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<header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title">Oak (trees)</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2019/08/21/oaks/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2019-08-21T17:29:31+01:00">21st August 2019</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-11-23T13:43:27+00:00">23rd November 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/author/omniglot/">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Words for <strong>oak</strong> (tree) and related things in Celtic languages.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/omniglot/29295553520/in/album-72157674334257923" title="Here be trees!"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/8751/29295553520_5048e97877_z.jpg" width="640" height="360" alt="Here be trees!"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Proto-Celtic</th> <td><strong>*daru</strong> [d̪ˠaɾʲ] = oak</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Gaulish</th> <td><strong>Dervo</strong> = <em>used in placenames</em></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Old Irish (Goídelc)</th> <td><strong>dair</strong> [d̪ˠaɾʲ] = oak</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)</th> <td><strong>dair, daur</strong> = an oak, the letter D in the Ogham alphabet (ᚇ)<br /> <strong>dairbre, dairbhre</strong> = an oak, oakling, a grove of oak grees, an oak wood<br /> <strong>dairde, daurde</strong> = oaken<br /> <strong>dair-ḟid, dauruth</strong> = an oak wood</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Irish (Gaeilge)</th> <td><strong>dair</strong> [d̪ˠaɾʲ] = oak, the letter D in the Ogham alphabet (ᚇ)<br /> <strong>dairbhre</strong> = oaks, oak-grove<br /> <strong>daireach</strong> = planted with / full of oaks<br /> <strong>doire</strong> [ˈd̪ˠɛɾʲə] = oak-wood; wood, grove, thicket</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</th> <td><strong>dair</strong> [darʲ] = oak (<em>archaic</em>), the letter D, ᚛ᚇ᚜ in Ogham<br /> <strong>dairbhre</strong> = oak, nursery or grove of oaks<br /> <strong>darach</strong> [darəx] = oak, oaken, made of oak; ship (<em>poetic</em>)<br /> <strong>darag</strong> [darag] = small/dwarf oak, stunted/branchy tree (which is not useable for working)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Manx (Gaelg)</th> <td><strong>darragh</strong> = oak, oaken, oak grove, oak wood<br /> <strong>darrag</strong> = oak, beam, cast (fishing), snood, hairline<br /> <strong>darree</strong> = oak</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Proto-Brythonic</th> <td><strong>*dar</strong> [ˈdar] = oak tree</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)</th> <td><strong>dar, dâr</strong> = oak<br /> <strong>derwd(y)</strong> = oak house, oratory, prayer house, coffin<br /> <strong>derwin, deruin</strong> = make of oak, oaken, abounding in oaks, strong, robust, oak timber</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Welsh (Cymraeg)</th> <td><strong>dâr</strong> [ˈdaːr] = oak tree, foremost warrior, leader, mighty lord<br /> <strong>derw</strong> = oak trees<br /> <strong>derwen</strong> [ˈdɛrwɛn] = oak tree<br /> <strong>derwin</strong> = make of oak, oaken, abounding in oaks, strong, robust, oak timber<br /> <strong>der(w)lwyn</strong> = oak grove, oak wood</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Old Cornish</th> <td><strong>dar</strong> = oak</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)</th> <td><strong>dar</strong> = an oak</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Cornish (Kernewek)</th> <td><strong>dar</strong> [daːr / dæːr] = oak<br /> <strong>derwen</strong> = oak tree<br /> <strong>derw</strong> = oak trees</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Old Breton</th> <td><strong>daeru</strong> = oaks</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)</th> <td><strong>deru</strong> = oaks</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Breton (Brezhoneg)</th> <td><strong>dar</strong> [dɑːr] = oak<br /> <strong>derv</strong> [ˈdɛrw/ˈdɛː.ro] = oaks<br /> <strong>dervenneg</strong> = with oak trees<br /> <strong>dervoed</strong> [dɛʁwət] = oak grove, oak wood</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Etymology</strong>: from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*dóru</em> (tree) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/daru">source</a>]. </p> <p>Words from the same Proto-Celtic root possibly include <strong>làrix</strong> (larch) in Catalan, <strong>lariks</strong> (larch) in Dutch <strong>learag</strong> (larch) in Scottish Gaelic, <strong>larch</strong> in English, <strong>Lärche</strong> (larch) in German, and <strong>lærk</strong> (larch) in Danish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/larix#Latin">source</a>]. </p> <p>Words from the same PIE root include <strong>δόρυ</strong> (dóry – spear) in Greek, <strong>dervà</strong> (tar, resin) in Lithuanian <strong>terva</strong> (tar) in