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azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Testuingurua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egoera_politikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egoera_politikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Egoera politikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egoera_politikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kanpo 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mortara auzia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 11 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_Edgardo_Mortara" title="Caso Edgardo Mortara – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caso Edgardo Mortara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affaire_Mortara" title="Affaire Mortara – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Affaire Mortara" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasus_Mortara" title="Kasus Mortara – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kasus Mortara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_Edgardo_Mortara" title="Caso Edgardo Mortara – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caso Edgardo Mortara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_Edgardi_Mortara" title="Res Edgardi Mortara – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Res Edgardi Mortara" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprawa_Edgarda_Mortary" title="Sprawa Edgarda Mortary – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sprawa Edgarda Mortary" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%DB%81" title="مورٹارہ معاملہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مورٹارہ معاملہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afacerea_Edgardo_Mortara" title="Afacerea Edgardo Mortara – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Afacerea Edgardo Mortara" data-language-autonym="Română" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Oppenheim_-_Kidnapping_of_Edgardo_Mortara_-_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Oppenheim_-_Kidnapping_of_Edgardo_Mortara_-_1862.jpg/220px-Oppenheim_-_Kidnapping_of_Edgardo_Mortara_-_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Oppenheim_-_Kidnapping_of_Edgardo_Mortara_-_1862.jpg/330px-Oppenheim_-_Kidnapping_of_Edgardo_Mortara_-_1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Oppenheim_-_Kidnapping_of_Edgardo_Mortara_-_1862.jpg/440px-Oppenheim_-_Kidnapping_of_Edgardo_Mortara_-_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edgardo_Mortararen_bahiketa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edgardo Mortararen bahiketa (sortu gabe)">Edgardo Mortararen bahiketa</a></i>, 1862ko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moritz Daniel Oppenheim (sortu gabe)">Moritz Daniel Oppenheimen</a> margolana.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mortara kasua</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italiera" title="Italiera">italieraz</a>: <span lang="it"><i>Caso Mortara</i></span>) <a href="/wiki/1850eko_hamarkada" title="1850eko hamarkada">1850</a> eta <a href="/wiki/1860ko_hamarkada" title="1860ko hamarkada">1860ko hamarkadetan</a> <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ipar_Amerika" title="Ipar Amerika">Ipar Amerikaren</a> zati handi baten arreta bereganatu zuen <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">italiar</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cause_c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cause célèbre (sortu gabe)">Cause célèbre</a></i> bat izan zen. <a href="/wiki/Aita_Santuaren_Lurraldea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aita Santuaren Lurraldea">Aita Santuaren Lurraldea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolonia" title="Bolonia">Boloniako</a> familia <a href="/wiki/Judu" title="Judu">judu</a> batean jaio zen <b><a href="/wiki/Edgardo_Mortara" title="Edgardo Mortara">Edgardo Mortara</a></b> izeneko sei urteko haurraren <a href="/wiki/Bahiketa" title="Bahiketa">bahiketari</a> buruzko auzia izan zen, umea txikitan, gaixotu zenean, larrialdiko <a href="/wiki/Bataio" title="Bataio">bataio</a> bat eman zion neskame baten testigantzan oinarrituta. Mortara, <a href="/wiki/Katoliko" class="mw-redirect" title="Katoliko">katoliko</a> bezala hazi zen <a href="/wiki/Pio_IX.a" title="Pio IX.a">Pio IX.a</a> aita santuaren babespean, bere gurasoek itzultzeko egindako erregu etsiei uko egin ziena, eta, azkenik, <a href="/wiki/Apaiz" title="Apaiz">apaiz</a> bihurtu zen. Estatu Pontifizioaren ekintzen aurkako <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italiako</a> eta nazioarteko sumindurak, <a href="/wiki/Italiaren_bateratzea" title="Italiaren bateratzea">Italiaren bateratzearen</a> kausa bultzatu zuen. </p><p>1857. urtearen amaieran, aita <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pier_Feletti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pier Feletti (sortu