parliament of Morocco">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors_(Morocco)" title="House of Councillors (Morocco)">House of Councillors</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Morocco)" title="House of Representatives (Morocco)">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Establishment</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">788</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Alawi_dynasty" title="Alawi dynasty">'Alawi dynasty</a> (current dynasty) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1631</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">Protectorate established</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 March 1912</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 April 1956</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Morocco" title="Geography of Morocco">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">446,550 km2 (172,410 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-11">[c]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">57th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.056 (250 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Morocco" title="Demographics of Morocco">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">37,493,183<a href="#cite_note-HCPclock-12">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">38th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">36,828,330<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">79.0/km2 (204.6/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $385.337 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MA-14">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">56th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $10,408<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MA-14">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">120th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $147.343 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MA-14">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">61st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $3,979<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MA-14">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">124th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2015)</th><td class="infobox-data">40.3<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.698<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">medium (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">120th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_dirham" title="Moroccan dirham">Moroccan dirham</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">MAD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> UTC+0 (during <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>)<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Morocco" title="Telephone numbers in Morocco">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Morocco" title="Telephone numbers in Morocco">+212</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:MA" title="ISO 3166-2:MA">MA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.ma" title=".ma">.ma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domain" title="Internationalized country code top-level domain">.المغرب</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Morocco,<a href="#cite_note-19">[d]</a> officially the Kingdom of Morocco,<a href="#cite_note-21">[e]</a> is a country in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> region of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. It overlooks the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> to the north and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to the west, and has land borders with <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Morocco_border" title="Algeria–Morocco border">the east</a>, and the disputed territory of <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> to <a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Western_Sahara_border" title="Morocco–Western Sahara border">the south</a>. Morocco also claims the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">exclaves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera</a>, and several small <a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Spanish-controlled islands</a> off its coast.<a href="#cite_note-22">[17]</a> It has a population of approximately 37 million. Islam is both the official and predominant religion, while Arabic and Berber are the official languages. Additionally, French and the Moroccan dialect of Arabic are widely spoken. The <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Morocco" title="Culture of Morocco">culture of Morocco</a> is a mix of <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Africa" title="Culture of Africa">African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">European</a> cultures. Its capital is <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>, while its largest city is <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abun-Nasr1987-23">[18]</a> The region constituting Morocco has been inhabited since the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> era over 300,000 years ago. The <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a> was established by <a href="/wiki/Idris_I_of_Morocco" title="Idris I of Morocco">Idris I</a> in 788 and was subsequently ruled by a series of other independent dynasties, reaching its zenith as a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a> in the 11th and 12th centuries, under the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a> dynasties, when it controlled most of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> and the Maghreb.<a href="#cite_note-24">[19]</a> Centuries of <a href="/wiki/Arab_migration_to_the_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab migration to the Maghreb">Arab migration to the Maghreb</a> since the 7th century shifted the demographic scope of the region. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Morocco faced external threats to its sovereignty, with <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a> seizing some territory and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> encroaching from the east. The <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a> dynasties otherwise resisted foreign domination, and Morocco was the only North African nation to escape Ottoman dominion. The <a href="/wiki/Alawi_dynasty" title="Alawi dynasty">'Alawi dynasty</a>, which rules the country to this day, seized power in 1631, and over the next two centuries expanded <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic">diplomatic</a> and commercial relations with the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>. Morocco's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean drew renewed European interest; in 1912, France and Spain divided the country into <a href="#French_and_Spanish_protectorates">respective protectorates</a>, reserving an <a href="/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone" title="Tangier International Zone">international zone in Tangier</a>. Following intermittent riots and revolts against colonial rule, in 1956, Morocco regained its independence and reunified. Since independence, Morocco has remained relatively stable. It has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of African countries by GDP (nominal)">fifth-largest economy</a> in Africa and wields significant influence in both Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>; it is considered a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a> in global affairs and holds membership in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Maghreb_Union" title="Arab Maghreb Union">Arab Maghreb Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[20]</a> Morocco is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> semi-<a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with an elected parliament. The <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive branch</a> is led by the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">King of Morocco</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Morocco" title="Prime Minister of Morocco">prime minister</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative power</a> is vested in the two chambers of parliament: the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Morocco)" title="House of Representatives (Morocco)">House of Representatives</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors_(Morocco)" title="House of Councillors (Morocco)">House of Councillors</a>. Judicial power rests with the Constitutional Court, which may review the validity of laws, elections, and referendums.<a href="#cite_note-26">[21]</a> The king holds vast executive and legislative powers, especially over the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Moroccan Armed Forces">military</a>, foreign policy and religious affairs; he can issue decrees called <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Dahir" title="Moroccan Dahir">dahirs</a>, which have the force of law, and can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Morocco" title="List of heads of government of Morocco">prime minister</a> and the president of the constitutional court. Morocco claims ownership of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_non-self-governing_territories" title="United Nations list of non-self-governing territories">non-self-governing territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, which it has designated its <a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Southern Provinces</a>. In 1975, after Spain <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">agreed to decolonise the territory</a> and cede its control to Morocco and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">guerrilla war</a> broke out between those powers and some of the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">local inhabitants</a>. In 1979, Mauritania relinquished <a href="/wiki/Tiris_al-Gharbiyya" title="Tiris al-Gharbiyya">its claim</a> to the area, but the war continued to rage. In 1991, a ceasefire agreement was reached, but the issue of sovereignty remained unresolved. Today, Morocco occupies two-thirds of the territory, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_peace_process" title="Western Sahara peace process">efforts to resolve the dispute</a> have thus far failed to break the political deadlock. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_name">Etymology and name</h2></div> The <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> Morocco is an <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicisation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> name for the country, Marruecos, derived from the name of the city of <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, which was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad Caliphate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Saadian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadian dynasty">Saadian dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a> During the Almoravid dynasty, the city of Marrakesh was established under the name of Tāmurākušt, derived from the city's ancient <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> name of amūr n Yakuš (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'land/country of God').<a href="#cite_note-28">[23]</a> In English, the first vowel has been changed, likely influenced by the word "Moor".<a href="#cite_note-29">[24]</a> Historically, the territory has been part of what Muslim geographers referred to as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghrib_al-Aq%E1%B9%A3%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Maghrib al-Aqṣā (page does not exist)">al-Maghrib al-Aqṣā</a>  [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%89" class="extiw" title="ar:المغرب الأقصى">ar</a>] (المغرب الأقصى, 'the Farthest West [of the Islamic world]' designating roughly the area from <a href="/wiki/Tiaret" title="Tiaret">Tiaret</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>) in contrast with neighbouring regions of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghrib_al-Awsa%E1%B9%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Maghrib al-Awsaṭ (page does not exist)">al-Maghrib al-Awsaṭ</a>  [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7" class="extiw" title="ar:المغرب الأوسط">ar</a>] (المغرب الأوسط, 'the Middle West': <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> to <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghrib_al-Adn%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Maghrib al-Adnā (page does not exist)">al-Maghrib al-Adnā</a>  [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%89" class="extiw" title="ar:المغرب الأدنى">ar</a>] (المغرب الأدنى, 'the Nearest West': <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>).<a href="#cite_note-30">[25]</a> Morocco's modern <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> name is al-Maghrib (المغرب, <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> the land of the sunset; the west), with the Kingdom's official Arabic name being al-Mamlakah al-Maghribīyah (المملكة المغربية; <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> the kingdom of sunset/the west).<a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, Morocco is known as Fas, a name derived from its medieval capital of <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fes</a> which is derived from the Arabic word Faʾs (فأس; <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Pickaxe" title="Pickaxe">pickaxe</a>), as the city's founder <a href="/wiki/Idris_I_of_Morocco" title="Idris I of Morocco">Idris I ibn Abd Allah</a> reputedly used a silver and gold pickaxe to trace the outlines of the city.<a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bressolette-2016-35">[30]</a> In other parts of the Islamic world, for example in Egyptian and Middle Eastern Arabic literature before the mid-20th century, Morocco was commonly referred to as Murrakush (مراكش).<a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a> The term is still used to refer to Morocco today in several <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> languages, including <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[32]</a> Morocco has also been referred to politically by a variety of terms denoting the <a href="/wiki/Sharifism" title="Sharifism">Sharifi heritage</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alawi_dynasty" title="Alawi dynasty">'Alawi dynasty</a>, such as al-Mamlakah ash-Sharīfah (المملكة الشريفة), al-Iyālah ash-Sharīfah (الإيالة الشريفة) and al-Imbarāṭūriyyah ash-Sharīfah (الإمبراطورية الشريفة), rendered in French as l'Empire chérifien and in English as the 'Sharifian Empire'.<a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">History of Morocco</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_antiquity">Prehistory and antiquity</h3></div> The area of present-day Morocco has been inhabited since at least <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic times</a>, beginning sometime between 190,000 and 90,000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a> A recent publication has suggested that there is evidence for even earlier human habitation of the area: <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> fossils that had been discovered in the late 2000s near the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic coast</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Irhoud" title="Jebel Irhoud">Jebel Irhoud</a> were recently dated to roughly 315,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> was more fertile than it is today, resembling a <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a>, in contrast to its modern arid landscape.<a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a> DNA studies of <a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian</a> peoples at <a href="/wiki/Taforalt" title="Taforalt">Taforalt</a>, Morocco dating to around 15,000 years ago have found them to have a distinctive Maghrebi ancestry formed from a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near Eastern</a> and African ancestry, which is still found as a part of the genome of modern Northwest Africans.<a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a> Later during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, from around 7,500 years ago onwards, there was a migration into Northwest Africa of <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">European Neolithic Farmers</a> from the Iberian Peninsula (who had originated in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> several thousand years prior), as well as pastoralists from the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, both of whom also significantly contributed to the ancestry of modern Northwest Africans.<a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Berber_language" title="Proto-Berber language">proto-Berber</a> tribes evolved from these prehistoric communities during the late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze</a>- and early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron</a> ages.<a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a> In the early part of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">Classical Antiquity</a>, Northwest Africa and Morocco were slowly drawn into the wider emerging <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> world by the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, who established trading colonies and settlements there, the most substantial of which were <a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Chellah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lixus_(ancient_city)" title="Lixus (ancient city)">Lixus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mogador" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogador">Mogador</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a> Mogador was established as a Phoenician colony as early as the 6th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volubilis_Longshot_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Volubilis_Longshot_II.jpg/200px-Volubilis_Longshot_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Volubilis_Longshot_II.jpg/300px-Volubilis_Longshot_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Volubilis_Longshot_II.jpg/400px-Volubilis_Longshot_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Roman ruins of <a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></figcaption></figure> Morocco later became a realm of the Northwest African civilisation of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">ancient Carthage</a>, and part of the Carthaginian empire. The earliest known independent Moroccan state was the <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Berber kingdom of Mauretania</a>, under King <a href="/wiki/Baga_(king)" title="Baga (king)">Baga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> This ancient kingdom (not to be confused with the modern state of <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>) flourished around 225 BC or earlier. <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> became a <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client</a> kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in 33 BC. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> annexed Mauretania directly in 44 AD, making it a <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> ruled by an imperial <a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">governor</a> (either a procurator Augusti, or a legatus Augusti pro praetore). During the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a>, parts of Mauretania were reconquered by Berbers. By the late 3rd century, direct Roman rule had become confined to a few coastal cities, such as Septum (<a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Cherchell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a>. When, in 429 AD, the area was devastated by the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, the Roman Empire lost its remaining possessions in Mauretania, and local <a href="/wiki/Mauro-Roman_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauro-Roman kingdom">Mauro-Roman kings</a> assumed control of them. In the 530s, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, under Byzantine control, re-established direct imperial rule of Septum and <a href="/wiki/Tingi" title="Tingi">Tingi</a>, fortified Tingis and erected a church. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_and_dynasties"> Foundation and dynasties</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idrisids_coin_minted_at_Al_Aliyah_Morocco_840_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Idrisids_coin_minted_at_Al_Aliyah_Morocco_840_CE.jpg/170px-Idrisids_coin_minted_at_Al_Aliyah_Morocco_840_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Idrisids_coin_minted_at_Al_Aliyah_Morocco_840_CE.jpg/255px-Idrisids_coin_minted_at_Al_Aliyah_Morocco_840_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Idrisids_coin_minted_at_Al_Aliyah_Morocco_840_CE.jpg/340px-Idrisids_coin_minted_at_Al_Aliyah_Morocco_840_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1437" data-file-height="1412" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Idrisid" class="mw-redirect" title="Idrisid">Idrisid</a> coin in <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fes</a>, 840</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest of the Maghreb</a> that had begun during the mid-7th century was completed under the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> by 709. The caliphate introduced both <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and the Arabic language to the area; this period also saw the beginning of a trend of <a href="/wiki/Arab_migration_to_the_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab migration to the Maghreb">Arab migration to the Maghreb</a> which would last for centuries and effect a demographic shift in the region. While constituting part of the larger empire, Morocco was initially organised as a subsidiary province of <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>, with the local governors appointed by the Muslim governor in <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> The indigenous Berber tribes adopted Islam, but retained their <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary laws</a>. They also paid taxes and tribute to the new Muslim administration.<a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> The first independent Muslim state in the area of modern Morocco was the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nekor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Nekor">Kingdom of Nekor</a>, an emirate in the <a href="/wiki/Rif_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Rif Mountains">Rif Mountains</a>. It was founded by <a href="/wiki/Salih_I_ibn_Mansur" title="Salih I ibn Mansur">Salih I ibn Mansur</a> in 710, as a client state to the Umayyad Caliphate. After the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Berber_Revolt" title="Berber Revolt">Berber Revolt</a> in 739, the Berbers formed other independent states such as the <a href="/wiki/Miknasa" title="Miknasa">Miknasa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sijilmasa" title="Sijilmasa">Sijilmasa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Barghawata" title="Barghawata">Barghawata</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:29610-Fez_(28134041211)_(qarawiyyin_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/29610-Fez_%2828134041211%29_%28qarawiyyin_crop%29.jpg/220px-29610-Fez_%2828134041211%29_%28qarawiyyin_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/29610-Fez_%2828134041211%29_%28qarawiyyin_crop%29.jpg/330px-29610-Fez_%2828134041211%29_%28qarawiyyin_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/29610-Fez_%2828134041211%29_%28qarawiyyin_crop%29.jpg/440px-29610-Fez_%2828134041211%29_%28qarawiyyin_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">al-Qarawiyyin</a>, founded in <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fes</a> in the 9th century, was a major spiritual, literary, and intellectual centre.</figcaption></figure> The founder of the <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a> and the great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idris_ibn_Abdallah" class="mw-redirect" title="Idris ibn Abdallah">Idris ibn Abdallah</a>, had fled to Morocco after the massacre of his family by the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>. He convinced the Awraba Berber tribes to break their allegiance to the distant Abbasid caliphs and he founded the Idrisid dynasty in 788. The Idrisids established <a href="/wiki/Fes,_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes, Morocco">Fes</a> as their capital and Morocco became a centre of Muslim learning and a major <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a>. The Idrisids were ousted in 927 by the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> and their Miknasa allies. After Miknasa broke off relations with the Fatimids in 932, they were removed from power by the <a href="/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa">Maghrawa</a> of Sijilmasa in 980. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Empire_almohade.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Empire_almohade.PNG/220px-Empire_almohade.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Empire_almohade.PNG/330px-Empire_almohade.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Empire_almohade.PNG/440px-Empire_almohade.PNG 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>The empire of the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad dynasty">Almohad dynasty</a> at its greatest extent, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1212</figcaption></figure> From the 11th century onward, a series of Berber dynasties arose.<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Sanhaja" title="Sanhaja">Sanhaja</a> <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Masmuda" title="Masmuda">Masmuda</a> <a href="/wiki/Almohad_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad dynasty">Almohad dynasty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a> Morocco dominated the Maghreb, <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a>, and the western Mediterranean region. From the 13th century onward the country saw a <a href="/wiki/Arab_migration_to_the_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab migration to the Maghreb">massive migration</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> Arab tribes. In the 13th and 14th centuries the <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> Berber <a href="/wiki/Marinids" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinids">Marinids</a> held power in Morocco and strove to replicate the successes of the Almohads through military campaigns in Algeria and Spain. They were followed by the <a href="/wiki/Wattasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Wattasids">Wattasids</a>. In the 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> ended Muslim rule in Iberia and many Muslims and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Morocco" title="History of the Jews in Morocco">Jews</a> fled to Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-brit-55">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> efforts to control the Atlantic sea trade in the 15th century did not greatly affect the interior of Morocco even though they managed to control some possessions on the Moroccan coast but not venturing further afield inland. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porto_April_2019-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Porto_April_2019-7.jpg/220px-Porto_April_2019-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Porto_April_2019-7.jpg/330px-Porto_April_2019-7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Porto_April_2019-7.jpg/440px-Porto_April_2019-7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6029" data-file-height="3932" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> was founded when <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_the_Navigator" title="Prince Henry the Navigator">Prince Henry the Navigator</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Ceuta">conquest of Ceuta</a>, which began the Portuguese presence in Morocco, lasting from 1415 to 1769.</figcaption></figure> In 1549, the region fell to successive Arab dynasties claiming descent from the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>: first the <a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadi dynasty</a> who ruled from 1549 to 1659, and then the <a href="/wiki/Alawi_dynasty" title="Alawi dynasty">'Alawi dynasty</a>, who have remained in power since the 17th century. Morocco faced aggression from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in the north, and the Ottoman Empire's allies pressing westward. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_El_Badii_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Palais_El_Badii_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Palais_El_Badii_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Palais_El_Badii_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Palais_El_Badii_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Palais_El_Badii_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Palais_El_Badii_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4684" data-file-height="3135" /></a><figcaption>The remains of the Saadi sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Mansur" title="Ahmad al-Mansur">Ahmad al-Mansur</a>'s 16th century <a href="/wiki/Badi%27_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Badi' Palace">Badi' Palace</a></figcaption></figure> Under the Saadis, the sultanate <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_succession_crisis_of_1580" title="Portuguese succession crisis of 1580">ended the Portuguese Aviz dynasty</a> in 1578 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Battle of Alcácer Quibir">Battle of Alcácer Quibir</a>. The reign of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Mansur" title="Ahmad al-Mansur">Ahmad al-Mansur</a> brought new wealth and prestige to the Sultanate, and a <a href="/wiki/Saadian_invasion_of_the_Songhai_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire">large expedition</a> to West Africa inflicted a crushing defeat on the <a href="/wiki/Songhay_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhay Empire">Songhay Empire</a> in 1591. However, managing the territories across the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> proved too difficult.<a href="#cite_note-Kaba81-56">[51]</a> Upon the death of al-Mansur, the country was divided among his sons. After a period of political fragmentation and conflict during the decline of the Saadi dynasty, Morocco was finally reunited by the Alawi sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Rashid_of_Morocco" title="Al-Rashid of Morocco">al-Rashid</a> in the late 1660s, who took Fez in 1666 and Marrakesh in 1668.<a href="#cite_note-Abun-Nasr1987-23">[18]</a>: 230 <a href="#cite_note-:20-57">[52]</a>: 225  The 'Alawis succeeded in stabilising their position, and while the kingdom was smaller than previous ones in the region, it remained quite wealthy. Against the opposition of local tribes <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Ibn_Sharif" title="Ismail Ibn Sharif">Ismail Ibn Sharif</a> (1672–1727) began to create a unified state.<a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> With his <a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Riffian</a> army, he re-occupied <a href="/wiki/English_Tangier" title="English Tangier">Tangier</a> from the English who had abandoned it in 1684 and drove the Spanish from <a href="/wiki/Larache" title="Larache">Larache</a> in 1689. The Portuguese abandoned <a href="/wiki/Mazagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazagan">Mazagão</a>, their last territory in Morocco, in 1769. However, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melilla_(1774)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Melilla (1774)">siege of Melilla</a> against the Spanish ended in defeat in 1775. Morocco was the first nation to recognise the fledgling United States as an independent nation in 1777.<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a> In the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, American merchant ships in the Atlantic Ocean were subject to attacks by other fleets. On 20 December 1777, Morocco's Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_ben_Abdallah" title="Mohammed ben Abdallah">Mohammed III</a> declared that American merchant ships would be under the protection of the sultanate and could thus enjoy safe passage. The 1786 <a href="/wiki/Moroccan%E2%80%93American_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship">Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship</a> stands as the United States' oldest unbroken friendship treaty.<a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_and_Spanish_protectorates">French and Spanish protectorates</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">French protectorate in Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish protectorate in Morocco</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Paz_de_Wad-Ras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/La_Paz_de_Wad-Ras.jpg/220px-La_Paz_de_Wad-Ras.