Finnish, <strong>dearbh</strong> (sure, certain) in Irish, <strong>tree</strong>, <strong>trim</strong>, and <strong>trough</strong>, <strong>true</strong> in English, and <strong>trä</strong> (wood) in Swedish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/d%C3%B3ru">source</a>]. </p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Proto-Celtic</th> <td><strong>*tannos</strong> = green oak</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Gaulish</th> <td><strong>*tannos</strong> = oak</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Old Irish (Goídelc)</th> <td><strong>tinne</strong> = holly, elder</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)</th> <td><strong>tinne</strong> = holly, elder, the letter t in the Ogham alphabet (ᚈ)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Irish (Gaeilge)</th> <td><strong>tinne</strong> = the letter t in the Ogham alphabet (ᚈ)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</th> <td><strong>teine/tinne</strong> [tʲenə] = gorse, whin, furze (<em>archaic</em>), the letter t (ᚈ) in Ogham</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Welsh (Cymraeg)</th> <td><strong>taneru, tener(i)o</strong> = to tan (hide)<br /> <strong>tanerdy</strong> = tannery<br /> <strong>tanerwr</strong> = tanner (of hides)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Old Cornish</th> <td><strong>tannen</strong> = oak (?)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)</th> <td><strong>tonnen</strong> = bark<br /> <strong>glastanen, glastennen, glastan</strong> = (scarlet) oak</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Cornish (Kernewek)</th> <td><strong>glastanen gelyn</strong> = holly/holm oak<br /> <strong>glastanen gork</strong> = cork oak</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)</th> <td><strong>glastann(enn)</strong> = holm oak(s)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Breton (Brezhoneg)</th> <td><strong>tann</strong> [tānː] = sessile oaks<br /> <strong>tannañ</strong> = to tan<br /> <strong>glastann</strong> = holm oaks</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Note</strong>: the Welsh words were borrowed from English <strong>tanner</strong>, which ultimately comes from Proto-Celtic <em>*tannos</em>, via French, Latin and Gaulish.</p> <p><strong>Etymology</strong>: from Proto-Celtic <em>*(s)tannos</em>, the Proto-Indo-European <em>*(s)dʰnwos/*(s)dʰonu</em> (fir). Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots, via Gaulish and Latin <em>tannum</em> (oak bark), include <strong>tan</strong> (pulped oak bark used in the tanning process of leather) in French, <strong>tano</strong> (stem, slip) in Galician, <strong>tanería</strong> (tannery), <strong>Tannenbaum</strong> (fir tree, Christmas tree) in German, <strong>θάμνος</strong> (thámnos – bush) in Greek, and <strong>tan</strong>, <strong>tannery</strong>, <strong>tannin</strong> (tannic acid) in English. </p> <p>Words from the same PIE roots include <strong>thanë</strong> (cranberry bush) in Albanian, and <strong>धनु</strong> (dhanu – bow) in Sanskrit. [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/tannos">source</a>].</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" src="/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <p>Sources: <em><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/">Wiktionary</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/embed/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic</a>, <a href="https://www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk/sengoidelc/duil-belrai/english.html">In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary</a>, <a href="http://dil.ie/">eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language</a>, <a href="https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fgb/ceann">Teanglann.ie</a>, <a href="http://www.faclair.com/">Am Faclair Beag</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_Gaelic_Language">An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language</a>, <a href="https://dictionaryq.com/gaelg/">Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary</a>, <a href="http://www.mannin.info/Mannin/fockleyr/m2e.php">Online Manx Dictionary</a>, <a href="https://corpus.gaelg.im/">Gaelg Corpus</a>, <a href="http://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/details/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft">Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall</a>, <a href="http://www.cornishdictionary.org.uk/">Gerlyver Kernewek</a>, <a href="https://devri.bzh/">Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton</a>, <a href="http://www.arkaevraz.net/dicobzh/index.php">Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh</a>, <a href="http://www.brezhoneg.bzh/87-termofis.htm">TermOfis</a></em></p> <div align="center"><a href="http://my.kualo.com/uk/go/00572" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" 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