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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intermediate_COCOMOs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intermediate_COCOMOs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Intermediate COCOMOs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intermediate_COCOMOs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/COCOMO" title="Special:EditPage/COCOMO">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22COCOMO%22">"COCOMO"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22COCOMO%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22COCOMO%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22COCOMO%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22COCOMO%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22COCOMO%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Constructive Cost Model</b> (<b>COCOMO</b>) is a procedural <a href="/wiki/Estimation_in_software_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Estimation in software engineering">software cost estimation model</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Barry_Boehm" title="Barry Boehm">Barry W. Boehm</a>. The model parameters are derived from fitting a <a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">regression</a> formula using data from historical projects (63 projects for COCOMO 81 and 163 projects for COCOMO II). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=COCOMO&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The constructive cost model was developed by Barry W. Boehm in the late 1970s<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and published in Boehm's 1981 book <i>Software Engineering Economics</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a model for estimating effort, cost, and schedule for software projects. It drew on a study of 63 projects at <a href="/wiki/TRW_Inc." title="TRW Inc.">TRW</a> Aerospace where Boehm was Director of Software Research and Technology. The study examined projects ranging in size from 2,000 to 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Lines_of_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Lines of code">lines of code</a>, and programming languages ranging from <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly</a> to <a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a>. These projects were based on the <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">waterfall model</a> of software development which was the prevalent software development process in 1981. </p><p>References to this model typically call it <i>COCOMO 81</i>. In 1995 <i>COCOMO II</i> was developed and finally published in 2000 in the book <i>Software Cost Estimation with COCOMO II</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-cocomo2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cocomo2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> COCOMO II is the successor of COCOMO 81 and is claimed to be better suited for estimating modern software development projects; providing support for more recent <a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">software development processes</a> and was tuned using a larger database of 161 projects. The need for the new model came as software development technology moved from mainframe and overnight batch processing to desktop development, code reusability, and the use of off-the-shelf software components. </p><p>COCOMO consists of a hierarchy of three increasingly detailed and accurate forms. The first level, <i>Basic COCOMO</i> is good for quick, early, rough order of magnitude estimates of software costs, but its accuracy is limited due to its lack of factors to account for difference in project attributes (<i>Cost Drivers</i>). <i>Intermediate COCOMO</i> takes these Cost Drivers into account and <i>Detailed COCOMO</i> additionally accounts for the influence of individual project phases. Last one is Complete COCOMO model which addresses the shortcomings of both basic & intermediate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intermediate_COCOMOs">Intermediate COCOMOs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=COCOMO&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Intermediate COCOMOs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Intermediate COCOMO</i> computes software development effort as function of program size and a set of "cost drivers" that include subjective assessment of product, hardware, personnel and project attributes. This extension considers a set of four "cost drivers", each with a number of subsidiary attributes:- </p> <ul><li>Product attributes <ul><li>Required software reliability extent</li> <li>Size of application database</li> <li>Complexity of the product</li></ul></li> <li>Hardware attributes <ul><li>Run-time performance constraints</li> <li>Memory constraints</li> <li>Volatility of the virtual machine environment</li> <li>Required turnabout time</li></ul></li> <li>Personnel attributes <ul><li>Analyst capability</li> <li>Software engineering capability</li> <li>Applications experience</li> <li>Virtual machine experience</li> <li>Programming language experience</li></ul></li> <li>Project attributes <ul><li>Use of software tools</li> <li>Application of software engineering methods</li> <li>Required development schedule</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Each of the 15 attributes receives a rating on a six-point scale that ranges from "very low" to "extra high" (in importance or value). An effort multiplier from the table below applies to the rating. The product of all effort multipliers results in an <i>effort adjustment factor (EAF)</i>. Typical values for EAF range from 0.9 to 1.4. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom">Cost Drivers </th> <th colspan="6">Ratings </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="bottom" width="10%">Very Low </td> <td align="center" valign="bottom" width="10%">Low </td> <td align="center" valign="bottom" width="10%">Nominal </td> <td align="center" valign="bottom" width="10%">High </td> <td align="center" valign="bottom" width="10%">Very High </td> <td align="center" valign="bottom" width="10%">Extra High </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh" colspan="7">Product attributes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Required software reliability </td> <td align="center">0.75 </td> <td align="center">0.88 </td> <td align="center">1.00 </td> <td align="center">1.15 </td> <td align="center">1.40 </td> <td align="center">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Size of application database </td> <td align="center">  </td> <td align="center">0.94 </td> <td align="center">1.00 </td> <td align="center">1.08 </td> <td align="center">1.16 </td> <td align="center">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Complexity of the product </td> <td align="center">0.70 </td> <td align="center">0.85 </td> <td align="center">1.00 </td> <td align="center">1.15 </td> <td align="center">1.30 </td> <td align="center">1.65 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh" colspan="7">Hardware attributes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Run-time performance constraints </td> <td align="center">  </td> <td align="center">  </td> <td align="center">1.00 </td> <td align="center">1.11 </td> <td align="center">1.30 </td> <td align="center">1.66 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Memory constraints </td> <td align="center">  </td> <td align="center">  </td> <td align="center">1.00 </td> <td align="center">1.06 </td> <td align="center">1.21 </td> <td align="center">1.56 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Volatility of the virtual machine environment </td> <td align="center">  </td> <td align="center">0.87 </td> <td align="center">1.00 </td> <td align="center">1.15 </td> <td align="center">1.30 </td> <td align="center">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Required turnabout time </td> <td align="center">  </td> <td align="center">0.87 </td> <td align="center">1.00 </td> <td align="center">1.07 </td> <td align="center">1.15 </td> <td align="center">  </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh" colspan="7">Personnel attributes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Analyst capability </td> <td align="center">1.46 </td> <td align="center">1.19 </td> <td align="center">1.00 </td> <td align="center">0.86 </td> <td align="center">0.71 </td> <td align="center">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Applications experience </td> <td align="center">1.29 </td> <td align="center">1.13 </td> <td align="center">1.00 </td> <td align="center">0.91 </td> <td align="center">0.82 </td> <td align="center">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Software engineer capability </td> <td align="center">1.42 </td> <td align="center">1.17 </td> <td align="center">1.00 </td> <td align="center">0.86 </td> <td align="center">0.70 </td> <td align="center">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Virtual machine experience </td> <td align="center">1.21 </td> <td align="center">1.10 </td> <td align="center">1.00 </td> <td align="center">0.90 </td> <td align="center">  </td> <td align="center">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Programming language experience </td> <td align="center">1.14 </td> <td align="center">1.07 </td> <td align="center">1.00 </td> <td align="center">0.95 </td> <td align="center">  </td> <td align="center">  </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh" colspan="7">Project attributes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Application of software engineering methods </td> <td align="center">1.24 </td> <td align="center">1.10 </td> <td align="center">1.00 </td> <td align="center">0.91 </td> <td align="center">0.82 </td> <td align="center">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Use of software tools </td> <td align="center">1.24 </td> <td align="center">1.10 </td> <td align="center">1.00 </td> <td align="center">0.91 </td> <td align="center">0.83 </td> <td align="center">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Required development schedule </td> <td align="center">1.23 </td> <td align="center">1.08 </td> <td align="center">1.00 </td> <td align="center">1.04 </td> <td align="center">1.10 </td> <td align="center">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Intermediate Cocomo formula now takes the form: </p> <dl><dd><span class="texhtml"><i>E</i> = <abbr title="coefficient"><i>a</i><sub><i>i</i></sub></abbr>(KLoC)<sup><abbr title="exponent"><i>b</i><sub><i>i</i></sub></abbr></sup>(EAF)</span></dd></dl> <p>where <i>E</i> is the effort applied in person-months, <b>KLoC</b> is the estimated number of thousands of delivered lines of code for the project, and <b>EAF</b> is the factor calculated above. The coefficient <i>a<sub>i</sub></i> and the exponent <i>b<sub>i</sub></i> are given in the next table. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Software project </th> <th width="20%">a<sub>i</sub> </th> <th width="20%">b<sub>i</sub> </th> <th width="20%">c<sub>i</sub> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Organic </th> <td align="center">3.2 </td> <td align="center">1.05 </td> <td align="center">0.38 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Semi-detached </th> <td align="center">3.0 </td> <td align="center">1.12 </td> <td align="center">0.35 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Embedded </th> <td align="center">2.8 </td> <td align="center">1.20 </td> <td align="center">0.32 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>The Development time <i>D</i> and also the most effective number of Persons <i>P</i> calculation uses <i>E</i> in the same way as in the Basic COCOMO: </p> <dl><dd><span class="texhtml"><i>D</i> = 2.5 <i>E</i><sup><i>c</i><sub><i>i</i></sub></sup></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap">⁠<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P=E/D}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>D</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P=E/D}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3c805e20e1b1fccda12d193091b32a26f8970f94" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.706ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P=E/D}"></span>⁠</span></dd></dl> <p>Note that in addition to the EAF, the parameter <i>a<sub>i</sub></i> is different in <i>Intermediate COCOMO</i> from the Basic model: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Software project </th> <th width="20%"><i>a<sub>b</sub></i> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Organic </th> <td align="center">2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Semi-detached </th> <td align="center">3.