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/La_Paz_de_Wad-Ras.jpg/330px-La_Paz_de_Wad-Ras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/La_Paz_de_Wad-Ras.jpg/440px-La_Paz_de_Wad-Ras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2544" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wad_Ras" title="Treaty of Wad Ras">Treaty of Wad Ras</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moroccan_War_(1859%E2%80%931860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)">Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)</a> bankrupted Morocco's national treasury, forcing the <a href="/wiki/Makhzen" title="Makhzen">Makhzen</a> to take on a British loan<a href="#cite_note-:02-64">[59]</a></figcaption></figure> As Europe industrialised, Northwest Africa was increasingly prized for its potential for colonisation. France showed a strong interest in Morocco as early as 1830, not only to protect the border of its Algerian territory, but also because of the strategic position of Morocco with coasts on the Mediterranean and the open Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a> In 1860, a dispute over Spain's Ceuta enclave led Spain to declare war. Victorious Spain won a further enclave and an enlarged Ceuta in the settlement. In 1884, Spain created a protectorate in the coastal areas of Morocco. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-_Market_day_outside_the_walls_of_Tangiers,_Morocco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-_Market_day_outside_the_walls_of_Tangiers%2C_Morocco.jpg/220px-Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-_Market_day_outside_the_walls_of_Tangiers%2C_Morocco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-_Market_day_outside_the_walls_of_Tangiers%2C_Morocco.jpg/330px-Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-_Market_day_outside_the_walls_of_Tangiers%2C_Morocco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-_Market_day_outside_the_walls_of_Tangiers%2C_Morocco.jpg/440px-Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-_Market_day_outside_the_walls_of_Tangiers%2C_Morocco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>'s population in 1956 included 40,000 Muslims, 31,000 Europeans and 15,000 Jews.<a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1904, France and Spain carved out zones of influence in Morocco. Recognition by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> of France's <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> provoked a strong reaction from the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>; and a crisis loomed in 1905. The matter was resolved at the <a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference</a> in 1906. The <a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> of 1911 increased tensions between European powers. The 1912 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fez" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Fez">Treaty of Fez</a> made Morocco a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> of France, and triggered the <a href="/wiki/1912_Fez_riots" title="1912 Fez riots">1912 Fez riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hirschberg1981-67">[62]</a> Spain continued to operate its coastal protectorate. By the same treaty, Spain assumed the role of <a href="/wiki/Protecting_power" title="Protecting power">protecting power</a> over the northern coastal and southern <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> zones.<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacification.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pacification.jpg/220px-Pacification.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pacification.jpg/330px-Pacification.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pacification.jpg/440px-Pacification.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>Map depicting the <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">French conquest of Morocco</a> from 1907 to 1934</figcaption></figure> Tens of thousands of colonists entered Morocco. Some bought up large amounts of rich agricultural land, while others organised the exploitation and modernisation of mines and harbours. Interest groups that formed among these elements continually pressured France to increase its control over Morocco – with some Moroccan tribes allying with the French against other competing tribes from early on in its conquest. The French colonial administrator, Governor general Marshal <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lyautey" title="Hubert Lyautey">Hubert Lyautey</a>, sincerely admired Moroccan culture and succeeded in imposing a joint Moroccan-French administration, while creating a modern school system. Several divisions of Moroccan soldiers (<a href="/wiki/Goumier" class="mw-redirect" title="Goumier">Goumiers</a> or regular troops and officers) served in the <a href="/wiki/French_army" class="mw-redirect" title="French army">French army</a> in both <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and in the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Nationalist Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> and after (<a href="/wiki/Regulares" title="Regulares">Regulares</a>).<a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a> The institution of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">slavery</a> was abolished in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a> Between 1921 and 1926, an <a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">uprising</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Rif</a> Mountains, led by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ibn_%27Abd_al-Karim_al-Khattabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi">Abd el-Krim</a>, led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Rif" title="Republic of the Rif">Republic of the Rif</a>. The Spanish used anti-civilian bombing raids and mustard gas to prevent the Rif republic from gaining independence.<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> They lost more than 13,000 soldiers at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a> in July–August 1921 alone.<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> The Riffi were eventually suppressed by 1927 by the Franco-Spanish military. The casualties on the Spanish-French side were 52,000 and from the Riffi 10,000 died.<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_11_%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_11_%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1_1944.jpg/170px-%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_11_%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_11_%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1_1944.jpg/255px-%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_11_%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_11_%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1_1944.jpg/340px-%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_11_%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="1101" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Independence_of_Morocco" title="Proclamation of Independence of Morocco">Proclamation of Independence of Morocco</a> of 1944</figcaption></figure> In 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Istiqlal_Party" title="Istiqlal Party">Istiqlal Party</a> (Independence Party) was founded to press for independence, with discreet US support. Moroccan nationalists drew heavily on <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_the_King_and_the_People" title="Revolution of the King and the People">transnational activist networks</a> for lobbying to end colonial rule, primarily at the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-:8-74">[69]</a> The Istiqlal Party subsequently provided most of the leadership for the nationalist movement. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammed_V_Morocco_1957.lowres.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mohammed_V_Morocco_1957.lowres.jpeg/170px-Mohammed_V_Morocco_1957.lowres.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mohammed_V_Morocco_1957.lowres.jpeg/255px-Mohammed_V_Morocco_1957.lowres.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mohammed_V_Morocco_1957.lowres.jpeg/340px-Mohammed_V_Morocco_1957.lowres.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed V of Morocco">Mohammed V</a> during a visit to the United States in 1957</figcaption></figure> France's exile of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed V of Morocco">Mohammed V</a> in 1953 to <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> and his replacement by the unpopular <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ben_Aarafa" title="Mohammed Ben Aarafa">Mohammed Ben Aarafa</a> sparked active opposition to the French and Spanish protectorates.<a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> The most notable violence occurred in <a href="/wiki/Oujda" title="Oujda">Oujda</a> where Moroccans attacked French and other European residents in the streets.<a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a> France allowed Mohammed V to return in 1955, and the negotiations that led to Moroccan independence began the following year.<a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> In March 1956 Morocco regained its independence from France as the Kingdom of Morocco. A month later Spain forsook its protectorate in Northern Morocco to the new state but kept its two coastal enclaves (<a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>) on the Mediterranean coast which dated from earlier conquests, but over which Morocco still claims <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> to this day. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence">Post-independence</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AMorocco&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+26+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Morocco">making an edit request</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morocco&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> . (July 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Sultan Mohammed became King in 1957. Upon the death of Mohammed V, <a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">Hassan II</a> became King of Morocco on 3 March 1961. Morocco held its first <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_parliamentary_election,_1963" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan parliamentary election, 1963">general elections in 1963</a>. However, Hassan declared a state of emergency and suspended parliament in 1965. In 1971 and 1972, there were two failed attempts to depose the king and establish a republic. A truth commission set up in 2005 to investigate human rights abuses during his reign confirmed nearly 10,000 cases, ranging from death in detention to forced exile. Some 592 people were recorded killed during Hassan's rule according to the truth commission. In 1963, the <a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a> was fought between Algerian and Moroccan troops over Moroccan claims to parts of Algerian territory. A formal peace agreement was signed in February 1964; however, relations remained strained between the two countries following the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a> The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> in the south was returned to Morocco in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Polisario_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Polisario movement">Polisario movement</a> was formed in 1973, with the aim of establishing an independent state in the Spanish Sahara. On 6 November 1975, King Hassan asked for volunteers to cross into the Spanish Sahara. Some 350,000 civilians were reported as being involved in the "<a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March</a>".<a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a> A month later, Spain agreed to leave the Spanish Sahara, soon to become Western Sahara, and to transfer it to joint Moroccan-Mauritanian control, despite the objections and threats of military intervention by Algeria. Moroccan forces occupied the territory.<a href="#cite_note-brit-55">[50]</a> Moroccan and Algerian troops <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">soon clashed in Western Sahara</a>. Morocco and Mauritania divided up Western Sahara. Fighting between the Moroccan military and Polisario forces continued for many years. The prolonged war was a considerable financial drain on Morocco. In 1983, Hassan cancelled planned elections amid political unrest and economic crisis. In 1984, Morocco left the Organisation of African Unity in protest at the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">SADR</a>'s admission to the body. Polisario claimed to have killed more than 5,000 Moroccan soldiers between 1982 and 1985.<a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> Algerian authorities have estimated the number of <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugees" title="Sahrawi refugees">Sahrawi refugees</a> in Algeria to be 165,000.<a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a> Diplomatic relations with Algeria were restored in 1988. In 1991, a UN-monitored ceasefire began in Western Sahara, but the territory's status remains undecided and ceasefire violations are reported. The following decade saw much wrangling over a <a href="/wiki/Houston_Agreement" title="Houston Agreement">proposed referendum</a> on the future of the territory but the deadlock was not broken.<a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Redeployment_of_Polisario_Forces_9-83.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Redeployment_of_Polisario_Forces_9-83.png/220px-Redeployment_of_Polisario_Forces_9-83.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Redeployment_of_Polisario_Forces_9-83.png/330px-Redeployment_of_Polisario_Forces_9-83.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Redeployment_of_Polisario_Forces_9-83.png/440px-Redeployment_of_Polisario_Forces_9-83.png 2x" data-file-width="2838" data-file-height="2166" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a> (1975–1991)</figcaption></figure> Political reforms in the 1990s resulted in the establishment of a bicameral legislature with Morocco's first opposition-led government coming to power. King Hassan II died in 1999 and was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> He is a cautious moderniser who has introduced some economic and social liberalisation.<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> Mohammed VI paid a controversial visit to the Western Sahara in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> Morocco unveiled an autonomy blueprint for Western Sahara to the United Nations in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a> The Polisario rejected the plan and put forward its own proposal.<a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a> Morocco and the Polisario Front held UN-sponsored talks in New York City but failed to come to any agreement.<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a> In 2010, security forces stormed a protest camp in the Western Sahara, triggering violent demonstrations in the regional capital <a href="/wiki/El_Aai%C3%BAn" class="mw-redirect" title="El Aaiún">El Aaiún</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Donald_J._Trump_and_First_Lady_Melania_Trump_Visit_France_(44046554080).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/President_Donald_J._Trump_and_First_Lady_Melania_Trump_Visit_France_%2844046554080%29.jpg/220px-President_Donald_J._Trump_and_First_Lady_Melania_Trump_Visit_France_%2844046554080%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/President_Donald_J._Trump_and_First_Lady_Melania_Trump_Visit_France_%2844046554080%29.jpg/330px-President_Donald_J._Trump_and_First_Lady_Melania_Trump_Visit_France_%2844046554080%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/President_Donald_J._Trump_and_First_Lady_Melania_Trump_Visit_France_%2844046554080%29.jpg/440px-President_Donald_J._Trump_and_First_Lady_Melania_Trump_Visit_France_%2844046554080%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a> and other world leaders and representatives attend the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_Day_centenary" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice Day centenary">Armistice Day centenary</a> in November 2018.</figcaption></figure> In 2002, Morocco and Spain agreed to a US-brokered resolution over the disputed island of <a href="/wiki/Perejil_Island" title="Perejil Island">Perejil</a>. Spanish troops had taken the normally uninhabited island after Moroccan soldiers landed on it and set up tents and a flag.<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> There were renewed tensions in 2005, as dozens of African migrants stormed the borders of the Spanish enclaves of Melilla and Ceuta. In response, Spain deported dozens of the illegal migrants to Morocco from Melilla.<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> In 2006, the Spanish Premier <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero" title="José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero">Zapatero</a> visited Spanish enclaves. He was the first Spanish leader in 25 years to make an official visit to the territories.<a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a> The following year, Spanish King <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a> visited Ceuta and Melilla, further angering Morocco which demanded control of the enclaves.<a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Moroccan_protests" title="2011–2012 Moroccan protests">2011–2012 Moroccan protests</a>, thousands of people rallied in Rabat and other cities calling for political reform and a new constitution curbing the powers of the king. In July 2011, the King won a landslide victory in a <a href="/wiki/2011_Moroccan_constitutional_referendum" title="2011 Moroccan constitutional referendum">referendum</a> on a reformed constitution he had proposed to placate the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> protests.<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a> In the first <a href="/wiki/2011_Moroccan_general_election" title="2011 Moroccan general election">general elections</a> that followed, the moderate Islamist <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Morocco)" title="Justice and Development Party (Morocco)">Justice and Development Party</a> won a plurality of seats, with <a href="/wiki/Abdelilah_Benkirane" title="Abdelilah Benkirane">Abdelilah Benkirane</a> being designated as head of government per the new constitution.<a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> Despite the reforms made by Mohammed VI, demonstrators continued to call for deeper reforms. Hundreds took part in a trade union rally in Casablanca in May 2012. Participants accused the government of failing to deliver on reforms.<a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> On 10 December 2020, <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Morocco normalization agreement">Israel–Morocco normalisation agreement</a> was announced and Morocco announced its intention to resume diplomatic relations with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> Joint Declaration of the Kingdom of Morocco, the United States of America and the State of Israel was signed on 22 December 2020.<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> On 24 August 2021, neighbouring Algeria cut diplomatic relations with Morocco, accusing Morocco of supporting a separatist group and hostile actions against Algeria. Morocco called the decision unjustified.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> On 8 September 2023, a 6.8 magnitude <a href="/wiki/2023_Al_Haouz_earthquake" title="2023 Al Haouz earthquake">earthquake</a> hit Morocco killing more than 2,800 people and injuring thousands. The <a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">epicentre</a> of the quake was around 70 km southwest of city of Marrakech.<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Morocco" title="Geography of Morocco">Geography of Morocco</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Mountains_snow_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Atlas_Mountains_snow_cover.jpg/220px-Atlas_Mountains_snow_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Atlas_Mountains_snow_cover.jpg/330px-Atlas_Mountains_snow_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Atlas_Mountains_snow_cover.jpg/440px-Atlas_Mountains_snow_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toubkal" title="Toubkal">Toubkal</a>, the highest peak in Northern Africa, at 4,167 m (13,671 ft)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_Djebel_el_Kest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Panorama_Djebel_el_Kest.jpg/220px-Panorama_Djebel_el_Kest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Panorama_Djebel_el_Kest.jpg/330px-Panorama_Djebel_el_Kest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Panorama_Djebel_el_Kest.jpg/440px-Panorama_Djebel_el_Kest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6055" data-file-height="3145" /></a><figcaption>A section of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Atlas" title="Anti-Atlas">Anti-Atlas</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tafraout" title="Tafraout">Tafraout</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moroccan_Atlantic_cedar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Moroccan_Atlantic_cedar.jpg/170px-Moroccan_Atlantic_cedar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Moroccan_Atlantic_cedar.jpg/255px-Moroccan_Atlantic_cedar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Moroccan_Atlantic_cedar.jpg/340px-Moroccan_Atlantic_cedar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2292" data-file-height="3437" /></a><figcaption>An old <a href="/wiki/Cedrus_atlantica" title="Cedrus atlantica">Atlas cedar</a> tree in the Atlas range</figcaption></figure> Morocco has a coast by the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> that reaches past the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> to the north (a water border through the Strait and <a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Spain_border" title="Morocco–Spain border">land borders</a> with three small Spanish-controlled <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera</a>), <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> to the east, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> to the south. Since Morocco controls most of Western Sahara, its de facto southern boundary is with <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-West_Sahara-102">[97]</a> The internationally recognised borders of the country lie between latitudes <a href="/wiki/27th_parallel_north" title="27th parallel north">27°</a> and 36°N, and longitudes 1° and <a href="/wiki/14th_meridian_west" title="14th meridian west">14°W</a>. The geography of Morocco spans from the Atlantic Ocean, to mountainous areas, to the Sahara desert. Morocco is a <a href="/wiki/Northern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Africa">Northern African</a> country, bordering the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic Ocean</a> and the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and the annexed Western Sahara. It is one of only three nations (along with <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>) to have both Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines.<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> A large part of Morocco is mountainous. The <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a> are located mainly in the centre and the south of the country. The <a href="/wiki/Rif_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Rif Mountains">Rif Mountains</a> are located in the north of the country. Both ranges are mainly inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aïtel-2014-104">[99]</a> Its total area is about 446,300 km2 (172,317 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-BBC_country_profile-105">[100]</a> Algeria borders Morocco to the east and southeast, though the border between the two countries has been closed since 1994.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a> Spanish territory in Northwest Africa neighbouring Morocco comprises five enclaves on the Mediterranean coast: <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_Alhucemas" class="mw-redirect" title="Peñón de Alhucemas">Peñón de Alhucemas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islas_Chafarinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Islas Chafarinas">Chafarinas</a> islands, and the disputed islet <a href="/wiki/Isla_Perejil" class="mw-redirect" title="Isla Perejil">Perejil</a>. Off the Atlantic coast the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> belong to Spain, whereas <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> to the north is <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a>. To the north, Morocco is bordered by the Strait of Gibraltar, where international shipping has unimpeded <a href="/wiki/Transit_passage" title="Transit passage">transit passage</a> between the Atlantic and Mediterranean. The Rif mountains stretch over the region bordering the Mediterranean from the north-west to the north-east. The Atlas Mountains run down the backbone of the country,<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> from the northeast to the southwest. Most of the southeast portion of the country is in the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a> and as such is generally sparsely populated and unproductive economically. Most of the population lives to the north of these mountains, while to the south lies the Western Sahara, a former Spanish colony that was annexed by Morocco in 1975 (see <a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March</a>).<a href="#cite_note-108">[f]</a> Morocco claims that the Western Sahara is part of its territory and refers to that as its <a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Southern Provinces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-West_Sahara-102">[97]</a> Morocco's capital city is <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>; its largest city is its main port, <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>. Other cities recording a population over 500,000 in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Moroccan_census" title="2014 Moroccan census">2014 Moroccan census</a> are <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meknes" title="Meknes">Meknes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9" title="Salé">Salé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-moroccocensus2014-109">[103]</a> Morocco is represented in the <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-2">ISO 3166-1 alpha-2</a> geographical encoding standard by the symbol MA.<a href="#cite_note-ISO3166-110">[104]</a> This code was used as the basis for Morocco's internet domain, <a href="/wiki/.ma" title=".ma">.ma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ISO3166-110">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morocco_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Morocco_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Morocco_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Morocco_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Morocco_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Morocco_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Morocco_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> climate types in Morocco</figcaption></figure> In area, Morocco's climate is mainly "<a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate#Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">hot summer Mediterranean</a>" (Csa) and "<a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert</a>" (BWh) zones.<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> Central mountain ranges and the effects of the cold <a href="/wiki/Canary_Current" title="Canary Current">Canary Current</a>, off the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> coast, are significant factors in Morocco's relatively large variety of vegetation zones, ranging from lush forests in the northern and central mountains, giving way to steppe, semi-arid and desert areas in the eastern and southern regions. The Moroccan coastal plains experience moderate temperatures even in summer.<a href="#cite_note-climate-112">[106]</a> In the Rif, Middle and High Atlas Mountains, there exist several different types of climates: Mediterranean along the coastal lowlands, giving way to a humid temperate climate at higher elevations with sufficient moisture to allow for the growth of different species of oaks, moss carpets, junipers, and Atlantic fir which is a royal conifer tree <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-gaussen-113">[107]</a> In the valleys, fertile soils and high precipitation allow for the growth of thick and lush forests. Cloud forests can be found in the west of the Rif Mountains and Middle Atlas Mountains. At higher elevations, the climate becomes alpine in character, and can sustain ski resorts.<a href="#cite_note-climate-112">[106]</a> Southeast of the Atlas mountains, near the Algerian borders, the climate becomes very dry, with long and hot summers. Extreme heat and low moisture levels are especially pronounced in the lowland regions east of the Atlas range due to the rain shadow effect of the mountain system. The southeasternmost portions of Morocco are very hot, and include portions of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> desert, where vast swathes of sand dunes and rocky plains are dotted with lush <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-city_climate-114">[108]</a> In contrast to the Sahara region in the south, coastal <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plains</a> are fertile in the central and northern regions of the country, and comprise the backbone of the country's agriculture, in which 95% of the population live. The direct exposure to the North Atlantic Ocean, the proximity to mainland Europe and the long stretched Rif and Atlas mountains are the factors of the rather European-like climate in the northern half of the country. That makes Morocco a country of contrasts. <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forested areas</a> cover about 12% of the country while arable land accounts for 18%. Approximately 5% of Moroccan land is irrigated for agricultural use.<a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merzouga_sahara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Merzouga_sahara.jpg/220px-Merzouga_sahara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Merzouga_sahara.jpg/330px-Merzouga_sahara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Merzouga_sahara.jpg/440px-Merzouga_sahara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1733" /></a><figcaption>Landscape of the <a href="/wiki/Erg_Chebbi" title="Erg Chebbi">Erg Chebbi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Djebel_Toubkal_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Djebel_Toubkal_01.jpg/220px-Djebel_Toubkal_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Djebel_Toubkal_01.jpg/330px-Djebel_Toubkal_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Djebel_Toubkal_01.jpg/440px-Djebel_Toubkal_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a></figcaption></figure> In general, apart from the southeast regions (pre-Saharan and desert areas), Morocco's climate and geography are very similar to the Iberian peninsula. Thus Morocco has the following climate zones: <ul><li>Mediterranean: Dominates the coastal Mediterranean regions of the country, along the (500 km strip), and some parts of the Atlantic coast. Summers are hot to moderately hot and dry, average highs are between 29 °C (84.2 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F). Winters are generally mild and wet, daily average temperatures hover around 9 °C (48.2 °F) to 11 °C (51.8 °F), and average low are around 5 °C (41.0 °F) to 8 °C (46.4 °F), typical to the coastal areas of the west Mediterranean. Annual Precipitation in this area vary from 600 to 800 mm in the west to 350–500 mm in the east. Notable cities that fall into this zone are <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetouan">Tetouan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Hoceima" title="Al Hoceima">Al Hoceima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nador" title="Nador">Nador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safi,_Morocco" title="Safi, Morocco">Safi</a>.</li> <li>Sub-Mediterranean: It influences cities that show Mediterranean characteristics, but remain fairly influenced by other climates owing to their either relative elevation, or direct exposure to the North Atlantic Ocean. We thus have two main influencing climates:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Oceanic: Determined by the cooler summers, where highs are around 27 °C (80.6 °F) and in terms of the Essaouira region, are almost always around 21 °C (69.8 °F). The medium daily temperatures can get as low as 19 °C (66.2 °F), while winters are chilly to mild and wet. Annual precipitation varies from 400 to 700 mm. Notable cities that fall into this zone are <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9nitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kénitra">Kénitra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9" title="Salé">Salé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Essaouira</a>.