gabe)">Pier Feletti</a> Boloniako <a href="/wiki/Inkisizio" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkisizio">inkisidoreak</a> jakin zuen Anna Morisik, sei urtez Mortararen etxean lan egin zuenak, Edgardo isilpean bataiatu zuela, umetan hiltzear zegoela uste zuenean. <a href="/wiki/Erroma_eta_Unibertsoko_Inkisizio_Kongregazio_Santua" class="mw-redirect" title="Erroma eta Unibertsoko Inkisizio Kongregazio Santua">Erroma eta Unibertsoko Inkisizio Kongregazio Santuaren</a> iritziz, ekintza honen ondorioz haur katolikoa ezeztaezin bihurtu zen, eta, Aita Santu Estatuak, beste sinesmen batzuetako kideek kristauak haztea debekatu zuenez, bere familiarengandik banandua eta Elizak hazia izatea agindu zuen. Polizia Mortararen etxera 1858ko <a href="/wiki/Ekainaren_23" title="Ekainaren 23">ekainaren 23an</a> iritsi zen eta Edgardo hurrengo gauean bahitu zuen. </p><p>Haurraren aitari 1858ko abuztu eta irailean bisitatzeko baimena eman ondoren, bi narrazio oso ezberdin sortu ziren: batak, bere familiarengana eta bere arbasoen fedearengana itzuli nahi zuen haur bati buruz hitz egiten zuen, besteak, <a href="/wiki/Katixima" class="mw-redirect" title="Katixima">katixima</a> ederki ikasi zuen eta bere gurasoak ere katoliko bihurtzea nahi zuen haur bati buruz hitz egiten zuen bitartean. Nazioarteko protestek gora egin zuten, baina Aita Santua ez zen hunkitu. Boloniaren gaineko aita santuaren gobernua 1859an amaitu ondoren, Feletti auzipetu egin zuten Mortararen bahiketan parte hartzeagatik, baina absolbitu egin zuten auzitegiak bere kabuz ez zuela jokatu erabaki zuenean. Aita Santua ordezko aita zela, Mortara apaiz izateko entrenatu zen <a href="/wiki/Erroma" title="Erroma">Erroman</a>, 1870ean <a href="/wiki/Italiako_Erresuma_(1861-1946)" title="Italiako Erresuma (1861-1946)">Italiako Erresumak</a> hiria hartu zuen arte, Aita Santuen Lurraldeekin amaituz. Herrialdea utzita, <a href="/wiki/Frantzia" title="Frantzia">Frantzian</a> ordenatu zuten hiru urte geroago, 21 urte zituela. Mortarak bere bizitzaren zatirik handiena Italiatik kanpo eman zuen, zati batean <a href="/wiki/Euskal_Herria" title="Euskal Herria">Euskal Herrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/O%C3%B1ati" title="Oñati">Oñatin</a>, non <a href="/wiki/Euskara" title="Euskara">euskaraz</a> meza ematen zuen, artikuluak eta poemak idazteko gauza ere bazen.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.<a href="/wiki/Belgika" title="Belgika">Belgikan</a> hil zen 1940an, 88 urte zituela. </p><p>Zenbait historialariren ustez, Pio IX.aren aita santuaren gertakaririk esanguratsuenetako bat da. Hartuta jarrera eta 1858an bere lurraldearen zatirik handiena galtzea lotu ohi da. Kasuak, nabarmen aldatu zuen <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III.a" title="Napoleon III.a">Napoleon III.a</a> frantziar enperadorearen politika, Italiaren bateratze mugimenduaren aurka egotetik, aktiboki babestera pasa zena. Herrialdearen batasunaren historiografia italiar tradizionalak ez dio garrantzi handirik ematen Mortara kasuari, XX. mendearen amaieran batez ere juduek gogoratzen zutena, baina <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Kertzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Kertzer (sortu gabe)">David Kertzer</a> historialari estatubatuarraren 1997ko ikerketa batek, kasuaren azterketa zabalago baten hasiera markatu zuen. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Testuingurua">Testuingurua</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mortara_auzia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Testuingurua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mortara_auzia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Testuingurua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egoera_politikoa">Egoera politikoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mortara_auzia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Egoera politikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mortara_auzia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Egoera politikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Italy_1843.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Italy_1843.svg/220px-Italy_1843.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Italy_1843.svg/330px-Italy_1843.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Italy_1843.svg/440px-Italy_1843.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="4200" /></a><figcaption>Italia <a href="/wiki/1843" title="1843">1843an</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/754" title="754">754</a> ingurutik aurrera, <a href="/wiki/Aita_Santuen_Lurraldea" title="Aita Santuen Lurraldea">Aita Santuen Lurraldeak</a> gaur egungo Italiaren barruan zeuden lurraldeak izan ziren, Aita Santuaren gobernu zuzen eta subiranoaren pean<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Katolikoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliza Katolikoa">Eliza Katolikoak</a> Erroman eta Italia erdialdeko alboko zerrenda batean zuen kontrola Aita Santuaren "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldi_baterako_boterea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aldi baterako boterea (sortu gabe)">aldi baterako</a>" botere sekularraren adierazpentzat hartzen zen oro har, elizaren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primazia (sortu gabe)">primaziarekin</a> kontrajarrita. 