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Embedded </th> <td align="center">3.6 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>The parameters <i>b</i> and <i>c</i> are the same in both models. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=COCOMO&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_development_estimation_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of development estimation software">Comparison of development estimation software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_overrun" title="Cost overrun">Cost overrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosysmo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosysmo">COSYSMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimation_in_software_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Estimation in software engineering">Estimation in software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_point" title="Function point">Function point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_point" title="Object point">Object point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_model" title="Putnam model">Putnam model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEER-SEM" title="SEER-SEM">SEER-SEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_effort_estimation" title="Software development effort estimation">Software development effort estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Software engineering economics">Software engineering economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRICE_Systems" title="PRICE Systems">PRICE Systems</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=COCOMO&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStutzke" class="citation web cs1">Stutzke, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328141813/https://uweb.engr.arizona.edu/~ece473/readings/14-Software%20Estimating%20Technology.doc">"Software Estimating Technology: A Survey"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ece.arizona.edu/~ece473/readings/14-Software%20Estimating%20Technology.doc">the original</a> on 28 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 Oct</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Software+Estimating+Technology%3A+A+Survey&rft.aulast=Stutzke&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fece.arizona.edu%2F~ece473%2Freadings%2F14-Software%2520Estimating%2520Technology.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOCOMO" class="Z3988"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/DOC_(computing)" title="DOC (computing)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/.docx_icon.svg/17px-.docx_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/.docx_icon.svg/26px-.docx_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/.docx_icon.svg/34px-.docx_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><small><a href="/wiki/DOC_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="DOC (computing)">DOC</a></small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoehm1981" class="citation book cs1">Boehm, Barry (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/softwareengineer0000boeh"><i>Software Engineering Economics</i></a></span>. Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-822122-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-822122-7"><bdi>0-13-822122-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Engineering+Economics&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-13-822122-7&rft.aulast=Boehm&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoftwareengineer0000boeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOCOMO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cocomo2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cocomo2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Boehm" title="Barry Boehm">Barry Boehm</a>, Chris Abts, A. Winsor Brown, Sunita Chulani, Bradford K. Clark, Ellis Horowitz, Ray Madachy, Donald J. Reifer, and Bert Steece. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_Cost_Estimation_with_COCOMO_II_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Software Cost Estimation with COCOMO II (book) (page does not exist)">Software Cost Estimation with COCOMO II</a></i> (with CD-ROM). Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-026692-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-026692-2">0-13-026692-2</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=COCOMO&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemerer1987" class="citation journal cs1">Kemerer, Chris F. (May 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pitt.edu/~ckemerer/CK%20research%20papers/EmpiricalValidationSwCost_Kemerer87.pdf">"An Empirical Validation of Software Cost Estimation Models"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>30</b> (5): 416–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F22899.22906">10.1145/22899.22906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=An+Empirical+Validation+of+Software+Cost+Estimation+Models&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=416-42&rft.date=1987-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F22899.22906&rft.aulast=Kemerer&rft.aufirst=Chris+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pitt.edu%2F~ckemerer%2FCK%2520research%2520papers%2FEmpiricalValidationSwCost_Kemerer87.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOCOMO" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=COCOMO&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170902182304/http://openscience.us/repo/effort/cocomo/coc81.html">COCOMO 81 data</a> on tera-PROMISE</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shape-of-code.coding-guidelines.com/2016/05/19/cocomo-how-not-to-fit-a-model-to-data/">Analysis of the COCOMO 81 data</a> obtains a different value for the Organic exponent.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COCOMO&oldid=1183738624">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COCOMO&oldid=1183738624</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Software_engineering_costs" title="Category:Software engineering costs">Software engineering costs</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2015" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2015">Articles needing additional references from October 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 November 2023, at 05:22<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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