<a href="#cite_note-city_climate-114">[108]</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li>Continental: Determined by the bigger gap between highs and lows, that results in hotter summers and colder winters, than found in typical Mediterranean zones. In summer, daily highs can get as high as 40 °C (104.0 °F) during heat waves, but usually are between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 36 °C (96.8 °F). However, temperatures drop as the sun sets. Night temperatures usually fall below 20 °C (68.0 °F), and sometimes as low as 10 °C (50.0 °F) in mid-summer. Winters are cooler, and can get below the freezing point multiple times between December and February. Also, snow can fall occasionally. Fès for example registered −8 °C (17.6 °F) in winter 2005. Annual precipitation varies between 500 and 900 mm. Notable cities are <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Fès">Fès</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mekn%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Meknès">Meknès</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chefchaouen" title="Chefchaouen">Chefchaouen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beni-Mellal" class="mw-redirect" title="Beni-Mellal">Beni-Mellal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taza" title="Taza">Taza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-city_climate-114">[108]</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Continental: Dominates the mountainous regions of the north and central parts of the country, where summers are hot to very hot, with highs between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 36 °C (96.8 °F). Winters on the other hand are cold, and lows usually go beyond the freezing point. And when cold damp air comes to Morocco from the northwest, for a few days, temperatures sometimes get below −5 °C (23.0 °F). It often snows abundantly in this part of the country. Precipitation varies between 400 and 800 mm. Notable cities are <a href="/wiki/Khenifra" title="Khenifra">Khenifra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imilchil" title="Imilchil">Imilchil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midelt" title="Midelt">Midelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azilal" title="Azilal">Azilal</a>.</li> <li>Alpine: Found in some parts of the Middle Atlas Mountain range and the eastern part of the High Atlas Mountain range. Summers are very warm to moderately hot, and winters are longer, cold and snowy. Precipitation varies between 400 and 1200 mm. In summer highs barely go above 30 °C (86.0 °F), and lows are cool and average below 15 °C (59.0 °F). In winters, highs average around 8 °C (46.4 °F), and lows go well below the freezing point. In this part of country, there are many ski resorts, such as Oukaimeden and Mischliefen. Notable cities are <a href="/wiki/Ifrane" title="Ifrane">Ifrane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azrou" title="Azrou">Azrou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boulmane" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulmane">Boulmane</a>.</li> <li>Semi-arid: This type of climate is found in the south of the country and some parts of the east of the country, where rainfall is lower and annual precipitations are between 200 and 350 mm. However, one usually finds Mediterranean characteristics in those regions, such as the precipitation pattern and thermal attributes. Notable cities are <a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Agadir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oujda" title="Oujda">Oujda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-city_climate-114">[108]</a></li></ul> South of Agadir and east of Jerada near the Algerian borders, arid and desert climate starts to prevail. Due to Morocco's proximity to the Sahara desert and the North Sea of the Atlantic Ocean, two phenomena occur to influence the regional seasonal temperatures, either by raising temperatures by 7–8 degrees Celsius when <a href="/wiki/Sirocco" title="Sirocco">sirocco</a> blows from the east creating heatwaves, or by lowering temperatures by 7–8 degrees Celsius when cold damp air blows from the northwest, creating a coldwave or cold spell. However, these phenomena do not last for more than two to five days on average.<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Morocco" title="Climate change in Morocco">Climate change</a> is expected to significantly impact Morocco on multiple dimensions. As a coastal country with hot and arid climates, environmental impacts are likely to be wide and varied. As of the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a>, Morocco was ranked second in <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Sweden" title="Climate change in Sweden">preparedness behind Sweden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-117">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Morocco" title="Wildlife of Morocco">Wildlife of Morocco</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_father.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Portrait_of_a_father.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_a_father.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Portrait_of_a_father.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_a_father.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Portrait_of_a_father.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_a_father.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>An adult male <a href="/wiki/Barbary_macaque" title="Barbary macaque">Barbary macaque</a> carrying his offspring, a behaviour rarely found in other primates</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caracal_-_Flickr_-_Ragnhild_%26_Neil_Crawford_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Caracal_-_Flickr_-_Ragnhild_%26_Neil_Crawford_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Caracal_-_Flickr_-_Ragnhild_%26_Neil_Crawford_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Caracal_-_Flickr_-_Ragnhild_%26_Neil_Crawford_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Caracal_-_Flickr_-_Ragnhild_%26_Neil_Crawford_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Caracal_-_Flickr_-_Ragnhild_%26_Neil_Crawford_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Caracal_-_Flickr_-_Ragnhild_%26_Neil_Crawford_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">Caracal</a></figcaption></figure> Morocco has a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. It is part of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean basin</a>, an area with exceptional concentrations of endemic species undergoing rapid rates of habitat loss, and is therefore considered to be a hotspot for conservation priority.<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Avifauna</a> are notably variant.<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a> The avifauna of Morocco includes a total of 454 species, five of which have been <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced</a> by humans, and 156 are rarely or accidentally seen.<a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Barbary_lion" title="Barbary lion">Barbary lion</a>, hunted to extinction in the wild, was a subspecies native to Morocco and is a national emblem.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-4">[3]</a> The last Barbary lion in the wild was shot in the Atlas Mountains in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> The other two primary predators of northern Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_bear" title="Atlas bear">Atlas bear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbary_leopard" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary leopard">Barbary leopard</a>, are now extinct and critically endangered, respectively. Relic populations of the <a href="/wiki/West_African_crocodile" title="West African crocodile">West African crocodile</a> persisted in the <a href="/wiki/Draa_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Draa river">Draa river</a> until the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a> The Barbary macaque, a primate endemic to Morocco and Algeria, is also facing extinction due to offtake for trade<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> human interruption, urbanisation, wood and real estate expansion that diminish forested area – the macaque's habitat. Trade of animals and plants for food, pets, medicinal purposes, souvenirs and photo props is common across Morocco, despite laws making much of it illegal.<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> This trade is unregulated and causing unknown reductions of wild populations of native Moroccan wildlife. Because of the proximity of northern Morocco to Europe, species such as cacti, tortoises, mammal skins, and high-value birds (falcons and bustards) are harvested in various parts of the country and exported in appreciable quantities, with especially large volumes of eel harvested – 60 tons exported to the Far East in the period 2009‒2011.<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> Morocco is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_conifer_and_mixed_forests" title="Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests">Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_High_Atlas_juniper_steppe" title="Mediterranean High Atlas juniper steppe">Mediterranean High Atlas juniper steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_acacia-argania_dry_woodlands_and_succulent_thickets" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets">Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_dry_woodlands_and_steppe" title="Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe">Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_woodlands_and_forests" title="Mediterranean woodlands and forests">Mediterranean woodlands and forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Saharan_steppe_and_woodlands" title="North Saharan steppe and woodlands">North Saharan steppe and woodlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-127">[121]</a> It had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 6.74/10, ranking it 66th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-128">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Morocco" title="Politics of Morocco">Politics of Morocco</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Mohammed_VI_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/King_Mohammed_VI_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-King_Mohammed_VI_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/King_Mohammed_VI_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-King_Mohammed_VI_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/King_Mohammed_VI_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-King_Mohammed_VI_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2060" data-file-height="2972" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">King of Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a></figcaption></figure> According to the 2022 <a href="/wiki/The_Economist_Democracy_Index" title="The Economist Democracy Index">Economist Democracy Index</a>, Morocco is ruled under a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">hybrid regime</a>, scoring #3 in the <a href="/wiki/MENA" class="mw-redirect" title="MENA">Middle East and North Africa</a>, and #95 in the world.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> Morocco has a "difficult" ranking on the 2023 <a href="/wiki/World_Press_Freedom_Index" title="World Press Freedom Index">World Press Freedom Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a> Following the March 1998 elections, a coalition government headed by opposition <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Abderrahmane_Youssoufi" title="Abderrahmane Youssoufi">Abderrahmane Youssoufi</a> and composed largely of ministers drawn from opposition parties, was formed. Prime Minister Youssoufi's government was the first ever government drawn primarily from opposition parties, and also represents the first opportunity for a coalition of socialists, left-of-centre, and nationalist parties to be included in the government until October 2002. It was also the first time in the modern political history of the Arab world that the opposition assumed power following an election. The current government is headed by <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Akhannouch" title="Aziz Akhannouch">Aziz Akhannouch</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Morocco" title="Constitution of Morocco">Constitution of Morocco</a> provides for a monarchy with a <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Morocco" title="Parliament of Morocco">Parliament</a> and an independent <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_constitutional_referendum,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan constitutional referendum, 2011">2011 constitutional reforms</a>, the King of Morocco retains less executive powers whereas those of the prime minister have been enlarged.<a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a> The constitution grants the king honorific powers (among other powers); he is both the secular political leader and the "<a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Commander of the Faithful</a>" as a direct descendant of the Prophet <a href="/wiki/Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed">Mohammed</a>. He presides over the Council of Ministers; appoints the Prime Minister from the political party that has won the most seats in the parliamentary elections, and on recommendations from the latter, appoints the members of the government. The constitution of 1996 theoretically allowed the king to terminate the tenure of any minister, and after consultation with the heads of the higher and lower Assemblies, to dissolve the Parliament, suspend the constitution, call for new elections, or rule by decree. The only time this happened was in 1965. The King is formally the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_branch">Legislative branch</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_of_morocco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Parliament_of_morocco.jpg/220px-Parliament_of_morocco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Parliament_of_morocco.jpg/330px-Parliament_of_morocco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Parliament_of_morocco.jpg/440px-Parliament_of_morocco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The legislature's building in Rabat</figcaption></figure> Since the constitutional reform of 1996, the bicameral legislature consists of two chambers. The <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Representatives_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly of Representatives of Morocco">Assembly of Representatives of Morocco</a> (Majlis an-Nuwwâb/Assemblée des Répresentants) has 395 members elected for a five-year term, 305 elected in multi-seat <a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">constituencies</a> and 90 in national lists consisting of women and youth. The <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Councillors" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly of Councillors">Assembly of Councillors</a> (Majlis al-Mustasharin) has 120 members, elected for a six-year term. 72 members are elected at the regional level, 20 members are elected from trade unions, 8 seats from professional organisations and 20 from wage-earners.<a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> The Parliament's powers, though still relatively limited, were expanded under the 1992 and 1996 and even further in the 2011 constitutional revisions and include <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budgetary</a> matters, approving <a href="/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (proposed law)">bills</a>, questioning ministers, and establishing ad hoc commissions of inquiry to investigate the government's actions. The lower chamber of Parliament may dissolve the government through a <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_no_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of no confidence">vote of no confidence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a> The latest parliamentary elections were held on <a href="/wiki/2021_Moroccan_general_election" title="2021 Moroccan general election">8 September 2021</a>. Voter turnout in these elections was estimated to be 50.35% of registered voters.<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Administrative_Regions_of_Morocco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Administrative_Regions_of_Morocco.jpg/220px-Administrative_Regions_of_Morocco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Administrative_Regions_of_Morocco.jpg/330px-Administrative_Regions_of_Morocco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Administrative_Regions_of_Morocco.jpg/440px-Administrative_Regions_of_Morocco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1963" data-file-height="2197" /></a><figcaption>The administrative regions of Morocco</figcaption></figure> Morocco is officially divided into 12 <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Morocco" title="Regions of Morocco">regions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-reg-139">[133]</a> which, in turn, are subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_and_provinces_of_Morocco" title="Prefectures and provinces of Morocco">62 provinces and 13 prefectures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> Regions <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Tanger-Tetouan-Al_Hoceima" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima">Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_(Morocco)" title="Oriental (Morocco)">Oriental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8s-Mekn%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Fès-Meknès">Fès-Meknès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabat-Sal%C3%A9-K%C3%A9nitra" title="Rabat-Salé-Kénitra">Rabat-Salé-Kénitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ni_Mellal-Kh%C3%A9nifra" title="Béni Mellal-Khénifra">Béni Mellal-Khénifra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca-Settat" title="Casablanca-Settat">Casablanca-Settat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrakesh-Safi" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakesh-Safi">Marrakesh-Safi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A2a-Tafilalet" title="Drâa-Tafilalet">Drâa-Tafilalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souss-Massa" title="Souss-Massa">Souss-Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelmim-Oued_Noun" title="Guelmim-Oued Noun">Guelmim-Oued Noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%A2youne-Sakia_El_Hamra" title="Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra">Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakhla-Oued_Ed-Dahab" title="Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab">Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Morocco" title="Foreign relations of Morocco">Foreign relations of Morocco</a></div> Morocco is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and belongs to the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> (AU), <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Maghreb_Union" title="Arab Maghreb Union">Arab Maghreb Union</a> (UMA), <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC), the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Community of Sahel–Saharan States">Community of Sahel–Saharan States</a> (CEN_SAD). Morocco's relationships vary greatly between African, Arab, and Western states. Morocco has had strong ties to the West in order to gain economic and political benefits.<a href="#cite_note-nationsencyclopedia.com-141">[135]</a> France and Spain remain the primary trade partners, as well as the primary creditors and foreign investors in Morocco. From the total foreign investments in Morocco, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> invests approximately 73.5%, whereas, the Arab world invests only 19.3%. Many countries from the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> regions are getting more involved in large-scale development projects in Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceuta-melilla.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ceuta-melilla.png/290px-Ceuta-melilla.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ceuta-melilla.png/435px-Ceuta-melilla.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ceuta-melilla.png/580px-Ceuta-melilla.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Morocco claims sovereignty over Spanish enclaves of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>.</figcaption></figure> Morocco's membership in the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> has been marked by significant events. In 1984, Morocco withdrew from the organisation after it admitted the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> in 1982 without conducting a referendum of self-determination in the disputed territory of Western Sahara.<a href="#cite_note-worldbulletin-143">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-144">[138]</a> This decision was made unilaterally by Morocco. However, in 2017, Morocco rejoined the AU, signaling a shift in its diplomatic stance. In August 2021, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> severed diplomatic relations with Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> In 2002, a <a href="/wiki/Perejil_Island_crisis" title="Perejil Island crisis">dispute with Spain in 2002 over the small island of Perejil</a> arose, which brought attention to the issue of the sovereignty of <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a> These small enclaves on the Mediterranean coast are surrounded by Morocco and have been under Spanish administration for centuries. In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration">George W. Bush administration</a> granted Morocco the status of <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a> Morocco was the first country in the world to recognise US sovereignty, in 1777. After gaining independence, <a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Morocco–United States relations">Morocco established strong ties with the United States</a>, receiving significant economic and military aid.<a href="#cite_note-:8-74">[69]</a> This partnership flourished during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, with Morocco becoming a key ally against communist expansion in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. In return, the US supported Morocco's territorial ambitions and efforts to modernise its economy. Morocco received more than $400 million in American aid between 1957 and 1963, which elevated it to the fifth-largest recipient of US agricultural assistance by 1966. The long-lasting relationship between the two nations has endured, with the US remaining one of Morocco's top allies. Additionally, Morocco is included in the European Union's <a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy</a> (ENP), which aims at bringing the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> and its neighbours closer.<a href="#cite_note-148">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Sahara_status">Western Sahara status</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal status of Western Sahara">Legal status of Western Sahara</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westernsaharamap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Westernsaharamap.png/220px-Westernsaharamap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Westernsaharamap.png/330px-Westernsaharamap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Westernsaharamap.png/440px-Westernsaharamap.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Morocco annexed Western Sahara in 1975. The <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a> control the territory east of the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Wall">Moroccan berm (wall)</a>.</figcaption></figure> The status of the <a href="/wiki/Saguia_el-Hamra" title="Saguia el-Hamra">Saguia el-Hamra</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_Oro" title="Río de Oro">Río de Oro</a> regions is disputed. The <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a> saw the <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a>, the Sahrawi rebel national liberation movement, battling both Morocco and Mauritania between 1976 and a ceasefire in 1991 that is still in effect. A United Nations mission, <a href="/wiki/MINURSO" class="mw-redirect" title="MINURSO">MINURSO</a>, is tasked with organising a referendum on whether the territory should become independent or recognised as a part of Morocco. Part of the territory, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Zone_(Western_Sahara_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Zone (Western Sahara region)">Free Zone</a>, is a mostly uninhabited area that the Polisario Front controls as the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a>. Its administrative headquarters are located in <a href="/wiki/Tindouf" title="Tindouf">Tindouf</a>, Algeria. As of 2006<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morocco&action=edit">[update]</a>, no <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Member state of the United Nations">UN member state</a> had recognised Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara.<a href="#cite_note-daccess-dds-ny.un.org-149">[143]</a> In 2020, the United States under the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> became the first Western country to back Morocco's contested sovereignty over the disputed Western Sahara region, on the agreement that Morocco would simultaneously normalise <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="Israel–Morocco relations">relations with Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a> In 2006, the government of Morocco suggested <a href="/wiki/Autonomy_for_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomy for Western Sahara">autonomous</a> status for the region, through the Moroccan <a href="/wiki/Royal_Advisory_Council_for_Saharan_Affairs" title="Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs">Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs</a> (CORCAS). The project was presented to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> in mid-April 2007. The proposal was encouraged by Moroccan allies such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a> The Security Council has called upon the parties to enter into direct and unconditional negotiations to reach a mutually accepted political solution.<a href="#cite_note-152">[146]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Moroccan Armed Forces">Royal Moroccan Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FREMM_Mohammed_VI_-_Lorient_2013-05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/FREMM_Mohammed_VI_-_Lorient_2013-05.JPG/220px-FREMM_Mohammed_VI_-_Lorient_2013-05.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/FREMM_Mohammed_VI_-_Lorient_2013-05.JPG/330px-FREMM_Mohammed_VI_-_Lorient_2013-05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/FREMM_Mohammed_VI_-_Lorient_2013-05.JPG/440px-FREMM_Mohammed_VI_-_Lorient_2013-05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Mohammed VI, a <a href="/wiki/FREMM_multipurpose_frigate" title="FREMM multipurpose frigate">FREMM multipurpose frigate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Navy" title="Royal Moroccan Navy">Royal Moroccan Navy</a></figcaption></figure> Morocco's military consists of the Royal Armed Forces—this includes the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Army" title="Royal Moroccan Army">Army</a> (the largest branch), the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Navy" title="Royal Moroccan Navy">Navy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Air_Force" title="Royal Moroccan Air Force">Air Force</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Royal_Guard" title="Moroccan Royal Guard">Royal Guard</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Gendarmerie" title="Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie">Royal Gendarmerie</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Forces" title="Auxiliary Forces">Auxiliary Forces</a>. Internal security is generally effective, and acts of political violence are rare (with one exception, the <a href="/wiki/2003_Casablanca_bombings" title="2003 Casablanca bombings">2003 Casablanca bombings</a> which killed 45 people<a href="#cite_note-153">[147]</a>). The UN maintains a small observer force in Western Sahara, where a large number of Moroccan troops are stationed. The Sahrawi <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a> maintains an active militia of an estimated 5,000 fighters in Western Sahara and has engaged in intermittent warfare with Moroccan forces since the 1970s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Morocco" title="Human rights in Morocco">Human rights in Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Morocco">LGBT rights in Morocco</a></div> During the early 1960s to the late 1980s, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Hassan_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan II">Hassan II</a>, Morocco had one of the worst human rights records in both Africa and the world. Government repression of political dissent was widespread during Hassan II's leadership, until it dropped sharply in the mid-1990s. The decades during which abuses were committed are referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Morocco)" title="Years of Lead (Morocco)">Years of Lead</a> (les années de plomb), and included <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">forced disappearances</a>, assassinations of government opponents and protesters, and secret internment camps such as <a href="/wiki/Tazmamart" title="Tazmamart">Tazmamart</a>. To examine abuses committed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">King Hassan II</a> (1961–1999), the government under King Mohammed set up an <a href="/wiki/Equity_and_Reconciliation_Commission" title="Equity and Reconciliation Commission">Equity and Reconciliation Commission</a> (IER).<a href="#cite_note-154">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[149]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> annual report in 2016, Moroccan authorities restricted the rights to peaceful expression, association and assembly through several laws. The authorities continue to prosecute both printed and online media which criticises the government or the <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">king</a> (or the royal family).<a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a> There are also persistent allegations of violence against both <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawi</a> pro-<a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">independence</a> and pro-<a href="/wiki/Polisario" class="mw-redirect" title="Polisario">Polisario</a> <a href="/wiki/Independence_Intifada_(Western_Sahara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Intifada (Western Sahara)">demonstrators</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[151]</a> in Western Sahara; a disputed territory which is occupied by and considered by Morocco as part of its <a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Southern Provinces</a>. Morocco has been accused of detaining Sahrawi pro-independence activists as prisoners of conscience.<a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">Homosexual acts</a> as well as pre-marital sex are illegal in Morocco, and can be punishable by six months to three years of imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a> It is illegal to <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytise</a> for any religion other than <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Morocco" title="Islam in Morocco">Islam</a> (article 220 of the Moroccan Penal Code), and that crime is punishable by a maximum of 15 years of imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[156]</a> Violence against women and sexual harassment have been criminalised. The penalty can be from one month to five years, with fines ranging from $200 to $1,000.<a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a> It is a criminal offence in Morocco to undermine the monarchy; in August 2023, a Moroccan resident of Qatar was sentenced to five years' imprisonment for criticising the King's policy decisions on Facebook.<a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco" title="Economy of Morocco">Economy of Morocco</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casablanca_Finance_City_37.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Casablanca_Finance_City_37.jpg/220px-Casablanca_Finance_City_37.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Casablanca_Finance_City_37.jpg/330px-Casablanca_Finance_City_37.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Casablanca_Finance_City_37.jpg/440px-Casablanca_Finance_City_37.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Finance_City" title="Casablanca Finance City">Casablanca Finance City</a></figcaption></figure> Morocco's economy is considered a relatively <a href="/wiki/Liberal_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal economy">liberal economy</a> governed by the <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">law of supply and demand</a>. Since 1993, the country has followed a policy of <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatisation</a> of certain economic sectors which used to be in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Morocco" title="Politics of Morocco">government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a> Morocco has become a major player in African economic affairs,<a href="#cite_note-166">[160]</a> and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of African countries by GDP (PPP)">sixth largest economy in Africa</a> by GDP (PPP). Morocco was ranked as the first African country by the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Quality-of-life_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Quality-of-life index">quality-of-life index</a>, ahead of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a> However, in the years since that first-place ranking was given, Morocco has slipped into fourth place behind <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Government reforms and steady yearly growth in the region of 4–5% from 2000 to 2007, including 4.9% year-on-year growth in 2003–2007 helped the Moroccan economy to become much more robust compared to a few years earlier. For 2012 the World Bank forecast a rate of 4% growth for Morocco and 4.2% for following year, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-168">[162]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco#Services" title="Economy of Morocco">services sector</a> accounts for just over half of <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> and industry, made up of mining, construction and manufacturing, is an additional quarter. The industries that recorded the highest growth are <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Morocco" title="Tourism in Morocco">tourism</a>, telecoms, information technology, and textile. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Morocco" title="Tourism in Morocco">Tourism in Morocco</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamaa_el_Fna_(7346063132).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jamaa_el_Fna_%287346063132%29.jpg/220px-Jamaa_el_Fna_%287346063132%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jamaa_el_Fna_%287346063132%29.jpg/330px-Jamaa_el_Fna_%287346063132%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jamaa_el_Fna_%287346063132%29.jpg/440px-Jamaa_el_Fna_%287346063132%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2650" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jemaa_el-Fnaa" title="Jemaa el-Fnaa">Jemaa el-Fnaa</a> in Marrakech</figcaption></figure> Tourism is one of the most important sectors in Moroccan economy. It is well developed with a strong tourist industry focused on the country's coast, culture, and history. Morocco attracted more than 13 million tourists in 2019. Tourism is the second largest foreign exchange earner in Morocco after the phosphate industry. The Moroccan government is heavily investing in tourism development, in 2010 the government launched its Vision 2020 which plans to make Morocco one of the top 20 tourist destinations in the world and to double the annual number of international arrivals to 20 million by 2020,<a href="#cite_note-169">[163]</a> with the hope that tourism will then have risen to 20% of GDP. Large government sponsored marketing campaigns to attract tourists advertised Morocco as an inexpensive and exotic, yet safe, place for tourists. Most of the visitors to Morocco continue to be European, with French nationals making up almost 20% of all visitors. Most Europeans visit between April and August.<a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a> Morocco's relatively high number of tourists has been aided by its location—Morocco is close to Europe and attracts visitors to its beaches. Because of its proximity to Spain, tourists in southern Spain's coastal areas take one- to three-day trips to Morocco. Since air services between Morocco and Algeria have been established, many Algerians have gone to Morocco to shop and visit family and friends. Morocco is relatively inexpensive because of the devaluation of the dirham and the increase of hotel prices in Spain. Morocco has an excellent road and rail infrastructure that links the major cities and tourist destinations with ports and cities with international airports. Low-cost airlines offer reduced-price flights to the country. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_Bou_Jeloud-Fez-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bab_Bou_Jeloud-Fez-3.jpg/220px-Bab_Bou_Jeloud-Fez-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bab_Bou_Jeloud-Fez-3.jpg/330px-Bab_Bou_Jeloud-Fez-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bab_Bou_Jeloud-Fez-3.jpg/440px-Bab_Bou_Jeloud-Fez-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2991" data-file-height="1908" /></a><figcaption>View of the medina (old city) of <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a></figcaption></figure> Tourism is increasingly focused on Morocco's culture, such as its ancient cities. The modern tourist industry capitalises on Morocco's ancient and Islamic sites, and on its landscape and cultural history. 60% of Morocco's tourists visit for its culture and heritage. Agadir is a major coastal resort and has a third of all Moroccan bed nights.<a href="#cite_note-tourism-171">[165]</a> It is a base for tours to the Atlas Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-tourism-171">[165]</a> Other resorts in north Morocco are also very popular.<a href="#cite_note-Eur-172">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a> Casablanca is the major cruise port in Morocco, and has the best developed market for tourists in Morocco, Marrakech in central Morocco is a popular tourist destination, but is more popular among tourists for one- and two-day excursions that provide a taste of Morocco's history and culture. The Majorelle botanical garden in Marrakech is a popular tourist attraction. It was bought by the fashion designer Yves Saint-Laurent and Pierre Bergé in 1980. Their presence in the city helped to boost the city's profile as a tourist destination.<a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a> As of 2006<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morocco&action=edit">[update]</a>, activity and adventure tourism in the Atlas and Rif Mountains are the fastest growth area in Moroccan tourism. These locations have excellent walking and trekking opportunities from late March to mid-November. The government is investing in trekking circuits. They are also developing desert tourism in competition with <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shackley-175">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Morocco" title="Agriculture in Morocco">Agriculture in Morocco</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Morocco" title="Agriculture in Morocco">Agriculture in Morocco</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Morocco&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Productions_du_Maroc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Productions_du_Maroc.jpg/290px-Productions_du_Maroc.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Productions_du_Maroc.jpg/435px-Productions_du_Maroc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Productions_du_Maroc.jpg/580px-Productions_du_Maroc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1713" data-file-height="1240" /></a><figcaption>Moroccan agricultural production</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Morocco" title="Agriculture in Morocco">Agriculture in Morocco</a> employs about 40% of the nation's workforce. Thus, it is the largest employer in the country. In the rainy sections of the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, and other cereals can be raised without irrigation. On the Atlantic coast, where there are extensive plains, <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citrus_fruits" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus fruits">citrus fruits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wine_grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine grapes">wine grapes</a> are grown, largely with water supplied by artesian wells. <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> are raised and forests yield cork, cabinet wood, and building materials. Part of the maritime population fishes for its livelihood. <a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Agadir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Essaouira</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">El Jadida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Larache" title="Larache">Larache</a> are among the important fishing harbors.<a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a> Both the agriculture and fishing industries are <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Morocco" title="Climate change in Morocco">expected to be severely impacted by climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a> Moroccan agricultural production also consists of <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, olives, and <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>. High quality agricultural products are usually exported to Europe. Morocco produces enough food for domestic consumption except for grains, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>. More than 40% of Morocco's consumption of grains and flour is imported from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Agriculture industry in Morocco enjoyed a complete tax exemption until 2013. Many Moroccan critics said that rich farmers and large agricultural companies were taking too much benefit of not paying the taxes and that poor farmers were struggling with high costs and are getting very poor support from the state. In 2014, as part of the Finance Law, it was decided that agricultural companies with a turnover of greater than MAD 5 million would pay progressive corporate income taxes.<a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Boraq_RGV2N2_at_Tanger_Ville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Al_Boraq_RGV2N2_at_Tanger_Ville.jpg/220px-Al_Boraq_RGV2N2_at_Tanger_Ville.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Al_Boraq_RGV2N2_at_Tanger_Ville.jpg/330px-Al_Boraq_RGV2N2_at_Tanger_Ville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Al_Boraq_RGV2N2_at_Tanger_Ville.jpg/440px-Al_Boraq_RGV2N2_at_Tanger_Ville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al_Boraq" title="Al Boraq">Al Boraq</a> RGV2N2 high-speed trainset at Tanger-Ville railway station in November 2018</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Report" title="Global Competitiveness Report">Global Competitiveness Report</a> of 2019, Morocco Ranked 32nd in the world in terms of Roads, 16th in Sea, 45th in Air and 64th in Railways. This gives Morocco the best infrastructure rankings in the African continent.<a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a> Modern infrastructure development, such as ports, airports, and rail links, is a top government priority. To meet the growing domestic demand, the Moroccan government invested more than $15 billion from 2010 to 2015 in upgrading its basic infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a> Morocco has one of the best road systems on the continent. Over the past 20 years, the government has built approximately 1770 kilometers of modern roads, connecting most major cities via toll expressways. The Moroccan Ministry of Equipment, Transport, Logistics, and Water aims to build an additional 3380 kilometers of expressway and 2100 kilometers of highway by 2030, at an expected cost of $9.6 billion. It focuses on linking the southern provinces, notably the cities of Laayoune and Dakhla to the rest of Morocco. In 2014, Morocco began the construction of the first high-speed railway system in Africa linking the cities of Tangier and Casablanca. It was inaugurated in 2018 by the King following over a decade of planning and construction by Moroccan national railway company ONCF. It is the first phase of what is planned to eventually be a 1,500 kilometeres (930 mi) high-speed rail network in Morocco. An extension of the line to Marrakesh is already being planned. Morocco also has the largest port in Africa and the Mediterranean, <a href="/wiki/Tanger-Med" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanger-Med">Tanger-Med</a>, which is ranked the 18th in the world with a handling capacity of over 9 million containers. It is situated in the Tangier free economic zone and serves as a logistics hub for Africa and the world.<a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Morocco">Energy in Morocco</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isofoton_Marruecos.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Isofoton_Marruecos.JPG/220px-Isofoton_Marruecos.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Isofoton_Marruecos.JPG/330px-Isofoton_Marruecos.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Isofoton_Marruecos.JPG/440px-Isofoton_Marruecos.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4064" data-file-height="2704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">Solar cell</a> panels in eastern Morocco</figcaption></figure> In 2008, about 56% of Morocco's electricity supply was provided by coal.<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a> However, as forecasts indicate that energy requirements in Morocco will rise 6% per year between 2012 and 2050,<a href="#cite_note-english.nuqudy.com-184">[178]</a> a new law passed encouraging Moroccans to look for ways to diversify the energy supply, including more <a href="/wiki/Renewable_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable resources">renewable resources</a>. The Moroccan government has launched a project to build a <a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy" title="Solar thermal energy">solar thermal energy</a> <a href="/wiki/Power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant">power plant</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a> and is also looking into the use of natural gas as a potential source of revenue for Morocco's government.<a href="#cite_note-english.nuqudy.com-184">[178]</a> Morocco has embarked upon the construction of large <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> farms to lessen dependence on fossil fuels, and to eventually export electricity to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a> On 17 April 2022, Rabat-Moroccan agency for solar energy (Masen) and the ministry of energy transition and sustainable development announced the launch of phase one of the mega project Nor II solar energy plant which is a multi-site solar energy project with a total capacity set at 400 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">megawatts</a> (MN). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narcotics">Narcotics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannabis_Fields_in_Ketama_Tidighine_mountain,_Morocco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cannabis_Fields_in_Ketama_Tidighine_mountain%2C_Morocco.jpg/220px-Cannabis_Fields_in_Ketama_Tidighine_mountain%2C_Morocco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cannabis_Fields_in_Ketama_Tidighine_mountain%2C_Morocco.jpg/330px-Cannabis_Fields_in_Ketama_Tidighine_mountain%2C_Morocco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cannabis_Fields_in_Ketama_Tidighine_mountain%2C_Morocco.jpg/440px-Cannabis_Fields_in_Ketama_Tidighine_mountain%2C_Morocco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Cannabis field at Ketama Tidighine mountain, Morocco</figcaption></figure> Since the 7th century, <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a> has been cultivated in the <a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Rif</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> In 2004, according to the UN World Drugs Report, cultivation and transformation of cannabis represents 0.57% of the national GDP of Morocco in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-crime2004-188">[182]</a> According to a French Ministry of the Interior 2006 report, 80% of the cannabis resin (hashish) consumed in Europe comes from the <a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Rif</a> region in Morocco, which is mostly mountainous terrain in the north of Morocco, also hosting plains that are very fertile and expanding from Melwiyya River and Ras Kebdana in the East to Tangier and Cape Spartel in the West. Also, the region extends from the Mediterranean in the south, home of the Wergha River, to the north.<a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> In addition to that, Morocco is a transit point for cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply_and_sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Morocco" title="Water supply and sanitation in Morocco">Water supply and sanitation in Morocco</a></div> Water supply and sanitation in Morocco is provided by a wide array of utilities. They range from private companies in the largest city, <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>, the capital, <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>, and two other cities,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] to public municipal utilities in 13 other cities, as well as a national electricity and water company (ONEE). The latter is in charge of bulk water supply to the aforementioned utilities, water distribution in about 500 small towns, as well as sewerage and wastewater treatment in 60 of these towns. There have been substantial improvements in access to water supply, and to a lesser extent to sanitation, over the past fifteen years. Remaining challenges include a low level of wastewater treatment (only 13% of collected wastewater is being treated), lack of house connections in the poorest urban neighbourhoods, and limited sustainability of rural systems (20 percent of rural systems are estimated not to function). In 2005 a National Sanitation Programme was approved that aims at treating 60% of collected wastewater and connecting 80% of urban households to sewers by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a> The issue of lack of water connections for some of the urban poor is being addressed as part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Development_Initiative" title="National Human Development Initiative">National Human Development Initiative</a>, under which residents of informal settlements have received land titles and have fees waived that are normally paid to utilities in order to connect to the water and sewer network. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Morocco" title="Science and technology in Morocco">Science and technology in Morocco</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_UM6P.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Logo_UM6P.jpg/295px-Logo_UM6P.jpg" decoding="async" width="295" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Logo_UM6P.jpg/443px-Logo_UM6P.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Logo_UM6P.jpg/590px-Logo_UM6P.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>Campus of the <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_Polytechnic_University" title="Mohammed VI Polytechnic University">Mohammed VI Polytechnic University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Benguerir" class="mw-redirect" title="Benguerir">Benguerir</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan government">Moroccan government</a> has been implementing reforms to improve the quality of education and make research more responsive to socio-economic needs. In May 2009, Morocco's prime minister, Abbas El Fassi, announced greater support for science during a meeting at the National Centre for Scientific and Technical Research. The aim was to give universities greater financial autonomy from the government to make them more responsive to research needs and better able to forge links with the private sector, in the hope that this would nurture a culture of entrepreneurship in academia. He announced that investment in science and technology would rise from US$620,000 in 2008 to US$8.5 million (69 million Moroccan dirhams) in 2009, in order to finance the refurbishment and construction of laboratories, training courses for researchers in financial management, a scholarship programme for postgraduate research and incentive measures for companies prepared to finance research, such as giving them access to scientific results that they could then use to develop new products.<a href="#cite_note-scidev.net-192">[186]</a> Morocco was ranked 66th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a> The Moroccan Innovation Strategy was launched at the country's first National Innovation Summit in June 2009 by the Ministry of Industry, Commerce, Investment and the Digital Economy. The Moroccan Innovation Strategy fixed the target of producing 1,000 Moroccan patents and creating 200 innovative start-ups by 2014. In 2012, Moroccan inventors applied for 197 patents, up from 152 two years earlier. In 2011, the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and New Technologies created a Moroccan Club of Innovation, in partnership with the Moroccan Office of Industrial and Commercial Property. The idea is to create a network of players in innovation, including researchers, entrepreneurs, students and academics, to help them develop innovative projects.<a href="#cite_note-Agenor-194">[188]</a> The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research is supporting research in advanced technologies and the development of innovative cities in Fez, Rabat and Marrakesh. The government is encouraging public institutions to engage with citizens in innovation. One example is the Moroccan Phosphate Office (Office chérifien des phosphates), which has invested in a project to develop a smart city, King Mohammed VI Green City, around Mohammed VI University located between Casablanca and Marrakesh, at a cost of DH 4.7 billion (circa US$479 million).<a href="#cite_note-Agenor-194">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a> As of 2015, Morocco had three technoparks. Since the first technopark was established in Rabat in 2005, a second has been set up in Casablanca, followed, in 2015, by a third in Tangers. The technoparks host start-ups and small and medium-sized enterprises specialising in information and communication technologies (ICTs), 'green' technologies (namely, environmentally friendly technologies) and cultural industries.<a href="#cite_note-Agenor-194">[188]</a> In 2012, the Hassan II Academy of Science and Technology identified a number of sectors where Morocco has a comparative advantage and skilled human capital, including mining, fisheries, food chemistry and new technologies. It also identified a number of strategic sectors, such as energy, with an emphasis on renewable energies such as photovoltaic, thermal solar energy, wind and biomass; as well as the water, nutrition and health sectors, the environment and geosciences.<a href="#cite_note-Agenor-194">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[190]</a> On 20 May 2015, less than a year after its inception, the Higher Council for Education, Training and Scientific Research presented a report to the king offering a Vision for Education in Morocco 2015–2030. The report advocated making education egalitarian and, thus, accessible to the greatest number. Since improving the quality of education goes hand in hand with promoting research and development, the report also recommended developing an integrated national innovation system which would be financed by gradually increasing the share of GDP devoted to research and development (R&D) from 0.73% of GDP in 2010 'to 1% in the short term, 1.5% by 2025 and 2% by 2030'.<a href="#cite_note-Agenor-194">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Morocco" title="Demographics of Morocco">Demographics of Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moroccans" title="Moroccans">Moroccans</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3></div> Morocco has a population of around 37,076,584 inhabitants (2021 est.).<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-197">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-198">[192]</a> Morocco's population was 11.6 million in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a> According to the 2014 Morocco population census, there were around 84,000 immigrants in the country. Of these foreign-born residents, most were of <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> origin, followed by individuals mainly from various nations in West Africa and Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a> There are also a number of foreign residents of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish</a> origin. Some of them are descendants of colonial settlers, who primarily work for European multinational companies, while others are married to Moroccans or are retirees. Prior to independence, Morocco was home to half a million <a href="/wiki/European_Moroccans" title="European Moroccans">Europeans</a>; who were mostly <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[195]</a> Also, prior to independence, Morocco was home to 250,000 Spaniards.<a href="#cite_note-202">[196]</a> Morocco's once prominent <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> minority has decreased significantly since its peak of 265,000 in 1948, declining to around 3,500 in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-203">[197]</a> Morocco has a large <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_diaspora" title="Moroccan diaspora">diaspora</a>, most of which is located in France, which has reportedly over one million Moroccans of up to the third generation. There are also large Moroccan communities in Spain (about 700,000 Moroccans),<a href="#cite_note-204">[198]</a> the Netherlands (360,000), and Belgium (300,000).<a href="#cite_note-205">[199]</a> Other large communities can be found in Italy, Canada, the United States, and Israel, where <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Moroccan Jews</a> are thought to constitute the second biggest Jewish ethnic subgroup.<a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morocco_ethno_1973_all.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Morocco_ethno_1973_all.svg/220px-Morocco_ethno_1973_all.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Morocco_ethno_1973_all.svg/330px-Morocco_ethno_1973_all.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Morocco_ethno_1973_all.svg/440px-Morocco_ethno_1973_all.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Ethnolinguistic map of Morocco (1973)<a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a></figcaption></figure> In Morocco, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic identity">ethnic identity</a> is deeply intertwined with language and culture, with the population primarily comprising two major groups: <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-209">[203]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Haut_Commissariat_au_Plan_(Morocco)" title="Haut Commissariat au Plan (Morocco)">Higher Planning Commission</a>, the country’s state statistics bureau, does not collect data on ethnic demographics, citing the historical difficulty of distinguishing between Arabs and Berbers, even among Berber speakers.<a href="#cite_note-210">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> form the largest and majority <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnic group</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:102-212">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-:132-213">[207]</a> making up between 65%<a href="#cite_note-:62-214">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-215">[209]</a> and 80%<a href="#cite_note-:62-214">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-215">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a> of the Moroccan population. It is estimated that the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> constitute between 30%<a href="#cite_note-:62-214">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-:102-212">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-:132-213">[207]</a> and 35% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> Berbers, who are also known as Amazigh, are typically divided into three main groups with varying dialects who live spread out in rural mountain areas, namely the <a href="/wiki/Rifians" title="Rifians">Rifians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Rif</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zayanes" title="Zayanes">Zayanes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Atlas" title="Middle Atlas">Middle Atlas</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Shilha_people" title="Shilha people">Shilha people</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Atlas" title="Anti-Atlas">Anti-Atlas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-219">[213]</a> Since the 7th century, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_migrations_to_the_Maghreb" title="Arab migrations to the Maghreb">influx of Arab migrants</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> has contributed to shaping Morocco’s demographic, cultural, and genetic landscape.<a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a> Additionally, a considerable portion of the population includes <a href="/wiki/Haratin" title="Haratin">Haratin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahrawis" title="Sahrawis">Sahrawis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gnawa" title="Gnawa">Gnawa</a>, descendants of West African or mixed-race <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">enslaved peoples</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Moriscos</a>, European Muslims expelled from Spain and Portugal in the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-222">[216]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, 44% of Moroccans are Arab, 24% are <a href="/wiki/Arabized_Berber" title="Arabized Berber">Arabized Berbers</a>, 21% are Berbers, and 10% are Mauritanian Moors.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_of_Morocco2-223">[217]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Minority_Rights_Group_International" title="Minority Rights Group International">Minority Rights Group International</a> estimates that around 90,000 <a href="/wiki/Sahrawis" title="Sahrawis">Sahrawis</a> reside in internationally recognized Morocco, compared to approximately 190,000 in the disputed Western Sahara.<a href="#cite_note-:10-222">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Religion in Morocco</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:236px;max-width:236px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_of_a_mosque_in_Fes_(5364764412).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Inside_of_a_mosque_in_Fes_%285364764412%29.jpg/234px-Inside_of_a_mosque_in_Fes_%285364764412%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Inside_of_a_mosque_in_Fes_%285364764412%29.jpg/351px-Inside_of_a_mosque_in_Fes_%285364764412%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Inside_of_a_mosque_in_Fes_%285364764412%29.jpg/468px-Inside_of_a_mosque_in_Fes_%285364764412%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The interior of a mosque in <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fes</a>, Islam is the predominant religion in Morocco</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hassan_II_mosque,_Casablanca_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ce/Hassan_II_mosque%2C_Casablanca_2.jpg/150px-Hassan_II_mosque%2C_Casablanca_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ce/Hassan_II_mosque%2C_Casablanca_2.jpg/225px-Hassan_II_mosque%2C_Casablanca_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ce/Hassan_II_mosque%2C_Casablanca_2.jpg/300px-Hassan_II_mosque%2C_Casablanca_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="3094" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_Mosque" title="Hassan II Mosque">Hassan II Mosque</a> in Casablanca</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:248px;max-width:248px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:184px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bet_El_synagogue_Casablanca_-_bima_(1051699955).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bet_El_synagogue_Casablanca_-_bima_%281051699955%29.jpg/246px-Bet_El_synagogue_Casablanca_-_bima_%281051699955%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="246" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bet_El_synagogue_Casablanca_-_bima_%281051699955%29.jpg/369px-Bet_El_synagogue_Casablanca_-_bima_%281051699955%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bet_El_synagogue_Casablanca_-_bima_%281051699955%29.jpg/492px-Bet_El_synagogue_Casablanca_-_bima_%281051699955%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Temple_Beth-El_(Casablanca)" title="Temple Beth-El (Casablanca)">Beth-El Synagogue</a> in Casablanca, Judaism is the main minority religion in Morocco</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:184px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Moroccan_Christians_from_Tangier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Moroccan_Christians_from_Tangier.jpg/138px-Moroccan_Christians_from_Tangier.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Moroccan_Christians_from_Tangier.jpg/207px-Moroccan_Christians_from_Tangier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Moroccan_Christians_from_Tangier.jpg/276px-Moroccan_Christians_from_Tangier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Tangier" title="St Andrew's Church, Tangier">St Andrew's Church</a> in Tangier, an <a href="/wiki/Anglican_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican church">Anglican church</a> built in 1894</div></div></div></div></div> The religious affiliation in the country was estimated by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Forum">Pew Forum</a> in 2010 as 99% <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, with all remaining groups accounting for less than 1% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-pewrel-224">[218]</a> Of those affiliated with Islam, virtually all are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Muslims</a> accounting for less than 0.1%.<a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a> However, nearly 15% of Moroccans nonetheless describe themselves as non religious according to a 2018 survey conducted by the research network Arab Barometer; the same survey saw nearly 100 percent of respondents identify as Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-poll-226">[220]</a> Another 2021 Arab Barometer survey found that 67.8% of Moroccans identified as religious, 29.1% as somewhat religious, and 3.1% as non religious.<a href="#cite_note-:4-227">[221]</a> The 2015 <a href="/wiki/Gallup_International_Association" title="Gallup International Association">Gallup International</a> poll reported that 93% of Moroccans considered themselves to be religious.