1815ean <a href="/wiki/Napoleondar_Gerrak" title="Napoleondar Gerrak">Napoleondar Gerrak</a> amaitu ondoren, Italiako beste estatu nagusiak mendebaldeko <a href="/wiki/Toscanako_Dukerri_Handia" class="mw-redirect" title="Toscanako Dukerri Handia">Toscanako Dukerri Handia</a>, hegoaldeko <a href="/wiki/Bi_Sizilietako_Erresuma" title="Bi Sizilietako Erresuma">Bi Sizilietako Erresuma</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Sardiniako_Erresuma" title="Sardiniako Erresuma">Sardiniako Erresuma</a> (kontinenteko <a href="/wiki/Piemonte" title="Piemonte">Piemontetik</a> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Emanuel_II.a" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor Emanuel II.a">Viktor Emanuel II.ak</a> gobernatua) izan ziren. Frantziar okupazioak, <a href="/wiki/1790eko_hamarkada" title="1790eko hamarkada">1790eko hamarkadan</a> eta 1800ekoaren hasieran, Aita Santuaren ospea eta autoritate espirituala nabarmen handitzea eragin zuen, baina Aita Santuaren Lurraldeen sinesgarritasun geopolitikoa ere larriki kaltetu zuen. <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Kertzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Kertzer (sortu gabe)">David Kertzer</a> historialariak iradokitzen duenez, 1850eko hamarkadarako "<i>lehen hain sendoa zirudienak -gauzen ordena jainkotiarreko produktua- orain izugarri hauskorra zirudien</i>". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pio_IX.a" title="Pio IX.a">Pio IX.a</a> aita santua, 1846an aukeratua, hasiera batean, Italia batzeko gero eta mugimendu handiagoa babes zezakeen erreformatzaile eta modernizatzaile handitzat hartua izan zen, italieraz, <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a> bezala aipatzen duena ("berpiztea" esan nahi duena). Hala ere, <a href="/wiki/1848ko_iraultzak" title="1848ko iraultzak">1848ko iraultzak</a> lehertu zirenean, uko egin zion <a href="/wiki/Austriar_Inperioa" title="Austriar Inperioa">Austriar Inperioaren</a> aurkako kanpaina pan-italiar bat babesteari, Lombardia-Venezia ipar-ekialdean kontrolatzen zuen inperioaren aurka. Honek, Aita Santuen Estatuetan altxamendu herrikoi bat eragin zuen, Pio Aita Santuak Bi Sizilietara ihes egitea eta 1849an <a href="/wiki/Erromako_Errepublika_(1849)" title="Erromako Errepublika (1849)">Erromatar Errepublika</a> iragankorra aldarrikatzea, Austriak eta Frantziak Aita Santuaren alde egindako esku-hartzeak zapaldua izan zena. <a href="/wiki/Erroma" title="Erroma">Erroma</a>, ondoren, tropa frantziarrek okupatu zuten, austriarrek, gainontzeko Aita Santu estatuak gorde zituzten bitartean, biztanle gehienen erresumin handirako. Aita Santuak, Eliza Katolikoaren buru bezala bere independentziarako Aita Santuen Lurraldeak kontrolpean izatea funtsezkoak zela uste zuen. 1850eko hamarkadan zehar ospe pixka bat berreskuratu zuen, baina Sardiniako Erresumak zuzendutako Italiako batasunaren bultzadak asaldatzen jarraitu zuen. </p><p>Estatu Pontifizioetako <a href="/wiki/Judu" title="Judu">juduek</a>, 1858an 15.000 inguru zirenak, Pio IX.a Aita Santuari esker ona zioten, urtean lau aldiz elizan sermoietara joateko legezko betebehar zaharrari amaiera eman ziolako, aste horretako <a href="/wiki/Tora" title="Tora">Toraren</a> zatian oinarritua eta kristautasunera bihurtzera zuzendua. Erromatar <i>ghetto</i>ko ateak ere bota zituen, kristau askoren kritikak gorabehera. Hala ere, juduek muga asko zituzten eta gehienak <i>ghetto</i>an bizi ziren. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mortara_auzia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mortara_auzia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Mortara, Edgardo.- "Euskal-Erria"-ren zuzendari jaunari. <i>Euskal-Erria : revista bascongada</i> T. 18 (1888), 473-474 orld.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dokumeta.gipuzkoa.net/handle/10690/66447">Dokumeta Gipuzkoako errepositorioan</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHearder2014-07-22">Hearder, Harry.  (2014-07-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315836836"><i>Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790 - 1870. </i></a> Routledge  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315836836">10.4324/9781315836836</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-315-83683-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-315-83683-6">978-1-315-83683-6</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-11-25)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mortara_auzia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal 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