<a href="#cite_note-228">[222]</a> Prior to independence, Morocco was home to more than <a href="/wiki/European_Moroccans" title="European Moroccans">500,000 Christians</a> (mostly of Spanish and French ancestry). Many Christian settlers left to Spain or France after the independence in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a> The predominantly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> foreign-resident <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> community consists of approximately 40,000 practising members. Most foreign resident <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> reside in the <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a> urban areas. Various local Christian leaders estimate that between 2005 and 2010 there are 5,000 citizen converted Christians (mostly ethnically Berber) who regularly attend "house" churches and live predominantly in the south.<a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a> Some local Christian leaders estimate that there may be as many as 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Morocco" title="Christianity in Morocco">Christian citizens</a> throughout the country, but many reportedly do not meet regularly due to fear of government surveillance and social persecution.<a href="#cite_note-irfr2011-231">[225]</a> The number of the Moroccans who <a href="/wiki/Converted_to_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Converted to Christianity">converted to Christianity</a> (most of them secret worshippers) are estimated between 8,000 and 50,000.<a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] Before the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">founding</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a> in 1948, there were about <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">265,000 Jews</a><a href="#cite_note-ewhmorocco-238">[232]</a> in the country, which gave Morocco the largest Jewish community in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>. The most recent estimates put the size of the historic Casablanca Jewish community at about 2,500,<a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> and the Rabat and Marrakesh Jewish communities at about 100 members each. The remainder of the Jewish population is dispersed throughout the country. This population is mostly elderly, with a decreasing number of young people.<a href="#cite_note-irfr2011-231">[225]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> community, located in urban areas, numbers 350 to 400 persons.<a href="#cite_note-irfr2011-231">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Morocco" title="Languages of Morocco">Languages of Morocco</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morocco_-_Linguistic_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Morocco_-_Linguistic_map.png/310px-Morocco_-_Linguistic_map.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Morocco_-_Linguistic_map.png/465px-Morocco_-_Linguistic_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Morocco_-_Linguistic_map.png/620px-Morocco_-_Linguistic_map.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>Linguistic map of Morocco</figcaption></figure> Morocco's official languages are <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berber_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber language">Berber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Const1-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-cons_eff-241">[235]</a> The country's distinctive group of Moroccan Arabic dialects is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Darija" class="mw-redirect" title="Darija">Darija</a>. Approximately 89.8% of the whole population can communicate to some degree in <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haut_Commisariat_au_Plan-242">[236]</a> The Berber language is spoken in three dialects (<a href="/wiki/Riff_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Riff language">Tarifit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shilha_language" title="Shilha language">Tashelhit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Morocco_Tamazight" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Morocco Tamazight">Central Atlas Tamazight</a>).<a href="#cite_note-webcitation-243">[237]</a> In 2008, Frédéric Deroche estimated that there were 12 million Berber speakers, making up about 40% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Les_peuples_autochtones-244">[238]</a> The 2004 population census reported that 28.1% of the population spoke Berber.<a href="#cite_note-Haut_Commisariat_au_Plan-242">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> is widely used in governmental institutions, media, mid-size and large companies, international commerce with French-speaking countries, and often in international diplomacy. French is taught as an obligatory language in all schools. In 2010, there were 10,366,000 French-speakers in Morocco, or about 32% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-245">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-FR-5">[4]</a> According to the 2004 census, 2.19 million Moroccans spoke a foreign language other than French.<a href="#cite_note-Haut_Commisariat_au_Plan-242">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, while far behind French in terms of number of speakers, is the first foreign language of choice, since French is obligatory, among educated youth and professionals. According to <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>, as of 2016, there are 1,536,590 individuals (or approximately 4.5% of the population) in Morocco who speak <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a> Spanish is mostly spoken in northern Morocco and the former <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a> because Spain had previously occupied those areas.<a href="#cite_note-247">[241]</a> Meanwhile, a 2018 study by the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a> found 1.7 million Moroccans who were at least proficient in Spanish, placing Morocco as the country with the most Spanish speakers outside the Hispanophone world (unless the United States is also excluded from Spanish-speaking countries).<a href="#cite_note-248">[242]</a> A significant portion of northern Morocco receives Spanish media, television signal and radio airwaves, which reportedly facilitate competence in the language in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Rouchdy71-249">[243]</a> After Morocco declared independence in 1956, French and Arabic became the main languages of administration and education, causing the role of Spanish to decline.<a href="#cite_note-Rouchdy71-249">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Morocco" title="Education in Morocco">Education in Morocco</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Akhawayn_Campus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Al_Akhawayn_Campus.jpg/220px-Al_Akhawayn_Campus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Al_Akhawayn_Campus.jpg/330px-Al_Akhawayn_Campus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Al_Akhawayn_Campus.jpg/440px-Al_Akhawayn_Campus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al_Akhawayn_University" title="Al Akhawayn University">Al Akhawayn University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ifrane" title="Ifrane">Ifrane</a></figcaption></figure> Education in Morocco is free and compulsory through primary school. The estimated <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> rate for the country in 2012 was 72%.<a href="#cite_note-250">[244]</a> In September 2006, UNESCO awarded Morocco amongst other countries such as <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> the "UNESCO 2006 Literacy Prize".<a href="#cite_note-251">[245]</a> Morocco has more than <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Morocco" title="List of universities in Morocco">four dozen universities</a>, institutes of higher learning, and polytechnics dispersed at urban centres throughout the country. Its leading institutions include <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_V_University" title="Mohammed V University">Mohammed V University</a> in Rabat, the country's largest university, with branches in Casablanca and Fès; the Hassan II Agriculture and Veterinary Institute in Rabat, which conducts leading social science research in addition to its agricultural specialties; and <a href="/wiki/Al-Akhawayn_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Akhawayn University">Al-Akhawayn University</a> in Ifrane, the first English-language university in Northwest Africa,<a href="#cite_note-252">[246]</a> inaugurated in 1995 with contributions from Saudi Arabia and the United States. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UIS_Literacy_Rate_Morocco_population_%2B15_1980_to_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/UIS_Literacy_Rate_Morocco_population_%2B15_1980_to_2015.png/220px-UIS_Literacy_Rate_Morocco_population_%2B15_1980_to_2015.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/UIS_Literacy_Rate_Morocco_population_%2B15_1980_to_2015.png/330px-UIS_Literacy_Rate_Morocco_population_%2B15_1980_to_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/UIS_Literacy_Rate_Morocco_population_%2B15_1980_to_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>UIS Literacy Rate Morocco population above 15 years of age 1980–2015</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Al-Karaouine" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Al-Karaouine">al-Qarawiyin University</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Fatima_al-Fihri" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatima al-Fihri">Fatima al-Fihri</a> in the city of Fez in 859 as a <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-253">[247]</a> is considered by some sources, including <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, to be the "oldest university of the world".<a href="#cite_note-254">[248]</a> Morocco has also some of prestigious postgraduate schools, including: <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_Polytechnic_University" title="Mohammed VI Polytechnic University">Mohammed VI Polytechnic University</a>, l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_national_des_postes_et_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut national des postes et télécommunications (page does not exist)">Institut national des postes et télécommunications</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_des_postes_et_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications" class="extiw" title="fr:Institut national des postes et télécommunications">fr</a>; <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" class="extiw" title="ar:المعهد الوطني للبريد والمواصلات">ar</a>], <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27%C3%A9lectricit%C3%A9_et_de_m%C3%A9canique_de_Nancy" title="École nationale supérieure d'électricité et de mécanique de Nancy">École Nationale Supérieure d'Électricité et de Mecanique</a> (ENSEM), <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Mohammadia_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs" class="mw-redirect" title="École Mohammadia d'ingénieurs">EMI</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISCAE" title="ISCAE">ISCAE</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Instistute_of_Statistics_and_Applied_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="National Instistute of Statistics and Applied Economics">INSEA</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_School_of_Mineral_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="National School of Mineral Industry">National School of Mineral Industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Hassania_des_Travaux_Publics" class="mw-redirect" title="École Hassania des Travaux Publics">École Hassania des Travaux Publics</a>, Les Écoles nationales de commerce et de gestion, École supérieure de technologie de Casablanca.<a href="#cite_note-255">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Morocco" title="Health in Morocco">Health in Morocco</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_Hospital_Center_in_Tangier_(general_view).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/University_Hospital_Center_in_Tangier_%28general_view%29.jpg/294px-University_Hospital_Center_in_Tangier_%28general_view%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="294" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/University_Hospital_Center_in_Tangier_%28general_view%29.jpg/441px-University_Hospital_Center_in_Tangier_%28general_view%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/University_Hospital_Center_in_Tangier_%28general_view%29.jpg/588px-University_Hospital_Center_in_Tangier_%28general_view%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2583" data-file-height="1732" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_VI_University_Hospital_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed VI University Hospital Centre (page does not exist)">Mohammed VI University Hospital Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a></figcaption></figure> Many efforts are made by countries around the world to address health issues and eradicate disease, Morocco included. Child health, maternal health, and diseases are all components of health and well-being. Morocco is a developing country that has made many strides to improve these categories. However, Morocco still has many health issues to improve on. According to research published, in 2005 only 16% of citizens in Morocco had health insurance or coverage.<a href="#cite_note-Ruger_2007-257">[251]</a> In data from the World Bank, Morocco experiences high infant mortality rates at 20 deaths per 1,000 births (2017)<a href="#cite_note-:5-258">[252]</a> and high maternal mortality rates at 121 deaths per 100,000 births (2015).<a href="#cite_note-:6m-259">[253]</a> The government of Morocco sets up surveillance systems within the already existing healthcare system to monitor and collect data. Mass education in hygiene is implemented in primary education schools which are free for residents of Morocco. In 2005, The government of Morocco approved two reforms to expand health insurance coverage.<a href="#cite_note-Ruger_2007-257">[251]</a> The first reform was a mandatory health insurance plan for public and private sector employees to expand coverage from 16 percent of the population to 30 percent. The second reform created a fund to cover services for the poor. Both reforms improved access to high-quality care. Infant mortality has improved significantly since 1960 when there were 144 deaths per 1,000 live births, in 2000, 42 per 1,000 live births, and now it is 20 per 1,000 live births.<a href="#cite_note-:5-258">[252]</a> The country's under-five mortality rate dropped by 60% between 1990 and 2011. According to data from the World Bank,<a href="#cite_note-:5-258">[252]</a> the present mortality rate is still very high, over seven times higher than in neighbouring country Spain. In 2014, Morocco adopted a national plan to increase progress on maternal and child health.<a href="#cite_note-:7-260">[254]</a> The Moroccan Plan was started by the Moroccan Minister of Health, El Houssaine Louardi, and Ala Alwan, WHO Regional Director for the Eastern Mediterranean Region, on 13 November 2013 in Rabat.<a href="#cite_note-:7-260">[254]</a> Morocco has made significant progress in reducing deaths among both children and mothers. Based on World Bank data, the nation's maternal mortality ratio fell by 67% between 1990 and 2010.<a href="#cite_note-:6m-259">[253]</a> In 2014, spending on healthcare accounted for 5.9% of the country's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-:0-261">[255]</a> Since 2014, spending on healthcare as part of the GDP has decreased. However, health expenditure per capita (PPP) has steadily increased since 2000. In 2015, the Moroccan health expenditure was $435.29 per capita.<a href="#cite_note-:1-262">[256]</a> In 2016 the life expectancy at birth was 74.3, or 73.3 for men and 75.4 for women, and there were 6.3 physicians and 8.9 nurses and midwives per 10,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-263">[257]</a> In 2017, Morocco ranked 16th out of 29 countries on the Global Youth Wellbeing Index.<a href="#cite_note-:3-264">[258]</a> Moroccan youths experience a lower self-harm rate than the global index by an average of 4 encounters per year.<a href="#cite_note-:3-264">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Morocco" title="Culture of Morocco">Culture of Morocco</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moroccan_frills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Moroccan_frills.jpg/220px-Moroccan_frills.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Moroccan_frills.jpg/330px-Moroccan_frills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Moroccan_frills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>A living room with a traditional Moroccan interior</figcaption></figure> Morocco is a country with a rich <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilisation</a>. Through <a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan history</a>, it has hosted many people. All of whom have affected the social structure of Morocco. Since independence, a veritable blossoming has taken place in painting and sculpture, popular music, amateur theatre, and filmmaking.<a href="#cite_note-265">[259]</a> The Moroccan National Theatre (founded 1956) offers regular productions of Moroccan and French dramatic works. Art and music festivals take place throughout the country during the summer months, among them the <a href="/wiki/World_Sacred_Music_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="World Sacred Music Festival">World Sacred Music Festival at Fès</a>. Each region possesses its own specificities, thus contributing to the national culture and to the legacy of civilisation. Morocco has set among its top priorities the protection of its diverse legacy and the preservation of its cultural heritage.<a href="#cite_note-266">[260]</a> Culturally speaking, Morocco has always been successful in combining its Arabic, Berber and Jewish cultural heritage with external influences such as the French and the Spanish and, during the last decades, the Anglo-American lifestyles.<a href="#cite_note-267">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_architecture" title="Moroccan architecture">Moroccan architecture</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_architecture" title="Moroccan architecture">Moroccan architecture</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moroccan_architecture&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:237px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hassan_II_mosque,_Casablanca_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ce/Hassan_II_mosque%2C_Casablanca_2.jpg/228px-Hassan_II_mosque%2C_Casablanca_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ce/Hassan_II_mosque%2C_Casablanca_2.jpg/342px-Hassan_II_mosque%2C_Casablanca_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ce/Hassan_II_mosque%2C_Casablanca_2.jpg/456px-Hassan_II_mosque%2C_Casablanca_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="3094" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-centre">The <a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_Mosque" title="Hassan II Mosque">Hassan II Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:141px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ksar_A%C3%AFt_Benhaddou,_Marocco_(%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8,_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%83%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ksar_A%C3%AFt_Benhaddou%2C_Marocco_%28%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%2C_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%83%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%29.jpg/228px-Ksar_A%C3%AFt_Benhaddou%2C_Marocco_%28%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%2C_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%83%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ksar_A%C3%AFt_Benhaddou%2C_Marocco_%28%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%2C_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%83%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%29.jpg/342px-Ksar_A%C3%AFt_Benhaddou%2C_Marocco_%28%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%2C_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%83%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ksar_A%C3%AFt_Benhaddou%2C_Marocco_%28%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%2C_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%83%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%29.jpg/456px-Ksar_A%C3%AFt_Benhaddou%2C_Marocco_%28%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%2C_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%83%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8160" data-file-height="5048" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-centre">The <a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">ksar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ait_Benhaddou" class="mw-redirect" title="Ait Benhaddou">Ait Benhaddou</a> in the southern <a href="/wiki/High_Atlas" title="High Atlas">High Atlas</a> mountains</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:P1020151_(9728164447).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/P1020151_%289728164447%29.jpg/228px-P1020151_%289728164447%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/P1020151_%289728164447%29.jpg/342px-P1020151_%289728164447%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/P1020151_%289728164447%29.jpg/456px-P1020151_%289728164447%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3830" data-file-height="2872" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-centre"><a href="/wiki/French_Colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="French Colonial">Colonial architecture</a> in Casablanca (20th century)</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_architecture" title="Moroccan architecture">Moroccan architecture</a> reflects Morocco's diverse geography and long history, marked by successive waves of settlers through both migration and military conquest. This architectural heritage includes <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Roman</a> sites, historic <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a>, local <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular architecture</a>, 20th-century <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_architecture" title="French colonial architecture">French colonial architecture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern architecture</a>. Much of Morocco's traditional architecture is marked by the style that developed during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">Islamic period</a>, from the 7th century onward. This architecture was part of a wider tradition of <a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">"Moorish" or western Islamic architecture</a>, which characterized both the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> (Morocco, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> (Muslim <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:02-270">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:122-271">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:6-272">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:13-273">[267]</a> It blended influences from <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Amazigh (Berber)</a> culture in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, pre-Islamic Spain (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a>), and contemporary artistic currents in the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> to elaborate a unique style over centuries with recognizable features such as the <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">horseshoe arch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">riad</a> gardens, and elaborate <a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">geometric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesque</a> motifs in wood, <a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">carved stucco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">zellij</a> tilework.<a href="#cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:02-270">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:122-271">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:15-274">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:232-275">[269]</a> Although Moroccan Amazigh architecture is not strictly separate from the rest of Moroccan architecture, many structures and architectural styles are distinctively associated with traditionally Amazigh or Amazigh-dominated regions such as the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> and pre-Sahara regions.<a href="#cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:2-276">[270]</a> These mostly rural regions are marked by numerous <a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">kasbahs</a> (fortresses) and <a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">ksour</a> (fortified villages) shaped by local geography and social structures, of which one of the most famous is <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFt_Benhaddou" title="Aït Benhaddou">Ait Benhaddou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a> They are typically made of <a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">rammed earth</a> and decorated with local geometric motifs. Far from being isolated from other historical artistic currents around them, the Amazigh peoples of Morocco (and across North Africa) adapted the forms and ideas of Islamic architecture to their own conditions<a href="#cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:36-278">[272]</a> and in turn contributed to the formation of Western Islamic art, particularly during their political domination of the region over the centuries of <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinid</a> rule.<a href="#cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:232-275">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:2-276">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern architecture</a> in Morocco includes many examples of early 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> and local <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">neo-Moorish</a> architecture constructed during the <a href="/wiki/French_Protectorate_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French Protectorate in Morocco">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish</a> colonial occupation of the country between 1912 and 1956 (or until 1958 for Spain).<a href="#cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:10-279">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:722-280">[274]</a> In the later 20th century, after Morocco regained its independence, some new buildings continued to pay tribute to traditional Moroccan architecture and motifs (even when designed by foreign architects), as exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Mohammed_V" title="Mausoleum of Mohammed V">Mausoleum of King Mohammed V</a> (completed in 1971) and the massive <a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_Mosque" title="Hassan II Mosque">Hassan II Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a> (completed in 1993).<a href="#cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:246-281">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:11-282">[276]</a> Modernist architecture is also evident in contemporary constructions, not only for regular everyday structures but also in major prestige projects.<a href="#cite_note-283">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[278]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Moroccan literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChraibiDriss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/ChraibiDriss.jpg/170px-ChraibiDriss.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/ChraibiDriss.jpg/255px-ChraibiDriss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/ChraibiDriss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Driss_Chra%C3%AFbi" title="Driss Chraïbi">Driss Chraïbi</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Moroccan literature</a> is written mostly in Arabic, Berber, Hebrew, and French. Particularly under the Almoravid and Almohad empires, Moroccan literature was closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_al-Andalus" title="Literature of al-Andalus">literature of al-Andalus</a>, and shared important poetic and literary forms such as <a href="/wiki/Zajal" title="Zajal">zajal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah">muwashshah</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Maqama" title="Maqama">maqama</a>. Islamic literature, such as <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Quranic exegeses</a> and other religious works such as <a href="/wiki/Qadi_Ayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Ayyad">Qadi Ayyad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Al-Shifa_bi_Ta%27rif_Huquq_al-Mustafa" title="Al-Shifa bi Ta'rif Huquq al-Mustafa">Al-Shifa</a> were influential. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">University of al-Qarawiyyin</a> in Fes was an important literary centre attracting scholars from abroad, including <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Khatib" title="Ibn al-Khatib">Ibn al-Khatib</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Almohad" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad">Almohad</a> dynasty Morocco experienced a period of prosperity and brilliance of learning. The Almohad built the <a href="/wiki/Kutubiyya_Mosque" title="Kutubiyya Mosque">Kutubiyya Mosque</a> in Marrakesh, which accommodated no fewer than 25,000 people, but was also famed for its books, manuscripts, libraries and book shops, which gave it its name; the first book bazaar in history. The Almohad Caliph <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_I,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf I, Almohad Caliph">Abu Yakub</a> had a great love for collecting books. He founded a great library, which was eventually carried to the <a href="/wiki/Casbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Casbah">Casbah</a> and turned into a <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public library</a>. Modern Moroccan literature began in the 1930s. Two main factors gave Morocco a pulse toward witnessing the birth of a modern literature. Morocco, as a <a href="/wiki/French_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French Morocco">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Spanish protectorate</a> left Moroccan intellectuals the opportunity to exchange and to produce literary works freely enjoying the contact of other <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic literature</a> and Europe. Three generations of writers especially shaped 20th century Moroccan literature.<a href="#cite_note-285">[279]</a> The first was the generation that lived and wrote during the <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French protectorate of Morocco">Protectorate</a> (1912–56), its most important representative being <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ben_Brahim" title="Mohammed Ben Brahim">Mohammed Ben Brahim</a> (1897–1955). The second generation was the one that played an important role in the transition to independence with writers like <a href="/wiki/Abdelkrim_Ghallab" title="Abdelkrim Ghallab">Abdelkrim Ghallab</a> (1919–2006), <a href="/wiki/Allal_al-Fassi" title="Allal al-Fassi">Allal al-Fassi</a> (1910–1974) and <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Mokhtar_Soussi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed al-Mokhtar Soussi">Mohammed al-Mokhtar Soussi</a> (1900–1963). The third generation is that of writers of the sixties. Moroccan literature then flourished with writers such as <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Choukri" title="Mohamed Choukri">Mohamed Choukri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Driss_Chra%C3%AFbi" title="Driss Chraïbi">Driss Chraïbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Zafzaf" title="Mohamed Zafzaf">Mohamed Zafzaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Driss_El_Khouri" title="Driss El Khouri">Driss El Khouri</a>. Those writers were an important influence to the many Moroccan novelists, poets and playwrights that were still to come. During the 1950s and 1960s, Morocco was a refuge and artistic centre and attracted writers as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bowles" title="Paul Bowles">Paul Bowles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a>. Moroccan literature flourished with novelists such as <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Zafzaf" title="Mohamed Zafzaf">Mohamed Zafzaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Choukri" title="Mohamed Choukri">Mohamed Choukri</a>, who wrote in Arabic, and <a href="/wiki/Driss_Chra%C3%AFbi" title="Driss Chraïbi">Driss Chraïbi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tahar_Ben_Jelloun" title="Tahar Ben Jelloun">Tahar Ben Jelloun</a> who wrote in French. Other important Moroccan authors include: <a href="/wiki/Abdellatif_Laabi" title="Abdellatif Laabi">Abdellatif Laabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdelkrim_Ghallab" title="Abdelkrim Ghallab">Abdelkrim Ghallab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fouad_Laroui" title="Fouad Laroui">Fouad Laroui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Berrada" title="Mohammed Berrada">Mohammed Berrada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leila_Abouzeid" title="Leila Abouzeid">Leila Abouzeid</a>. Orature (oral literature) is an integral part of Moroccan culture, be it in Moroccan Arabic or Berber. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Music of Morocco</a></div> Moroccan music is of Arabic, Berber and sub-Saharan origins. Rock-influenced <a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Morocco)" title="Chaabi (Morocco)">chaabi</a> bands are widespread, as is <a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">trance music</a> with historical origins in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Islamic music</a>. Morocco is home to <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian classical music">Andalusian classical music</a> that is found throughout Northwest Africa. It probably evolved under the Moors in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Cordoba</a>, and the Persian-born musician <a href="/wiki/Ziryab" title="Ziryab">Ziryab</a> is usually credited with its invention. A genre known as Contemporary Andalusian Music and art is the brainchild of <a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Morisco</a> visual artist/composer/<a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oudist</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus_Ensemble" title="Al-Andalus Ensemble">Tarik Banzi</a>, founder of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990204044625/http://www.andalus.com/">Al-Andalus Ensemble</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musicians_Jilala_music_in_Morocco,_1900.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Musicians_Jilala_music_in_Morocco%2C_1900.png/220px-Musicians_Jilala_music_in_Morocco%2C_1900.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Musicians_Jilala_music_in_Morocco%2C_1900.png/330px-Musicians_Jilala_music_in_Morocco%2C_1900.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Musicians_Jilala_music_in_Morocco%2C_1900.png/440px-Musicians_Jilala_music_in_Morocco%2C_1900.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>A group of <a href="/wiki/Jilala" title="Jilala">Jilala</a> musicians in 1900</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Aita" title="Aita">Aita</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> musical style sung in the countryside. <a href="/wiki/Chaabi" title="Chaabi">Chaabi</a> ("popular") is a music consisting of numerous varieties which are descended from the multifarious forms of Moroccan folk music. Chaabi was originally performed in markets, but is now found at any celebration or meeting. Popular Western forms of music are becoming increasingly popular in Morocco, such as <a href="/wiki/Fusion_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion (music)">fusion</a>, rock, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal (music)">metal</a> and, in particular, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>. Morocco participated in the <a href="/wiki/1980_Eurovision_Song_Contest" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 Eurovision Song Contest">1980 Eurovision Song Contest</a>, where it finished in the penultimate position. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Morocco">Media of Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Morocco" title="Cinema of Morocco">Cinema of Morocco</a></div> Cinema in Morocco has a long history, stretching back over a century to the filming of Le chevrier Marocain ("The Moroccan Goatherd") by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Louis Lumière">Louis Lumière</a> in 1897. Between that time and 1944, many foreign movies were shot in the country, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Ouarzazate" title="Ouarzazate">Ouarzazate</a> area. In 1944, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moroccan_Cinematographic_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moroccan Cinematographic Centre (page does not exist)">Moroccan Cinematographic Centre</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_cin%C3%A9matographique_marocain" class="extiw" title="fr:Centre cinématographique marocain">fr</a>] (CCM), the nation's film <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_agency" title="Regulatory agency">regulatory agency</a>, was established. Studios were also opened in <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>. In 1952, <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>' <a href="/wiki/Othello_(1952_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Othello (1952 film)">Othello</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a> under the Moroccan flag. However, the Festival's musicians did not play the <a href="/wiki/Hymne_Ch%C3%A9rifien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymne Chérifien">Moroccan national anthem</a>, as no one in attendance knew what it was.<a href="#cite_note-286">[280]</a> Six years later, Mohammed Ousfour would create the first Moroccan movie, Le fils maudit ("The Damned Son"). In 1968, the first Mediterranean Film Festival was held in <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>. In its current incarnation, the event is held in <a href="/wiki/Tetouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetouan">Tetouan</a>. This was followed in 1982 with the first national festival of cinema, which was held in Rabat. In 2001, the first <a href="/wiki/International_Film_Festival_of_Marrakech" class="mw-redirect" title="International Film Festival of Marrakech">International Film Festival of Marrakech</a> (FIFM) was also held in <a href="/wiki/Marrakech" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakech">Marrakech</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Couscous_of_Fes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Couscous_of_Fes.JPG/220px-Couscous_of_Fes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Couscous_of_Fes.JPG/330px-Couscous_of_Fes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Couscous_of_Fes.JPG/440px-Couscous_of_Fes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Moroccan <a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a></figcaption></figure> Moroccan cuisine is considered one of the most diversified cuisines in the world. This is a result of the centuries-long interaction of Morocco with the outside world.<a href="#cite_note-287">[281]</a> The cuisine of Morocco is mainly a fusion of Moorish, European and Mediterranean cuisines. Spices are used extensively in Moroccan cuisine. While spices have been imported to Morocco for thousands of years, many ingredients such as <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a> from <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan" title="Tétouan">Tiliouine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Meknes" title="Meknes">Meknes</a>, and oranges and lemons from Fez, are home-grown. Chicken is the most widely eaten meat in Morocco. The most commonly eaten red meat in Morocco is beef; <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">lamb</a> is preferred but is relatively expensive. The main Moroccan dish most people are familiar with is <a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">couscous</a>,<a href="#cite_note-288">[282]</a> the old national delicacy. Beef is the most commonly eaten red meat in Morocco, usually eaten in a Tagine with vegetables or legumes. Chicken is also very commonly used in Tagines, knowing that one of the most famous tagine is the Tagine of Chicken, potatoes and olives. <a href="/wiki/Domestic_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic sheep">Lamb</a> is also consumed, but as Northwest African sheep breeds store most of their fat in their tails, Moroccan lamb does not have the pungent flavour that Western <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb and mutton</a> have. Poultry is also very common, and the use of seafood is increasing in Moroccan food. In addition, there are dried salted meats and salted preserved meats such as kliia/khlia<a href="#cite_note-289">[283]</a> and "g'did" which are used to flavor tagines or used in "el ghraif" a folded savory Moroccan pancake. Among the most famous Moroccan dishes are <a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastilla" title="Pastilla">Pastilla</a> (also spelled Bsteeya or Bestilla), <a href="/wiki/Tajine" title="Tajine">Tajine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangia" title="Tangia">Tanjia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harira" title="Harira">Harira</a>. Although the latter is a <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soup</a>, it is considered a dish in itself and is served as such or with <a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">dates</a> especially during the month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>. Pork consumption is forbidden in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>, religious laws of Islam. A big part of the daily meal is bread. Bread in Morocco is principally from durum wheat semolina known as <a href="/wiki/Khubz" title="Khubz">khobz</a>. Bakeries are very common throughout Morocco and fresh bread is a staple in every city, town and village. The most common is whole grain coarse ground or white flour bread. There are also a number of flat breads and pulled unleavened pan-fried breads. The most popular drink is "atai", <a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">green tea</a> with mint leaves and other ingredients. Tea occupies a very important place in the culture of Morocco and is considered an art form. It is served not only at mealtimes but all through the day, and it is especially a drink of hospitality, commonly served whenever there are guests. It is served to guests, and it is impolite to refuse it. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Morocco" title="Sport in Morocco">Sport in Morocco</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morocco_vs_Algeria,_June_04_2011-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Morocco_vs_Algeria%2C_June_04_2011-10.jpg/220px-Morocco_vs_Algeria%2C_June_04_2011-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Morocco_vs_Algeria%2C_June_04_2011-10.jpg/330px-Morocco_vs_Algeria%2C_June_04_2011-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Morocco_vs_Algeria%2C_June_04_2011-10.jpg/440px-Morocco_vs_Algeria%2C_June_04_2011-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Moroccan football fans</figcaption></figure> Football is the country's most popular sport, popular among the urban youth in particular. In 1986, Morocco became the first Arab and African country to qualify for the second round of the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a>. Morocco hosted the <a href="/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="Africa Cup of Nations">Africa Cup of Nations</a> in <a href="/wiki/1988_African_Cup_of_Nations" title="1988 African Cup of Nations">1988</a> and will host it again in <a href="/wiki/2025_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="2025 Africa Cup of Nations">2025</a> after original host Guinea was stripped from hosting rights due to inadequacy of hosting preparations. Morocco was originally scheduled to host the <a href="/wiki/2015_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="2015 Africa Cup of Nations">2015 Africa Cup of Nations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-290">[284]</a> but refused to host the tournament on the scheduled dates because of fears over the <a href="/wiki/Ebola_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola outbreak">Ebola outbreak</a> on the continent.<a href="#cite_note-291">[285]</a> Morocco made six attempts to host the FIFA World Cup but lost five times to the United States, France, Germany, South Africa and a Canada–Mexico–United States joint bid, however Morocco will co-host it in <a href="/wiki/2030_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2030 FIFA World Cup">2030</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> having finally won the bid in their sixth attempt. In <a href="/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2022 FIFA World Cup">2022</a>, Morocco became the first African and Arab team to reach the semifinals and finished 4th in the tournament. At the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Olympic Games</a>, two Moroccans won gold medals in track and field. <a href="/wiki/Nawal_El_Moutawakel" title="Nawal El Moutawakel">Nawal El Moutawakel</a> won in the <a href="/wiki/400_metres_hurdles" title="400 metres hurdles">400 metres hurdles</a>; she was the first woman from an Arab or Islamic country to win an Olympic gold medal. <a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%AFd_Aouita" title="Saïd Aouita">Saïd Aouita</a> won the <a href="/wiki/5000_metres" title="5000 metres">5000 metres</a> at the same games. <a href="/wiki/Hicham_El_Guerrouj" title="Hicham El Guerrouj">Hicham El Guerrouj</a> won gold medals for Morocco at the <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Summer Olympics</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1500_metres" title="1500 metres">1500 metres</a> and 5000 metres and holds several <a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_athletics" title="List of world records in athletics">world records</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mile_run" title="Mile run">mile run</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spectator_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator sports">Spectator sports</a> in Morocco traditionally centred on the art of <a href="/wiki/Horsemanship" class="mw-redirect" title="Horsemanship">horsemanship</a> until European sports—<a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>—were introduced at the end of the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a> have become popular.<a href="#cite_note-292">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[287]</a> Several Moroccan professional players have competed in international competition, and the country fielded its first <a href="/wiki/Davis_Cup" title="Davis Cup">Davis Cup</a> team in 1999. Morocco was one of the continent's pioneers in basketball as it established one of Africa's first competitive leagues.<a href="#cite_note-294">[288]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby</a> came to Morocco in the early 20th century, mainly by the French who occupied the country.<a href="#cite_note-Completerugby-295">[289]</a> As a result, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Morocco" title="Rugby union in Morocco">Moroccan rugby</a> was tied to the fortunes of France, during the first and second <a href="/wiki/World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="World War">World War</a>, with many Moroccan players going away to fight.<a href="#cite_note-Completerugby-295">[289]</a> Like many other Maghreb nations, Moroccan rugby tended to look to Europe for inspiration, rather than to the rest of Africa. <a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a> is also popular in Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-296">[290]</a> The Moroccan-Dutch <a href="/wiki/Badr_Hari" title="Badr Hari">Badr Hari</a>, heavyweight kickboxer and martial artist, is a former K-1 heavyweight champion and K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 and 2009 finalist.<a href="#cite_note-297">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/32px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/48px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/64px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Morocco" title="Portal:Morocco">Morocco portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Morocco-related_articles" title="Index of Morocco-related articles">Index of Morocco-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Morocco" title="Outline of Morocco">Outline of Morocco</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara" title="Political status of Western Sahara">Political status of Western Sahara</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Morocco" title="French language in Morocco">French language in Morocco</a> is also used in official government documents and by the business community, although it has no official status: "French (often the language of business, government, and diplomacy)..."<a href="#cite_note-CIA-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FR-5">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> The area 446,300 km2 (172,300 sq mi) excludes all disputed territories, while 716,550 km2 (276,660 sq mi) includes the Moroccan-claimed and partially-controlled parts of <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> (claimed as the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a>). Morocco also claims <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>, making up about 22.8 km2 (8.8 sq mi) more claimed territory.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/məˈrɒkoʊ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/34\/En-us-Morocco.ogg\/En-us-Morocco.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Morocco.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-us-Morocco.ogg/En-us-Morocco.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Morocco.ogg" title="File:En-us-Morocco.ogg">ⓘ</a> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: المغرب, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Maghrib, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'the place where the sun sets; the west' <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ælˈmaɣrɪb]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3d\/Pronunciation_of_Morocco_in_Arabic.ogg\/Pronunciation_of_Morocco_in_Arabic.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pronunciation of Morocco in Arabic.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Pronunciation_of_Morocco_in_Arabic.ogg/Pronunciation_of_Morocco_in_Arabic.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Pronunciation_of_Morocco_in_Arabic.ogg" title="File:Pronunciation of Morocco in Arabic.ogg">ⓘ</a></li><li>Standard Moroccan Tamazight: ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, romanized: Lmeɣrib</li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Maroc, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[maʁɔk]</a></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <div><ul><li>Arabic: المملكة المغربية, romanized: al-Mamlakah al-Maghribiyah, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the Western kingdom'</li><li>Standard Moroccan Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, romanized: Tageldit n Lmeɣrib<a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a></li><li>French: Royaume du Maroc</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Pending resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011">"Constitution of Morocco"</a>. 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AUC/OECD. 2018. p. 179. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114190613/https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/africa-s-development-dynamics-2018_9789264302501-en#page18">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%27s+Development+Dynamics+2018%3AGrowth%2C+Jobs+and+Inequalities&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=AUC%2FOECD&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fread.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Fdevelopment%2Fafrica-s-development-dynamics-2018_9789264302501-en%23page18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/2024"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F2024&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdj.mmsp.gov.ma/Fr/Document/10117-D%C3%A9cret-royal-n-455-67-du-23-safar-1387-2-juin-19.aspx?KeyPath=594/596/608/714/10117">"Décret royal n° 455-67 du 23 safar 1387 (2 juin 1967) portant loi relatif à l'heure légale"</a>. Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc (2854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113013757/http://bdj.mmsp.gov.ma/Fr/Document/10117-D%C3%A9cret-royal-n-455-67-du-23-safar-1387-2-juin-19.aspx?KeyPath=594/596/608/714/10117">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023 – via Banque de Données Juridiques.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+Officiel+du+Royaume+du+Maroc&rft.atitle=D%C3%A9cret+royal+n%C2%B0+455-67+du+23+safar+1387+%282+juin+1967%29+portant+loi+relatif+%C3%A0+l%27heure+l%C3%A9gale&rft.issue=2854&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbdj.mmsp.gov.ma%2FFr%2FDocument%2F10117-D%25C3%25A9cret-royal-n-455-67-du-23-safar-1387-2-juin-19.aspx%3FKeyPath%3D594%2F596%2F608%2F714%2F10117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telquel.ma/2018/05/14/changements-dheure-pour-ramadan-quels-impacts_1593439?fbrefresh=7">"Changements d'heure pour ramadan, quels impacts ?"</a>. TelQuel (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113013715/https://telquel.ma/2018/05/14/changements-dheure-pour-ramadan-quels-impacts_1593439?fbrefresh=7">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TelQuel&rft.atitle=Changements+d%27heure+pour+ramadan%2C+quels+impacts+%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftelquel.ma%2F2018%2F05%2F14%2Fchangements-dheure-pour-ramadan-quels-impacts_1593439%3Ffbrefresh%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ircam.ma/sites/default/files/Parutions/documents/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%20%E2%B5%8F%20%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C%20%E2%B5%8F%20%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1.pdf">ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ</a> [Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco] (PDF). Translated by Ladimat, Mohammed. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_Amazigh_Culture" title="Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture">Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture</a>. 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9920-739-39-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9920-739-39-9"><bdi>978-9920-739-39-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94+%E2%B5%8F+%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C+%E2%B5%8F+%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1&rft.pub=Royal+Institute+of+Amazigh+Culture&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-9920-739-39-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ircam.ma%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FParutions%2Fdocuments%2F%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B4%25B7%25E2%25B5%2593%25E2%25B5%2599%25E2%25B5%259C%25E2%25B5%2593%25E2%25B5%2594%2520%25E2%25B5%258F%2520%25E2%25B5%259C%25E2%25B4%25B3%25E2%25B5%258D%25E2%25B4%25B7%25E2%25B5%2589%25E2%25B5%259C%2520%25E2%25B5%258F%2520%25E2%25B5%258D%25E2%25B5%258E%25E2%25B5%2596%25E2%25B5%2594%25E2%25B5%2589%25E2%25B4%25B1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14114627">"Ceuta, Melilla profile"</a>. BBC News. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519055108/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14114627">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ceuta%2C+Melilla+profile&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-14114627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abun-Nasr1987-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abun-Nasr1987_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abun-Nasr1987_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamil_M._Abun-Nasr1987" class="citation book cs1">Jamil M. Abun-Nasr (20 August 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC">A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33767-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33767-0"><bdi>978-0-521-33767-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509023833/https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Maghrib+in+the+Islamic+Period&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987-08-20&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33767-0&rft.au=Jamil+M.+Abun-Nasr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjdlKbZ46YYkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallChelsea_Publishing_House2002" class="citation book cs1">Hall, John G.; Chelsea Publishing House (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BhMuc6NacxgC&q=Since+the+foundation+of+the+first+Moroccan+state+by+Idris+I+in+788+AD,+the+country+has+been+ruled+by+a+series+of+independent+dynasties,+reaching+its+zenith+under+Almoravid+and+Almohad+rule,+when+it+spanned+parts+of+Iberia+and+northwestern+Africa.&pg=PA5">North Africa</a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-5746-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-5746-9"><bdi>978-0-7910-5746-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Africa&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7910-5746-9&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft.au=Chelsea+Publishing+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBhMuc6NacxgC%26q%3DSince%2Bthe%2Bfoundation%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bfirst%2BMoroccan%2Bstate%2Bby%2BIdris%2BI%2Bin%2B788%2BAD%2C%2Bthe%2Bcountry%2Bhas%2Bbeen%2Bruled%2Bby%2Ba%2Bseries%2Bof%2Bindependent%2Bdynasties%2C%2Breaching%2Bits%2Bzenith%2Bunder%2BAlmoravid%2Band%2BAlmohad%2Brule%2C%2Bwhen%2Bit%2Bspanned%2Bparts%2Bof%2BIberia%2Band%2Bnorthwestern%2BAfrica.%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalfour2009" class="citation journal cs1">Balfour, Rosa (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13629390902747491">"The Transformation of the Union for the Mediterranean"</a>. Mediterranean Politics. 14 (1): 99–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13629390902747491">10.1080/13629390902747491</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1362-9395">1362-9395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Transformation+of+the+Union+for+the+Mediterranean&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99-105&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13629390902747491&rft.issn=1362-9395&rft.aulast=Balfour&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13629390902747491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Morocco-Access-Const-Ct-Advocacy-Position-paper-2018-ENG.pdf">Morocco: Remove Obstacles to Access to the Constitutional Court</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721222938/https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Morocco-Access-Const-Ct-Advocacy-Position-paper-2018-ENG.pdf">Archived</a> 21 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Le calife en son palais : maintenir son rang"</a>, L’Ordre almohade (1120-1269) : Une nouvelle lecture anthropologique, Tempus (in French), Toulouse: Presses universitaires du Midi, pp. 357–402, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8107-0867-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8107-0867-3"><bdi>978-2-8107-0867-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002162449/https://books.openedition.org/pumi/12060">archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023, retrieved 9 December 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%E2%80%99Ordre+almohade+%281120-1269%29+%3A+Une+nouvelle+lecture+anthropologique&rft.atitle=Chapitre+VIII.+Le+calife+en+son+palais+%3A+maintenir+son+rang&rft.pages=357-402&rft.date=2020-02-27&rft.isbn=978-2-8107-0867-3&rft.aulast=Ghouirgate&rft.aufirst=Mehdi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fpumi%2F12060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/morocco">"morocco | Etymology of morocco by etymonline"</a>. www.etymonline.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203085844/https://www.etymonline.com/word/morocco">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etymonline.com&rft.atitle=morocco+%7C+Etymology+of+morocco+by+etymonline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fmorocco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHareirMbaye2011" class="citation book cs1">Hareir, Idris El; Mbaye, Ravane (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C&pg=PA375">The Spread of Islam Throughout the World</a>. UNESCO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104153-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104153-2"><bdi>978-92-3-104153-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spread+of+Islam+Throughout+the+World&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.isbn=978-92-3-104153-2&rft.aulast=Hareir&rft.aufirst=Idris+El&rft.au=Mbaye%2C+Ravane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqVYT4Kraym0C%26pg%3DPA375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/autre-region/Maghreb/131068">"Maghreb, en arabe Maghrib ou Marhrib (" le Couchant ")"</a>. 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(1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-the-maghrib-in-the-islamic-period/introduction/0A276AD37271D71955A8C28E6578F617">"Introduction"</a>, A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–25, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511608100.003">10.1017/cbo9780511608100.003</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33767-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33767-0"><bdi>978-0-521-33767-0</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180616132301/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-the-maghrib-in-the-islamic-period/introduction/0A276AD37271D71955A8C28E6578F617">archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2018, retrieved 9 December 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+History+of+the+Maghrib+in+the+Islamic+Period&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511608100.003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33767-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fhistory-of-the-maghrib-in-the-islamic-period%2Fintroduction%2F0A276AD37271D71955A8C28E6578F617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Maghreb">"Maghreb"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230913035240/https://www.britannica.com/place/Maghreb">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Maghreb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FMaghreb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumperStanley2007" class="citation book cs1">Dumper, Michael R. T.; Stanley, Bruce E., eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC">Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-919-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316174542/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2023. 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L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-343-09022-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-343-09022-1"><bdi>978-2-343-09022-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720213942/https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2023. 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Tīl Kīl Mīdiyā. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9954-28-764-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9954-28-764-4"><bdi>978-9954-28-764-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/994641823">994641823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8+%3A+%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82+%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B5+%2819012011%29&rft.pub=T%C4%ABl+K%C4%ABl+M%C4%ABdiy%C4%81&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F994641823&rft.isbn=978-9954-28-764-4&rft.aulast=%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.aufirst=%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F994641823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaskier2019" class="citation journal cs1">Laskier, Michael M. 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Nature. 618 (7965): 550–556. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06166-6">10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10266975">10266975</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37286608">37286608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Northwest+African+Neolithic+initiated+by+migrants+from+Iberia+and+Levant&rft.volume=618&rft.issue=7965&rft.pages=550-556&rft.date=2023-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10266975%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37286608&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06166-6&rft.aulast=Sim%C3%B5es&rft.aufirst=Luciana+G.&rft.au=G%C3%BCnther%2C+Torsten&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-S%C3%A1nchez%2C+Rafael+M.&rft.au=Vera-Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+Juan+Carlos&rft.au=Iriarte%2C+Eneko&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Varela%2C+Ricardo&rft.au=Bokbot%2C+Youssef&rft.au=Valdiosera%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Jakobsson%2C+Mattias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-023-06166-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Mário Curtis Giordani, História da África. Anterior aos descobrimentos. Editora Vozes, Petrópolis (Brasil) 1985, pp. 42f., 77f. Giordani references Bousquet, Les Berbères (Paris 1961). </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Megalithic_Portal_and_Megalith_Map" class="citation web cs1">The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17926">"C. Michael Hogan, Mogador: Promontory Fort, The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham"</a>. Megalithic.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805181526/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17926">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020. 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Retrieved 1 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Maghrib+under+the+Almoravids+and+the+Almohads&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F418538%2FNorth-Africa%2F46490%2FThe-Maghrib-under-the-Almoravids-and-the-Almohads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brit-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brit_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/392604/Morocco">"Morocco – History"</a>. 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U.S. Department of Defense. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100228080125/http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=41811">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2010. Retrieved 12 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+Defense&rft.atitle=Cohen+Renews+U.S.-Morocco+Ties&rft.au=Kozaryn%2C+Linda+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2Fnews%2Fnewsarticle.aspx%3Fid%3D41811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Roberts, Priscilla H. and Richard S. Roberts, Thomas Barclay (1728–1793): Consul in France, Diplomat in Barbary, Lehigh University Press, 2008, pp. 206–223 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/093422398X" title="Special:BookSources/093422398X">093422398X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/d/rm/rls/perfrpt/2002/html/18995.htm">"Milestones of American Diplomacy, Interesting Historical Notes, and Department of State History"</a>. U.S. Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191210003512/https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/d/rm/rls/perfrpt/2002/html/18995.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Milestones+of+American+Diplomacy%2C+Interesting+Historical+Notes%2C+and+Department+of+State+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fs%2Fd%2Frm%2Frls%2Fperfrpt%2F2002%2Fhtml%2F18995.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-64"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Susan_Gilson.2013" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). A history of modern Morocco. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-62469-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-62469-5"><bdi>978-1-139-62469-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/855022840">855022840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+modern+Morocco&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F855022840&rft.isbn=978-1-139-62469-5&rft.au=Miller%2C+Susan+Gilson.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennell2000" class="citation book cs1">Pennell, C. 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New York: New York University Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814766774" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814766774"><bdi>978-0814766774</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morocco+since+1830%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0814766774&rft.aulast=Pennell&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501181723/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0019_0_19572.html">"Tangier(s)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a>. 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Z (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=idEUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA319">A history of the Jews in North Africa: From the Ottoman conquests to the present time / edited by Eliezer Bashan and Robert Attal</a>. BRILL. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06295-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06295-5"><bdi>978-90-04-06295-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114120228/https://books.google.com/books?id=idEUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA319">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Jews+in+North+Africa%3A+From+the+Ottoman+conquests+to+the+present+time+%2F+edited+by+Eliezer+Bashan+and+Robert+Attal&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06295-5&rft.au=Hirschberg%2C+H.+Z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DidEUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurlong1911" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Furlong" title="Charles W. Furlong">Furlong, Charles Wellington</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rHAAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA14988">"The French Conquest Of Morocco: The Real Meaning Of The International Trouble"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Work">The World's Work: A History of Our Time</a>. XXII: 14988–14999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114120230/https://books.google.com/books?id=rHAAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA14988">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%3A+A+History+of+Our+Time&rft.atitle=The+French+Conquest+Of+Morocco%3A+The+Real+Meaning+Of+The+International+Trouble&rft.volume=XXII&rft.pages=14988-14999&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Furlong&rft.aufirst=Charles+Wellington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrHAAAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA14988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdennebi2009" class="citation web cs1">Abdennebi, Zakia (14 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-morocco-spain-war-idUSTRE50E0NT20090115">"Morocco tackles painful role in Spain's past"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817235436/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-morocco-spain-war-idUSTRE50E0NT20090115">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Morocco+tackles+painful+role+in+Spain%27s+past&rft.date=2009-01-14&rft.aulast=Abdennebi&rft.aufirst=Zakia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-morocco-spain-war-idUSTRE50E0NT20090115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ad6164.html">"Morocco: Date of the abolishment of slavery in Morocco; whether descendants of ex-slaves are singled out in any way; and fate of the Palace household and grounds staff when King Mohamed V was in exile"</a>. 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Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 13 August 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203121733/http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ad6164.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2014 – via Refworld.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morocco%3A+Date+of+the+abolishment+of+slavery+in+Morocco%3B+whether+descendants+of+ex-slaves+are+singled+out+in+any+way%3B+and+fate+of+the+Palace+household+and+grounds+staff+when+King+Mohamed+V+was+in+exile&rft.series=MAR32476.E&rft.pub=Immigration+and+Refugee+Board+of+Canada&rft.date=1999-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F3ae6ad6164.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyrtzen2022" class="citation book cs1">Wyrtzen, Jonathan (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gWdOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT195">Worldmaking in the Long Great War: How Local and Colonial Struggles Shaped the Modern Middle East</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54657-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54657-7"><bdi>978-0-231-54657-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1336403490">1336403490</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240216052346/https://books.google.com/books?id=gWdOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT195">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldmaking+in+the+Long+Great+War%3A+How+Local+and+Colonial+Struggles+Shaped+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1336403490&rft.isbn=978-0-231-54657-7&rft.aulast=Wyrtzen&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgWdOEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Porch, Douglas; Spain's African Nightmare; MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History; (2006); 18#2; pp. 28–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyrtzen2022" class="citation book cs1">Wyrtzen, Jonathan (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gWdOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT198">Worldmaking in the Long Great War: How Local and Colonial Struggles Shaped the Modern Middle East</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54657-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54657-7"><bdi>978-0-231-54657-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1336403490">1336403490</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240216052345/https://books.google.com/books?id=gWdOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT198">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldmaking+in+the+Long+Great+War%3A+How+Local+and+Colonial+Struggles+Shaped+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1336403490&rft.isbn=978-0-231-54657-7&rft.aulast=Wyrtzen&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgWdOEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenner2019" class="citation book cs1">Stenner, David (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KLyXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT15">Globalizing Morocco: Transnational Activism and the Postcolonial State</a>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0900-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0900-6"><bdi>978-1-5036-0900-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1082294927">1082294927</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240216052346/https://books.google.com/books?id=KLyXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT15">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2024. 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Retrieved 13 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MERIP+Reports&rft.atitle=War+in+the+Sahara%3A+1963&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=13-16&rft.date=1976&rft.issn=0047-7265&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3011767%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3011767&rft.aulast=Farsoun&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Paul%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3011767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1969/01/05/archives/spanish-return-ifni-to-morocco.html">"Spanish Return Ifni to Morocco"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.tufts.edu%2F&rft.atitle=Western+Sahara+Short+Mission+Brief&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.tufts.edu%2Fwpf%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F07%2FWestern-Sahara-brief.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20010418142816/http://groups.yahoo.com/">"Yahoo! Groups"</a>. groups.yahoo.com. 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OUP Oxford. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191006913" title="Special:BookSources/9780191006913"><bdi>9780191006913</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self-Determination+and+Secession+in+International+Law&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780191006913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnZuzAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DHouston%2BAgreement%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RS20391.html">"Morocco: Royal Succession and Other Developments"</a>. everycrsreport.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231003182514/https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RS20391.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2023. 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Retrieved 22 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Morocco%27s+king+pardons+satirist&rft.date=2004-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F3376601.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2002/03/07/morocco-will-not-relinquish-territory-king-sayshttps://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2002/03/07/morocco-will-not-relinquish-territory-king-says">"Morocco will not relinquish territory, King says"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Africa%27s+oldest+territorial+dispute+rumbles+on&rft.date=2007-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-sahara-idUSL1610108120070416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/western-sahara/factbox-some-facts-about-western-sahara-dispute">"Factbox-Some facts about Western Sahara dispute"</a>. reliefweb.int. 7 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130915234147/http://reliefweb.int/report/western-sahara/factbox-some-facts-about-western-sahara-dispute">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2013. 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Retrieved 15 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=edition.cnn.com&rft.atitle=Spain+withdraws+after+island+deal+-+July+20%2C+2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2002%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F07%2F20%2Fmorocco.spain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/10/7/spain-deports-illegal-enclave-migrants">"Spain deports illegal enclave migrants"</a>. 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(2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/invention-of-the-maghreb/language-race-and-territory/0BB5D39C95D5CB83F968316FE3417031">"Language, Race, and Territory"</a>, The Invention of the Maghreb: Between Africa and the Middle East, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 123–169, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-83816-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-83816-0"><bdi>978-1-108-83816-0</bdi></a>, retrieved 21 November 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Invention+of+the+Maghreb%3A+Between+Africa+and+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=Language%2C+Race%2C+and+Territory&rft.pages=123-169&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-108-83816-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Finvention-of-the-maghreb%2Flanguage-race-and-territory%2F0BB5D39C95D5CB83F968316FE3417031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:102-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:102_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:102_212-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeebiFarag1997" class="citation book cs1">Teebi, Ahmad S.; Farag, Talaat I. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6K_fj4Oicm8C&pg=PA30">Genetic Disorders Among Arab Populations</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509305-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509305-6"><bdi>978-0-19-509305-6</bdi></a>. <q>Majority Arabs, 35% Berbers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genetic+Disorders+Among+Arab+Populations&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509305-6&rft.aulast=Teebi&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+S.&rft.au=Farag%2C+Talaat+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6K_fj4Oicm8C%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:132-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:132_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:132_213-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicardBussSeyboltLelei2015" class="citation book cs1">Picard, Louis A.; Buss, Terry F.; Seybolt, Taylor B.; Lelei, Macrina C. (22 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ct4_CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA273">Sustainable Development and Human Security in Africa: Governance as the Missing Link</a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-5543-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-5543-0"><bdi>978-1-4822-5543-0</bdi></a>. <q>Although the majority of Moroccans are Arabs, the Berbers (or Amazigh) represent 30%. Berbers are spread out in rural areas: the Rif Mountains, Middle High, and Anti-Atlas, and southern Souss Valley, as well as Morocco's major cities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Development+and+Human+Security+in+Africa%3A+Governance+as+the+Missing+Link&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2015-04-22&rft.isbn=978-1-4822-5543-0&rft.aulast=Picard&rft.aufirst=Louis+A.&rft.au=Buss%2C+Terry+F.&rft.au=Seybolt%2C+Taylor+B.&rft.au=Lelei%2C+Macrina+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCt4_CQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:62_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_214-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_214-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fs0Fog7XneUC&pg=PA11">The Report: Morocco 2012</a>. Oxford Business Group. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907065-54-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907065-54-5"><bdi>978-1-907065-54-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307021801/https://books.google.com/books?id=fs0Fog7XneUC&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022. <q>Morocco's population is approximately 67% Arab, 31% indigenous Berber and 2% Sahrawi</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Morocco+2012&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-907065-54-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfs0Fog7XneUC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_215-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonPress2002" class="citation book cs1">Son, George Philip &; Press, Oxford University (26 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8UD0kOEb1XIC&pg=PA161">Encyclopedic World Atlas</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521920-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521920-3"><bdi>978-0-19-521920-3</bdi></a>. <q>Arab 70%, Berber 30%</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedic+World+Atlas&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2002-12-26&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521920-3&rft.aulast=Son&rft.aufirst=George+Philip+%26&rft.au=Press%2C+Oxford+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8UD0kOEb1XIC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSun2019" class="citation book cs1">Sun, Xiaoming (12 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qvm4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA908">World Health Systems</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-50887-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-50887-8"><bdi>978-1-119-50887-8</bdi></a>. <q>More than 80% of Moroccans are Arab, while the remaining 20% are Berber</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Health+Systems&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2019-12-12&rft.isbn=978-1-119-50887-8&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Xiaoming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqvm4DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2014" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Guy (27 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e2S2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA155">Guide to African Political and Economic Development</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-97062-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-97062-8"><bdi>978-1-135-97062-8</bdi></a>. <q>Arab 70%</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+African+Political+and+Economic+Development&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-01-27&rft.isbn=978-1-135-97062-8&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De2S2AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/who-are-the-berber-people.html">"Who Are the Berber People?"</a>. WorldAtlas. 1 August 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2024. <q>The majority of the Berber people live in Morocco accounting for at least 35% of the population and in Algeria where they form at least 15% of the population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=Who+Are+the+Berber+People%3F&rft.date=2017-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fwho-are-the-berber-people.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-219"><a href="#cite_ref-:13_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicardBussSeyboltLelei2015" class="citation book cs1">Picard, Louis A.; Buss, Terry F.; Seybolt, Taylor B.; Lelei, Macrina C. (22 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ct4_CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA273">Sustainable Development and Human Security in Africa: Governance as the Missing Link</a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-5543-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-5543-0"><bdi>978-1-4822-5543-0</bdi></a>. <q>Although the majority of Moroccans are Arabs, the Berbers (or Amazigh) represent 30%. Berbers are spread out in rural areas: the Rif Mountains, Middle High, and Anti-Atlas, and southern Souss Valley, as well as Morocco's major cities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Development+and+Human+Security+in+Africa%3A+Governance+as+the+Missing+Link&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2015-04-22&rft.isbn=978-1-4822-5543-0&rft.aulast=Picard&rft.aufirst=Louis+A.&rft.au=Buss%2C+Terry+F.&rft.au=Seybolt%2C+Taylor+B.&rft.au=Lelei%2C+Macrina+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCt4_CQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAraunaMendoza-RevillaMas-SandovalIzaabel2017" class="citation journal cs1">Arauna, Lara R.; Mendoza-Revilla, Javier; Mas-Sandoval, Alex; Izaabel, Hassan; Bekada, Asmahan; Benhamamouch, Soraya; Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Zalloua, Pierre; Hellenthal, Garrett; Comas, David (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5644363">"Recent Historical Migrations Have Shaped the Gene Pool of Arabs and Berbers in North Africa"</a>. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (2): 318–329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsw218">10.1093/molbev/msw218</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0737-4038">0737-4038</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5644363">5644363</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27744413">27744413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Recent+Historical+Migrations+Have+Shaped+the+Gene+Pool+of+Arabs+and+Berbers+in+North+Africa&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=318-329&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5644363%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0737-4038&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27744413&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsw218&rft.aulast=Arauna&rft.aufirst=Lara+R.&rft.au=Mendoza-Revilla%2C+Javier&rft.au=Mas-Sandoval%2C+Alex&rft.au=Izaabel%2C+Hassan&rft.au=Bekada%2C+Asmahan&rft.au=Benhamamouch%2C+Soraya&rft.au=Fadhlaoui-Zid%2C+Karima&rft.au=Zalloua%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Hellenthal%2C+Garrett&rft.au=Comas%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5644363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/254867/Haratin">"Haratin (social class)"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minority+Rights+Group&rft.atitle=Saharawis+in+Western+Sahara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorityrights.org%2Fcommunities%2Fsaharawis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_of_Morocco2-223"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_of_Morocco2_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Morocco/Climate#ref214372">"Climate of Morocco"</a>. 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Arab Barometer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200825020928/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/06/276676/survey-islam-decline-morocco-arab-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+Barometer&rft.atitle=Survey+Shows+Faith+in+Decline+in+Morocco%2C+in+the+Arab+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moroccoworldnews.com%2F2019%2F06%2F276676%2Fsurvey-islam-decline-morocco-arab-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-227"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabbarometer.org/survey-data/data-analysis-tool/">"Data Analysis Tool – Arab Barometer"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821161350/https://www.arabbarometer.org/survey-data/data-analysis-tool/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data+Analysis+Tool+%E2%80%93+Arab+Barometer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabbarometer.org%2Fsurvey-data%2Fdata-analysis-tool%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gallup-international.bg/en/33531/losing-our-religion-two-thirds-of-people-still-claim-to-be-religious/">"Losing Our Religion? Two Thirds of People Still Claim to Be Religious"</a>. Gallup International. 8 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220411115246/https://www.gallup-international.bg/en/33531/losing-our-religion-two-thirds-of-people-still-claim-to-be-religious/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallup+International&rft.atitle=Losing+Our+Religion%3F+Two+Thirds+of+People+Still+Claim+to+Be+Religious&rft.date=2015-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup-international.bg%2Fen%2F33531%2Flosing-our-religion-two-thirds-of-people-still-claim-to-be-religious%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._Nyrop1972" class="citation book cs1">F. Nyrop, Richard (1972). Area Handbook for Morocco. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810884939" title="Special:BookSources/9780810884939"><bdi>9780810884939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+Handbook+for+Morocco&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Urbana-Champaign&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780810884939&rft.aulast=F.+Nyrop&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" class="citation web cs1">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/docid/4f4361e72.html">"Refworld – Morocco: General situation of Muslims who converted to Christianity, and specifically those who converted to Catholicism; their treatment by Islamists and the authorities, including state protection (2008–2011)"</a>. Refworld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190301151201/https://www.refworld.org/docid/4f4361e72.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Refworld+%E2%80%93+Morocco%3A+General+situation+of+Muslims+who+converted+to+Christianity%2C+and+specifically+those+who+converted+to+Catholicism%3B+their+treatment+by+Islamists+and+the+authorities%2C+including+state+protection+%282008%E2%80%932011%29&rft.au=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F4f4361e72.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-irfr2011-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-irfr2011_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-irfr2011_231-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-irfr2011_231-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm">"International Religious Freedom Report for 2011 – Morocco"</a>. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170325215847/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+for+2011+%E2%80%93+Morocco&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Democracy%2C+Human+Rights%2C+and+Labor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2Freligiousfreedom%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130609104426/http://blog.christianitytoday.com/ctliveblog/archives/2013/05/christian-converts-in-morocco-fear-fatwa-execution.html">"Christian Converts in Morocco Fear Fatwa Calling for Their Execution"</a>. Christianity Today. Morning Star News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2013/may/christian-converts-in-morocco-fear-fatwa-calling-for-their.html">the original</a> on 9 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=Christian+Converts+in+Morocco+Fear+Fatwa+Calling+for+Their+Execution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2Fmay%2Fchristian-converts-in-morocco-fear-fatwa-calling-for-their.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.vice.com/article/house-churches-and-silent-masses-the-converted-christians-of-morocco-are-praying-in-secret">"'House-Churches' and Silent Masses —The Converted Christians of Morocco Are Praying in Secret – VICE News"</a>. 23 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180707180007/https://news.vice.com/article/house-churches-and-silent-masses-the-converted-christians-of-morocco-are-praying-in-secret">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27House-Churches%27+and+Silent+Masses+%E2%80%94The+Converted+Christians+of+Morocco+Are+Praying+in+Secret+%E2%80%93+VICE+News&rft.date=2015-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.vice.com%2Farticle%2Fhouse-churches-and-silent-masses-the-converted-christians-of-morocco-are-praying-in-secret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-morocco-religion/christians-want-marriages-recognized-in-morocco-idUSKCN1J4231">"Christians want marriages recognized in Morocco"</a>. reuters. 8 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804081352/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-morocco-religion/christians-want-marriages-recognized-in-morocco-idUSKCN1J4231">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christians+want+marriages+recognized+in+Morocco&rft.pub=reuters&rft.date=2018-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-morocco-religion%2Fchristians-want-marriages-recognized-in-morocco-idUSKCN1J4231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/29/world/africa/pope-francis-morocco-christians.html">"Pope Francis' Visit to Morocco Raises Hopes for Its Christians"</a>. The New York Times. 29 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001050723/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/29/world/africa/pope-francis-morocco-christians.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis%27+Visit+to+Morocco+Raises+Hopes+for+Its+Christians&rft.date=2019-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F03%2F29%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fpope-francis-morocco-christians.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnes2012" class="citation book cs1">Carnes, Nat (2012). Al-Maghred, the Barbary Lion: A Look at Islam. University of Cambridge Press. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781475903423" title="Special:BookSources/9781475903423"><bdi>9781475903423</bdi></a>. <q>. In all an estimated 40,000 Moroccans have converted to Christianity</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Maghred%2C+the+Barbary+Lion%3A+A+Look+at+Islam&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781475903423&rft.aulast=Carnes&rft.aufirst=Nat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africanews.com/2019/03/22/morocco-s-hidden-christians-to-push-for-religious-freedom/">"Morocco's 'hidden' Christians to push for religious freedom"</a>. AfricanNews. 30 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210716042225/https://www.africanews.com/2019/03/22/morocco-s-hidden-christians-to-push-for-religious-freedom/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2022. <q>There are no official statistics, but leaders say there are about 50,000 Moroccan Christians, most of them from the Protestant Evangelical tradition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morocco%27s+%27hidden%27+Christians+to+push+for+religious+freedom&rft.pub=AfricanNews&rft.date=2017-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2F2019%2F03%2F22%2Fmorocco-s-hidden-christians-to-push-for-religious-freedom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ewhmorocco-238"><a href="#cite_ref-ewhmorocco_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearns" class="citation book cs1">Stearns, Peter N. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/67/3770.html">Encyclopedia of World History</a> (6th ed.). The Houghton Mifflin Company/<a href="/wiki/Bartleby.com" title="Bartleby.com">Bartleby.com</a>. <q>p. 966</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+History&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=The+Houghton+Mifflin+Company%2FBartleby.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F67%2F3770.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Sergio DellaPergola, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bjpa.org/Publications/downloadPublication.cfm?PublicationID=16432">World Jewish population</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203032451/http://www.bjpa.org/Publications/downloadPublication.cfm?PublicationID=16432">Archived</a> 3 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2012, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810080356/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/morocco">"The Jews of Morocco"</a>. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/morocco">the original</a> on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Morocco&rft.pub=The+Museum+of+the+Jewish+People+at+Beit+Hatfutsot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdbs.bh.org.il%2Fplace%2Fmorocco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cons_eff-241"><a href="#cite_ref-cons_eff_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Morocco" class="citation web cs1">Government of Morocco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316221623/http://www.sgg.gov.ma/BO/bulletin/AR/2011/BO_5964-Bis_Ar.pdf">"BO_5964-Bis_Ar.pdf"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgg.gov.ma/BO/bulletin/AR/2011/BO_5964-Bis_Ar.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BO_5964-Bis_Ar.pdf&rft.au=Government+of+Morocco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgg.gov.ma%2FBO%2Fbulletin%2FAR%2F2011%2FBO_5964-Bis_Ar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haut_Commisariat_au_Plan-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haut_Commisariat_au_Plan_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haut_Commisariat_au_Plan_242-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haut_Commisariat_au_Plan_242-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hcp.ma/">Site institutionnel du Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929061323/http://www.hcp.ma/">Archived</a> 29 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Hcp.ma. Retrieved 23 July 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-webcitation-243"><a href="#cite_ref-webcitation_243-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706222733/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552010/Berber.html">Berber</a>" <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Encarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Encarta">Microsoft Encarta</a> Online Encyclopedia 2006. 1 November 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-Les_peuples_autochtones-244"><a href="#cite_ref-Les_peuples_autochtones_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeroche,_Frédéric2008" class="citation book cs1">Deroche, Frédéric (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X-j--CwFAVwC">Les peuples autochtones et leur relation originale à la terre: un questionnement pour l'ordre mondial</a>. 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Retrieved 2 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.youthindex.org&rft.atitle=Morocco+%7C+The+Global+Youth+Wellbeing+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthindex.org%2Fcountry%2Fmorocco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> e.g. Khalid Amine and Marvin Carlson, The Theatres of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia: Performance Traditions of the Maghreb (Dordrecht NL: Springer, 2011), 124–28. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0230358519" title="Special:BookSources/0230358519">0230358519</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/archive/repcomx99.htm">"Royal Letter of His Majesty King Mohammed VI of Morocco"</a>. whc.unesco.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230617131233/https://whc.unesco.org/archive/repcomx99.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whc.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Royal+Letter+of+His+Majesty+King+Mohammed+VI+of+Morocco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Farchive%2Frepcomx99.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2005/12/2008410151243996817.html">"Morocco town's Hollywood connection"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171028093251/http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2005/12/2008410151243996817.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Morocco+town%27s+Hollywood+connection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Farchive%2F2005%2F12%2F2008410151243996817.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924061207/http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2015/01/return-morocco-2015120124346751467.html">"Return to Morocco"</a>. Al Jazeera. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2015/01/return-morocco-2015120124346751467.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Return+to+Morocco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fprogrammes%2Faljazeeraworld%2F2015%2F01%2Freturn-morocco-2015120124346751467.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/10/boujloud-morocco-unique-halloween-20141013161059822274.html">"Boujloud: Morocco's unique Halloween"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Boujloud%3A+Morocco%27s+unique+Halloween&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2014%2F10%2Fboujloud-morocco-unique-halloween-20141013161059822274.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:02-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moroccan_architecture_:02_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moroccan_architecture_:02_270-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarçais1954" class="citation book cs1">Marçais, Georges (1954). L'architecture musulmane d'Occident. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27architecture+musulmane+d%27Occident&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Arts+et+m%C3%A9tiers+graphiques&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Mar%C3%A7ais&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:122-271">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moroccan_architecture_:122_271-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moroccan_architecture_:122_271-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1981" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Richard (1981). A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco. 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Paris: Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2723301591" title="Special:BookSources/2723301591"><bdi>2723301591</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F%C3%A8s%3A+Joyau+de+la+civilisation+islamique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Les+Presse+de+l%27UNESCO%3A+Nouvelles+%C3%89ditions+Latines&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=2723301591&rft.aulast=Gaudio&rft.aufirst=Attilio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:13-273"><a href="#cite_ref-Moroccan_architecture_:13_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTouriBenaboudBoujibar_El-KhatibLakhdar2010" class="citation book cs1">Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010). Le Maroc andalou : à la découverte d'un art de vivre (2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3902782311" title="Special:BookSources/978-3902782311"><bdi>978-3902782311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Maroc+andalou+%3A+%C3%A0+la+d%C3%A9couverte+d%27un+art+de+vivre&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+des+Affaires+Culturelles+du+Royaume+du+Maroc+%26+Museum+With+No+Frontiers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3902782311&rft.aulast=Touri&rft.aufirst=Abdelaziz&rft.au=Benaboud%2C+Mhammad&rft.au=Boujibar+El-Khatib%2C+Na%C3%AFma&rft.au=Lakhdar%2C+Kamal&rft.au=Mezzine%2C+Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:15-274"><a href="#cite_ref-Moroccan_architecture_:15_274-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrucandBednorz1992" class="citation book cs1">Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992). Moorish architecture in Andalusia. Taschen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3822876348" title="Special:BookSources/3822876348"><bdi>3822876348</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moorish+architecture+in+Andalusia&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=3822876348&rft.aulast=Barrucand&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft.au=Bednorz%2C+Achim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:232-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moroccan_architecture_:232_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moroccan_architecture_:232_275-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennison2016" class="citation book cs1">Bennison, Amira K. (2016). "'The most wondrous artifice': The Art and Architecture of the Berber Empires". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=19JVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">The Almoravid and Almohad Empires</a>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 276–328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748646821" title="Special:BookSources/9780748646821"><bdi>9780748646821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27The+most+wondrous+artifice%27%3A+The+Art+and+Architecture+of+the+Berber+Empires&rft.btitle=The+Almoravid+and+Almohad+Empires&rft.pages=276-328&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780748646821&rft.aulast=Bennison&rft.aufirst=Amira+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D19JVDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:2-276">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moroccan_architecture_:2_276-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moroccan_architecture_:2_276-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolvin1989" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Golvin, Lucien (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2582">"Architecture berbère"</a>. Encyclopédie Berbère (in French) (6): 865–877. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.2582">10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2582</a>. 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Indiana University Press. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35480-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35480-8"><bdi>978-0-253-35480-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deconstructing+the+History+of+Berber+Arts%3A+Tribalism%2C+Matriarchy%2C+and+a+Primitive+Neolithic+Past&rft.btitle=Berbers+and+Others%3A+Beyond+Tribe+and+Nation+in+the+Maghrib&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35480-8&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW-ziBn5HakEC%26dq%3Dberber%2Binfluence%2Barchitecture%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:10-279"><a href="#cite_ref-Moroccan_architecture_:10_279-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1991" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Gwendolyn (1991). The Politics of Design in French Colonial Urbanism. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Design+in+French+Colonial+Urbanism&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Gwendolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:722-280"><a href="#cite_ref-Moroccan_architecture_:722_280-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilson_MillerPetruccioliBertagnin2001" class="citation journal cs1">Gilson Miller, Susan; Petruccioli, Attilio; Bertagnin, Mauro (2001). "Inscribing Minority Space in the Islamic City: The Jewish Quarter of Fez (1438-1912)". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 60 (3): 310–327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F991758">10.2307/991758</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/991758">991758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=Inscribing+Minority+Space+in+the+Islamic+City%3A+The+Jewish+Quarter+of+Fez+%281438-1912%29&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=310-327&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F991758&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F991758%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gilson+Miller&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Petruccioli%2C+Attilio&rft.au=Bertagnin%2C+Mauro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:246-281"><a href="#cite_ref-Moroccan_architecture_:246_281-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._BloomS._Blair2009" class="citation book cs1">M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Morocco, Kingdom of". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195309911" title="Special:BookSources/9780195309911"><bdi>9780195309911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Morocco%2C+Kingdom+of&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195309911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moroccan_architecture_:11-282"><a href="#cite_ref-Moroccan_architecture_:11_282-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archnet.org/sites/1051">"Hassan II Mosque"</a>. Archnet. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/">the original</a> on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Frame&rft.atitle=Basketball%27s+next+frontier+is+Africa&rft.date=2020-12-20&rft.aulast=Nxumalo&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newframe.com%2Fbasketballs-next-frontier-is-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Completerugby-295">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Completerugby_295-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Completerugby_295-1">b</a> Bath, Richard (ed.) The Complete Book of Rugby (Seven Oaks Ltd, 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86200-013-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86200-013-1">1-86200-013-1</a>) p71 </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF.H.M._van_Gemert2019" class="citation journal cs1">F.H.M. van Gemert (1 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/kickboksen-een-marokkaanse-route-naar-succes">"Kickboksen, een Marokkaanse route naar succes?"</a>. Tijdschrift voor Veiligheid. 18 (3–4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5553%2FTvV%2F187279482019018304004">10.5553/TvV/187279482019018304004</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1871.1%2F879c2ee1-a047-4286-94bb-fbb3e2ed01bf">1871.1/879c2ee1-a047-4286-94bb-fbb3e2ed01bf</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tijdschrift+voor+Veiligheid&rft.atitle=Kickboksen%2C+een+Marokkaanse+route+naar+succes%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.date=2019-10-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1871.1%2F879c2ee1-a047-4286-94bb-fbb3e2ed01bf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5553%2FTvV%2F187279482019018304004&rft.au=F.H.M.+van+Gemert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.vu.nl%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fkickboksen-een-marokkaanse-route-naar-succes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbertson2011" class="citation web cs1">Herbertson, Daniel (28 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mmafighting.com/2011/09/28/badr-hari-to-retire-from-kickboxing-k-1-world-gp-possibly-in-je">"Badr Hari to Retire From Kickboxing"</a>. MMAFighting.com. Vox Media, LLC. Retrieved 14 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MMAFighting.com&rft.atitle=Badr+Hari+to+Retire+From+Kickboxing&rft.date=2011-09-28&rft.aulast=Herbertson&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmafighting.com%2F2011%2F09%2F28%2Fbadr-hari-to-retire-from-kickboxing-k-1-world-gp-possibly-in-je&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorocco" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf">UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030</a>, 431–467, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Pennell, C. R. Morocco Since 1830: A History, New York University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814766774" title="Special:BookSources/9780814766774">9780814766774</a></li> <li>Pennell, C. R. Morocco: From Empire to Independence, Oneworld Publications, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780744551" title="Special:BookSources/9781780744551">9781780744551</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYXrAQAAQBAJ">preview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405093231/https://books.google.com/books?id=TYXrAQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> 5 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li>Stenner, David. Globalizing Morocco: Transnational Activism and the Postcolonial State (Stanford UP, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=54410">online review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522153512/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=54410">Archived</a> 22 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Terrasse, Henri. History of Morocco, Éd. Atlantides, 1952.</li></ul> <dl><dt>In French</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lugan" title="Bernard Lugan">Bernard Lugan</a>, Histoire du Maroc, Éd. Perrin, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-262-01644-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-262-01644-5">2-262-01644-5</a></li> <li>Michel Abitbol, Histoire du Maroc, Éd. Perrin, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782262023881" title="Special:BookSources/9782262023881">9782262023881</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Morocco at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Morocco" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Morocco">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Morocco" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Morocco">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Morocco" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Morocco">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Morocco" class="extiw" title="q:Morocco">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Morocco" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Morocco">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Morocco" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Morocco">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Morocco" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Morocco">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Morocco" class="extiw" title="voy:Morocco">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maroc.ma/en">Official website of the government of Morocco</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919194826/http://www.maroc.ma/en">Archived</a> 19 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgg.gov.ma/">Official bulletins of the government of Morocco</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120620134424/http://www.sgg.gov.ma/">Archived</a> 20 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlement.ma/">Parliament of Morocco</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160210094530/http://www.parlement.ma/">Archived</a> 10 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitmorocco.com/en">Official website of the Moroccan National Tourist Office</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919132639/https://www.visitmorocco.com/en">Archived</a> 19 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf">Census results of 1994 and 2004</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120724191316/http://www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf">Archived</a> 24 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/morocco/">Morocco</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221202191738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/morocco/">Archived</a> 2 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=Morocco">Morocco</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14121438">Morocco profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720230225/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14121438">Archived</a> 20 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Morocco" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Morocco">Wikimedia Atlas of Morocco</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=MA">Key Development Forecasts for Morocco</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130208082711/http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=MA">Archived</a> 8 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enpi-info.eu/countrymed.php?country=6">EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Morocco</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911231847/http://www.enpi-info.eu/countrymed.php?country=6">Archived</a> 11 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/MAR/Year/2012/Summary">World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Morocco</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512215859/http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/MAR/Year/2012/Summary">Archived</a> 12 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Morocco_topics" title="Template:Morocco topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Morocco_topics" title="Template talk:Morocco topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Morocco_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Morocco topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Morocco_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morocco</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Morocco-related_articles" title="Index of Morocco-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Prehistoric_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Kingdom of Mauretania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Revolt" title="Berber Revolt">Berber Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barghawata" title="Barghawata">Barghawata Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nekor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Nekor">Kingdom of Nekor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty"> Idrisids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" title="Wattasid dynasty">Wattasids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.35em 0.5em;line-height:1.2em;">European protectorate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fes" title="Treaty of Fes">Treaty of Fes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">French Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed V of Morocco">Mohammed V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">Hassan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Morocco)" title="Years of Lead (Morocco)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_Morocco" title="1970s in Morocco">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Morocco" title="1990s in Morocco">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Morocco" title="2000s in Morocco">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Moroccan_protests" title="2011–2012 Moroccan protests">2011–12 protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco" title="Coat of arms of Morocco"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="874" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Morocco" title="Geography of Morocco">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Morocco" title="List of cities in Morocco">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Morocco" title="List of earthquakes in Morocco">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_and_provinces_of_Morocco" title="Prefectures and provinces of Morocco">Prefectures and provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Morocco" title="Regions of Morocco">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Geography of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Morocco" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Morocco">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Morocco" title="Politics of Morocco">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Morocco" title="Cabinet of Morocco">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Morocco" title="Foreign relations of Morocco">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_dynasty" title="Alawi dynasty">Alawi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Morocco" title="List of rulers of Morocco">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9_Nationale_(Morocco)" title="Sûreté Nationale (Morocco)">Sûreté Nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Moroccan Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inspector_general_(Morocco)" title="Inspector general (Morocco)">Inspector general</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Morocco" title="Human rights in Morocco">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Morocco">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Morocco" title="Parliament of Morocco">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Morocco" title="Prime Minister of Morocco">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Morocco" title="List of heads of government of Morocco">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara" title="Political status of Western Sahara">Western Sahara status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco" title="Economy of Morocco">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Al-Maghrib" title="Bank Al-Maghrib">Bank Al-Maghrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="List of companies of Morocco">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Morocco" title="Energy policy of Morocco">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Morocco" title="Health in Morocco">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_Morocco" title="Investment in Morocco">Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Casablanca" title="Economy of Casablanca">Casablanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tangier" title="Economy of Tangier">Tangier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Western_Sahara" title="Economy of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Morocco" title="Tourism in Morocco">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Morocco" title="Telecommunications in Morocco">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Morocco" title="Trade in Morocco">Trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Morocco" title="Culture of Morocco">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_architecture" title="Moroccan architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Morocco" title="Cinema of Morocco">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco" title="Coat of arms of Morocco">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Morocco" title="Flag of Morocco">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Morocco">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Morocco" title="Sport in Morocco">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_of_the_Berber_cultures" title="Jewellery of the Berber cultures">Jewellery of the Berber cultures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Morocco" title="Demographics of Morocco">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Morocco" title="Languages of Morocco">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya Arabic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan people">Moroccan people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_diaspora" title="Moroccan diaspora">diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Western_Sahara" title="Demographics of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Morocco" title="Outline of Morocco">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Morocco-related_articles" title="Index of Morocco-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Morocco" title="Category:Morocco">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Morocco" title="Portal:Morocco">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories fully part of non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" title="Template:Countries and territories of North Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of North Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of North Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morocco</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Partially recognized state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"><img alt="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morocco</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">SADR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>1</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Island" title="Alboran Island">Alboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_Islands" title="Alhucemas Islands">Alhucemas</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chafarinas_Islands" title="Chafarinas Islands">Chafarinas</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Vélez de la Gomera</a>2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a>3</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halaib_Triangle" title="Halaib Triangle">Hala'ib Triangle</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Halfa_Salient" title="Wadi Halfa Salient">Wadi Halfa Salient</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_Tawil" title="Bir Tawil">Bir Tawil</a>5</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>/<a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyei" title="Abyei">Abyei</a>6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafia_Kingi" title="Kafia Kingi">Kafia Kingi</a>6</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aouzou_Strip" title="Aouzou Strip">Aouzou Strip</a>7</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morocco</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perejil_Island" title="Perejil Island">Perejil</a>8</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1Entirely claimed by both Morocco and the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">SADR</a>. 2Spanish exclaves claimed by Morocco. 3Portuguese archipelago claimed by Spain. 4Disputed between Egypt and the Sudan. 5<a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">Unclaimed territory</a> located between Egypt and the Sudan. 6Disputed between South Sudan and the Sudan. 7Part of Chad, formerly claimed by Libya. 8Disputed between Morocco and Spain</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> (Spain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marginal_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal seas">Marginal seas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Sardinia" title="Sea of Sardinia">Sea of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East" title="Template:Middle East"><abbr title="View 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href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">North Syria Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_East_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/70px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/105px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/140px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Middle_East" title="Energy in the Middle East">Energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history" title="Timeline of Middle Eastern history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">Modern conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_politics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Water politics in the Middle East">Water politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa">Water conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East" title="Demographics of the Middle East">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Religion in the Middle East">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Irreligion in the Middle East">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_the_Middle_East" title="Etiquette in the Middle East">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Dance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_studies" title="Middle Eastern studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_League" title="Template:Arab League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_League" title="Template talk:Arab League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_League" title="Category:Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_the_Arab_League" title="Lists of the Arab League">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Arab_League" title="Politics of the Arab League">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Arab_League" title="Charter of the Arab League">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Arab_League" title="Council of the Arab League">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_League" title="Flag of the Arab League">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Arab_world" title="Geography of the Arab world">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Arab_League" title="Headquarters of the Arab League">Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Arab League">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Arab_League" title="Military of the Arab League">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li>Joint Defence Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Parliament" title="Arab Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/55px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/83px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/110px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Arab League–European Union relations">Arab League–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Arab_League" title="Foreign relations of the Arab League">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Arab League">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Arab_League" title="Economy of the Arab League">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Arab League countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Arab_League)" title="Economic and Social Council (Arab League)">Economic and Social Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_Arab_League" title="Institutions of the Arab League">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_Arab_League" title="Sport policies of the Arab League">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_National_Olympic_Committees" title="Union of Arab National Olympic Committees">Union of Arab National Olympic Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States_(CEN-SAD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Template talk:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States_(CEN-SAD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Community of Sahel–Saharan States">Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN-SAD)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1028#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1028#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1028#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121703280">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/140638492">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205592/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwRRjdrqKfcQCBkpMmDbd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4037680-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79069715">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238604s">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864850n">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119343666">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238604s">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864850n">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119343666">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567851">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an61543532">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129968&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwzxrn30k0tv0g">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564236705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/b84d8617-249a-3a06-849d-fc5c25e2249b">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/faa7ef94-8149-48fd-bfff-634fca7b27b0">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/R7J0NhMc">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026392275">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003456">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035766">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=65945">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Morocco&params=32_N_6_W_scale:5000000_type:country_region:MA">32°N 6°W / 32°N 6°W / 32; -6</a>    </div><noscript><img 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